Full Judgment Text
2026 INSC 469
NON- REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 212/2012
MITESH @ T.V. VAGHELA ….APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
THE STATE OF GUJARAT .…RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
ARAVIND KUMAR J.
1. The Appellant, a sole accused in a case of Murder is before
this Court challenging the dismissal of his Criminal Appeal
bearing Criminal Appeal No. 1129 of 2000 by High Court
1
of Gujarat, at Ahmedabad , wherein his challenge to the
Judgment of Conviction and Sentence dated 18.10.2000
passed by the Additional City Sessions Court No. 8,
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
NEHA GUPTA
Date: 2026.05.11
17:20:19 IST
Reason:
1
Hereinafter referred to as the ‘High Court’.
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 1 of 22
2
Ahmedabad in Sessions Case No. 158 of 1999, came to be
dismissed. The conviction and sentence imposed upon the
accused by the learned Sessions Court are as under:
Section Sentence
Imprisonment for life and a fine of
Rs. 500/-; in default of payment of
fine, to undergo further rigorous
imprisonment for one month for
the offence of murder.
Section 302 of the Indian
Penal Code (for short,
“IPC”)
Rigorous imprisonment for ten
days and a fine of Rs. 250/-; in
default of payment of fine, to
undergo further imprisonment
Section 135 of the
Bombay Police Act
2. The case of the prosecution, in brief, is that the complainant,
Ishwarbhai Sankabhai Rabari, was residing with his family
at Bukakhidas-ni Chawli, near Herbon School, Maninagar
(East), Ahmedabad, and was employed as a driver with the
A.M.T.S. (Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service). The
deceased, Somabhai Sankabhai Rabari, who was the brother
of the complainant, was running a tea stall in the Khokara
area near the lavatory at the four-way junction close to
Boriwala’s Chawli. It is the prosecution case that on
2
Hereinafter referred to as the ‘Sessions Court’ or ‘Trial Court’.
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 2 of 22
11.12.1998 at about 10:30 p.m., a quarrel had taken place
between the deceased and the appellant on account of the
appellant having thrown a half-burnt cigarette into the
bucket used by the deceased for washing cups and saucers,
which fact was narrated by the deceased to the complainant.
On the following morning, i.e., on 12.12.1998, the
complainant (PW-1) was informed by Shiva Madrasi and
Shankar Dhobi, residents of Pattharwali Chawli, that the
deceased was lying in an injured condition near his tea stall,
having sustained multiple blows.
3. Upon reaching the spot, the deceased is stated to have
informed PW-1 that it was the Appellant who had assaulted
him on account of the earlier quarrel. The deceased was
immediately taken to the hospital by PW-1 in an Auto and
on the way he again reiterated that the Appellant had
inflicted the injuries upon him. However, upon arrival at the
hospital, the deceased was declared dead. Thereafter, PW-1
lodged the complaint with the police.
4. During the course of investigation, the Appellant came to be
detained by the police and, pursuant to the information
furnished by him, the weapon of offence, namely a sharp
knife, is stated to have been discovered. On completion of
the investigation, a charge sheet came to be filed. The Trial
Court framed the charges and the prosecution examined 19
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 3 of 22
witnesses and marked documentary evidence and upon
appreciation of the evidence on record Trial Court came to
the conclusion that Appellant was guilty of the offences
under Section 302 of IPC and Section 135 of the Bombay
Police Act and convicted the Appellant and imposed
sentences on him as noted above. Appellant filed an Appeal
before the High Court which came to be dismissed vide
impugned order. Hence this Appeal.
5. K. Sarada Devi, learned Counsel appearing for the
Appellant submitted as follows:
5.1. The prosecution case is based mainly on the
complainant’s version and alleged oral dying
declaration, but the independent witnesses who
informed the complainant and were said to be present
at the scene of crime were not examined, while medical
and other evidence indicate that the deceased was
unconscious and therefore incapable of making such a
statement. Most panch and material witnesses turned
hostile, and the so-called eyewitness admitted in the
cross-examination that he had not actually seen the
incident and his presence at the scene was doubtful,
making his testimony unreliable and interested.
