MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF GREATER MUMBAI vs. PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 07-11-2022

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CIVIL APPEAL NO………….. OF 2022 (arising out of SLP (C) No. 17009 of 2019) MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF  GREATER MUMBAI & ORS.           ...APPELLANT(S) VERSUS PROPERTY OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION & ORS.  …RESPONDENT(S) with CIVIL APPEAL NO………….. OF 2022 (arising out of SLP (C) No. 25689 of 2019) CIVIL APPEAL NO………….. OF 2022 (arising out of SLP (C) No. 22138 of 2019) CIVIL APPEAL NO………….. OF 2022 (arising out of SLP (C) No. 24126 of 2019) CIVIL APPEAL NO………….. OF 2022 (arising out of SLP (C) No. 25686 of 2019) CIVIL APPEAL NO………….. OF 2022 (arising out of SLP (C) No. 25687 of 2019) and CONTEMPT PETITION (C) NO. 38 OF 2021 Signature Not Verified in SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (C) NO. 17009 OF 2019 Digitally signed by Neetu Khajuria Date: 2022.11.07 21:44:17 IST Reason: 2 J U D G M E N T Uday Umesh Lalit, CJI 1. Leave granted in all Special Leave Petitions. 2. These appeals are challenging the common judgment and order dated 24.4.2019 passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Writ Petition No. 2592/2013 and connected matters.  Contempt Petition (Civil) No. 38/2021 has been filed against the alleged contemnor for disobedience of orders dated 29.7.2019, 21.10.2019 and 22.11.2019 passed by this Court in the appeal arising out of said SLP(C) No. 17009 of 2019.     For   the   present   purposes,   said   Contempt   Petition   is segregated with a direction to list the same before an appropriate Court after six weeks. 1 The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888   has been 3. enacted   by   the   State   Government   to   consolidate   and   amend 1 “MMC Act”, for short 3 various   Municipal   Acts   which   were   in   force   relating   to   the Municipal administration of the city of Mumbai.  The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (“the Corporation” for short) has been established and discharging its duties under the MMC Act. 4. The   MMC   Act   authorizes   the   Corporation   to   impose property tax on lands and buildings.  Importantly, property tax is   one   of   the   main   sources   of   revenue   for   the   Corporation, specifically after abolition of Octroi.  The   MMC   Act   earlier provided   for   levy   of   property   tax   on   the   basis   of   certain percentage of rateable value of the buildings or lands.  The basis of determination of rateable value as provided in the MMC Act was the annual rent for which such buildings or lands might reasonably be expected to be let from year to year.   5. The Corporation appointed Tata Institute of Social Sciences (for short “TISS”) and University of Mumbai to study the system of levy of property tax and to suggest alternative system for such levy.     TISS   submitted   a   detailed   report   recommending   that capital value­based system of assessment be adopted in place of annual   rental   system.     After   detailed   discussions   with   stake holders and based on the recommendations of TISS, the MMC 4 Act was amended by the Maharashtra Act No. XI of 2009.  The amendment   incorporated   an   option   and   empowered   the Corporation to levy property tax on the basis of capital value as an alternative to the earlier method of levying property tax on the basis of rateable value.   6. The Statement of Objects forming part of the Bill which led to the passing of the Maharashtra Act No. XI of 2009 was as under: ­ “ STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS Section 139 of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act (Bom.III of 1888) provides for imposition of taxes by the Municipal Corporation of Brihan Mumbai.  The taxes to be so imposed provide inter alia property taxes on buildings or lands.  The property taxes include water tax, water benefit tax,   sewerage   tax,   sewerage   benefit   tax,   general   tax, education cess and street tax, which are leviable on the basis   of   certain   percentage   of   rateable   value   of   the buildings or lands.   2. Section   154   of   the   Act   provides   the   method   of fixing rateable value of any buildings or lands assessable to property tax.  The basis to determine the rateable value is the annual rent for which such buildings or lands might reasonably be expected to let from year to year, less 10 per centum of the said annual rent and the said deduction is in lieu of all allowances for repairs or on any other account whatever. 3. The determination or fixation of the rateable value under different Municipal Acts or Municipal Corporation Acts throughout India for the purpose of levy of property taxes under these Acts has resulted in ceaseless dispute. There has been a catena of decisions rendered by various High   Courts   and   the   Supreme   Court   in   respect   of   the matter of fixation of rateable value particularly because of the provisions of Rent Control Legislation in various States including the State of Maharashtra.  On account of these 5 decisions   the   annual   rent   to   be   taken   into   account   for fixation of rateable value of any buildings or lands has been pegged down to the standard rent of any buildings or lands according to the provisions of the Rent Control Acts.  In so far   as   the   area   of   the   Municipal   Corporation   of   Brihan Mumbai  is concerned, the Rent Control Act, which provided for standard rent for the first time, was the Bombay Rent Restriction Act. 1939 (Bom. XVI of 1939).   This Act was repealed by the Bombay Rents, Hotel Rates and Lodging House Rates (Control) Act, 1944 (Bom.VII of 1944), which had been replaced by the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 (Bom. LVII of 1947), which has   also   been   now   repealed   by   the   Maharashtra   Rent Control Act, 1999 (Mah. XVIII of 2000) which came into st force on the 31   day of March 2000 and is at present in operation.     Thus   the   Rent   Control   Act   has   been   in operation in the Mumbai Municipal Corporation area for over 65 years.  In effect, therefore, the property tax has to be   determined   on   the   basis   of   rateable   value   fixed considering the annual rent, being the fair rent (standard rent) alone, regardless of the actual rent received.  Fair rent very often means the rent prevailing prior for the year 1940 with some marginal modifications and additions.  Because of the limitations or restrictions brought into play by the provisions of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999 and the various judgements of the Court in respect of fixation of rateable value for the purpose of levy of property taxes a lot of subjectivity has crept into the system by which the rent of buildings or lands is determined.  Apart from this, it has also resulted in lack of transparency, equity and rationality in the system of assessment of property taxes.  Property tax is one of the main sources of revenue to the Corporation. Due to such restrictions or limitations the income of the Corporation  from   property   tax  has  remained  static.    To continue to compel the Corporation to levy and collect the property   tax   on   the   basis   of   fair   rent   or   standard   rent alone, while at the same time under Section 61 in Chapter III   and   other   provisions   of   the   Mumbai   Municipal Corporation Act making it incumbent on the Corporation to make adequate provisions to perform all its obligatory and discretionary functions laid down by the Act may be to ask for  the impossible.   The cost  of maintaining  and laying roads,   drains,   water   supply   lines   and   providing   other essential civic services and amenities, the salaries of staff and wages of employee and all other types of expenditure have gone up steeply over the last more than 65 years.   4. With a view to exploring the possibility of reforming the property tax system, so as to augment the revenue of the 6 Corporation, the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai were entrusted by the Corporation with the job to study the present system of levy of property taxes and to suggest   any   alternative   system   for   such   levy.     After studying   various   systems   available   for   assessment   of property   taxes   within   and   without   India,   they   have recommended   that   Capital   Value   Based   System   of Assessment in place of the Annual Rental System may be adopted, as according to them the trend in property tax practices in developing countries is to move away from the Annual   Rental   Value   base   to   Capital   Value   base.     The capital value based system of assessment has the following merits:­ (1)   Formula   based   assessment   is   possible   with simplicity, (2) Self­assessment is possible, (3)   Greater   flexibility   in   tax   administration   which provides control over revenue, (4) Subjectivity is eliminated to the extent possible, (5) There is transparency and easy to understand, (6) Tax revenue can keep pace with inflation and cost of living. 5. The highlights of the system recommended by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences is the shift from Annual Rental Value to Capital Value as the base for the purpose of levy of property taxes at a certain rate which may be determined by   the   Corporation   and   such   value   is   proposed   to   be adopted   as   the   value   of   any   buildings   or   lands   as   is indicated in the Stamp Duty Ready Reckoner for the time being   in   force   as   prepared   under   the   Bombay   Stamp (Determination of True Market Value of Property) Rules, 1995 and the capital value of the property could then be computed   by   applying   thereto   factors   such   as   location, carpet area, type of construction, age of property and user thereof. In this system properties which are old or of semi­ permanent structures including chawls, will be given due consideration   and   concession.     Care   is   also   taken   to provide for an appropriate cap on the increase on property tax on account of switching over to the capital value base of levy.   6. It   is   a   modest   attempt   to   enable   the   Corporation   to augment   its   revenue   so   as   to   meet   the   ever­rising expenditure   in   providing   appropriate   an   adequate infrastructure for rendering civic services in the City like 7 Mumbai  and  its  suburbs.    Having   regard   to  the  status thereof as a financial capital of India, the Mumbai City requires a special attention. 7. The amendments to the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act (Bom. III of 1888) proposed in this Bill are intended to achieve the above­mentioned objectives.” 7. The   MMC   Act   was,   thereafter,   amended   by   successive amendments   as   a   result   of   which   newly   introduced   Section 154(1A)   and   (1B)   MMC   Act   now   authorizes   Municipal Commissioner to fix the Capital Value of land and building with the   approval   of   the   Standing   Committee.     Accordingly,   the Commissioner   formulated   Factors   and   Categories   of   Users   of Buildings or Lands (Assignment of Weightages by Multiplication) Fixation of Capital Value Rules, 2010 (‘the Capital Value Rules of 2010’, for short) which came into force on and with effect from 20.03.2012, and Factors and Categories of Users of Buildings or Lands (Assignment of Weightage by Multiplication) Fixation of Capital Value Rules, 2015 (‘the Capital Values Rules of 2015’, for short), which came into force on 01.04.2015. It must be stated here that on 20.01.2010 a resolution was 8. passed appointing an expert committee comprising of Dr. D.M. Sukthankar, Dr. D.N. Choudhary and Dr. Roshan Namavati to make recommendations on the Capital Value System.  The draft 8 rules   prepared   by   the   Committee   were   published   in   various newspapers on 18.10.2010 inviting objections.  The last date for submissions   and   objections   after   due   extension   expired   on 30.11.2010,   whereafter   final   report   was   submitted.     After obtaining the sanction of the Standing Committee, the Capital Value   Rules,   of   2010   were   published   on   20.03.2012. Subsequently, the Capital Value Rules of 2015 were also framed. The relevant provisions of the MMC Act dealing with the 9. matters in issue are extracted here for ready reference: “   . Fines collected under 120. Constitution of Fines Fund section 83 shall be credited to a  separate  fund to  be called “the Fines Fund” the proceeds of which shall be expended   in   promoting   the   well­being   of   municipal officers and servants other than those appointed under the provisions of Chapter XVIA of this Act, and for the payment of compassionate allowances to the widows of such officers and servants who die while in municipal service   and   to   such   other   relation   of   the   officers   and servants   as   the   corporation   may   from   time   to   time determine. xxx xxx xxx 123.   Accounts   to   be   kept   in   forms   prescribed   by Standing   Committee .   Subject   to   the   provisions   of Chapter XVI­A of this Act accounts of the receipts and expenditure   of   the   corporation   shall   be   kept   in   such manner and in such forms as the Standing Committee shall from time to time prescribe:  Provided that, the accounts of the Water and Sewage Fund and the Consolidated Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Loan Fund shall be maintained on the accrual basis,   unless   otherwise   prescribed   by   the   Standing Committee. xxx xxx xxx 9 125.   Estimates   of   expenditure   and   income   to   be prepared annually by Commissioner . The Commissioner shall on or before each fifth day of February,   have   prepared   and   lay   before   the   Standing Committee, in such form  as the said Committee shall from time to time approve, —  (1) (a) an estimate of the expenditure which must or   should,   in   his   opinion   be   incurred   by   the corporation   in   the   next   ensuing   Official   Year, other than—  * (ii) expenditure to be incurred by reason of the obligations imposed on the corporation arising   out   of   the   transfer   to   the corporation of the powers, duties, assets and liabilities of the Board of Trustees for the   improvement   of   the   City   of   Bombay constituted   under   the   City   of   Bombay Improvement Trust Transfer Act, 1925 13 or for any of the purposes of Chapter XII­ A; and  (iii) expenditure to be incurred on account of the Brihan Mumbai Electric Supply and Transport Undertaking;  (iv)   expenditure   to   be   incurred   for   the purposes of clause (q) of section 61;  (v)   expenditure   to   be   incurred   for   the purposes of Chapters IX and X;  (b) an estimate of the balances, if any (other than balances) shown in the accounts maintained under sections 123A and 123C which will be available for re­appropriation   or   expenditure   at   the commencement of the next ensuing official year; (c) an estimate of the corporation’s receipts and income for the next ensuing official year other than from   taxation   and   from   the   Brihan   Mumbai Electric   Supply   and   Transport   Undertaking   and other than that referred to in clause (c) of sub­ section (2) and in clause (d) of section 126C and in section 126E;  (cc)   an   estimate   of   the   amount   due   to   be transferred during the next ensuing official year to the   municipal   fund   under   the   provisions   of sections 460KK and 460LL;  10 (d)   a   statement   of   proposals   as   to   the   taxation which   it   will,   in   his   opinion,   be   necessary   or expedient to impose under the provisions of this Act in the next ensuing official year;  (2) (a) an estimate of the expenditure which must or   should,   in   his   opinion,   be   incurred   by   the corporation   in   the   next   ensuing   official   year   by reason   of   the   obligations   imposed   upon   the corporation   arising   out   of   the   transfer   to   the corporation   of   the   powers,   duties,   assets   and liabilities   of   the   Board   of   Trustees   for   the Improvement   of   the   City   of   Bombay   constituted under   the   City   of   Bombay   Improvement   Trust Transfer Act, 1925 or for any of the purposes of Chapter XII­A;  (b)   an   estimate   of   all   balances,   if   any   in   the account   maintained   under   section   122A,   which will   be   available   for   re­appropriation   or expenditure   at   the   commencement   of   the   next ensuing official year;  (c) an estimate of the corporation’s receipts and income for the next ensuing official year—  (i)     arising   from   sales,   leases   and   other dispositions   of   immovable   property   vesting in   the   corporation   by   reason   of   the enactment of the City of Bombay Municipal (Amendment) Act, 1933 or acquired by the Corporation   for   any   of   the   purposes   of Chapter XII­A; and  (ii)   being   payments   of   interest   on   and repayments in whole or part of the capital of loans   granted   by   the   corporation   and secured   on   the   aforesaid   immovable property; (d) an estimate of three times the amount of the net   estimated   realisations   of  the  corporation  in the then current financial year under the head of general tax (including  arrears and payments in advance) divided by the rate fixed for general tax for the then current financial year;  xxx xxx xxx Provided   further   that,   with   effect   from   the financial year 1974­75, this subclause shall have 11 effect as if for the words “three­times” the word “twice” were substituted;  (e) an estimate of the Corporation’s receipts and income, other than receipts and income referred to in other clauses of this sub­section arising from or   relating   to,   transaction   connected   with   the obligations imposed upon the Corporation by the transfer to the Corporation of the powers, duties, assets and liabilities of the said Board of Trustees or   with   the   exercise   of   the   powers   and   duties conferred   or   imposed   upon   the   Corporation   by Chapter   XII­A   including   grants   from   the   State Government. xxx xxx xxx 128.   Fixing rates, of municipal taxes and of fares and charges   of   “Brihan   Mumbai   Electric   Supply   andTransport Undertaking (1)   The   Corporation   shall,   on   or   before   the twentieth   day   of   March   after   considering   the Standing Committee’s proposals in this behalf, —  (a) determine, subject to the limitations and conditions prescribed in Chapter VIII, the rates   at   which   municipal   taxes   shall   be levied, and the articles on which octroi shall be levied, in the next ensuing official year: Provided   that,   the   Corporation   may determine different rates of property taxes for different categories of users of a building or land or part thereof; and (b) approve, subject to the limitations and conditions which may have been prescribed by or under any of the enactments or any licence   referred   to   in   clause   (i­a)   of   sub­ section   (2)   of   section   126B,   the   rates   at which the fares and charges in respect of the   Brihan   Mumbai   Electric   Supply   and Transport Undertaking shall be levied.  (2) Except under sections 134,196, 460H and 460I, the rates so fixed and the articles so appointed shall not be subsequently altered for the year for which they have been fixed. (3)   Notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   sub­ sections (1) and (2), the Corporation may, at any 12 time   during   the   official   years   2010­2011,   2011­ 2012   and   2012­2013   determine,   separately   for each of the said three years, the rates of property taxes for different categories of users of a building or land or part thereof. The rates of property taxes so   determined   shall   be   effective   and   shall   be deemed to have been effective from the 1st of April of  those three  years  and the  taxes  for  the  said three years shall be leviable and payable at the rates so determined. xxx xxx xxx   .   For   the 139. Taxes   to   be   imposed   under   this   Act purpose of this Act, taxations shall be imposed as follows, namely:­ (1) property taxes; (2) a tax on dogs: and (3) a theatre tax;
139A.Property taxes what to consist.
