Visa Coke Limited vs. M/S Mesco Kalinga Steel Limited

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2025 INSC 597
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 357 OF 2025
VISA COKE LIMITED … APPELLANT
VERSUS
M/S MESCO KALINGA STEEL LIMITED … RESPONDENT
J U D G M E N T
R. MAHADEVAN, J.
1. This appeal has been filed against the judgment and final order dated
03.10.2024 passed by the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, Principal
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Bench, New Delhi in Comp. Appeal (AT)(Ins.) No. 247 of 2023 filed by the
appellant herein. By the impugned order, the NCLAT dismissed the company
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appeal filed under Section 61 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
against the order dated 24.01.2023 passed by the Adjudicating Authority viz. ,
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National Company Law Tribunal, Cuttack Bench , which dismissed the petition
bearing CP(IB) No. 45/CB/2021 filed by the appellant under Section 9 of the IBC
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
CHANDRESH
Date: 2025.04.29
19:14:03 IST
Reason:
1
For short, "the NCLAT"
2
For short, “the IBC”
3
For short, “the NCLT”

2
4
seeking to initiate Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process against the respondent
herein.
2. The facts of the case as presented by the appellant, are summarized as under:
2.1. The appellant is the Operational Creditor, engaged in the business of
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manufacture and sale of Low Ash Metallurgical Coke at its plant at Kalinganagar
Industrial Complex, Jaipur Road, Odisha. The respondent is the Corporate Debtor,
engaged in the business of minerals and metals.
2.2. On 11.10.2019, the appellant – Operational Creditor (seller) and the
respondent – Corporate Debtor (buyer) entered into a contract for sale and
purchase of LAM Coke for 12,000 MT +/- 10% at seller's option subject to the
terms viz. , (a) the respondent agreed to purchase the LAM Coke at the price of INR
18,800 per metric tonne + GST from the appellant; (b) the delivery period was up
to 10.11.2019; and (c) 100% advance payment was to be paid by the respondent
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through RTGS/NEFT or by opening a Letter of Credit prior to dispatch of the
material.
2.3. Subsequently, the said contract was amended on many occasions with
respect to delivery period and date of lifting under clause 3 of the contract.
In terms of the last amendment dated 18.12.2019, the date of lifting was extended
4
For short, “the CIRP”
5
For short, “the LAM Coke”
6
For short, “the LoC”

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upto 10.01.2020. Accordingly, the appellant supplied LAM Coke to the respondent
and payment was made.
2.4. While so, the respondent sent emails dated 12.11.2019 and 16.11.2019 to the
appellant, requesting delivery of 1700 MT of LAM Coke, with an assurance that
LoC would be opened shortly. Based on the same, the appellant issued delivery
orders for 1700 MT of LAM Coke on credit basis, but payment was not made, and
the same remained due and payable by the respondent.
2.5. In this regard, the respondent – Corporate Debtor sent an email on
25.11.2019, admitting their default and assured that the outstanding payment for
1700 MT of LAM Coke will be made at the earliest. However, no payment was
made, which compelled the Operational Creditor to issue a legal notice dated
23.11.2020 to the Corporate Debtor through its Director, Sameer Singh,
demanding the outstanding payment for supply of 1700 MT of LAM Coke
amounting to INR 3,34,16,661.60 along with penal interest at 15% per annum.
2.6. Since no response was received from the Corporate Debtor, the Operational
Creditor issued a demand notice in Form 3 on 31.03.2021 in compliance with
section 8 of the IBC, to the Corporate Debtor at its registered address through its
Key Managerial Personnel viz. , Director, Chief Financial Officer and Manager,
Commercial, demanding payment of INR 4,19,77,245.17 (which included principal

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amount of INR 3,34,16,661.60 and penal interest calculated till 31.03.2021) due
and payable as on 30.09.2020.
2.7. Though the Corporate Debtor received the demand notice, they did not send
any reply. Hence, the Operational Creditor filed an application bearing CP(IB) No.
45/CB/2021 before the NCLT under Section 9 of the IBC, to which, the respondent
filed their reply on 24.09.2022 inter alia stating that they were unable to pay the
outstanding amount due to circumstances beyond their control.
2.8. However, by order dated 24.01.2023, the NCLT dismissed the application
observing that notice dated 31.03.2021 was sent to three managerial persons i.e.,
Sameer Singh, Bibhuti Bhushan Rath, and S. Subudhi and no notice was
sent/addressed to the Corporate Debtor and hence, the question whether service is
valid or not, does not arise at all.
2.9. Challenging the aforesaid order of the NCLT, the appellant preferred an
appeal bearing Comp. App (AT)(Ins) No. 247 of 2023 before the NCLAT under
Section 61 of the IBC. Pursuant to the issuance of notice, the respondent entered
appearance and filed their reply on 28.05.2023. The appellant also filed their
rejoinder on 05.08.2023.
2.10. However, the NCLAT by order dated 03.10.2024, which is impugned herein,
dismissed the appeal, observing that no notice has been addressed to the Corporate
Debtor through its managing director etc., and therefore, it cannot be termed to

