Full Judgment Text
1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.2277 OF 2021
PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK …APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
MR. VIJAY SITARAM DANDNAIK & ANR. ...RESPONDENT(S)
O R D E R
1. The order of admission of their petition under Section 7 of the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (for short “ ”) passed by
IBC
the National Company Law Tribunal (for short “ NCLT ”), having been
reversed by the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (for short
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
DEEPAK SINGH
Date: 2022.10.01
10:27:23 IST
Reason:
“ NCLAT ”) on the ground that the application was barred by
limitation, the Financial CreditorPunjab National Bank has come
2
up with the above appeal.
2. We have heard Shri Dhruv Mehta, learned senior counsel
appearing for the appellant and Shri Rahul Totala, learned counsel
appearing for the respondents.
3. The appellant herein filed a petition under Section 7 IBC
against M/s Jailaxmi Sugar Products Pvt. Limited, the Corporate
Debtor, who is the second respondent herein claiming, inter alia ,
(i)
that vide sanction letters dated 07.05.2010 and 28.09.2010, a term
loan was sanctioned to the second respondent herein; that by
(ii)
a letter dated 17.09.2011, restructuring of the existing term loans
and fresh sanction of term loan was granted to the Corporate
Debtor; (iii) that the Corporate Debtor defaulted in repayment and
became a NPA on 31.03.2013; that the appellant issued a
(iv)
demand notice dated 30.04.2013 under Section 13(2) of the
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and
Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002; that the Corporate
(v)
Debtor also executed Balance and Security Confirmation letters
dated 03.07.2014 and 17.06.2017; (vi) that the appellant, along with
the Union Bank of India also filed an application in O.A. No.185 of
2014 on the file of the DRT, Pune for the issue of a certificate of
recovery; (vii) that the original application was allowed by DRT, Pune
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by an order dated 01.11.2016, directing the Corporate Debtor and
others including respondent No.1 herein to jointly and severally pay
to the appellant herein, a sum of around Rs.45 cores together with
interest @16.25% per annum (apart from the amount payable to
Union Bank of India); (viii) that the total amount outstanding from
the Corporate Debtor as on 13.08.2019 was Rs.108,34,33,364.19;
and (ix) that in a parallel proceeding, the High Court of Judicature
at Bombay had passed an order dated 04.01.2018 directing the
winding up of the Corporate Debtor.
4. By an order dated 06.11.2019, NCLT admitted the petition of
the appellant herein, filed under Section 7 IBC. Challenging the
order of admission, the first respondent herein, who claims to be a
50% shareholder, promoter, director and creditor of the Corporate
Debtor filed an appeal before NCLAT. By the order dated 02.03.2021
impugned in this appeal, the NCLAT set aside the order of the NCLT
on the ground that the claim of the appellantFinancial Creditor was
barred by limitation. Aggrieved by the said order, the Financial
Creditor is on appeal before us.
5. Before the NCLAT, the first respondent raised a preliminary
objection that in the light of the order of winding up passed by the
High Court of Judicature at Bombay, an application under Section 7
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IBC was not maintainable. But the said contention raised by the
first respondent was rejected by NCLAT on the basis of the decision
of this Court in Jaipur Metals and Electricals Employees
1
.
Organization vs. Jaipur Metals and Electricals Ltd. & Ors
6. After overruling the objection relating to maintainability raised
on the basis of the order of winding up, NCLAT took up for
consideration the question of limitation. NCLAT opined that the
decision of this Court in
Babulal Vardharji Gurjar vs. Veer Gurjar
2
Aluminium Industries Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. , clinched the issue on the
question of limitation and that the application under Section 7, filed
on 10.10.2019 was beyond a period of three years from the date of
default (NPA) namely 31.03.2013. The Balance and Security
Confirmation Letter dated 17.06.2017 was held by NCLAT to have
been given after the expiry of three years from the date of default
and as a consequence, Section 18 of the Limitation Act was also
held to be inapplicable to the case of the appellant. Hence the
present appeal.
6. But a perusal of the records and a careful consideration of the
contentions raised on both sides show that NCLAT failed to take
note of certain important aspects, both on fact and on law. Section
1 (2019) 4 SCC 227
2 (2020) 15 SCC 1
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7(1) of the IBC enables a financial creditor to initiate corporate
insolvency resolution process “ when a default has accrued ”.