(1) Property taxes leviable on buildings and lands in
Brihan Mumbai under this Act shall include water tax,
water benefit tax, sewerage tax, sewerage benefit tax,
general tax, education cess, street tax and betterment
charges.
(2) For the purposes of levy of property taxes, the
expression “Building” includes ­a flat, agala,a unit or
any portion of the building.
(3) All or any of the property taxes may be imposed on a
graduated scale.
(4) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, it shall be
lawful ­ for the Corporation to levy all property taxes on
the rateable value of buildings and lands until the
Corporation adopts levy of any or all the property taxes
on such buildings and lands on the capital value thereof
under section 140A.
140.Property taxes leviable on rateable value, or
capital value as the case may be, and at what rate. (1)
The following property taxes shall be levied on building
and lands in Brihan Mumbai, namely: ­
(a) (i) the water tax of so many per centum of their
rateable value, or their capital value, as the case may be,
as the Standing Committee may consider necessary for
providing water supply;
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(ii) an additional water tax which shall be called ‘the
water benefit tax’ of so many per centum of their rateable
value, or their capital value, as the case may be, as the
Standing Committee may consider necessary for meeting
the whole or part of the expenditure incurred or to be
incurred on capital works for making and improving the
facilities of water­supply and for maintaining and
operating such works;
Provided that all or any of the property taxes may be
imposed on a graduated scale.
(b) (i) the sewerage tax of so many per centum of their
rateable value, or their capital value, as the case may be,
as the Standing Committee may consider necessary for
collection, removal and disposal of human waste and
other wastes;
(ii) an additional sewerage tax which shall be called the
“sewerage benefit tax” of so many per centum of their
rateable value, or their capital value, as the case may be,
as the Standing Committee may consider necessary for
meeting the whole or a part of the expenditure incurred
or likely to be incurred on capital work ­ for making and
improving facilities for the collection, removal and
disposal of human waste and other wastes and for
maintaining and operating such works;
General tax
(c) a general tax of not less than eight and not more than
fifty per centum of their rateable value, or of not less than
0.1 and not more than 1 per centum of their capital
value, as the case may be, together with not less than
one­eight and not more than five per centum of their
rateable value or not less than 0.01 and not more than
0.2 per centum of their capital value, as the case may be,
added thereto in order to provide for the expense
necessary for fulfilling the duties of the corporation
arising under clause (k) of section 61 and Chapter XIV;
Education cess (ca) the education cess leviable under  section 195E; (cb)   the   street   tax   leviable   under   section   195G; (d)   betterment charges leviable under Chapter XII­A. 14
(2) Any reference in this Act or in any instrument to a
water tax or a halalkhor tax shall after the
commencement of the Bombay Municipal Corporation
(Amendment) Ordinance, 1973, be construed as a
reference to the water tax or the water benefit tax or both
or the sewerage tax or the sewerage benefit tax, or both
as the context may require;
140A.Property taxes to be levied on capital value and
the rate thereof. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained
in section 140 or any other provision of this Act, the
Corporation may pass a resolution to adopt levy of
property tax on buildings and lands in Brihan Mumbai
on the basis of capital value of the buildings and lands on
and from such date, and at such rates, as the
Corporation may determine in accordance with the
provisions of section 128:
Provided that, for the period of five years from the
date on and from which such property tax is levied on
capital value, the tax shall not:
(a)exceed, ­
(i) in respect of building used for residential
purposes, two times, and
(ii) in respect of building or land used for non­
residential purposes, three times, and
(b)where the tax so levied on any building or land,
whether used for residential or for non­residential
purposes, gets reduced, be less than half of the
amount of the property tax leviable in respect
thereof in the year immediately preceding such
date:
shall not exceed, ­
(i)in respect of building used for residential
purposes, two times, and
(ii)in respect of building or land used for non­
residential purposes, three times,
the amount of the property tax leviable in respect thereof
in the year immediately preceding such date:
Provided further that, where the property taxes
levied in respect of any residential or non­residential
building or portion thereof were on the basis of annual
letting value arrived at considering the leave and licence
15
charges, by whatever name called, then for the purposes
of the first proviso it shall be lawful for the Commissioner
to ascertain such tax leviable during such immediately
preceding year, as if such building or portion thereof were
self­occupied and had been so entered in the assessment
book:
Provided also that, the property tax levied on the
basis of capital value of any building or land on revision
made under subsection (1C) of section 154 shall not in
any case exceed 40 per centum of the amount of the
property tax payable in the year immediately preceding
the year of such revision:
Provided also that, for the period of five years
commencing from the year of adoption of capital value as
the base, for levy of property tax under section 140A, the
amount of property tax leviable in respect of a residential
building or residential tenement, having carpet area of
46.45 sq. meter (500 sq. feet) or less, shall not exceed the
amount of property tax levied and payable in the year
immediately preceding the year of such adoption of
capital value as the basis.
Provided also that, for a period of five years
commencing on the 1st April 2015, the amount of
property tax leviable in respect of a residential building or
residential tenement, having carpet area of 46.45 sq.
meter (500 sq. feet) or less, shall not exceed the amount
of property tax which is being levied and payable in
respect of such residential building or tenement as on the
31st March 2015.
Provided also that, for the financial year 2019­20,
the provisions of the preceding proviso shall apply as if
the general tax leviable under clause (c) of sub­section (1)
of section 140 do not form part of the property tax
leviable under that section.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub­section (4) of section 139A or any other provisions of this Act or Resolution, if any, passed by the Corporation for adopting the levy of property tax on the basis of capital value but subject to the provisions of section 154A, buildings and lands in respect of which the process of fixing capital value is in progress on the 26th August 2010, being the date of coming into force of section 3 of the Maharashtra Municipal  Corporations   and  Municipal  Councils  (Third Amendment)   Act,   2010,   until   it   is   so   fixed,   the   tax 16
leviable and payable in respect of such buildings and
lands shall provisionally be equal to the amount of tax
leviable and payable in the preceding year, that is to say,
for the year commencing on the first day of April 2009
and ending on the thirty­first day of March 2010 and
such provisional tax shall be leviable and payable for
each of the years 2010­2011, 2011­2012 and 2012­2013,
according to the provisional bills which may be issued
separately for each such year; so, however, that on
fixation of capital value of the respective buildings and
lands, final bill of
assessment of property taxes on the basis of capital value
may then be issued for each such year as aforesaid. After
such final assessment, if it is found that the assessee has
paid excess amount, such excess shall, notwithstanding
anything contained in section179, be refunded within
three months from the date of issuing the final bill, along
with interest from such date as provided in the first
proviso to sub­section (5) of section 217, or after
obtaining the consent of the assessee, shall be adjusted
towards payment of property tax due, if any, for the
subsequent years; and if the amount of taxes on final
assessment is more than the amount of tax already paid
by the assessee, the difference shall be recovered from
the assessee.
(2A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub­section
(1) or (2) or any other provisions of this Act, the tax on
buildings and lands, which are liable to be assessed for
the first time on or after the 1st April 2010, shall
provisionally be equal to the amount of tax, as if such
buildings and lands are liable to be assessed in the year
2009­2010; and on ascertainment of the capital value of
such ‘buildings and lands, the corporation may issue a
final bill in respect of the years for which they are liable
to be assessed, on the basis of capital value thereof and
accordingly it shall be the duty of the owner and occupier
of such buildings and lands to pay such tax within the
period specified in the final bill issued as aforesaid.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 163 or 217 or any other provisions of this Act and having regard to the fact that the property tax bill has been issued in accordance   with  the   provisions   of   sub­section  (2),   not being a final bill, such bill shall not be questioned before any forum; and no complaint or appeal shall lie against such   bill   merely   on   the   ground   that   capital   value   in respect of the property which is subject matter of the bill is not yet fixed, or that the amount of tax leviable and 17
payable at the rate of property tax determined by the
Corporation is not yet finally ascertained, or on any other
ground whatever.
Explanation.­ For the purposes of this section, after the
Corporation adopts the Capital Value as the basis of levy
of property tax, the property tax in respect of any taxable
building shall be revised after every five years and on
each such revision, such amount of property tax, shall
not in any case exceed the forty per cent of the amount of
the property tax levied and payable in the year
immediately preceding the year of the revision.
xxx xxx xxx
154.Rateable value or capital value how to be
determined. (1) In order to fix the rateable value of any
building or land assessable to a property­tax, there shall
be deducted from the amount of the annual rent for which
such land or building might reasonably be expected to let
from year to year as unequal to ten per centum of the said
annual rent and the said deduction shall be in lieu of all
allowances for repairs or on any other account whatever.
(1A) In order to fix the capital value of any building or
land assessable to a property tax the Commissioner shall
have regard to the value of any building or land as
indicated in the Stamp Duty Ready Reckoner for the time
being in force as prepared under the Bombay Stamp
(Determination of True Market Value of Property) Rules,
1995, framed under the provisions of the Bombay Stamp
Act, 1958, as a base value2or where the Stamp Duty
Ready Reckoner does not indicate Value of any properties
in any particular area wherein a building or land in
respect of which capital value is required to be determined
is situate, or in case such Stamp Duty Ready Reckoner
does not exist, then the Commissioner may fix the capital
value of any building or land taking into consideration the
market value of such building or land, as a base value.
The Commissioner while fixing the capital value as
2 and 18
aforesaid, shall have regard
namely: ­
to the following factors,
(a) the nature and type of the land and structure of the building, ­   (b) area of land or carpet area of building,
(c) user category, that is to say, (i) residential, (ii)
commercial (shops or the like), (iii) offices, (iv)
hotels (upto 4 stars), (v) hotels (more than 4
stars), (vi) banks, (vii) industries and factories,
(viii) school and college building or building used
for educational purposes, (ix) malls and (x) any
other building or landnot covered by any of the
above categories,
(d) age of the building, or
(e) such other factors as may be specified by rules
made under subsection (1B).
(1B) The Commissioner shall with the approval of the
Standing Committee, frame such rules as respects the
details of categories of building or land and the weightage
by multiplication to be assigned to various such factors and
categories for the purpose of fixing the capital value under
sub­section (1A).
(1C) The capital value of any building or land fixed under
sub­section (1A) shall be revised every five years:
Provided that, the Commissioner may, for reasons to
be recorded in writing, revise the capital value of any
3 The expressions were added / substituted by 2010 Amendment.   The erstwhile sub­ section (1A) introduced by Maharashtra Act No. XI of 2009 was : ­
(a) the nature and type of the land and structure of the building, (b) area of land or carpet area of building, (c) user category, that is to say, (i) residential, (ii) commercial (shops or the like), (iii) offices, (iv) hotels (upto 4 stars), (v) hotels (more than 4 stars) (vi) banks, (vii) industries and factories, (viii) school and college building or building used for educational purposes, (ix) malls and (x) any other building or land not covered by any of the above categories, (d) age of the building, or such other factors as may be specified by rules made under subsection (1B).”” 19
building or land any time during the said period of five
years and shall accordingly amend the assessment book in
relation to such building or land under section 167.