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have been delivered to the Corporate Debtor and cannot be taken to be a notice
issued under section 8 of the IBC.
2.11. Aggrieved by the aforesaid order of the NCLAT, the appellant – Operational
Creditor is before us with the present appeal.
3. The primary contention of the learned counsel for the appellant is that
Section 8(1) of the IBC requires the operational creditor, i.e., appellant herein, on
occurrence of a default, to deliver a demand notice of unpaid operational debt or a
copy of the invoice demanding payment. The demand notice is required to be in
the form and manner as prescribed, and it is clear that the demand notice is to be
delivered on the corporate debtor. The learned counsel also submitted that instead
of a demand notice, the operational creditor can also deliver on the corporate
debtor, a copy of an invoice, demanding payment of the defaulted amount.
Therefore, once the demand notice, in the prescribed form, is delivered at the
registered office of the corporate debtor, via any of the modes referred to in Rule
5(2)(a) or (b), the condition precedent for instituting a section 9 action stands
completed. In the present case, the demand notice was duly delivered to the
registered address of the respondent through its Director, Chief Financial Officer,
and Manager, Commercial and accordingly, the condition precedent for initiation
of CIRP against the respondent, has been complied with by the appellant.

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3.1. It is further submitted that Rule 5(2)(a) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy
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(Application to Adjudicating Authority) Rules, 2016 provides that a demand
notice under Section 8 of the IBC can be served upon the corporate debtor through
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its Key Managerial Personnel . If the statute and its accompanying regulations
allow for service of a demand notice upon the KMP of an entity, it follows that the
corporate debtor may lawfully be addressed through its KMP. Moreover, Section
20(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 also states that a company can be served through
its officer at the registered address. In the present case, even the 'subject' and
paragraph 1 of the demand notice sent by the appellant stated that the notice was
indeed addressed to the Corporate Debtor. However, the NCLT and NCLAT
without properly appreciating that the demand notice had been addressed to the
KMP of the Corporate Debtor in the capacity of the positions they were holding in
the respondent company – corporate debtor and not in their personal capacity,
dismissed the section 9 petition filed by the appellant merely on the basis of an
alleged procedural irregularity that no notice was addressed to the corporate debtor
through its KMP.
3.2. It is further submitted that Section 9(1) of the IBC confers a right on the
operational creditor to file an application for initiating CIRP, if, after expiry of ten
(10) days of the date of delivery of the demand notice issued under Section 8(1),
7
For short, “the Adjudicating Authority Rules, 2016”
8
For short, “KMP”

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either no payment is received or there is failure to serve the notice of demand, as
adverted to in Section 8(2), is not served on the corporate debtor by the operational
creditor. The plain language, object and purpose of the above-referred provision is
to bring to the notice (and thus, to make the corporate debtor aware) that an
operational debt is due from it which remains unpaid. As long as notice in that
behalf is delivered at the registered office of the corporate debtor, the condition
precedent would stand fulfilled enabling the operational creditor to trigger a
section 9 petition. In this case, the appellant - Operational Creditor has done
exactly this. The demand notice would clearly show that it is the Corporate Debtor
who has been called upon to pay the amount and not its “KMP”. Though both the
NCLT and the NCLAT found that the demand notice was delivered at the
registered office of the Corporate Debtor seeking payment of unpaid operational
debt, they erroneously dismissed the section 9 petition.
3.3. The learned counsel also submitted that no ground was raised by the
respondent at the initial stage that they had not received the demand notice under
Section 8 of the IBC. During the pendency of the section 9 petition, the respondent
approached the appellant to settle the matter, as could be seen from the orders
dated 20.04.2022, 02.05.2022, 10.06.2022, 05.07.2022, 22.07.2022, 01.08.2022,
30.08.2022 and 06.12.2022 of the NCLT. However, no settlement was arrived at
before the NCLT. Thereafter, final arguments were heard on 03.01.2023 and