5.2. The conduct of the supporting rickshaw-driver witness
was unnatural and doubtful, and there are material
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 4 of 22
contradictions in medical evidence regarding the
number of injuries and the time when the deceased was
brought to the hospital. The alleged recovery of the
knife from a public place without blood stains and the
inconsistencies in documentary and medical records
further weaken the prosecution case and do not
establish a complete and trustworthy chain of
evidence.
5.3. In view of the absence of credible eyewitnesses and
most of the other witnesses having turned hostile and
as there is doubtful dying declaration, and the other
witnesses being interested witnesses, and there are
serious contradictions and procedural lapses, the
conviction is argued to be unsustainable and the
accused entitled to the benefit of doubt.
5.4. The learned counsel appearing for the Appellant also
prays that the Appellant having undergone substantial
part of the sentence imposed on him, prays for
remission of the rest of the sentence.
6. On the other hand, Ms. Swati Ghildiyal, Counsel appearing
for the State has supported the impugned order and the
conviction and sentence imposed on the Appellant.
7. Heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and
perused the material available on record. Having considered
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 5 of 22
the matter, the point that would arise for our consideration
is as follows:
I. Whether the High Court erred in dismissing the
Appeal filed by the Appellant?
8. The Trial Court, upon an appreciation of the evidence of the
witnesses, treated PW-4, PW-5, PW-10 and PW-12 as eye-
witnesses to the occurrence. Insofar as PW-4 and PW-5 are
concerned, though they were declared hostile and were
cross-examined by the learned Additional Public
Prosecutor, the Trial Court observed that their hostility was
confined to the aspect of having actually seen the appellant
assault the deceased. Nevertheless, their testimony
consistently established that the deceased was found lying
in a pool of blood at the scene of offence. PW-10, in his
examination-in-chief, fully supported the prosecution case;
however, he resiled from his earlier version during cross-
examination and was treated as hostile. The Trial Court held
that despite such hostility, his presence at the place of
occurrence was admitted, he having seen the deceased in an
injured condition, and his version regarding the location of
the incident remained consistent with the evidence of PW-4
and PW-5. On that basis, the Trial Court concluded that
although PW-4, PW-5 and PW-10 did not fully support the
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 6 of 22
prosecution on the aspect of the actual assault, their
evidence unequivocally proved that the deceased was
present at the place of occurrence and had sustained a brutal
assault resulting in profuse bleeding.
9. Both the Trial Court as well as the High Court have placed
heavy reliance upon the testimonies of PW-1, the
complainant and brother of the deceased, and PW-12,
namely Mukeshbhai Kuberbhai. Upon a detailed
appreciation of their evidence, the Courts below
concurrently held that their depositions inspire full
confidence and are liable to be accepted in their entirety. The
said conclusion was primarily founded on the ground that
testimony of PW-12 remained unshaken in the course of
cross-examination and no material contradiction or
omission could be elicited so as to impeach his credibility.
Similarly, the evidence of PW-1 also withstood the test of
cross-examination and nothing substantial was brought on
record to discredit his version. PW-1 has deposed that the
deceased disclosed to him about the assault committed by
the appellant on two occasions, firstly when he reached the
place of occurrence and thereafter while he was taking the
injured to the hospital in an auto-rickshaw, wherein he
repeated the same several times. After evaluating the ocular
evidence, the Trial Court proceeded to examine the panch
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 7 of 22
witnesses, most of whom turned hostile. The Court
thereafter considered the medical evidence including the
material evidence and on a cumulative appreciation of the
entire material on record, recorded a finding that guilt of the
accused stood proved and he had committed the offence
with which he was charged.
10. In our considered opinion, the present appeal deserves to be
dismissed in limine, for the reason that prosecution has
succeeded in proving its case beyond reasonable doubt.