(1D) (a)Notwithstanding anything contained in sub­
section (1C),­
(i)due to the spread of COVID­19 pandemic, the
capital value of any building or land fixed under
sub­section (1A) shall not be revised in the year
2020­21 and the year 2021­22;
(ii)for the year 2020­21 and the year 2021­22, the
property tax bill for any building or land shall be
the same as is for the year 2019­20;
(iii) the capital value of any building or land fixed
under sub­section (1A) shall be revised in the
year 2022­23, as if the clause (i) is not applicable
for the year 2020­21 and the year 2021­22.
(b)Subject to the proviso to sub­section (1C), the
next revision shall be in the year 2025­26, and,
thereafter, the revision of capital value of any
building or land, shall be in accordance with the
provisions of sub­section (1C).
(2) The value of any machinery contained or situate in or
upon any building or land shall not be included in the
rateable value or the capital value, as the case may be, of
such building or land.
154A. Provisional fixation of capital value in certain
cases.Notwithstanding anything contained in section 154,
the rateable value of any building or land or part thereof,
for the official year 2009­2010, shall be the provisional
capital value of such building and lands in respect of the
official years 2010­2011, 2011­2012 and 2012­2013, and
such provisional capital value shall be deemed to be the
capital value validly and legally fixed under the provisions
of this Act, pending fixing the capital value thereof, and it
shall be lawful for the Commissioner to treat it as such for
the purposes of assessment book kept under the provisions
of this Act, and the bill for property taxes issued under
sub­section (2) of section 140A shall be deemed to have
been validly and legally issued under the provisions of this
Act.
Provided that, in respect of the buildings and lands which are liable to be assessed for the first time on or after the 1st April 2010, the capital value of such buildings and lands 20
shall, until the final capital value is determined under this
section, be provisionally equal to the amount of rateable
value worked out on the basis of the prescribed letting
rates by the corporation in respect of the official year 2009­
2010.
155. Commissioner may call for information or returns
from owner or occupier or enter and inspect assessable
premises.(1) To enable him to determine the rateable
value or the capital value, as the case may be, of any
building or land and the person primarily liable for the
payment of any property tax leviable in respect thereof the
Commissioner may require the owner or occupier of such
building or land, or of any portion thereof, to furnish him,
within such reasonable period as the Commissioner
prescribes in this behalf, with information or with a written
return signed by such owner or occupier­
(a) as to the name and place of abode of the owner
or occupier, or of both owner and occupier of such
building or land; and
(b) as to the details in respect of any or all the
items as enumerated in clauses (a) to (e) of sub­
section (1A) of section 154 in relation to such
building or land or any portion thereof.
(2) Every owner or occupier on whom any such requisition
is made shall be bound to comply with the same and to give
true information or to make a true return to the best of his
knowledge or belief.
(3) The Commissioner may also for the purpose aforesaid
make an inspection of any such building or land.
156. Assessment book what to contain.
The Commissioner shall keep a book, in such form and<br>manner as he may, with the approval of the Standing<br>Committee, determine, and such book shall be called “the<br>assessment book” in which shall be entered every official<br>year­<br>(a) a list of all buildings and lands in Brihan Mumbai<br>distinguishing each either by name or number, as he<br>shall think fit;The Commissioner shall keep a book, in such form and
manner as he may, with the approval of the Standing
Committee, determine, and such book shall be called “the
assessment book” in which shall be entered every official
year­
(a) a list of all buildings and lands in Brihan Mumbai
distinguishing each either by name or number, as he
shall think fit;
(b) the rateable value or the capital value, as the case
may be, of each such building and land determined
in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this
Act;
21
(c) the name of the person primarily liable for the
payment of the property taxes, if any, leviable on
each such building or land;
(d) if any such building or land is not liable to be
assessed to the general tax or is exempt from
payment of property tax either in whole or in part, as
the case may be, the reason of such non­liability or
exemption, as the case may be;
(e) when the rates of the property taxes to be levied
for the year have been duly fixed by the corporation
and the period fixed by public notice, as hereinafter
provided, for the receipt of complaints against the
amount of rateable value or the capital value, as the
case may be, entered in any portion of the
assessment book, has expired, and in the case of any
such entry which is complained against, when such
complaint has been disposed of in accordance with
the provisions hereinafter contained, the amount at
which each building or land entered in such portion
of the assessment book is assessed to each of the
property taxes, if any, leviable thereon;
(f) if under section 169, a charge is made for water
supplied to any buildings or land by measurement or
the water taxes or charges for water by measurement
are compounded for, or if, under section 170, the
sewerage taxes or sewerage charges for any building
or land are fixed at a special rate, the particulars and
amount of such charges composition or rates;
(g) such other details, if any, as the Commissioner
from time to time thinks fit to direct.”
10. The relevant portion of the Capital Value Rules, 2010 is as under: ­ “No. AC/NTC/1310/2011­22 dated 20.03.2012.   In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (e)s of sub­ section (1A) and sub­section (1B) of section 154 of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act (Act No. Bom.III of 1888), and of all other powers enabling him in this behalf, the Commissioner, after having obtained the approval   of   the   Standing   Committee,   as   required under the said sub­section (1B), hereby makes the following   rules   to   provide   for   the   factors   and categories   of   users   of   buildings   or   lands   and   the 22
weightage by multiplication to be assigned to various
such factors and categories for the purpose of fixing
the capital value of buildings and lands in Brihan
Mumbai, namely:­
Short title and commencement: ­ (i) These rules
may be called for the Factors and Categories of
Users of Buildings or Lands (Assignment of
Weightages by Multiplication) Fixation of Capital
Value Rules, 2010.
      (ii) They shall come into force forthwith.
xxxxxxxxx
3.Capital of open land :­ Save otherwise provided
in these rules, where, within the precincts of a
building there is vacant land other than the land
appurtenant to the building, such land shall be
treated as open land and the capital value thereof
shall be fixed accordingly, as provided for in rule 21.
4.User categories of open land and weightages by
multiplication to be assigned thereto:­ User categories
of open land shall be as specified in column (2) of Part
1 of schedule ‘A’ and the weightages by multiplication
to base value, to be respectively assigned thereto the
purpose of fixing capital value, shall be as shown in
column (3) of the said Part I of schedule ‘A’.
5.User categories of buildings or part thereof and
weightages by multiplication to be assigned thereto:­
User categories of buildings part thereof shall be as
specified column (2) of each of Parts II, III and IV of
schedule 'A' and the weightages by multiplication to
the relative base value, to be respectively assigned
thereto for the purpose of fixing capital value, shall be
as in column (3) of each of the said Parts II, III and IV
of schedule 'A'.
6.The nature and type of building and the
weightage by multiplication to be assigned thereto:­
The nature and type of a building shall be as specified
in column (2) of schedule ‘B’ and the weightages my
multiplication to be assigned thereto for the purpose
of fixing capital value, shall be shown in column (3) of
the said schedule ‘B’.
7.The weightage by multiplication to be assigned
to a building on account of the age thereof: ­ The
weightage by multiplication to be assigned to a
23
building on account of age factor, for the purpose of
fixing capital value, shall be according to the age of
the building as shown in column (2) of schedule ‘C’
and the weightage by multiplication be assigned
thereto shall be as shown in column (3) of the said
schedule ‘C’.
8.The weightage by multiplication on account of
floor factor to be assigned to RCC building with lift: ­
Weightage by multiplication on account of floor factor
to be assigned to a RCC building with lift, for the
purpose of fixing capital value, shall be according to
the number of floors as shown in column (2) of
schedule 'D' and the weightage by multiplication to be
assigned thereto shall be as shown in column (3) of
the said schedule 'D'.
9.Area of hoarding or tower for the purpose of
fixing capital value: ­Area of hoarding or tower for the
purpose of fixing capital value thereof shall mean, ­
(a)in the case of a hoarding, the area of the square
of the extremities of the poles on which the hoarding
is erected plus the area of the hoarding; and
(b)in the case of a tower, the area covered by the
extremities of the foundation of the tower.
10.Built­up area of a flat or a building: (1) The total
carpet area of a flat shall be reckoned by including
the area of the following items, namely: (i) terrace in
exclusive possession, (ii) mezzanine floor, (iii) loft
(excluding loft in residential flat) or attic, (iv) dry
balcony and (v) niches; and
(2) The total built­up area of a building shall be
reckoned by including the areas of the following
items, namely: ­ (i) total area of the flats in the
building computed in accordance with sub rule (1), (ii)
basement, (iii) stilt, (iv)porch, (v) podium, (vi) service
floor, (vii) refuge area, (viii) entrance lobby, (ix) lounge,
(x) air­ conditioning plant room, (xi) air handling
room, (xii) the structure for an effluent treatment
plant and (xiii) watchman cabin
(3) The built­up area of any of the following items
shall not be reckoned while computing the carpet
area of a building or part thereof, namely: ­
(i) lift room above topmost storey, (ii) lift well, (iii) stair­case and passage thereto including staircase   room,   (iv)   chimney   and   elevated tank,  (v)   meter   room,  (vi)  pump   room,  (vii) 24
underground and overhead water tank, (viii)
septic tank, (ix)flower­bed and (x) loft in
residential flat
(4) Where only the carpet area of a flat or building is available on the record of the Corporation and the total built­up area thereof, computed in the manner as aforesaid in sub­rule (1), or, as the case may be, sub­rule (2), is not available on such record, then the total built­up area of the flat or, as the case may be, of   a   building   shall   be   arrived   at   in   the   following manner, namely :­  Built­up area = 1.2 x carpet area as available on  the record of the Corporation + the   built­up   area   of   the   items specified   in   sub­rule(1),or,   as the   case   may   be,   sub­rule   (2), unless already reckoned in such carpet area.
11. Fixation of capital value of a flat or building or
part thereof.­(1) While fixing the capital value of
a flat, the capital value of any one or more of the
relevant items specified in sub­rule (1) of rule 10, as
fixed in accordance with the provisions of rules 14,15,
or sub­rule(1) of rule 16, as the case may be, shall be
added to the capital value of the flat.
(2) While fixing the capital value of a building or part
thereof, the capital value of any of the one or more of
the relevant items specified in sub­rule (2) of rule 10
as fixed in accordance with the provisions of sub­rule
(2) or, as the case may be, (3) of rule 16, shall be
added to the capital value of the building or part
thereof.
12.
Explanation. ­ For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared   that   the   provisions   of   this   rule   shall   not apply to a building or part thereof if, ­  (1) it is occupied by a licensee to whom it is given on leave and licence;  25 s(2) it is occupied by an office bearer or officer or an employee of the landlord.
13. Fixation of capital value of religious buildings :­
The capital value of a religious building which is a
temple, math, gurudwara, mosque, takth, church,
durgah, synagogue, or agiary or the like, and is used
or intended to be used for the purpose of religious
worship or offering prayers or performance of any
religious rites or rituals by a person of, or belonging
to, the relevant religion, creed, or sect, shall be fixed
at the rate of base value applicable to a residential
building as indicated in the Ready Reckoner; and by
applying the relevant weightages by multiplication
provided for in these rules.
14. Fixation of capital value of open terrace: ­ If an
open terrace in exclusive possession is attached to a
flat, the capital value of such terrace of a non­
residential flat shall be fixed at 40% of the relative
rate of base value of such flat, and of residential flat
at 10% of the relative rate of base value of such flat;
and by applying the relevant weightages by
multiplication provided for in these rules.
15. Fixation of capital value of mezzanine floor, loft
and attic floor: ­
(a) the capital value of mezzanine floor shall be
fixed at 70% of the relative rate of base value of the
flat beneath the mezzanine floor; and by applying the
relevant weightages by multiplication provided for in
these rules;
(b) the capital value of loft or attic floor shall be
fixed at 50% of the relative rate of base value of the
flat beneath the loft, or as the case may be, the attic;
and by applying the relevant weightages by
multiplication provided for in these rules;
Provided that, where the rate of base value
applicable to the mezzanine floor, loft or attic floor
having regard to its user is higher or, as the case may
be, lower than the rate of base value applicable to the
flat beneath such mezzanine floor, loft or attic floor,
the capital value of such mezzanine floor, loft or attic
floor shall be fixed at 70% or 50%, as the case may
be, of such higher or lower rate of base value; and by
applying the relevant weightages by multiplication
provided for in these rules.
26 16. Fixation of capital value of certain other items which are part of a flat or a building or part thereto,­ (1) The capital value of dry balcony and niches shall be fixed at 25% of the relative rate of base value of the flat, if any one of these items are part of the flat; and by applying the relevant weightages by multiplication provided for in these rules.  (2)   The   capital   value   of   any   one   or   more   of   the following items, namely:­ (i)porch, (ii) air­conditioning plant room, (iii) air­handling room, (iv) structure for an effluent plant, (v) watchman cabin and (vi) refuge area, shall be fixed at 25% of the relative rate of base value of the building or part thereof, if any one or more of these items are part of the building or part thereof; and by applying the relevant weightages by multiplication provided for in these rules.  (3)   The   capital   value   of   any   one   or   more   of   the following items, namely:­ (i) service floor, (ii) entrance lobby and (iii) lounge, shall be fixed at the relative rate of base value of the building or part thereof, if any of these items are part of the building or part thereof; and by applying the relevant weightages by multiplication provided for in these rules.
17. Fixation of capital value in respect of demolished
building :­
(1) Where a building is fully demolished, or has fully
collapsed, the land beneath it shall be deemed to be
open land and the capital value thereof shall be fixed
accordingly, as provided for in rule 21.