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10.01.2023, in which the respondent had raised certain arguments for the first time,
which were not borne out of pleadings. The appellant vehemently objected to such
arguments. However, the NCLT erred in dismissing the section 9 petition by order
dated 24.01.2023, based on the contentions which were not pleaded in their reply.
Regarding the principles of the necessity of pleadings, reliance was placed on the
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decision of this Court in Union of India v. Ibrahim Uddin & Another . Therefore,
the learned counsel prayed to allow this appeal by setting aside the order impugned
herein.
4. On the contrary, the learned counsel for the respondent submitted that as per
the accounts of the respondent, the appellant’s Group of Companies owes a sum of
Rs. 75,44,461.52 to Mid-East Integrated Steel Ltd (MISL), the parent company of
the respondent, therefore requiring a reconciliation of accounts between the parties.
Without waiting for a reconciliation of accounts, the appellant issued an alleged
statutory demand notice dated 31.03.2021 purportedly under section 8 of the IBC,
in the names of the KMP of the respondent viz ., (1) Mr. Sameer Singh, Director,
(2) Mr. Bibhuti Bhushan Rath, CFO and (3) Mr. S. Subudhi, Manager,
Commercial. Whereas, Section 8(1) of the IBC states that notice has to be issued
to the corporate debtor. Thus, it is clear that the alleged demand notice has been
addressed to the KMP of the Corporate Debtor and not to the Corporate Debtor and
9
(2012) 8 SCC 148

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the same was not in consonance with Section 8 of the IBC r/w Rule 5(2) of the
Adjudicating Authority Rules, 2016 r/w the statutorily prescribed Form 3 and
Form 5 of the Adjudicating Authority Rules, 2016. Hence, the alleged demand
notice having not been issued to the respondent being the Corporate Debtor, was
not valid in the eyes of law.
4.1. According to the learned counsel, section 9 petition filed by the appellant -
Operational Creditor seeking initiation of CIRP against the respondent herein for
the alleged default of operational debt to the tune of Rs. 4,19,77,245.17 (including
interest), is wholly untenable.
4.2. It is submitted that the issue as to the tenability of the subject demand notice
has been raised by the respondent before the NCLT, which is the court of first
instance, both in oral and written arguments. This has also been traversed by the
appellant both in its oral and written arguments. In any case, the question of what
constitutes valid service of statutory notice on the Corporate Debtor being a pure
question of law, could have been raised at any stage of the proceedings.
4.3. It is further submitted that Rule 5(2)(a) of the Adjudicating Authority Rules,
2016 provides that notice has to be sent to the registered office for which various
modes have been provided, namely, by hand, registered post, or speed post with
acknowledgement, but the notice has to be sent to the corporate debtor at its
registered office. Rule 5(2)(b) provides for delivery of notice by electronic mail to

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the KMP of the corporate debtor, but it does not apply to the present case because
admittedly no electronic mail has been sent.
4.4. It is also submitted that the principles of constructive notice and deemed
service are inapplicable to the present case, since the statute itself is clear enough
that a demand notice sent through registered post or speed post has to be served
upon the corporate debtor which is a separate juristic entity as against the
individuals on whom it has been served.
4.5. It is submitted that the NCLT has rightly not ventured into the merits of the
case, and has dismissed the Section 9 petition at the very threshold on the ground
that the demand notice was not validly served on the respondent. Apart from the
above aspect relating to demand notice, the appellant failed to make out a case of
default which is a mandatory precondition to admit a petition u/s. 9 of the IBC.
4.6. It is submitted that Clause 7 of the IBC Bill stated that admission of CIRP
should not be made as a matter of regular practice. The requirement to provide
proof of valid service of demand notice to the corporate debtor ensures that
creditors do not file frivolous applications which prematurely put the corporate
debtor into CIRP for extraneous considerations. Whereas, the present case pertains
to an application which itself is totally incomplete and non-maintainable, and thus
deservedly came to be dismissed. It is also submitted that the repercussions of

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admission of insolvency are far-reaching and irreversibly damaging. It can
paralyze a perfectly solvent company. Hence, the onus was heavily on the
appellant to show, beyond any shadow of doubt, that there existed the required
criteria for admission of the application. On the other hand, non-admission does
not ipso facto foreclose the rights of the appellant as it can still approach several
other forums to recover their alleged dues by proving it.
4.7. Referring to the recent decisions of this court in GLAS Trust Co. LLC v. Byju
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Raveendran & Others and State Bank of India & Ors. v. The Consortium of
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Murari Lal Jalan & Florian Fritsch & Another (Jet Airways case) , it is submitted
that the IBC is a complete code in itself and the procedure prescribed by it has to
be mandatorily followed.
4.8. Stating so, the learned counsel submitted that the orders passed by the
NCLT and NCLAT rejecting the section 9 petition are perfectly correct and the
same do not call for any interference by this court.
5. We have heard the learned counsel on either side and perused the materials
available on record carefully and meticulously.
10
2024 SCC OnLine SC 3032
11
C.A. Nos. 5023-5024/2024