Though Trial Court as well as High Court have undertaken
a comprehensive analysis of the entire evidence on record,
we deem it appropriate to independently re-appreciate the
material in order to satisfy ourselves with regard to the
correctness of the concurrent findings. We therefore proceed
to examine the testimonies of the material witnesses to
determine whether the guilt of the appellant in respect of the
crime alleged stands established beyond reasonable doubt.
11. In order to determine whether the accused has committed
the offence alleged against him, certain foundational
elements are required to be established by the prosecution.
These essential elements are the motive for the commission
of the crime, the requisite mens rea , and the actus reus . For
the purpose of ascertaining whether these ingredients stand
proved, it would be appropriate to examine each of them in
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 8 of 22
the light of the evidence on record and to correlate the same
with the testimonies of the relevant witnesses.
12. Firstly, insofar as the aspect of motive and mens rea is
concerned, the same stands established primarily through
the testimony of PW-1, the complainant, whose evidence
has remained unshaken in the course of cross-examination.
PW-1 has categorically deposed that on the night preceding
the incident, i.e., on 11.12.1998 at about 11:00 p.m., when
he returned to the house where he resided with the deceased,
he was informed by the deceased that an altercation had
taken place between him and the appellant, on account of
appellant having thrown a half-burnt cigarette into the
bucket used by the deceased for washing cups and saucers.
PW-1 further stated that during the said quarrel the appellant
had extended a threat to the deceased to the effect that he
would “ see him”. This part of the testimony having not been
impeached lends assurance to the prosecution case
regarding the existence of a motive and the requisite
intention on the part of the appellant. The evidence further
indicates that within a few hours of the said quarrel, the
appellant came to the shop of the deceased on the following
morning and carried out the assault. The proximity of time
between the quarrel and the occurrence, coupled with the
prior threat, clearly establishes the motive as well as the
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 9 of 22
mens rea attributable to the appellant for the commission of
the offence.
13. Secondly, insofar as the actus reus , namely the commission
of the guilty act, is concerned, the prosecution has relied
upon the testimonies of five witnesses, viz., PW-1, PW-4,
PW-5, PW-10 and PW-12, which are required to be
examined in that context. Though PW-1 is not an eye-
witness to the actual occurrence, his evidence cannot be
discarded while determining whether the offence in
question was committed by the appellant, particularly in
view of the surrounding circumstances deposed to by him.
However, before undertaking a detailed analysis of the
testimony of PW-1, we deem it appropriate to first consider
the evidence of the remaining witnesses, who are stated to
have witnessed the incident and whose depositions have a
direct bearing on the proof of the overt act attributed to the
appellant.
13.1. Firstly, PW-4 and PW-5 may conveniently be dealt
with together, as their depositions are on similar lines.
Both the said witnesses had, in their statements
recorded during the course of investigation, asserted
that they had seen the appellant committing the
offence; however, in their substantive evidence before
the Court they resiled from their earlier version, did not
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 10 of 22
support the prosecution case on the aspect of the actual
assault, and were consequently declared hostile.
Notwithstanding their hostility, a careful reading of
their testimonies reveals that they have consistently
deposed to the presence of the deceased at the place of
occurrence and to the fact that he was found lying on
the ground in a grievously injured condition, having
sustained fatal blows and bleeding profusely. To that
extent, their evidence lends credence to the prosecution
case with regard to the situs of the incident and the
condition of the deceased immediately after the
occurrence. However, their depositions do not advance
the prosecution case on the aspect of having witnessed
the appellant inflicting the injuries. The Courts below
have, therefore, rightly relied upon their testimonies to
the limited extent indicated hereinabove.
13.2. Secondly, the testimony of PW-10 does not inspire
confidence so as to be made the basis for recording any
conclusive finding. In his examination-in-chief, the
said witness had fully supported the prosecution case;
however, in the course of cross-examination he
completely resiled from his earlier version and was
declared hostile. The witness thus made a complete
volte-face and failed to support the prosecution on any
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 11 of 22
material particular. In view of such total retraction and
the absence of any reliable portion of his evidence
which could be safely relied upon, his testimony does
not materially advance the case of the prosecution.