Explanation   –  For   the   purpose   of   this   rule,   it   is hereby declared that where a building is, or is being, demolished, or has collapsed, resulting in the land on which it stood or stands being rendered open land, or only walls or the like are standing but there is no structure as  such  which  can be occupied,  and  on such demolition, or collapse, debris or any remains of the   demolished   or   collapsed   building   are   not   yet removed,   the   land   beneath   such   building   shall   be deemed to be open land. (2) Where only part of a building is demolished or has partly   collapsed   and   the   remaining   part   is   yet occupied by occupiers, land beneath the portion of the  building   which  is   demolished  or   has  collapsed shall be deemed to be open land and the portion of the structure which is occupied shall be treated as a 27
building, for the purpose of fixing the capital value
thereof.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub rules (1) and (2), where a cessed building is, or is being, demolished, or has collapsed, the land beneath the building   or   portion   of   the   building   which   is demolished or collapsed shall be deemed to be open land and the capital value thereof shall be fixed as open   land   and   assigning   thereto   a   weightage   by multiplication of 0.30 of the base value of open land. 18. The capital value of storage tank .­The capital value of storage tank shall be fixed in the following manner, namely : –  (1) storage tank above the ground level :­  (a) land ­ at the rate of open land in the Ready Reckoner   and   weightage   by   multiplication   to   be assigned thereto shall be 1.25,  (b)   storage  tank  ­  capacity   of  storage  tank   in litres multiplied by the rate of Rs.40 per litre, with weightage by multiplication to be assigned thereto on account of age factor as in schedule ‘C’,  (c) total capital value of a storage tank = total of items (a) and (b).  (2) storage tank below the ground level :­  (a) land ­ at the rate of open land in the Ready Reckoner   and   weightage   by   multiplication   to   be assigned thereto shall be 1.25,  (b)   storage  tank  ­  capacity   of  storage  tank   in litres multiplied by the rate of Rs.50 per litre, with weightage by multiplication to be assigned thereto on account of age factor as in schedule ‘C’,  (c) total capital value of a storage tank = total of items (a) and (b).  19.   Capital   value   of   amenities   of   luxurious   RCC building not to be separately fixed again.­ Where the capital   value   of   a   luxurious   RCC   building   is   fixed under   these   rules,   then   no   capital   value   of   the amenities specified in the definition of the expression ‘luxurious RCC building’ shall be separately fixed for the purpose of levy of property tax. 20. Valuation of open land capable of utilising more than   1   floor   space   index   (F.S.I)   or   transfer   of 28
development right (T.D.R.) ­As the Ready Reckoner
provides for the rate of base value of open land with 1
floor space index, open land which is capable of
utilizing more than 1 floor space index or any transfer
of development right shall be valued at an increased
rate in proportion to the higher floor space index or
transfer of development right proposed to be utilized
and approved under the building plan submitted to
the Corporation for approval.
21. Capital value of open land or building or part
thereof.­Capital value of open land or building shall
be fixed under the provisions of the Act and these
rules in the following manner, namely:
(1) Capital value(CV)of open land
Rate of base value(BV)of a open land according
to Ready Reckoner X weightage by multiplication
as per user category(UC)(Part I of schedule 'A')
X permissible or approved floor space index(FSI)
X area of land(AL).
CV = BV x UC x FSI x AL
(2) Capital value(CV)of a building
Relative rate of base value(BV)of a building
according to Ready Reckoner X weightage by
multiplication as per user category(UC)(Parts II,
III, or as the case may be, IV of schedule 'A') X
weightage by multiplication as per the nature
and type of building(NTB)(schedule 'B') X
weightage by multiplication on account of age of
building(AF)(schedule 'C') X weightage by
multiplication on account of floor factor(FF)for
RCC building with lift (schedule 'D') X carpet
area(CA).
CV = BV x UC x NTB x AF x FF x CA
Examples: ­ Some examples based and worked out on
the formulae as aforesaid are shown in the Appendix.
22.   Non­application   of   Guidelines   of   Stamp   Duty Valuation. ­ Notwithstanding anything contained in the "Important Guidelines of Stamp Duty Valuation" as specified in the Ready Reckoner, the provisions made in these rules shall have primacy over those guidelines and none of those guidelines shall apply for fixing capital value under the Act and these rules.” 29 11. The relevant portion of Capital Value Rules of 2015 is as under: ­ No.AC/NTC/1147/2014­15.   In exercise of the powers “ conferred by clause (e) of sub­section (1A), sub­section (1B) and sub­section (1C) of section 154 of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act (Act No.Bom.III of 1888), and of   all   other   powers   enabling   him   in   this   behalf,   the Commissioner, after having obtained the approval of the Standing Committee, as required under the said sub­ section (1B), hereby makes the following rules to provide for   the   factors   and   categories   of   users   of   lands   and buildings   and   the   weightage   by   multiplication   to   be assigned to various such factors and categories for the purpose of fixing the capital value of lands and buildings in Brihan Mumbai, namely: ­ 1. Short title and commencement: ­(1) These rules may be   called   the   Factors   and   Categories   of   Users   of Buildings   or   Lands   (Assignment   of   Weightages   by Multiplication) Fixation of Capital Value Rules, 2015. st         (2) They shall come into force from 1  April 2015. 2. Definitions   –   In   these   rules,   unless   the   context otherwise requires:­   xxx xxx xxx (c)   “hoarding”   includes   boards   used   to   display advertisements, erected on poles, on the ground or on a building;     xxx xxx xxx (g)   “open   land”   includes   land   not   built   upon   or   land being built upon, but does not include land appurtenant to a building; (h)   “Ready   Reckoner”   means   the   Stamp   Duty   Ready Reckoner, for the time being in force, referred to in sub­ section (1A) of section 154 of the Act;      xxx xxx xxx
3.Capital value of open land :­ Save otherwise provided
in these rules, where, within the precincts of a building
there is vacant land other than the land appurtenant to
the building, such land shall be treated as open land and
30
the capital value thereof shall be fixed accordingly, as
provided for in rule 21.
4.User categories of open land and weightages by
multiplication to be assigned thereto:­ User categories of
open land shall be as specified in column (2) of Part 1 of
schedule ‘A’ and the weightages by multiplication to base
value, to be respectively assigned thereto the purpose of
fixing capital value, shall be as shown in column (3) of
the said Part I of schedule ‘A’.
5.User categories of buildings or part thereof and
weightages by multiplication to be assigned thereto:­ User
categories of buildings or part thereof shall be as
specified column (2) of each of Parts II, III and IV of
schedule 'A' and the weightages by multiplication to the
relative base value, to be respectively assigned thereto for
the purpose of fixing capital value, shall be as in column
(3) of each of the said Parts II, III and Iv of schedule 'A'.
6.The nature and type of building and the weightage by
multiplication to be assigned thereto:­ The nature and
type of a building and type of building shall be as
specified in column (2) of schedule "B" and the
weightages assigned thereto for the purpose of fixing
capital value, shall be shown in column (3) of the said
schedule ‘B’.
7.The weightage by multiplication to be assigned to a
building on account of the age thereof: ­ The weightage by
multiplication to be assigned to a building on account of
age factor, for the purpose of fixing capital value, shall be
according to the age of the building as shown in column
(2) of schedule ‘C’ and the weightage by multiplication be
assigned thereto shall be as shown in column (3) of the
said schedule "C".
8.The weightage by multiplication on account of floor
factor to be assigned to RCC building with lift: ­
Weightage by multiplication on account of floor factor to
be assigned to a RCC building with lift, for the purpose of
fixing capital value, shall be according to the number of
floors as shown in column (2) of schedule 'D' and the
weightage by multiplication to be assigned thereto shall
be as shown in column (3) of the said schedule 'D'.
9.Area of hoarding or tower for the purpose of fixing
capital value: ­Area of hoarding or tower for the purpose
of fixing capital value thereof shall mean, ­
31
(a)in the case of a hoarding, the area of the square of the
extremities of the poles on which the hoarding is erected
plus the area of the hoarding; and
(b)in the case of a tower, the area covered by the
extremities of the foundation of the tower.
10.Carpet Area area of a flat or a building: (1) The
total carpet area of a flat shall be reckoned by including
the area of the following items, namely: (i) terrace in
exclusive possession, (ii) mezzanine floor, (iii) loft
(excluding loft in residential flat) or attic, (iv) dry balcony
and (v) niches; and
(2) The total carpet area area of a building shall be
reckoned by including the areas of the following items,
namely:­ (i) total area of the flats in the building
computed in accordance with sub rule (1), (ii) basement,
(iii) stilt, (iv)porch, (v) podium, (vi) service floor, (vii) refuge
area, (viii) entrance lobby, (ix) lounge, (x) air­ conditioning
plant room, (xi) air handling room, (xii) the structure for
an effluent treatment plant room and (xiii) watchman
cabin (xix)sewerage treatment plant room (xv) water
treatment plant room
(3) The carpet area of any of the following items shall not
be reckoned while computing the carpet area of a
building or part thereof, namely:
(i) lift room above topmost storey, (ii) lift well, (iii)
stair­case and passage thereto including staircase
room, (iv) chimney and elevated tank, (v) meter
room, (vi) pump room, (vii) underground and
overhead water tank, (viii) septic tank, (ix)flower­
bed and (x) loft in residential flat, (xi) entrance
lobby of residential building
(4) "deleted"
11. Fixation of capital value of a flat or building or part
thereof.­(1) While fixing the capital value of a flat, the
capital value of any one or more of the relevant items
specified in sub­rule (1) of rule 10, as fixed in accordance
with the provisions of rules 14,15, or sub­rule(1) of rule
16, as the case may be, shall be added to the capital
value of the flat.
(2) While fixing the capital value of a building or part thereof, the capital value of any of the one or more of the relevant items specified in sub­rule (2) of rule 10 as fixed in accordance with the provisions of sub­rule (2) or, as 32
the case may be, (3) of rule 16, shall be added to the
capital value of the building or part thereof.
12. "deleted"
13. Fixation of capital value of religious buildings :­ The
capital value of a religious building which is a temple,
math, gurudwara, mosque, takth, church, durgah,
synagogue, or agiary or the like, and is used or intended
to be used for the purpose of religious worship or offering
prayers or performance of any religious rites or rituals by
a person of, or belonging to, the relevant religion, creed,
or sect, shall be fixed at the rate of base value applicable
to a residential building as indicated in the Ready
Reckoner; and by applying the relevant weightages by
multiplication provided for in these rules.
14. Fixation of capital value of open terrace: ­ If an open
terrace in exclusive possession is attached to a flat, the
capital value of such terrace of a non­residential flat shall
be fixed at 50% of the relative rate of base value of such
flat, and of residential flat at 20% of the relative rate of
base value of such flat; and by applying the relevant
weightages by multiplication provided for in these rules.
15. Fixation of capital value of mezzanine floor, loft and
attic floor:­
(a) the capital value of mezzanine floor shall be
fixed at 70% of the relative rate of base value of the flat
beneath the mezzanine floor; and by applying the
relevant weightages by multiplication provided for in
these rules;
(b) the capital value of loft or attic floor shall be
fixed at 50% of the relative rate of base value of the flat
beneath the loft, or as the case may be, the attic; and by
applying the relevant weightages by multiplication
provided for in these rules;
Provided that, where the rate of base value
applicable to the mezzanine floor, loft or attic floor having
regard to its user is higher or, as the case may be, lower
than the rate of base value applicable to the flat beneath
such mezzanine floor, loft or attic floor, the capital value
of such mezzanine floor, loft or attic floor shall be fixed at
70% or 50%, as the case may be, of such higher or lower
rate of base value; and by applying the relevant
weightages by multiplication provided for in these rules.
16."deleted" 33
17. Fixation of capital value in respect of demolished
building :­
(1) Where a building is fully demolished, or has fully
collapsed, the land beneath it shall be deemed to be open
land and the capital value thereof shall be fixed
accordingly, as provided for in rule 21.
Explanation ­ “deleted" 
(2) Where only part of a building is demolished or has
partly collapsed and the remaining part is yet occupied
by occupiers, land beneath the portion of the building
which is demolished or has collapsed shall be deemed to
be open land and the portion of the structure which is
occupied shall be treated as a building, for the purpose of
fixing the capital value thereof.
(3) "deleted" 18, "deleted" 19. "deleted". 19 A Assessment of Amenities in Luxurious RCC bldg 
Where Property tax in respect of amenities of
luxurious RCC building was not levied since 1stApril
2010 as per Rule 19, while determining the property
tax leviable from 1stApril 2015, subject to capping as
provided for in section 140A such tax shall be
considered which would have been continued to levy
from 1stApril 2010.
20. Valuation of open land capable of utilising more than
1 floor space index (F.S.I) or transfer of development right
(T.D.R.) ­As the Ready Reckoner provides for the rate of
base value of open land with 1 floor space index, open
land which is capable of utilizing more than 1 floor space
index or any transfer of development right shall be valued
at an increased rate in proportion to the higher floor
space index or transfer of development right proposed to
be utilized and approved under the building plan
submitted to the Corporation for approval.
21. Capital value of open land or building or part
thereof.­Capital value of open land or building shall be
fixed under the provisions of the Act and these rules in
the following manner, namely:
(1) Capital value(CV)of open land
Rate of base value(BV)of a open land according to
Ready Reckoner X weightage by multiplication as per
34
user category(UC)(Part I of schedule 'A') X permissible or
approved floor space index(FSI)X area of land(AL).
CV = BV x UC x FSI x AL
(2) Capital value(CV)of a building
Relative rate of base value(BV)of a building
according to Ready Reckoner X weightage by
multiplication as per user category(UC)(Parts II, III, or as
the case may be, IV of schedule 'A') X weightage by
multiplication as per the nature and type of building
(NTB)(schedule 'B') X weightage by multiplication on
account of age of building(AF)(schedule 'C') X weightage
by multiplication on account of floor factor(FF)for RCC
building with lift (schedule 'D') X carpet area(CA).