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6. Admittedly, the appellant – Operational Creditor moved the NCLT by filing
a petition under section 9 of the IBC to initiate CIRP against the respondent –
Corporate Debtor. However, the said application was rejected by the NCLT on the
ground that the alleged demand notice was addressed/ sent to the KMP and no
demand notice as required under section 8(1) of the IBC was sent to the Corporate
Debtor and therefore, the question of whether service is valid or not, does not arise
at all. The said decision was also affirmed by the NCLAT by the order impugned
herein. Aggrieved, this civil appeal by the appellant - Operational Creditor before
us.
7. The short question that arises for our consideration is, whether the notice
dated 31.03.2021 served by the appellant – Operational Creditor upon the KMP of
the respondent – Corporate Debtor at their registered office constitutes valid
service of the statutory demand notice under Section 8 of the IBC, so as to
maintain a section 9 petition for initiation of CIRP against the respondent –
Corporate Debtor.
8. It is well settled law that an operational creditor must send a demand notice
of unpaid operational debt to the corporate debtor as mandated under section 8 of
the IBC, before initiating the proceedings under section 9 for CIRP and the failure
to issue a proper demand notice can render the section 9 petition invalid. For the

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sake of specificity, Sections 8 and 9 of the IBC and Rule 5 of the Adjudicating
Authority Rules, 2016 are reproduced below:
“Section 8. Insolvency resolution by operational creditor.
(1) An operational creditor may, on the occurrence of a default, deliver a demand
notice of unpaid operational debtor copy of an invoice demanding payment of the
amount involved in the default to the corporate debtor in such form and manner as
may be prescribed.
(2) The corporate debtor shall, within a period of ten days of the receipt of the
demand notice or copy of the invoice mentioned in sub-section (1) bring to the
notice of the operational creditor
(a) existence of a dispute, [if any, or] record of the pendency of the suit or
arbitration proceedings filed before the receipt of such notice or invoice in relation
to such dispute;
(b) the payment of unpaid operational debt
(i) by sending an attested copy of the record of electronic transfer of the unpaid
amount from the bank account of the corporate debtor; or
(ii) by sending an attested copy of record that the operational creditor has
encashed a cheque issued by the corporate debtor.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this section, a “demand notice” means a notice
served by an operational creditor to the corporate debtor demanding payment of
the operational debt in respect of which the default has occurred.”
“Section 9: Application for initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process by
operational creditor.
(1) After the expiry of the period of ten days from the date of delivery of the notice
or invoice demanding payment under sub-section (1) of section 8, if the operational
creditor does not receive payment from the corporate debtor or notice of the
dispute under sub-section (2) of section 8, the operational creditor may file an
application before the Adjudicating Authority for initiating a corporate insolvency
resolution process.
(2) The application under sub-section (1) shall be filed in such form and manner
and accompanied with such fee as may be prescribed.
(3) The operational creditor shall, along with the application furnish-
(a) a copy of the invoice demanding payment or demand notice delivered by the
operational creditor to the corporate debtor;
(b) an affidavit to the effect that there is no notice given by the corporate debtor
relating to a dispute of the unpaid operational debt;

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(c) a copy of the certificate from the financial institutions maintaining accounts of
the operational creditor confirming that there is no payment of an unpaid
operational debt [by the corporate debtor; if available;]
[(d) a copy of any record with information utility confirming that there is no
payment of an unpaid operational debt by the corporate debtor, if available; and
(e) any other proof confirming that there is no payment of an unpaid operational
debt by the corporate debtor or such other information, as may be prescribed.]
(4) An operational creditor initiating a corporate insolvency resolution process
under this section, may propose a resolution professional to act as an interim
resolution professional.
(5) The Adjudicating Authority shall, within fourteen days of the receipt of the
application under sub-section (2), by an order
(i) admit the application and communicate such decision to the operational
creditor
and the corporate debtor if,-
(a) the application made under sub-section (2) is complete;
(b) there is no payment of the unpaid operational debt;
(c) the invoice or notice for payment to the corporate debtor has been delivered by
the operational creditor;
(d) no notice of dispute has been received by the operational creditor or there is no
record of dispute in the information utility; and
(e) there is no disciplinary proceeding pending against any resolution professional
proposed under sub-section (4), if any;
(ii) reject the application and communicate such decision to the operational
creditor and the corporate debtor, if-
(a) the application made under sub-section (2) is incomplete;
(b) there has been payment of the unpaid operational debt;
(c) the creditor has not delivered the invoice or notice for payment to the corporate
debtor;
(d) notice of dispute has been received by the operational creditor or there is a
record of dispute in the information utility; or
(e) any disciplinary proceeding is pending against any proposed resolution
professional:
Provided that Adjudicating Authority, shall before rejecting an application under
sub-clause (a) of clause (ii) give a notice to the applicant to rectify the defect in his
application within seven days of the date of receipt of such notice from the
Adjudicating Authority.
(6) The corporate insolvency resolution process shall commence from the date of
admission of the application under sub-section (5) of this section.”