The
Explanation under subSection (1) of Section 7 makes it clear
that a default includes a default in respect of a financial debt
owed not only to the applicantFinancial Creditor but to any
The fact that
other financial creditor of the Corporate Debtor.
the corporate debtor has been ordered by the High court of
Judicature at Bombay to be wound up, is proof enough to show that
the case falls under the category mentioned in the Explanation to
section 7(1).
7. The word “ default ” is defined in Section 3(12) of the IBC to
mean “ nonpayment of debt when whole or any part or instalment of
the amount of debt has become due and payable and is not paid by
the debtor or the corporate debtor, as the case may be.”
8. By Act 26 of 2018, Section 238A was inserted in the IBC to
provide that the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 shall, as far
as may be, apply to the proceedings or appeals before the
Adjudicating Authority and the NCLAT. By virtue of the above
amendment, the doubt if any, on the question of applicability of the
law of limitation to the proceedings under the IBC, got cleared.
9. It may be noted that different provisions of IBC, 2016 came into
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force on different dates. Sections 4 to 32, Sections 60 to 77, Sections
198, 231 and 236 to 238 came into force on 01.12.2016, vide SO
No.3594 (E ) dated 30.11.2016.
10. Act No.26 of 2018, by which Section 238A was inserted, came
into force on 06.06.2018. Therefore, a question arose in
B.K.
Educational Services Private Limited vs. Parag Gupta and
3
as to whether the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963
Associates
would apply to applications filed under Sections 7/9 of the IBC on
and from its commencement on 01.12.2016 till 06.06.2018. This
Court took note of Section 3(37) of the IBC which makes a reference
to the Companies Act, 2013, insofar as words and expressions not
defined in the IBC are concerned and made a reference to Sections
408 and 424 of the Companies Act, 2013 and came to the
conclusion that by virtue of Section 433 of the Companies Act, 2013,
the provisions of the Limitation Act will apply even to proceedings
initiated before the insertion of Section 238A. As a consequence, this
Court held that Article 137 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act,
which prescribes a period of three years from the date “ when the
right to apply accrues ”, to any application for which no period of
limitation is provided elsewhere in the Schedule, will be applicable.
3 (2019) 11 SCC 633
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10. The ratio in (supra), found
B.K. Educational Services
elaboration in Jignesh Shah and Anr. vs. Union of India and
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, where this Court held a petition for winding up to be barred
Anr.
by limitation, as it was filed beyond a period of three years from the
date on which the cause of action, as mentioned in an already
instituted suit for specific performance/damages arose. Two
important principles could be deduced from the decision in Jignesh
(supra). They are: a suit for recovery based upon a cause of
Shah (i)
action that is within limitation, cannot in any manner impact the
separate and independent remedy of winding up proceedings and
hence the proceeding for winding up should also have been initiated
before the expiry of the period of limitation; and in law, when
(ii)
time begins to run, it can only be extended in the manner provided
in the Limitation Act, say for instance, an acknowledgment of
liability under Section 18 of the Limitation Act.