CV = BV x UC x NTB x AF x FF x CA
22. Non­application of Guidelines of Stamp Duty
Valuation. ­ Notwithstanding anything contained in the
"Important Guidelines of Stamp Duty Valuation" as
specified in the Ready Reckoner, the provisions made in
these rules shall have primacy over those guidelines and
none of those guidelines shall apply for fixing capital
value under the Act and these rules.”
12. In Appendix II of Capital Value Rules of 2010, 13 examples are provided.   Examples 12 and 13 from said appendix are as under: “(12) OPEN LAND WHERE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PLAN WITH HIGHER F.S.I. HAS BEEN APPROVED
Weightage
Rate of base valueRs.36,400not applicable
User CategoryOpen Land (Resi)1.00
Nature and Type<br>of Buildingnot applicablenot applicable
Age of Buildingnot applicablenot applicable
F.S.I. Factor2.502.50
Land Area80 sq. mtr.not applicable
    35                    CV = BV X UC X FSI X LA            = 36400 X 1.00 X 2.50 X 80                   C.V.= Rs.72,80,000 (13) OPEN LAND IN SUBURBAN AREA
Weightage
Rate of base valueRs.33,200not applicable
User CategoryResidential1.00
Nature and Type<br>of Buildingnot applicablenot applicable
Age of Buildingnot applicablenot applicable
F.S.I. Factor1.001.00
Land Area80 sq. mtr.not applicable
        CV = BV X UC X FSI X LA               = 33200 X 1.00 X 1.00 X 80       C.V. = Rs.26,56,00013. Number of petitions were filed challenging the validity of computation and  levy of property tax based on capital value system.  The petitions also challenged the vires of Capital Value Rules of 2010 and Capital Value Rules of 2015.   Some of the petitions also challenged the amendment effected to the MMC Act   pertaining   to   the   implementation   of   the   Capital   Value System for computing and assessing property tax.   During the pendency of these matters before the High Court interim orders were passed by the High Court on or about 29.01.2014 which 36 were thereafter modified by subsequent order dated 24.02.2014. The operative part of the order dated 24.02.2014 was as under: ­ “5. In the meantime the petitioners shall pay municipal taxes at the pre­amended rates and also the additional tax at the rate of 50% of the differential tax between the tax payable under the old regime and now payable on the   basis   of   capital   value   of   the   property.     The petitioners will pay such amounts and the Municipal Corporation shall accept the amounts within prejudice to rights and contentions of parties.” After exchange of pleadings, all the matters were taken up for hearing with Writ Petition No. 2492 of 2014 filed by the Property Owners’   Association   and   others   as   the   lead   matter.     Having considered the rival submissions, the High Court rejected the challenge as to the validity of various provisions of the MMC Act. It, however, held Rules 20, 21 and 22 of the Capital Value Rules
2010 and 2015 to beultra viresthe provisions of the MMC Act.
14. Before considering the challenge raised on various grounds, at  the  outset   the   High   Court   dealt  with   the   approach   to   be adopted   by   a   Court   while   dealing   with   the   challenge   to   the validity of tax laws, and concluded that in case of taxing statute, more latitude would be required to be given to the legislature and that the burden on the petitioners challenging the validity 37 would   be   more   onerous.     Thereafter   the   challenge   was considered under following heads: ­
(a)The argument on legislative competence.
The submission that the tax in terms of the instant legislation would be one covered by Entry 86 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, was not accepted and the   challenge   in   that   behalf   was   rejected   with   following conclusions: ­
“155.The legislation providing for the levy of
property tax by a municipality on the basis capital
value will be covered by Entry 49 of List­II. Now
coming to the impugned provisions, we find that
capital value of lands and buildings is adopted only
as a measure to determine the tax on lands and
buildings. There is no attempt to levy a tax on
capital value of assets. Therefore, the conclusion
which can be drawn is that the State Legislature was
competent to enact provisions regarding property tax
based on capital value under Entry­49 of List­II of
Seventh Schedule. The argument that the impugned
amended provisions of the BMC Act impinge upon
the powers of the Central Legislature covered by
Entry­86 of List­I of Seventh Schedule deserves to be
rejected. The adoption of capital value as a basis or
measure of tax on land and building will not attract
Entry­86 of List­I of Seventh Schedule.
….”
(b)Challenge to the validity of sub­Sections (1)(a) and
(1)(b) of Section 140 regarding water tax and
sewerage tax.
38 The   submissions   were   rejected   with   following observations: ­ “158. ….. A tax is a compulsory exaction as a part of common burden without promise of any special advantages to classes of taxpayers, whereas a fee is a payment for services   rendered,   benefit   provided   or   privilege conferred. Coming back to sub­sections (1)(a) and (1) (b) of section 140, the same provide for levy of such water tax as the Standing Committee may consider necessary for providing water supply. The imposition of this tax does not depend on whether the water is being supplied to the premises or property in respect of which water tax is demanded. Similarly, in case of additional water tax, the expenditure incurred or to be incurred for capital works for making or improving the facilities of water supply may not be for a direct benefit to the premises or property subject matter of levy of tax. The Municipal Corporation may not be providing  water supply  to a particular  premises or land   at   a   particular   point   of   time   but   it   may   be providing it to other properties in the city. Similarly, in respect of sewerage tax or additional sewerage tax, in   case   of   an   open   land   there   may   not   be   any requirement for collection or removal and disposal of human and other wastes or for doing capital works for making and improving the facilities for collection and removal of waste. Thus, in case of these four taxes,   it   is   a   compulsory   exaction   as   part   of   a common   burden   without   promise   of   any   special advantages or promise to the tax payers. The said taxes   are   imposed   to   generate   revenue.   Even assuming  that  in the levy  of tax under  these four heads, an element of quid pro quo exists, that by itself does not mean that the levy ceases to be in the nature of tax. We, therefore, reject the argument that these four taxes cannot be levied in respect of vacant land   or   a   land   under   construction   which   is   not enjoying   any   service   such   as   water   supply   or collection of sewerage or waste. 159. Where the facilities of water supply or sewerage collection are provided to a land or building, as per the Rules framed under sections 169 and 170 of the BMC Act, the water charges or sewerage charges, as 39 the case may be, by way of fees can be recovered which would have direct nexus with the quality and quantity   of   services   provided.   Where   charge   is collected,   taxes   covered   by   the   above   four   heads cannot be levied. Therefore, we do not agree that the aforesaid four taxes are not in substance a tax but the same are in the nature of fees.”  
(c)Challenge to the validity of sub­Section (1) (c) (a) of
Section 140 regarding levy of Education Cess.
The submissions were rejected thus:­
“160.…..
On plain reading of sub­section (1) of section 195E, it
is clear that this section provides for levy of additional
tax on buildings and lands which is called as
education cess of so many per centum not exceeding
12 per centum of their rateable value or so many per
centum of their capital value, as the case may be, as
may be determined by the Corporation. Sub­section
(1) of section 195E provides that levy of said
additional tax is for the purposes of clause (q) of
section 61. Under clause (q) of section 61, it is an
obligation of the BMC to maintain and aid schools of
primary education. Therefore, as in the case of the
aforesaid four taxes which we have discussed above,
this tax is a compulsory exaction as a part of a
common burden. We, therefore, do not see any merit
in the submission that the aforesaid provisions
areultra viresthe provisions of the Constitution of
India. The argument whether education cess can be
levied on the basis of capital value is dealt with
separately.”
(d)Similarly, the argument with regard to sub­Section (1)
(d) of Section 140 dealing with levy of Betterment Charges was rejected with following observations: ­
“162.In none of the Petitions in this group, it is
demonstrated that a demand is made from the
petitioners for payment Betterment Charge. Elaborate
40
procedure for determination thereof is laid down. The
Authority which has power to determine the charge is
the Improvement Committee. As per section 49B of
the BMC Act, the said Committee consists of 26
elected councilors of BMC. Moreover, the betterment
charge is not payable on the basis of the capital
value. Hence, the main ground of attack in these
petitions about the levy of property taxes based on
capital value has no relevance to levy of Betterment
charges.”
(e)Consideration of challenge on the basis of violation
of provisions of Chapter IXA and in particular,
Article 243­X of the Constitution of India.
The substratum of the challenge was that the levy and collection as provided in clauses (a) and (b) of Article 243­X of the Constitution must be by the Corporation consisting of the elected and nominated councillors and not by any other authority   under   Section   4   of   the   MMC   Act.     The submissions in that behalf were rejected as under:­
“173.`We, firstly, deal with the argument that as the
power to levy and collect property taxes has been
assigned to the Municipality i.e. the Corporation, the
power must be exercised by the Corporation
consisting of elected and nominated councilors and
not by any other municipal authority. If the said
argument is accepted, it will lead to absurdity for the
reason that the exercise of fixing the capital value of
all properties, fixing the rate of tax at a particular
percentage of capital value, imposition, levy and
collection will have to be done by the Corporation
which consists of the elected councillors and
nominated councillors and by no other municipal
authority. It will be impossible for the Corporation to
do so.”
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41
“181. To conclude, the BMC Act has been already
amended in terms of Article 243­ZF. Perusal of
various provisions of Part­IXA of the Constitution of
India shows that the constitutional provisions itself
provide for the State Legislature enacting law
providing for constitution of committees and
conferring them with powers and authority. We have
already referred to the various provisions including
clause (b) of Article 243­W. Therefore, the provision of
section 4 of the BMC Act is consistent with the
provision of Part­IXA. Clauses (a) and (b) of Article
243­X cannot be read in isolation and merely because
Legislature authorizes the Standing Committee to fix
the rates of property taxes and to approve rules
framed by the Commissioner in accordance with sub­
section (1B) of section 154, the relevant provisions of
the BMC Act cannot be said to beultra viresArticle
243­X. The powers under the charging sections in
Chapter VIII are conferred on the Corporation itself
including the power to exercise option of taking
recourse to capital value regime for the levy of
property taxes. Moreover, we have pointed out that
certain provisions of Chapter VIII are machinery
provisions. As required by law, the decision adopting
Capital Value System has been taken by the
Corporation consisting of 227 elected and nominated
councillors. This power cannot be said to be unguided
power only because sub­section (1) of section 140A
does not expressly lay down any specific conditions
for exercise of the option. The provisions which confer
power on the Standing Committee to fix the rates of
taxes contain sufficient guidelines. Even the provision
of sub­section (1A) of section 154 which confer power
on the Commissioner to determine capital value
contains more than sufficient guidelines. We see no
violation of Article 243­X or any other provisions of
Part­IX­A.
182. If we accept the submissions canvassed across the bar by the petitioners, not only the decision to adopt capital value system but the job of fixing rates in   case   of   all   categories   of   property   taxes, determination of capital value of all properties liable to taxes, process of serving notices under section 162, giving   hearing   on   complaints   and   deciding   the complaints will have to be done by the Corporation consisting   of   elected   councillors   and   nominated councillors and by no one else. Such interpretation put to clauses (a) and (b) of Article 243­X will lead to 42
absurdity and the provisions will become unworkable.
Such interpretation will defeat the object of 74th
Amendment to the Constitution and, therefore, the
challenge on the ground of violation of Article 243­X
must fail.”
(f)Submissions on the ground of excessive delegation.
While   observing   that   the   power   conferred   in   sub­ Section   (1A)   of   Section   154   of   the   MMC   Act   on   the Commissioner   to   fix   capital   value,   was   not   at   all   an unguided power and that sufficient guidelines were set out, it was concluded thus: ­
“185. …. There are sufficient guidelines and
safeguards. Moreover, in case of taxes where power to
fix rates is given to the Standing Committee, the same
will always form part of proposals of the Standing
Committee which will be considered by the
Corporation in accordance with clause (e) of
subsection (1) of Section 128 for determination of
rates. The BMC Act does not provide for delegation of
essential functions of the Corporation. Conferment of
powers on the Standing Committee and Improvement
Committee and other municipal authorities is within
the four corners of Part­IXA of the Constitution.
Therefore, the argument of excessive delegation has
no merit and deserves to be rejected.”
(g)Submission based on violation of Article 14 of the
Constitution of India.
The submission that there was manifest arbitrariness in the impugned provisions and that the provisions were confiscatory in nature, were rejected by the High Court.  It was observed thus: ­ 43
“189. …. There is an argument canvassed that there
is a disparity of tax payable in respect of residential
and hotel properties. An argument is canvassed that
there is disparity between five star hotel properties
and other hotel properties. On first principle, the
submissions cannot be accepted. The user of
residential properties, 5­Star hotel properties and
other hotel properties is different. These properties
form part of distinct classes and by its vary nature
cannot be treated as equal. Therefore, it is very
difficult to sustain an argument that there is manifest
arbitrariness in the impugned provisions. As the
provisions do not lead to confiscatory nature of taxes,
violation of Article 14 is not attracted.”
(h)Challenge to the notification issued under the
Maharashtra Education Cess Act, 1962
The   submissions   in  that  behalf  were  also  negatived with observation that by adopting capital value system, only the computation of property tax was altered.
(i)The ground of retrospective operation of the
impugned provisions of the BMC Act.
The contentions advanced in that behalf were rejected
by the High Court after making following observations: ­
“205. The liability to pay property taxes was always provided   in   the   BMC   Act.   By   the   impugned amendments, only the basis of computing property taxes has undergone a change. Assuming that there is   any   retrospective   operation,   it   is   no   facilitate transition   form   one   regime   to   another.   As   per   the amendments,   the   final   assessment   for   the   years 2010­11, 2011­12 and 2012­13 can be made after expiry   of   the   respective   years.   But   provisional assessment   has   to   be   made   during   the   respective three   years.   The   impugned   provisions   do   not   take away   or   affect   any   vested   right   as   only   the 44
procedure/method of computing the property taxes
has undergone a change. By virtue of the impugned
amendments, a property in respect of which taxes
were not payable earlier does not become subject to
taxes. It cannot be said that by the impugned
amendment, from an earlier date, any new obligation
or disability has been attached in respect of any
earlier transactions. The impugned amendments will
affect the properties which even under the
unamended Act, were subject to payment of property
tax. The impugned provisions do not bring about any
unreasonable or arbitrary consequences. Thus, there
is no merit in the contention based on retrospective
operation.”