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“5. Demand notice by operational creditor.—(1) An operational creditor shall
deliver to the corporate debtor, the following documents, namely.-
(a) a demand notice in Form 3; or
(b) a copy of an invoice attached with a notice in Form 4.
(2) The demand notice or the copy of the invoice demanding payment referred to in
sub-section (2) of section 8 of the Code, may be delivered to the corporate debtor,
(a) at the registered office by hand, registered post or speed post with
acknowledgement due; or
(b) by electronic mail service to a whole time director or designated partner or key
managerial personnel, if any, of the corporate debtor.
(3) A copy of demand notice or invoice demanding payment served under this rule
by an operational creditor shall also be filed with an information utility, if any.”
8.1. Thus, it is manifest that a section 9 petition can be filed only against the
corporate debtor after giving prior notice under section 8 of the IBC to the
corporate debtor; and the key requirements for filing the same are (i) demand
notice under section 8 must be served on the corporate debtor; (ii) after 10 days, if
the payment is not made or if there is no valid dispute, the application can be filed;
(iii) application must be filed in Form 5 as prescribed by the Adjudicating
Authority Rules, 2016; and (iv) supporting evidence such as invoices, bank
statements, or written contracts must be attached. Further, a conjoint reading of
section 8 of the IBC r/w Rule 5(2)(a) and (b) of the Adjudicating Authority Rules,
2016 would reveal that a demand notice under section 8 can be addressed and
delivered to the corporate debtor through its KMP.


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9. Additionally, it is to be noted that the operational creditor is required to send
the demand notice in Form 3, which is the prescribed format used to comply with
Section 8(1) of the IBC. For better appreciation, the same reads as under:
FORM 3
(See clause (a) of sub-rule (1) of rule 5)
FORM OF DEMAND NOTICE / INVOICE DEMANDING PAYMENT
UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016
(Under rule 5 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating
Authority) Rules, 2016)
[Date]
To,
[Name and address of the registered office of the corporate debtor]
From,
[Name and address of the registered office of the operational creditor]
Subject: Demand notice/invoice demanding payment in respect of unpaid
operational debt due from [corporate debtor] under the Code.
Madam/Sir,
1. This letter is a demand notice/invoice demanding payment of an unpaid
operational debt due from [name of corporate debtor].
2. Please find particulars of the unpaid operational debt below:

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3. If you dispute the existence or amount of unpaid operational debt (in default)
please provide the undersigned, within ten days of the receipt of this letter, of the
pendency of the suit or arbitration proceedings in relation to such dispute filed
before the receipt of this letter/notice.
4. If you believe that the debt has been repaid before the receipt of this letter, please
demonstrate such repayment by sending to us, within ten days of receipt of this letter,
the following:
a. an attested copy of the record of electronic transfer of the unpaid amount from the
bank account of the corporate debtor; or
b. an attested copy of any record that [name of the operational creditor] has
received the payment.
5. The undersigned, hereby, attaches a certificate from an information utility
confirming that no record of a dispute raised in relation to the relevant operational
debt has been filed by any person at any information utility. (if applicable)

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6. The undersigned request you to unconditionally repay the unpaid operational debt
(in default) in full within ten days from the receipt of this letter failing which we shall
initiate a corporate insolvency resolution process in respect of [name of corporate
debtor].
Yours sincerely,
Signature of person authorized to act on behalf of the operational creditor
Name in block letters
Position with or in relation to the operational creditor
Address of person signing
Instructions
1. Please serve a copy of this form on the corporate debtor, ten days in advance
of filing an application under section 9 of the Code.
2. Please append a copy of such served notice to the application made by the
operational creditor to the Adjudicating Authority.
9.1. Thus, it is abundantly clear that the statutory Form 3 itself mentions “Name
and address of the registered office of the corporate debtor” and “Madam/Sir”.
It requires the operational creditor to state the name and address of the registered
office. Further, in the ‘subject’ heading, the operational creditor is required to state
clearly the demand notice/ invoice demanding payment of money against unpaid
operational debt from the corporate debtor.
10. As already stated above, Section 8(1) required the operational creditor to
deliver the notice of demand of unpaid operational debt or a copy of the invoice
demanding payment to the corporate debtor at their registered office; and the

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demand notice is required to be in the form and manner as prescribed.
According to the appellant, the notice dated 31.03.2021 sent to the KMP of the
respondent - Corporate Debtor at their registered office, is in compliance with the
provisions of the IBC viz. , Section 8 of the IBC r/w Form 3 of the Adjudicating
Authority Rules, 2016, and hence, the NCLT as well as the NCLAT cannot reject
the section 9 petition filed by the appellant – Operational Creditor at the threshold.
For better appreciation, Form 3 sent by the appellant reads as follows:
"FORM 3
[See clause (a) of sub rule (1) of Rule 5]
FORM OF DEMAND NOTICE/INVOICE DEMANDING PAYMENT UNDER THE
INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016
(Under Rule 5 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Adjudicating
Authority) Rules, 2016
31 March 2021
To
1. Mr. Sameer Singh
Director
MESCO Kalinga Steel Limited
3915, Lewis Road, MESCO Tower,
Kedar Gouri Square,
Bhubaneshwar- 751002
2. Bibhuti Bhushan Rath
Chief Financial Officer
MESCO Kalinga Steel Limited
3915, Lewis Road, MESCO Tower,
Kedar Gouri Square,
Bhubaneshwar- 751002