13.3. Thirdly, PW1: We now revert to the testimony of
PW-1. As noticed hereinabove, PW-1 is not an eye-
witness to the actual occurrence, nevertheless, his
evidence assumes considerable significance inasmuch
as he has deposed that upon reaching the place of
incident the deceased disclosed to him that it was the
appellant who had stabbed him with a knife. According
to PW-1, the said disclosure was not made only once
but was reiterated by the deceased several times while
he was being taken to the hospital in an auto-rickshaw.
This part of the testimony of PW-1 has remained
wholly unshaken in the course of cross-examination
and nothing material has been elicited to discredit his
version with regard to the oral dying declarations. Both
the Trial Court and the High Court have accepted the
evidence of PW-1 in respect of the said dying
declarations as trustworthy and reliable. The legal
position with regard to dying declarations is no longer
res integra. It is well settled by a catena of decisions of
this Court that a truthful and voluntary dying
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 12 of 22
declaration, if found to be reliable, can by itself form
the sole basis of conviction without the necessity of
3
corroboration . In the present case, however, the said
dying declarations are not only found to be reliable but
also stand corroborated by the surrounding
circumstances, particularly the testimony of PW-12.
The contention raised on behalf of the defence that in
view of the multiple injuries sustained by the deceased
he could not have been in a fit state of mind to make
the said declarations has been considered and rejected
by the High Court, with which view we are in complete
agreement. The reasoning assigned by the High Court
in that regard is as follows:
“7.3. The contention of the defence, therefore, is that
the deceased could not have made oral dying
declaration before P.W.1. The above evidence, if
considered as a whole, would go to show that P.W.1
reached the spot immediately upon hearing about the
incident. He immediately found the deceased in a
critical condition and, as a brother, he spontaneously
inquired as to what had happened. It was argued that
because left ventricle was punctured, the deceased
would have become unconscious immediately due to
shock. However, no suggestion was put to any doctor
on this aspect as to how long could the injured have
remained conscious after suffering the injury. PW1
being the brother would react in a very natural way
of asking as to what had happened and he
3
P.V. Rdhakrishna v. State of Karnataka, (2003) 6 SCC 443. State of
Uttar Pradesh. v. Ram Sagar Yadav and Others, (1985) 1 SCC 552.
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 13 of 22
immediately lodges the F.I.R., wherein he specifically
mentions about the oral dying declaration having
been made by the deceased. Simply because the
deceased had become unconscious when he reached
the doctor, it cannot be presumed that he was
unconscious even when P.W.1 reached the spot and
asked him about the incident immediately after the
incident. Journey period may have taken the toll. It is
also not possible to doubt the veracity of P.W.1 on
account of deposition of P.W.5-Kishanrao
Bhagwandas Koshti, whose deposition, if read, would
only go to show that he does not know if there was
any dialogue between the deceased and P.W.1. The
only ground now, therefore, remains is that in the
history given to the doctor, name of the assailant is
not given. This by itself would not render the entry or
the other pieces of evidence doubtful. The medical
history is recorded by the doctor mainly for the
purpose of knowing as to how the incident has
occurred and which type of weapon is involved, etc.
and not the question as to who is involved or has
caused the injury or hurt. Non-mentioning of name of
the assailant in the medical papers, therefore, would
pale into insignificance.”
In view of the foregoing discussion, we find no reason to
take a view different from that concurrently recorded by
the Trial Court and the High Court with regard to the
veracity and reliability of the testimony of PW-1. The
evidence of PW-1 inspires confidence and has rightly
been accepted by the Courts below. His testimony, when
read in its entirety and in conjunction with the other
material on record, establishes the essential ingredients
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 14 of 22
necessary to bring home the charge and proves the
commission of the offence in question.