Thus, the majority of submissions advanced on behalf of the writ petitioners were rejected by the High Court. 15. The High Court however accepted the challenge on three grounds, namely: ­ (i) Challenge   to   the   Capital   Value   Rules   of   2010   on retrospective operation,
(ii)Challenge to the Capital Value Rules of 2010 and 2015,
on   the   ground   that   the   rule   making   power   did   not permit the Commissioner to determine capital value. 
(iii)Rule 20 of the Capital Value Rules of 2010 was held to
beultra viresthe provisions of sub­Section (1A) and (1B)
of Section 154 of the MMC Act. 45 On the first issue, the High Court observed that neither 16. clause (e) of sub­Section (1A) nor sub­Section (1B) of Section 154 of   the   MMC   Act   conferred   powers   to   frame   rules   with retrospective effect.   The Capital Value Rules of 2010, which came   into   effect   from   20.3.2012,   were,   therefore,   held   to   be applicable prospectively and that said Rules could not be applied
from 1stApril, 2010.
17. With regard to the second issue, it was observed that there was no provision in the  MMC Act regarding consideration of development potential of vacant land for determining its capital value.    The conclusion arrived at  by the High  Court  in  that behalf was as under: ­ “211. Now we turn to the Capital Value Rules of 2010. As stated earlier, there is no provision which enables the   Commissioner   to   frame   rules   for   laying   down guidelines   for   determining   capital   value.   Rule   2 contains definition. Rule 3 provides that where within the precincts of the building there is a vacant land other than the land appurtenant to the building, such land shall be treated as open land and capital value thereof   shall   be   fixed   as   provided   in   Rule   21.   As observed earlier, the rule making power is confined to the three aspects mentioned above. As Rule 3 refers to Rule 21, we will have to consider the provision of Rule 21.   Perusal   of   Rule   21   and,   particularly   clause   (1) thereof shows that it lays down how the capital value of the open land is to be determined. It provides for a formula. It provides that the capital value of open land will   be   equal   to   rate   of   base   value   of   open   land according   to   SDRR   multiplied   by   weightage   by multiplication as per user category. The said weightage is   provided   in   Part­I   under   heading   "Open   Land" 46
multiplied by permissible or approved FSI multiplied
by area of the land. Once the base value is determined
as per SDRR, it is obvious that the said value is fixed
taking into consideration potential of the land. The
rates in SDRR are fixed after taking into consideration
all the aspects of market value. The capital value has
to be decided in accordance with the base value which
has to be taken as per SDRR. Clause (1) of Rule 21
provides for weightage by multiplication as per user
category. It also provides that the rate of base value
shall be multiplied by permissible FSI for determining
the capital value of the land. There is no provision
under the BMC Act to take intoconsideration
development potential of vacant land for determining
its capital value. When the substantive provision i.e
sub­section (1A) of Section 154 lays down that the base
value has to be in terms of SDRR rates, the
subordinate legislation cannot provide for adding
additional value to SDRR rates on account of
availability of FSI. Thus, the provision of multiplying
base value with permissible or approved FSI isultra
viresthe provisions of the BMC Act. Moreover, the rule
making power does not permit the Commissioner to
frame the rules for determining what is the capital
value. The rule making power is confined to three
aspects which are pointed out earlier. Clause (1) of
Rule 21 which provides for taking into consideration
the potential FSI is not covered by any of the three
categories. Under sub­section (1B) of section 154 of the
BMC Act, the rules can be framed providing for details
of categories of buildings or land and the weightage by
multiplication to be assigned to various such
categories. Under clause (e) of sub­section (1A) of
section 154, factors which are to be taken into
consideration for determining base value can be
subject matter of rules. The factors referred in clause
(e) will have to be consideredejusdem generis. The
other factors provided are nature of the land, type of
land and structure, areas of land or building, user
category such as residential or commercial and the age
of the building. Under clause (e) of sub­section (1A) of
section 154, rules cannot be framed to decide how the
capital value should be determined. In fact, framing
rules for laying down the method of calculating the
capital value is itselfultra viresthe statutory rule
making power.”
47 Rule 20 of the Capital Value Rules of 2010 was struck 18. down by the High Court on the reasoning that the effect of said rule would be that the value higher than what was provided for in   Stamp   Duty   Ready   Reckoner   would   be   taken   into consideration while computing the property tax.  The High Court observed as under: ­
“216. Rule 20 of Capital Value Rules, 2010 deals with
valuation of open land capable of utilizing more than
1.0 FSI or transfer of development right (TDR). It
provides that as the Ready Reckoner provides for the
rate of base value of open land with 1.0 FSI, open land
which is capable of utilizing more than 1.0 FSI or any
TDR shall be valued at an increased rate in proportion
to the higher FSI or TDR proposed to be utilized and
approved under the building plan submitted to the
Corporation for approval. Thus, the effect of rule 20 is
that while fixing capital value of open land, its
potential for development by using additional FSI or
TDR has to be considered. Thus, a value higher than
what is provided in SDRR should be taken into
consideration.”
It was further observed thus: ­
“218. Rule 20 provides for taking into consideration
potential of construction on the vacant land for making
valuation. For the purpose of property taxes, not only a
vacant land but even a land under construction will
have to be treated as a vacant land. Wherever SDRR is
applicable, in view of sub­section (1A) of section 154,
the base value has to be as per SDRR rate for vacant
land. Rule 20 provides for taking into consideration
potential for development. It is completely contrary to
the provisions of the BMC Act as interpreted in the case
ofPolychem Limited(supra) which requires even the
land under construction to be treated as a vacant land.
Moreover, rule 20 purports to lay down how valuation of
the land has to be made. The rule making power under
sub­section (1B) or clause (e) of sub­section (1A) of
48
section 154 does not confer any such power. Moreover,
if rule 20 is implemented, capital value which is higher
than SDRR rate will have to be fixed which will be in
violation of sub­section (1A) of section 154 which
mandates that the Commissioner will take into
consideration SDRR rate while finalizing capital value.
Thus, rule 20 isultra viresthe provisions of sub­
sections (1A) and (1B) of section 154 of the BMC Act.
There is no difference in Rule 20 of the Capital Value
Rules of 2010 and 2015.”
19. In the end, the conclusions arrived at and the directions issued by the High Court were as under: ­ “229. Our conclusions can be summarized as under:
(i)We uphold the constitutional validity of
the sprovision of the BMC Act which are
under challenge;
(ii)The Capital Value Rules of 2010 shall
apply prospectively from the date on
which the same were made;
(iii)We strike down rules 20, 21 and 22 of
Capital Value Rules of 2010 and 2015. As
far as rules 3 and 17 are concerned, we
hold that as rule 21 has been struck
down, the capital value of properties
covered by the said rules shall not be
fixed in accordance with rule 21. As a
result of striking down of rules 20, 21
and 22, in those cases where the capital
value has been finally fixed either by
issuing notice under section 162 of the
BMC Act or by issuing final bills, the
Commissioner or the officer empowered to
exercise delegated powers will have to re­
determine the capital value in accordance
with sub­section (1A) of section 154 and
serve a fresh special assessment notice.
We hold that if a complaint is filed after
service of special assessment notice, the
same shall be disposed of only after giving
an opportunity of being heard to the
assessee filing such complaint. Only after
49
the complaint is disposed of in such a
fashion, a final bill can be served.
(iv)As the Municipal Commissioner will
require a reasonable time to do the tasks
as aforesaid, the interim orders which are
operating in these petitions will have to
be continued till the service of final bills.
We also make it clear that though we are
setting aside the final bills issued, no
party will be entitled to claim refund of
the amounts paid under the interim
orders and till the final bills are served,
the petitioners will have to pay the
amounts as per the interim orders.
(v)This judgment will apply only to the
properties subject matter of the petitions
in this group except Writ Petition No.
2592 of 2013 and PIL 46 OF 2014. We
make it clear that only those special
assessment notices and final bills which
are specifically challenged will stand set
aside. In Writ Petition No. 2592 of 2013,
the fresh exercise will have to be
undertaken only in relation to the
properties in respect of which there is a
specific prayer for quashing the notices
and bills based on final assessment. The
details of properties held by 610 members
in the lead petition are not set out.
Hence, no relief can be extended to the
properties of the said members save and
except the properties subject matter of
bills and notices which are expressly
challenged.
(vi)This judgment will not affect the final
bills which are accepted by the concerned
owners.
230. We record our appreciation for the valuable<br>assistance rendered by the learned counsel appearing<br>for various parties. We dispose of the petitions by<br>passing the following order:
ORDER
(i) We reject the prayers made for challenging the<br>constitutional validity of various provisions of the<br>Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888 as
50 prayed   in   the   writ   petition/PIL.   We   hold   that Rules 20, 21 and 22 of the Capital Value Rules of the   years   2010   and   2015   are  ultra   vires  the provisions of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act,   1888   and,   therefore,   the   same   are   struck down; (ii) We quash and set aside the special assessment notices and final bills based on final capital value fixed which are specifically the subject matter of challenge in this group of petitions. The demand of provisional taxes is not disturbed. The orders specifically   impugned   which   are   passed   on   the complaints do not survive. We direct the Mumbai Municipal Corporation to re­fix the capital value in respect of the properties subject matter of the notices/final bills which are set aside in the light of   the   findings   recorded   earlier.   After   re­ determination of capital value, special assessment notices be issued to the persons primarily liable to pay   property   taxes   in   respect   of   subject properties. Thereafter, further steps shall be taken by the Municipal Corporation in accordance with law; (iii) We hold that the complaints filed objecting to the special   assessment   notices   issued   under   sub­ section (2) of section 162 shall be disposed of only after giving an opportunity of being heard to the complainants. (iv) Till the expiry of a period of 21 days from the date on   which   fresh   special   assessment   notices   are served in accordance with clause (ii) above, the ad­interim/interim orders which are operating in these petitions till today shall continue to operate subject to compliance of requirement of deposit of amounts by the petitioners as set out in those orders. In those cases where the complaints are lawfully filed within stipulated time pursuant to the   special   assessment   notices,   the   ad­ interim/interim reliefs will continue to operate on the same conditions till the date of service of fresh final bills; (v) Rule is made partly absolute on the above terms; (vi) All pending chamber summonses and notices of motion stand disposed of.” 51 The Corporation being aggrieved by the decision of the High 20. Court on three issues as stated above, approached this Court by filing Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 17009 of 2019.   While issuing notice in the matter on 29.7.2019, by way of interim relief, it was directed: “Pending   further   consideration,   the   relationship between the parties shall be governed by interim order dated 24.2.2014 passed by the High Court and more particularly by para 5 as quoted above. We are conscious of the fact that there were more than 150 petitions before the High Court but special leave   petition   has   been   filed   only   in   one   matter. However, since the issues in question are common to all the matters and go to the root of the controversy, we direct that this interim order shall apply in every single petition which was considered by the High Court.” Various interim applications have since then been preferred by certain parties seeking  impleadment  and  projecting  their  view points.  At the same time, some of the parties who were aggrieved by the rejection of their submissions challenging the validity of the various provisions of MMC Act and other issues which were answered against them also preferred Special Leave Petitions. 21. Mr. K.K. Venugopal, learned Attorney General for India and Mr. V. Sreedharan, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the Corporation initially advanced submissions on the issues which were answered against the Corporation.   However, after 52 the submissions were advanced on behalf of various impleading applicants   and   other   parties   including   substantive   petitions challenging the correctness of the decision of the High Court, submissions were also advanced in response.   22. The factual aspects regarding framing of the Capital Value Rules of 2010 and 2015, as well as the background for some of the amendments effected to the MMC Act, have been dealt with in the written submissions of the Corporation, as under:   “2.   The amendment to the MMC  Act introducing  the capital value system was brought about inf 2009 (Act No. XI of 2009 on Pg 24­39 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4).   Pursuant to the same, the Corporation passed resolution dated 27.01.2010 for adoption of capital value with effect from 01.04.2010 (Pg 6 of consolidated counter affidavit on behalf of Respondents 2 to 4).  Accordingly, the   section   was   already   enacted   by   State   Legislature providing   for   levy   of   tax   on   capital   value   basis   from 01.04.2010. 3. In January 2010, the Corporation appointed an expert committee   composing   of   Appointment   of   expert committee comprising of Shri D.M. Sukthankar, Ex Chief Secretary   of   the   State   of   Maharashtra,   Shri   D.N. Chaudhri, Ex Chairman of Maharashtra Law Commission and Dr. Roshan Namavati, expert on valuation to make recommendation   on   the   introduction   and   smooth implementation of capital value system.  (Para 13, Pg 9 of consolidated counter affidavit on behalf of Respondents 2 to 4) 4.  