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3. Mr. S. Subudhi
Manager-Commercial
MESCO Kalinga Steel Limited
3915, Lewis Road, MESCO Tower,
Kedar Gouri Square,
Bhubaneshwar - 751002
From:
Ms. Radhika Agarwal
Company Secretary
VISA Coke Limited
VISA HOUSE, 8/10Alipore Road, Kolkata-700 027
Subject: Demand Notice/invoice demanding payment in respect of unpaid
operational debt due from MESCO Kalinga Steel Limited (Mesco) under the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Code)
Dear Sirs,
1. This letter is a Demand Notice/invoice demanding payment in respect of unpaid
operational debt due from MESCO Kalinga Steel Limited under the Code.
2. Please find the particulars of the unpaid operational debt below:
………"
10.1. On a perusal of Form 3 notice dated 31.03.2021 issued by the appellant, it is
revealed that the same was addressed to the names of the KMP and delivered to the
registered office of the respondent - Corporate Debtor viz. , MESCO Kalinga Steel
Limited. Even the ‘subject’ and paragraph 1 of the notice clearly demonstrate that
as per the IBC, demand notice / invoice demanding payment in respect of unpaid
operational debt due from the corporate debtor was issued and thereby, the
appellant called upon the Corporate Debtor to pay the operational debt within a

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period of ten days from the date of receipt of the notice, failing which, CIRP be
initiated in respect of the Corporate Debtor. Notably, the said notice dated
31.03.2021 was served on the KMP in their official capacities at the registered
office address of the corporate debtor. The contents of the notice clearly establish
that the same was issued to the Corporate Debtor in respect of the operational debt
due and payable by them. As such, it cannot be said that the appellant did not
comply with the statutory requirement of sending demand notice in Form 3 to the
respondent - Corporate Debtor as provided under section 8 of the IBC, before
filing the section 9 petition seeking initiation of CIRP against the respondent in
respect of the unpaid operational debt.
11. In this context, we may take aid of the decision in Rajneesh Aggarwal v.
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Amit J. Bhalla , wherein, this Court while dealing with requirement of notice
under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, held that a notice
issued upon the Director of the Company amounts to notice to the Company. It was
further held that the object of issuance of notice must be kept in mind and that the
same cannot be construed in a narrow and technical manner without examining its
substance. The relevant paragraphs are extracted below:
“…it is no doubt true that all the three requirements under clauses (a), (b) and (c)
must be complied with before the offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable
Instruments Act, can be said to have been committed and Section 141 indicates as
to who would be the persons, liable in the event the offence is committed by a
12
(2001) 1 SCC 631

22
company. The High Court itself on facts, has recorded the findings that conditions
(a) and (b) under Section 138 having been duly complied with and, therefore, the
only question is whether the conclusion of the High Court that condition (c) has not
been complied with, can be said to be in accordance with law. Mere dishonour of a
cheque would not raise to a cause of action unless the payee makes a demand in
writing to the drawer of the cheque for the payment and the drawer fails to make
the payment of the said amount of money to the payee. The cheques had been issued
by M/s Bhalla Techtran Industries Limited, through its Director Shri Amit Bhalla.
The appellant had issued notice to said Shri Amti J. Bhalla, Director of M/s Bhalla
Techtran Industries Limited. Notwithstanding the service of the notice, the amount
in question was not paid. The object of issuing notice indicating the factum of
dishonour of the cheques is to give an opportunity to the drawer to make payment
within 15 days, so that it will not be necessary for the payee to proceed against in
any criminal action, even though the bank dishonoured the cheques. It is Amit
Bhalla, who had signed the cheques as the Director of M/s Bhalla Techtran
Industries Ltd. When the notice was issued to said Shri Amit Bhalla, Director of
M/s Bhalla Techtran Industries Ltd., it was incumbent upon Shri Bhalla to see that
the payments are made within the stipulated period of 15 days. It is not disputed
that Shri Bhalla has not signed the cheques, nor is it disputed that Shri Bhalla was
not the Director of the company. Bearing in mind the object of issuance of such
notice, it must be held that the notices cannot be construed in a narrow technical
way without examining the substance of the matter. We really fail to understand as
to why the judgment of this court in Bilakchand Gyanchand Co.,1999(5) SCC 693,
will have no application. In that case also criminal proceedings had been initiated
against A. Chinnaswami, who was the Managing Director of the company and the
cheques in question had been signed by him. In the aforesaid premises, we have no
hesitation to come to the conclusion that the High Court committed error in
recording a finding that there was no notice to the drawer of the cheque, as
required under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. In our opinion, after
the cheques were dishonoured by the bank the payee had served due notice and yet
there was failure on the part of the accused to pay the money, who had signed the
cheques, as the Director of the company. The impugned order of the High Court,
therefore, is liable to be quashed.”
12. During the course of hearing, it has been brought to our attention that in the
13
decision in K.B. Polychem (India) Ltd. v. Kaygee Shoetech Pvt. Ltd . , wherein,
13
(2020) ibcla.in 193 NCLAT [Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 1010 of 2019, decided on
11.02.2020]