13.4. Fourthly, PW12: The testimony of PW-12, in our
considered view, is complete and wholly reliable. In
his examination-in-chief, the witness, who is a
rickshaw driver residing at Saka Rabari’s Chali, has
deposed that he was acquainted with the deceased
Somabhai and also identified the accused, Mitesh @
Tiniyo, in the Court. He has further stated that on
12.12.1998 at about 7:00–7:30 a.m., while travelling in
a rickshaw towards Maninagar Railway Station for the
purpose of dropping his relatives, he noticed a quarrel
taking place at the four-way near Boringwali Chali
between the deceased and the accused. According to
this witness, during the course of the said quarrel the
accused inflicted a knife blow on Somabhai and
thereafter fled from the spot with the weapon in his
hand. He has also identified the muddamal knife before
the Trial Court as the very weapon used in the
commission of the offence. The witness further
deposed that the injured Somabhai was subsequently
taken to the hospital by his brother. The evidence of
this witness, which has remained unshaken in material
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 15 of 22
particulars, clearly establishes the overt act attributed
to the accused.
13.4.1. In his cross-examination, the witness
was subjected to a detailed and searching scrutiny
with regard to his route to the railway station, the
timing of the train, his occupation and the fact of
not possessing a driving licence, the exact
position of the rickshaw and the location of the
place of occurrence on the opposite side of the
road, as well as his conduct of himself not taking
the injured to the hospital despite being
acquainted with him. He was further confronted
with the alleged delay and omissions in his
statement recorded by the police and with his
limited knowledge concerning the nearby shops
and the persons present at the scene. Certain
improvements and inconsistencies were also
sought to be elicited as to whether he had alighted
from the rickshaw, whether Ishwarbhai had taken
the injured in his presence, and the point of time
when he came to know about the death of the
deceased. Suggestions were put to him that he had
not witnessed the incident and that he was
deposing falsely on account of community
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 16 of 22
influence or his acquaintance with the deceased.
The witness, however, denied all such
suggestions and consistently maintained that he
had in fact seen the accused inflict the knife blow
on the deceased.
13.4.2. Testimony of PW12 is a complete testimony
in itself. The testimony of PW-12 is, in our view,
cogent, complete and of a sterling quality. In his
examination-in-chief, the said witness, who is a
rickshaw driver residing at Saka Rabari’s Chali,
deposed that he was acquainted with the deceased
Somabhai and that he identified the accused, Mitesh
@ Tiniyo, before the Court. He has stated that on
12.12.1998 at about 7:00–7:30 a.m., while travelling
as a passenger in a rickshaw towards Maninagar
Railway Station for the purpose of dropping his
relatives, he had witnessed a quarrel at the four-way
near Boringwali Chali between the deceased and the
accused. According to him, during the course of the
said quarrel the accused inflicted a knife blow on
Somabhai and thereafter fled from the spot with the
weapon in his hand. The witness has also identified
the muddamal knife as the very weapon used in the
commission of the offence and further stated that the
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 17 of 22
injured Somabhai was taken to the hospital by his
brother. The evidence of this witness has remained
consistent and unshaken on material particulars and
clearly establishes the overt act attributed to the
accused.
13.4.3. From the aforesaid analysis of the evidence of
PW-12, it is evident that his testimony is in complete
consonance with the version of PW-1 and materially
corroborates the same. The witness has given a clear,
cogent and consistent account of the occurrence and
has withstood the test of cross-examination without
any material contradiction or infirmity being brought
on record so as to discredit his presence or his version.
We find his evidence to be natural and reliable, and
the same conclusively establishes the overt act
attributed to the appellant in the commission of the
offence.
13.5. In view of the foregoing discussion, the evidence of
PW-1 and PW-12, when read conjointly and in the light
of the surrounding circumstances, establishes all the
essential ingredients of the offence and prove the case
of the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt.