On 08.10.2010, the expert committee published draft rules in various newspapers for comments of public at large (Pg 79 to 94 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4). The committee received 254 objections and suggestions all   of   which   were   considered   and   scrutinized   by   the committee.  Thereafter, certain benevolent changes were made   by   the   committee   and   draft   rules   were 53 recommended to the Corporation on 29.12.2010.   (Para 14, Pg 10 of consolidated counter affidavit) 5.   After   the   rules   were   published,   the   Corporation appointed   a   chartered   accountant   firm   to   suggest   a revenue neutral rate.  Revenue neutral rate means such rate as would yield the same amount of property tax as being   levied   by   the  Corporation   before   introduction   of capital value system.   (Para 39, Pg 22 of consolidated counter affidavit) 6.   Evidently,   the   rates   can   be   determined   only   after capital   value   of   all   properties   are   calculated   on memorandum basis.  The work of fixing the capital value of land and buildings across Greater Mumbai took time. The   scale   of   the   work   involved   was   very   large   and extremely time consuming.  The data of the old rateable value   system   which   was   in   physical   form   had   to   be digitized for the purposes of the new capital value system. This voluminous data covered approximately 2.75 lakh properties (or 27.5 lakh individual units).  In some cases however, the data was not complete and the carpet area was not available.   In these cases the property owners were given notices under Section 155 of the MMC Act to furnish   the   details   in   the   prescribed   format.     The response was however very limited and the officers of the MCGM   had   to   physically   ascertain   the   required information.     (Para   31,   Pg   19   of   consolidated   counter affidavit on behalf of Respondents 2 to 4) 7.  In light of the same, the State Legislature stepped in and   introduced   L.A.   Bill   No.   LXXIV   of   2010   whereby inserting sub­section (2) in Section 140A to enable the Corporation to issue provisional bills for the year 2010­ 11 and treat the rateable value of the building or land as provisional   capital   value.     (Statement   of   object   and reasons on Pg 48 and 49 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4).   The said bill culminated into Act No. XXVII of 2010 (Pg 51 to 58 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4). 8.  The amendments to the MMC Act provided that once the capital value was fixed, final bills would be issued.  If the   final   bill   was   lower   than   the   provisional   bill,   the MCGM   would   refund   the   excess   payment   made   with interest at the rate of 6.25% p.a., or with the consent of the tax payer, adjust the excess amount against future bills (Section 140A(2).   (Para 32, Pg 19 of consolidated counter affidavit on behalf of Respondents 2 to 4) 54 9.   Pursuant   to   the   same,   the   Corporation   started implementation of the capital value system by issuing provisional property tax bills. 10.  In March 2011, the State Legislature observed that the process of fixing the capital value which had started st in August, 2010 is bound to stretch beyond 31   March 2011.   This is so because there are more than 3 lakh properties of which capital value has to be fixed for the purposes of such levy of property tax thereon, but the volume of work of fixing the capital value of all these properties being so large that it may not be possible for the Corporation to complete the fixation of capital value st of   all   these   properties   before   31   March   2011.     As  a result   of   this,   the   work   of   fixing   capital   value   would continue during the year 2011­2012 also.   Unless the capital value of all the properties is fixed and the total extent thereof is ascertained, it may not also be feasible. 11.    Accordingly,  by   Maharashtra   Ordinance  No.  X  of 2011, the State Legislature expanded the scope of certain transitory provisions as contained in sections 128, 140A, 154A and 219A of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, so as to enable the Corporation to separately issue the   provisional   bills   on   the   basis   of   rateable   value treating it as provisional capital value for the years 2010­ 11 and 2011­12. Further, with a view to prevent loss of revenue   in   respect   of   tax   on   properties   which   have escaped from assessment, a new section 216B has also been inserted in the Act to enable the Corporation to assess such properties at any time within six years from the   date   on   which   such   properties   should   have   been assessed.   (Statement of object and reasons on Pg 141 and 142 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4).  The said ordinance culminated into Act No. XI of 2011 (Pg 143 to 148 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4). 12.  In March 2012, the State Legislature observed that the process of fixing the capital value which had started st in August, 2010 is bound to stretch beyond 31   March 2012.  This is to because the proposal submitted to the Standing   Committee   of   the   Corporation   for   rules   and rates have not yet received the approval.   The general election of the Corporation is due in February, 2012 and new Standing Committee will be operative only from the end of March, 2012. 13.  Accordingly, the bill proposed to expand the scope of transitory provisions so as to enable the Corporation to separately   issue   the   provisional   bills   on   the   basis   of rateable value treating it as provisional capital value for 55 the years 2012­13, as was done for the period 2010­11 and 2011­12.   (Statement of object and reasons on Pg 155 and 156 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4).  The said ordinance culminated into Act No. VI of 2012 (Pg 157 to 162 in Compilation of Corporation – Vol 4). 14.   It is submitted that, in present case there is no retrospective levy of tax.  The section for imposition of tax on capital value was already in force from 01.04.2010. Draft rules were already published in October, 2010.  The levy is broadly speaking on assesses who were paying tax under earlier regime also. 15. The statute provided for transitionary arrangement pursuant to which provisional bills were issued as per Section 140A(2) read with Section 154A of the MMC Act from   official   year   2010­2011   (under   the   capital   value system),   2011­2012   and   till   2012­2013.     Refunds   are granted, or shortfall recovered after the capital values are fixed. 16. It is submitted that, time taken in assessment can never   make   the   levy   retrospective   when   the   section imposing a tax is already in force.   In case contention raised   by   assesses   is   accepted,   it   would   amount   to imposition of tax on rateable value even when the statute provides   for   imposition   of   tax   on   capital   value   w.e.f. 01.04.2010. Law laid down in Chhotabhai Jethabhai Patel and Co. v. Union of India AIR 1962 SC 1006.  The same notes and proves   the   practice   in   USA   of   levying   taxes   from   the beginning of year even when the law is made during the year.” 23. In response, the submissions advanced by various learned counsel, in the order that they appeared, were as under: (A) Mr.   Neeraj   Kishan   Kaul,   learned   Senior   Advocate appearing for Indian Hotels Company Limited which has intervened in the proceedings as well as filed substantial challenge   in   the   form   of   Special   leave   Petition   (Civil) No.2568 of 2019 submitted that the property tax as a 56 percentage of value was confiscatory and exorbitant.  On facts it was stated that initially for a property situated in the city a property tax was to the tune of Rs.6.29 crores per   annum   which   had   now   risen   to   Rs.17.78   crores showing an increase of 275 %. Reliance was placed on
paragraph 34 of the decision of this Court inPatel
Gordhandas   Hargovindas   &   Ors.   vs.   Municipal 4 .   It   was   further Commissioner,   Ahmedabad   &   Anr. submitted that the impugned provisions suffered from excessive delegation which was without any guidelines and in any case could not be retrospective in operation. In support of the submission, reliance was placed on the
decisions of this Court inMarathwada University vs.
,Delhi Race Club
,Devi Das Gopal
7   and Krishnan   etc.   vs.   State   of   Punjab   &   Ors. 8 Avinder Singh & Ors. vs. State of Punjab & Ors. . 4 AIR 1963 SC 1742. 5 (1989) 3 SCC 132. 6 (2012) 8 SCC 680. 7 AIR 1967 SC 1895. 8 (1979) 1 SCC 137. 57 Learned Senior counsel then submitted that the tax could   be   levied   by   the   body   constituted   of   elected representatives and not by the Standing Committee and that the power to tax could not be delegated.   It was further submitted that since a new method of levying and computing property tax was revised, it was rightly denied retrospective application. On facts, it was also submitted that certain areas of the properties of the entity which housed pump rooms and other facilities ought to be excluded while arriving at the determination. (B) Dr. Milind Sathe, learned Senior Advocate appeared for certain   entities   in   IA   Nos.110990   of   2019,   163118   of 2019 and 160953 of 2019 and submitted that Rules 20, 21 and 22 of the Capital Value Rules, 2010 and 2015 were rightly struck down by the High Court.  Relying on
the decision of this Court inThe Municipal
Corporation of Greater Bombay v. Polychem Ltd.
,it
was submitted that till the potential of the property was translated into a habitable building, the land must be 9 (1974) 2 SCC 198 58 treated   and   taxed   only   as   land   and   not   going   by   its buildable potential.   It was further submitted that the process of  fixing and/or changing the value, must be
done in the same financial year.
Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned Senior Advocate
appearing for intervenors in IA Nos.110998 and 158888 of   2019   submitted   that   the   existing   buildings   having been demolished, the property could be taxed only as land   and   not   going   by   the   projected   or   contemplated
developments as a shopping centre or a mall.
Mr. H. Devarajan, learned Advocate who appeared for the
Property Owners Association submitted that in terms of Article 243Y(1)(b) of the Constitution the matter ought to have   come   through   the   suggestions   of   the   Finance Commission.   But the entire process was initiated as a
result of the suggestions made by the TISS.
It was also submitted that the exercise adopted in
the instant case was in violation of Article 243­X of the Constitution.  Reliance was placed on the decision of this
Court inState of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. v. Systematic
10 Conscom Ltd.   to submit that the four components of incidence of tax as explained in Paragraphs 17 and 18 of 10 (2014) 13 SCC 627. 59 said decision were not satisfied.   The learned counsel further submitted that Sections 125 to 128 of the MMC Act deal with budget, but by virtue of amendments to the MMC   Act,   the   rates   were   now   being   fixed   without   a budget.  According to the learned counsel, the element of property   tax   under   the   new   regime   would   be   almost twenty times the rent and thus would be confiscatory.   It was submitted that tax on lands and buildings must be directly on the land as a unit and must have a definite relationship with the land.  The learned counsel further submitted that the unit for calculation according to SDRR and the Capital Value Rules, was not the same. In one case, the reckonable unit was the built­up area while   under   the   second,   the   reckonable   unit   was   the carpet area. (E) Mr.   Darius   Khambata,   learned   Senior   Advocate   who appeared in I.A. No.157014 of 2014 submitted that Rules 20, 21, 22 of the Capital Value Rules of 2010 and 2015 were   rightly   held   to   be   ultra   vires.   It   was   further submitted that the factors delineated in sub­clause (a) to (d) of Section 154 (A) of the MMC Act would be matters 60
in presenti” and not with regard to future prospects and
that no  reliance  could  be  placed  on  sub­clause  (e) to
introduce the concept of something “in futuroi.e.,the
potential in the market or capital value. It was further submitted that there could be no retrospectivity to any delegated legislation when the parent Act did not give any   indication   in   that   behalf   and   that   the   final assessment   could   have   altered   the   basis   in  the   same financial year and not otherwise.    (F) Mr.  Abhishek   Bharti,   learned   counsel relied  upon  the decision of this Court in  State of Himachal Pradesh & Ors.   vs.   Nurpur   Private   Bus   Operators’   Union   & 11 Ors. ,   Mr. Shikhil Suri, learned counsel who appeared for National Centre for Performing Arts and Tata Power Company Limited adopted the submissions of Dr. Milind Sathe and Mr. Darius Khambata, learned senior counsel. Mr. Bhushan Deshmukh who appeared for the petitioner in SLP(C) No. 25689/2019, also adopted the submissions of Dr. Sathe and Mr. Khambata, learned senior counsel. Mr.   Satish   Muley,   learned   counsel   appearing   for   a 11 (1999) 9 SCC 559. 61 subsequent purchaser, also adopted the submissions of Dr. Sathe and Mr. Khambata, learned senior counsel. 24. Mr.   V.   Sreedharan,   learned   senior   counsel   for   the Corporation made submissions in rejoinder.  He also submitted that the overall tax demand of the Corporation under the capital value assessment actually decreased by 12% to Rs.2908 crores as   compared   to   Rs.3308   crores   under   the   Relatable   Value System.  The tax demand for residential units got reduced from Rs.1030 crores to Rs.949 crores while that for the Offices and Banks was reduced from Rs.979 crores to Rs.65 crores and from Rs.342 crores to Rs.222 crores respectively.  Thus, according to the   Corporation,   under   the   new   system   only   32.20%   units suffered an increase while 21.95 % of the units actually got benefitted as a result of reduction in the property taxes. 25. We will first deal with the submission that any proposal for change or modification in the methodology adopted for levy of property tax ought to have been initiated through the Finance Commission alone.  Article 243Y of the Constitution deals with constitution of Finance Commission whose principal duty is to review the financial position of the municipalities and to make 62 recommendations to the Governor as to the relevant principles which should govern distribution of the net proceeds of the taxes and the measures needed to improve the financial position of the municipalities.   In   Campaign   for   People   Participation   in Development Planning vs. Lieutenant Governor of NCT of 12 Delhi & Ors. , a Division Bench of the High Court of Delhi had the   occasion   to   consider   the   scope   of   Article   243Y   of   the Constitution.  It was observed: ­
“14.Article 243Iof the Constitution of India mandates
constitution of a Finance Commission by the Governors of
the States at the expiration of every 5th year.Article
243Yfurther mandates that the Finance Commission
constituted underArticle 243Ishall also review the
financial position of the municipalities and make
recommendations to the Governors as to the various
aspects specified therein. As per Clause (2) ofArticle 243Y,
the Governor shall cause every recommendation made by
the Finance Commission under the said Article together
with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken
thereon to be laid before the legislature of the State.”