23
the issue that arose for consideration was ‘whether deemed service of demand
notice under Section 8 of the IBC is sufficient, to trigger the process under section
9 of the IBC’, the NCLAT, Principal Bench, New Delhi, after examining the
relevant provisions of the IBC and the Adjudicating Authority Rules, 2016 and
Rule 38 of the National Company Law Tribunal Rules, 2016, held that the
Adjudicating Authority erred in rejecting the application filed under section 9 of
the IBC. The relevant paragraphs of the same are extracted below:
“The brief facts as stated in the Appeal is that Appellant/Applicant had filed an
Application under Section 9 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 after
serving the demand notice under Section 8 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code,
2016. The Appellant contends that the demand notice dated 30.07.2018/01.08.2018
under Section 8 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 was sent by Speed
Post, but it was returned with the remark of the Postal Authorities as “not
available”. The Adjudicating Authority rejected the petition on the ground that
service of the demand notice of the Corporate Debtor is not established. The
contention of the Operational Creditor that demand notice sent to the Director of
the Company is not returned. Hence, demand notice shall be deemed served, given
the General Clauses Act, 1987 and Section 114 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
The Adjudicating Authority further holds that I & B Code, 2016 is a complete Code
in itself and provisions of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and General Clauses Act,
1987 is not applicable unless specifically covered in I & B Code, 2016, and based
on these, the petition has been dismissed.
……..
On perusal of the record, it is apparent that the Application filed under Section 9 of
I & B Code, 2016 has been rejected by the Adjudicating Authority on the ground
that the service of demand notice under Section 8 of I & B Code, 2016 is not
established. The contention of the Operational Creditor, that the demand notice
sent to the Director of the Company at his residence, is not returned. Thus it should
be deemed to be served/delivered, given the General Clauses Act, 1897 and Section
114 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
…….

24
The Appellant has given sufficient evidence to show the delivery of demand notice.
There is no specific denial of service of demand notice. The corporate debtor has
itself stated that in reply to the demand notice, he had raised the dispute of unpaid
operational debt. But no document is placed before us to show the existence of
dispute before issuance of demand notice. Copy of invoices, demand notice, bank
statement all other documents are placed before us which clearly shows that the
corporate debtor failed to pay off the operational debt of more than Rs One Lac,
despite service of demand notice.”
13. Following the above decision, the NCLAT, Principal Bench, New Delhi, in
14
Shubham Jain v. Gagan Ferrotech Ltd. and Another , wherein, the issue that fell
for consideration was ‘whether service of Demand Notice u/s 8 of the Code on a
Director of the Corporate Debtor can be construed as deemed delivery or not for
Initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process under Section 9 of the IBC’,
held that service of notice on the Director must be held to be good service. The
relevant paragraphs of the same are reproduced below:
“7. Admittedly, the Demand Notices sent u/s 8 of the Code to the registered
address, and functional address of the Corporate Debtor met with the remarks’
addressee moved’ and ‘unclaimed’ respectively. Unclaimed, will also have to be
treated as Service of Notice. Again one set of Demand Notice was duly served upon
one of the Directors of the Corporate Debtor. The legislative intent of issuance of
Demand Notice under Section 8(1) is not a mere formality but a mandatory
provision. Only after service of notice under Section 8(1) and on completion of 10
days, if payment towards the demand is not made, an Operational Creditor gets
right to apply under Section 9 and not before such date. Upon perusal of the
record, it is apparent that the Demand Notice was duly served on the functional
address as well as Director of the Corporate Debtor. Under Section 2(59) of the
Companies Act, 2013 Director is included in to definition of Officer. Under Section
20 of the Act a document served on a Company or on Officer thereof is service
recognized. Going from Principles of Natural Justice, in terms of Section 424 of
Companies Act read with above provision of Service of Notice on Director must be
14
(2021) ibclaw.in 40 [Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 1008 of 2019 decided on 29.01.2021]