14. Insofar, as the evidence of the remaining witnesses, namely
the panch witnesses, the medical witnesses and the official
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 18 of 22
witnesses, are concerned, we are of the considered opinion
that the findings recorded by the Trial Court, as affirmed by
the High Court, are justified and would not call for
interference. The Courts below have undertaken a detailed
and proper appreciation of their testimonies and we find the
same to be adequate and in accordance with law. In the
circumstances, a reiteration of the entire discussion on that
aspect would only burden the present judgment
unnecessarily. Upon an independent perusal of the evidence
of these witnesses, we are satisfied that their testimonies do
not, in any manner, advance the case of the appellant or
create any dent in the prosecution case.
15. The learned counsel for the appellant has contended that
since a large number of witnesses, including the panch
witnesses and some of the alleged eye-witnesses, have
turned hostile, the appellant is entitled to the benefit of
doubt. We are unable to accept the said submission. It is a
settled principle of criminal jurisprudence that it is the
quality and not the quantity of evidence which is
determinative. Even the testimony of a solitary witness, if
found to be wholly reliable and of sterling quality, is
sufficient to base a conviction. In this context, we would
note the judgment of this Court in Namdeo v. State of
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 19 of 22
4
Maharashtra with benefit wherein it has been elaborately
explained the evidentiary value of a credible solitary witness
and has held that conviction can be founded upon such
evidence. It is in this backdrop that we deem it appropriate
to reproduce the relevant observations from the said
decision, which read as under:
“16. Having heard the learned counsel for the
parties, in our opinion, no interference is called for
in exercise of power under Article 136 of the
Constitution. It is no doubt true that there is only one
eye witness who is also a close relative of the
deceased, viz. his son. But it is well-settled that it is
quality of evidence and not quantity of evidence
which is material. Quantity of evidence was never
considered to be a test for deciding a criminal trial
and the emphasis of Courts is always on quality of
evidence.
…………..
27. Recently, in Bhimappa Chandappa v. State of
Karnataka, (2006) 11 SCC 323, this Court held that
testimony of a solitary witness can be made the basis
of conviction. The credibility of the witness requires
to be tested with reference to the quality of his
evidence which must be free from blemish or
suspicion and must impress the Court as natural,
wholly truthful and so convincing that the Court has
no hesitation in recording a conviction solely on his
uncorroborated testimony.
28. From the aforesaid discussion, it is clear that
Indian legal system does not insist on plurality of
witnesses. Neither the Legislature (Section 134,
Evidence Act, 1872) nor the judiciary mandates that
4
(2007) 14 SCC 150.
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 20 of 22
there must be particular number of witnesses to
record an order of conviction against the accused.
Our legal system has always laid emphasis on value,
weight and quality of evidence rather than on
quantity, multiplicity or plurality of witnesses. It is,
therefore, open to a competent court to fully and
completely rely on a solitary witness and record
conviction. Conversely, it may acquit the accused in
spite of testimony of several witnesses if it is not
satisfied about the quality of evidence. The bald
contention that no conviction can be recorded in case
of a solitary eye witness, therefore, has no force and
must be negatived.”
In the case at hand, though most of the panch witnesses and
eye witnesses have turned hostile, PW1 and PW12 – have
completely established the case of the prosecution beyond
reasonable doubt.
16. In view of the foregoing discussion, we are of the
considered opinion that the Trial Court was fully justified in
recording the order of conviction and sentence against the
appellant, as the prosecution had proved its case beyond
reasonable doubt. The impugned judgment, as affirmed by
the High Court, does not suffer from any infirmity
warranting interference by this Court. The appeal, being
devoid of merit, is accordingly dismissed.
17. However, having regard to the fact that the appellant has
undergone a substantial period of sentence, liberty is
granted to him to move an appropriate application for
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 21 of 22
remission in accordance with the extant policy applicable to
him. In the event such an application is preferred, we
observe that the same shall be considered and disposed of
expeditiously in accordance with law.
18.
Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.
...................................................J.
[ARAVIND KUMAR]
.....................................................J.
[PRASANNA B. VARALE]
NEW DELHI;
th
MAY 11 , 2026.
Criminal Appeal No. 212 of 2012 Page 22 of 22