26. It   is   true   that   certain   functions   are   entrusted   to   the Finance   Commission   and   the   recommendations   made   by   the Finance Commission must carry great weightage.  However, the matter   has   to   be   seen   from   the   perspective:   whether   any “measures   needed   to   improve   the   financial   position   of   the municipalities”   must   necessarily   emanate   from   the 12 (2016) SCC Online Del 80 63 recommendations   of   the   Finance   Commission.   Sub­Article   (2) contemplates that the recommendations made by the Finance Commission along with the explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon must be laid before the Legislature of the State.     Thus,   it   is   the   Legislature   of   the   State   which   will ultimately   take   an   appropriate   action   with   respect   to   the recommendations   made   by   the   Finance   Commission   and   the papers placed before it.  If the Legislature itself has taken into account   certain   prevailing   situation,   which   according   to   the Legislature is causing some prejudice to the financial health and condition   of   the   municipalities   and,   therefore,   the   method   of imposition of property tax ought to be changed, it cannot then be said that the  matter must necessarily and  ought to have emanated from the Finance Commission or that in the absence of such recommendations by the Finance Commission, no steps could have been taken by the Legislature. 27. Article 243X of the Constitution states that the Legislature of a State may by law authorize a municipality to levy, collect and   appropriate   such   taxes   etc.   in   accordance   with   such procedure and subject to such limits as may be specified in law. The exercise undertaken by the Legislature in the instant case is 64 completely consistent with the empowerment relatable to Article 243X of the Constitution and does not in any way go counter to said empowerment. 28. Coming to the effect and scope of the statutory provisions, it must be stated that Sections 123 to 128 of the MMC Act deal with accounts  and annual budget  estimates.    With the  fixed parameters and scope of taxation, as well as, the elements that can   be   covered   by   levy   of   such   taxes,   depending   upon   the annual budget estimates, the rates of municipal taxes, fares and charges can certainly be fixed in terms of Section 128 of the MMC Act.  In such cases, the width of the tax regime is already decided and the rates of taxes would be dependent upon the annual   estimates.     What   the   present   amendments   seek   to achieve is  to change  the  methodology  on the  basis  of  which property   tax   can   be   levied.     Instead   of   rateable   value,   the property tax can now be levied going by the capital value.  Such exercise could not have been undertaken through the process of annual estimates and in terms of Sections 120, 123, 125 and 128   of   the   MMC   Act.   All   that   could   be   done   under   these provisions would be to vary or change the rates and not the very 65 basis of taxation.  The submission in that behalf, therefore, does not merit acceptance.  29. We now turn to the scheme relating to property tax as is discernable from the provisions of the MMC Act.   Section 139 deals with taxes including property taxes that can be imposed. Section   139A   deals   with   the   kinds   of   property   taxes   while Section 140 deals with the per centum of their rateable value or the capital value as the case may be.  Section 140A enables the Corporation to adopt levy of property tax on the basis of Capital Value of buildings and lands and puts a cap in the proviso to sub­section (1).  Section 154 then deals with how rateable value and capital value are to be determined. Sub­section (1) deals with rateable value while sub­section (1A), (1B) and (1C) deal with capital value. The first part of Section 154(IA) contemplates that the value indicated in the Stamp Duty Ready Reckoner for the time being in force, would be the “base value.” According to the second part, if such ready reckoner value is not available, the market value can be taken into account while arriving at a base value. According to the provision, while fixing the capital value,   the   Commissioner   “shall   have   regard”   to   the   factors enumerated in sub­clauses (a) to (e).   Thus, the factors on the 66 basis of which capital value can be arrived at are delineated in sub­clauses (a) to (e) of sub­section (1A) of Section 154.  While sub­clause (a) to (d) are clear and well defined, sub­clause (e) refers to the factors as may be specified by rules under sub­ section   (1B).     Said   sub­section   (1B)   in   turn   authorizes  the Commissioner, to frame such rules, with the approval of the Standing Committee as respects details of categories of building or land and the weightage by multiplication to be assigned to various such factors and categories for the purpose of fixing the capital value.   30. Section 154(1A) of the MMC Act is the crucial provision for the present discussion. The opening part of sub­Section (1A) states that in order to fix the capital value of any building or land assessable to property tax, regard shall be had to the value of any building or land as indicated in the SDRR for the time being in force. The value so indicated in SDRR is to be the base value to which certain factors delineated in clauses (a) to (e) of sub­Section (1A) are to be applied while fixing the capital value. Clauses (a) to (d) are physical features or attributes of the land or   building   which   are   in   existence   when   the   value   is   to   be reckoned. In essence, as submitted by Mr. Khambata, learned 67 senior   counsel,   these   attributes   are   situations   “ in   praesenti ”. The buildable potential of the land in future is not an attribute “ in   praesenti ”   but   is   in   the   nature   of   likelihood   of   user   or exploitation of the asset “ in futuro ”.   The crucial question is: whether such potential of the land 31. or the likelihood of exploitation in future can also be taken into consideration   while   fixing   the   capital   value   in   terms   of   sub­ Section (1A), especially when none of the factors delineated in clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d) speaks of future prospects or such likelihood? 32. At this stage, we may deal with two decisions of this Court having bearing on the controversy before us. 
Patel Gordhandas4that the
statutory provision did not contemplate levying of the rates as a percentage of capital value.  The relevant portion of Paragraph 34 of the decision was:  “34. …. ..…   We   are   therefore   of   opinion   that   though mathematically it may be possible to arrive at the same figure of the actual tax to be paid as a rate whether   based   on   capital   value   or   based   on annual   value,   the   levying   of   the   rate   as   a percentage of capital value would still be illegal for   the   reason   that   the   law   provides   that   it 68 should be levied on the annual value and not otherwise. By levying it otherwise directly at a percentage of the capital value, the real incidence of the rate is camouflaged, and the electorate not knowing   the   true   incidence   of   the   tax   may possibly be subjected to such a heavy incidence as in some cases may amount to confiscatory taxation.  We are therefore of opinion that fixing of the rate at a percentage of the capital value is not permitted by the Act and therefore R. 350­A read with R. 243 which permits this must be struck down, even though mathematically it may be possible to arrive at the same actual tax by varying percentages in the case of capital value and in the case of annual value...” (emphasis supplied) 9 (B) In   Polychem   Ltd. ,   a   part   of   the   land   was   being constructed upon while the  rest was lying vacant. The   Assessor   divided   the   plot   notionally   into   two parts  –  one,  which  was  being  built  upon  and  the other which was lying vacant.  One of the questions was:   whether   during   the   period   when   the construction was going on and was not completed, what   should   be   the   approach?   The   following observations are noteworthy: “ 12.  The principles upon which lands are rated in this country have been practically settled by the decisions of this Court. But, no case was brought to our notice in which an application of these principles to land upon which a building was   being   constructed   was   involved.   In   other words, no case was cited by any party in which the doctrine of sterility, as indicated above, was invoked. We will, however, glance at the cases cited before deciding the question raised before us. 69 xxx xxx xxx 22.  The   abovementioned   authorities   of   this Court, which were cited before us, enable us to hold that the mode of assessment in every case must be directed towards finding out the annual letting value of land which is the basis of rating of land, and, by definition, “land” includes land which   is   either   being   built   upon   or   has   been built   upon.   Nevertheless,   a   reference   to   the provisions of the Act shows that, after a building has   been   completed,   the   letting   value   of   the building, which becomes part of land, will be the primary   or   determining   factor   in   fixing   the annual rent for which the land which has been built upon “might reasonably be expected to be let from year to year”. All that Section 154 seems to contemplate, by mentioning “land or building”, is that land which is vacant or which has not been built upon may be treated, for purposes of valuation, on a different footing from land which has   actually   been   built   upon.   But,   relevant provisions of the Act do not mention and seem to take no account, for purposes of rating, of any building   which   is   only   in  the   course   of   being constructed   although   Section   3(r)   of   the   Act makes   it   clear   that   land   which   is   being   built upon is also “land”. Hence, so long as a building is   not   completed   or   constructed   to   such   an extent   that   atleast   a   partial   completion   notice can be given so that the completed portion can be occupied and let, the land can, for purposes of rating, be equated with or treated as vacant land. It is only when the building which is being put up is in such a state that it is actually and legally   capable   of   occupation   that   the   letting value   of   the   building   can   enter   into   the computation   for   rating   “Rebus   sic Stantibus”. Although,   the   definition   of   land, which is rateable, covers three kinds of “land”, yet,   for   the   purposes   of   rating   Section   154 recognises   only   two   categories.   Therefore,   all “land” must fall in one of these two categories for purposes of rating and not outside.” (emphasis supplied) 70 Both the decisions were rendered in the regime when the 33. property   tax   could   be   levied   on   rateable   value.     In   the   first decision, it was found that fixing of the rate at a percentage of the capital value was not a modality permitted by the Act and, therefore,   Rules   350­A   read   with   Rule   243,   which   permitted such exercise, were struck down.   Therefore, to the extent the rules   went   beyond   the   statutory   import   and   extent,   the transgression was not accepted by this Court.   In the second decision,   it   was   held   that   so   long   as   the   building   was   not completed and ready for occupation, the land in question for the purposes of rating must be equated with and treated as “vacant land”.   In the second decision, the construction was actually going on but the building was not ready.  The conclusion from the   second   decision   is   quite   clear   that   unless   and   until   the building was ready to be occupied, the land must be treated as vacant land.  Notably, the second decision was premised on the methodology   where   the   rateable   value   was   the   determining criteria.  Therefore, so long as the building could not be let out in open market, the land would continue to be treated as “vacant land”. 71 However,   after   the   amendments,   the   emphasis   has   now 34. changed and the basis for taxation is now to be capital value of land   and   building.     Capital   value   again   can   have   two dimensions.   First, the value of land or building as it stands today   or   secondly,   the   value   as   may   be   in   future   as   per anticipated development.   However, the legislative intent, as is clear from clauses (a) to (d), is about actual status and user as on the date the capital value is to be reckoned or considered. These   clauses   clearly   show   that   the   features   contemplated therein must be in existence as on such date and not what would be the projection in future. There are two ways in which sub­clause (e) of sub­Section 35. (1A) of Section 154 can be construed.   In the first case, said clause can be read e jusdem generis  along with sub­clauses (a) to (d), in which event the scope of any rules to be made in terms of power   granted   by   sub­clause   (e)   read   with   sub­Section   (1B), would be relatable to the factors actually in existence and not as something contemplated in future.   On the other hand, if the clause is read independently, there is nothing in clause (e) or in the language of sub­Section (1B) that the future prospects of the land in question could be reckoned or noted for arriving at the 72 capital value.  The conclusion is thus quite clear that the width of clauses (a) to (e) read with sub­Section (1B) do not by any stretch   of   imagination   contemplate   taking   into   account   the future prospects of the land in question. 36. Viewed thus, the conclusion arrived at by the High Court on the second and third grounds, as stated in paragraph 15 (supra)   are   quite   correct.     We,   therefore,   hold   that   the empowerment in terms of clauses (a) to (e) read with sub­Section (1B) or the conferral of rule­making power would not permit the Corporation to determine the capital value beyond the scope of said clauses (a) to (e).   Thus, for the purpose of determining capital value, only the present physical attributes and status of the land and building can be considered and not the future prospects of the land.   37. At this stage, we may consider the scope of Rule 20 of the Capital Value  Rules  of   2010  and   the   Capital  Value   Rules   of 2015.     The   said   Rule   refers   to   the   Ready   Reckoner   which provides for the rate of base value of open land with 1 (one) floor space   index.     However,   the   open   land   in   question   may   be capable   of   utilizing   more   than   1   (one)   floor   space   index,   for 73 instance in certain areas the floor space index may be 1.5 or 2. Such component i.e. the capability of the land in question in utilizing more then 1 (one) floor space index is a postulate which is sought to be reckoned by Rule 20.  The second component to be   added   in   terms   of   Rule   20   is   the   intended   or   proposed utilization   of   Transfer   of   Development   right   which   has   been approved   under   the   building   plan   submitted   for   approval. Nonetheless, this component is the intended use or exploitation
in future and not something which is availablein presenti.
38. To the extent Rule 20 of the Capital Value Rules of 2010 and the Capital Value Rules of 2015 empower the Commissioner to consider the capability of the open land of utilizing more than 1 floor space index (FSI) or any transfer of development right (TDR), would go well beyond the permissible scope delineated by the provisions of Section 154 of the MMC Act.  The High Court, in our view, was, therefore, right in concluding that Rule 20 of the Capital Value Rules of 2010 and the Capital Value Rules of 2015 would be  ultra vires  the provisions of sub­Sections (1A) and (1B) of Section 154 of the MMC Act. 74 We now turn to the issue regarding retrospectivity of the 39. Capital Value Rules of 2010.  The factual narration relied upon by the learned counsel for the Corporation does show that the preparatory steps were being undertaken since 2010 with the appointment of an expert committee and publication of draft rules.  It appears that the Corporation had to collect voluminous data.  But in order to enable the Corporation to compute or levy property tax based on capital value, the concerned rules had to be in force.   There being no empowerment to compute and/or levy property tax with retrospective effect by the statute itself, the rule making power, in any view of the matter, could not have created a liability pertaining to the period well before the Rules came into effect.   The first ground as set out in paragraph 15 (supra)   was,   therefore,   rightly   answered   by   the   High   Court against the Corporation.  Logically, the Rules having come into force on 20.3.2012, the levy and computation of property tax on capital value would be available and possible on and with effect from 20.3.2012 and not with any retrospective operation. The question then arises as to what would be the scope 40. and extent of the present property tax regime.  It is quite clear that with the amendment to Section 154 and other provisions, 75 the property tax can be levied on the basis of capital value of the land or building.  To that extent, there would be departure from
Patel Gordhandas4
andPolychem Ltd.9
statute   certainly   empowers   and   contemplates   imposition   of property tax on the capital value.   However, the capital value must be one which answers the postulates in sub­clauses (a) to (e) of sub­Section (1A) read with sub­Section (1B) of Section 154. At the cost of repetition, we may say that since the statutory provisions do not contemplate any likelihood of exploitation of capacity in future, the capital value of the land and building
in presenti
here that in projects which are in progress, the value addition to the property would be ongoing feature.   However, considering clauses (a) to (d), it would mean that the governing principle must be the actual use and not the intended use in future. 41. In   the   circumstances,   the   challenge   raised   by   the Corporation must fail and we dismiss the appeal preferred by the Corporation. 76 We now turn to the challenges raised by the original writ 42. petitioners.   Those challenges on various grounds as detailed hereinabove   including   the   grounds   of   legislative   competence; validity of certain provisions and basis of alleged violation of Article 14 of the Constitution, were considered by the High Court in  extenso .  We do not find any reason or room to take a different view.  We, therefore, affirm the view and dismiss the challenge. Consequently,   the   appeals   preferred   by   the   original   writ petitioners are dismissed. 43. These appeals are disposed of in aforesaid terms without any order as to costs. ……………………………..CJI. [Uday Umesh Lalit] ………………………………..J. [Ajay Rastogi] New Delhi; November 07, 2022.