25
held to be good service. Therefore, in our opinion, the mandate u/s 8 of the Code
was fulfilled, and the Adjudicating Authority has rightly admitted the application
u/s 9 filed by the Operational Creditor for initiating Corporate Insolvency
Resolution Process against the Corporate Debtor.”
14. Undoubtedly, the purpose of sending a demand notice is to give the
corporate debtor an opportunity to either repay the outstanding debt, or dispute the
debt if there are genuine reasons. In the present case, the notice dated 31.03.2021
sent by the appellant to the KMP of the corporate debtor at the registered office
address in the capacity of their official position, explicitly demonstrates that the
same was issued to the corporate debtor demanding the operational debt due and
payable by them. However, it is not the case of the respondent that no notice was
sent by the appellant calling upon the respondent - Corporate Debtor to pay the
operational debt. Further, it is pertinent to point out that during the pendency of the
section 9 petition, the Corporate Debtor approached the Operational Creditor for
settlement, which was not fructified.
14.1. This Court in Sardar Amarjit Singh Kalra (Dead) by LRs & Others v.
15
Pramod Gupta (Dead) by LRs & Others , categorically observed that ‘laws of
procedure are meant to regulate effectively, assist and aid the object of doing
substantial and real justice and not to foreclose even an adjudication on merits of
substantial rights of citizen under personal, property and other laws. Procedure has
always been viewed as the handmaid of justice and not meant to hamper the cause
15
(2003) 3 SCC 272, a five Judge bench, SCC pp. 300-01, para 26

26
of justice or sanctify miscarriage of justice’. It is also a trite law that ‘the
procedural defect may fall within the purview of irregularity, but it should not be
allowed to defeat the substantive right accrued to the litigant without affording
16
reasonable opportunity’ . In other words, a substantive right should not be
allowed to be defeated merely on technicality. In the instant case, the respondent
was unable to show any substantial prejudice being caused to them on account of
such procedural irregularity. Therefore, in our opinion, the notice dated 31.03.2021
issued by the appellant to the KMP of the Corporate Debtor and delivered at the
registered office of the Corporate Debtor, can be construed as a deemed service of
demand notice as required under section 8 of the IBC. In such view of the matter,
the approach of the NCLT and the NCLAT rejecting the section 9 petition on the
technical ground that no notice was sent to the corporate debtor and the notice sent
by the appellant to the KMP of the corporate debtor cannot be taken to be a notice
issued under section 8 of the IBC, is incorrect and is unsustainable in law.

15. Yet another mandatory requirement to admit the section 9 petition is the
occurrence of a ‘default’. It cannot be disputed that the trigger to initiate CIRP
under section 9 of the IBC is occurrence of a “default” and not “mere existence of
debt”. In other words, the appellant has to establish as to what is the actual date of
default, failing which, the application filed under section 9 of the IBC is
16
Ramnath Exports (P) Ltd. v. Vinita Mehta, (2022) 7 SCC 678 : (2022) 4 SCC (Civ) 150 : 2022 SCC
OnLine SC 788 at page 684

27
incomplete. In this case, the appellant mentioned the date of default as 19.11.2019,
in terms of the contract dated 11.10.2019. As per the contract, in respect of supply
of LAM Coke by the appellant, the respondent had to pay 100% in advance
through RTGS / NEFT fund transfer or alternatively by opening of LoC prior to
dispatch. Subsequently, the contract was amended on various occasions, relating
to lifting and delivery of LAM Coke. Further, at the request of the respondent, by
emails dated 12.11.2019 and 16.11.2019, the appellant permitted the respondent to
lift the coals without making payment in advance / opening LoC prior to despatch.
On this basis, the respondent contended that the contract dated 11.10.2019 is
novated and the default date mentioned in the petition is incorrect.
15.1. However, the NCLT declined to decide this question as the respondent
raised the plea of novation of contract to nullify the occurrence of default without
pleading the same, and that, the question of novation of contract is a mixed
question of law and fact. The NCLAT also, did not delve into this aspect, as the
same was not a subject matter of the appeal before it.
15.2. In the given factual matrix, we are of the view that the issue relating to the
date of default by the Corporate Debtor and novation of contract, if any, being a
mixed question of law and fact, requiring detailed analysis based on the materials

28
adduced by the parties, is to be decided by the NCLT at the time of final disposal
of the section 9 petition, on merits.
16. In the ultimate analysis, we find that the orders passed by the NCLT and
NCLAT rejecting the section 9 petition filed by the appellant, deserve to be
interfered with by us.
17. Accordingly, this appeal stands allowed by setting aside the orders
impugned herein and the matter is remanded to the NCLT, which shall entertain
the section 9 petition and decide the same afresh, on merits, after providing
reasonable opportunity to the parties by letting in oral and documentary evidence.
Needless to state that the NCLT shall pass orders without being influenced by any
observations made in its earlier order. No order as to costs.

18. Connected miscellaneous application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

..........................… J.
[J.B. Pardiwala]
..........................… J.
[R. Mahadevan]
NEW DELHI;
APRIL 29, 2025.