11. After (supra), this Court was concerned in
Jignesh Shah
Babulal Vardharji Gurjar (supra), with a case where one of the
questions that came up for consideration was whether the period of
limitation for filing an application under Section 7 of the IBC, would
be different in the case of a debt secured by a mortgage. For
4 (2019) 10 SCC 750
8
answering the said question, this Court considered all previous
decisions of this Court and enunciated the principles of law as
culled out from those decisions in paragraph 32 as follows:
| “32. | When Section 238A of the Code is read with the above | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| noted consistent decisions of this Court in | Innoventive Industries, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| B.K. Educational Services, Swiss Ribbons, K. Sashidhar, Jignesh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shah, Vashdeo R. Bhojwani, Gaurav Hargovindbhai Dave | and | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sagar Sharma | respectively, the following basics undoubtedly | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| come to the fore: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (a) that the Code is a beneficial legislation intended to put the | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| corporate debtor back on its feet and is not a mere money | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| recovery legislation; | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (b) that CIRP is not intended to be adversarial to the corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| debtor but is aimed at protecting the interests of the corporate | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| debtor; | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (c) that intention of the Code is not to give a new lease of life to | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| debts which are timebarred; | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (d) that the period of limitation for an application seeking | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| initiation of CIRP under Section 7 of the Code is governed | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| by | Article 137 | of the | Limitation Act | and is, therefore, three years | |||||||||||||||||||
| from the date when right to apply accrues; | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (e) that the trigger for initiation of CIRP by a financial creditor is | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| default on the part of the corporate debtor, that is to say, that the | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| right to apply under the Code accrues on the date when default | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| occurs; | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (f) that default referred to in the Code is that of actual non | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| payment by the corporate debtor when a debt has become due | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| and payable; and | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (g) that if default had occurred over three years prior to the date | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| of filing of the application, the application would be timebarred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| save and except in those cases where, on facts, the delay in filing | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| may be condoned; and | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (h) an application under Section 7 of the Code is not for | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| enforcement of mortgage liability and | Article 62 | of the | Limitation | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Act | does not apply to this application.” |
mortgage as aforesaid, this Court took up for consideration in
Babulal, the question regarding applicability of Section 18 of the
Limitation Act. Though the decision in was by a
Jignesh Singh
9
three member Bench which held in paragraph 21 of its decision that
“ in law when time begins to run it can only be extended in the manner
”, it was held in (by a 2
provided in the Limitation Act Babulal
member Bench) that Limitation would begin to run from the date of
NPA itself. To come to the said conclusion, this Court referred to the
decision in Vashdeo R. Bhojwani vs. Abhyudaya Cooperative
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Bank Ltd. & Anr.
13. But Vashdeo R. Bhojwani (supra) was a case where the debt
was declared as NPA in 1999 and a Recovery Certificate was issued
in 2001, but the petition under Section 7 IBC was filed in 2017. It is
only because of this, that this Court held in
Vashdeo R. Bhojwani
that when the Recovery Certificate dated 24.12.2001 was issued,
that Certificate injured effectively and completely the appellant’s
rights, as a result of which limitation would have begun ticking .
14. In other words, this Court found in Vashdeo R. Bhojwani,
that the application under Section 7 was filed beyond a period of
three years from the date of the certificate of recovery and not from
the date of declaration of NPA. Therefore, the somewhat discordant
note struck in Babulal , did not and could not have altered the ratio
laid down in paragraph 21 of . The cloud of doubt
Jignesh Shah
5 (2019) 9 SCC 158
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created by with regard to the applicability of Section 18 of
Babulal
the Limitation Act stood cleared subsequently in Asset
Reconstruction Company (India) Limited vs. Bishal Jaiswal and
6
Anr. , wherein this Court went to the extent of holding that an
entry in the balance sheet of the company could also be treated as
an acknowledgment in writing, subject however to any caveat found
in the accompanying reports.
15. In any case, this Court clarified in
Dena Bank vs. C.
7
Shivakumar Reddy and Another that Babulal was rendered in
the particular facts of the case. It will be relevant to take note of the
discussion in paragraph 105 to 107 of the decision in
Dena Bank
(supra) which reads as follows:
“105. The judgment of this Court in Babulal
Vardharji Gurjar was rendered in the facts of the aforesaid
case, where the date of default had been mentioned a 87
2011 being the date of NPA and it remained undisputed
that there had neither been any other date of default
stated in the application nor had any suggestion about
any acknowledgment been made.
106. In the backdrop of the aforesaid facts, this Court
observed that even if Section 18 of the Limitation Act and
principle thereof were applicable, the same would not
apply to the application under consideration, in view of the
averments regarding default therein and for want of any
other averment with regard to acknowledgment.
107. It is well settled, that a judgment is a precedent for
the issue of law that is raised and decided and not any
observations made in the facts of the case. As very aptly
penned by V. Sudhish Pai in Constitutional SupremacyA
Revisit,
6 (2021) 6 SCC 366
7 (2021) 10 SCC 330
11
“Judicial utterances/pronouncements are in
the setting of the facts of a particular case. To
interpret words and provisions of a statute it may
become necessary for Judges to embark upon
lengthy discussions, but such discussion is meant
to explain not define. Judges interpret statutes,
their words are not to be interpreted as statutes.”
The aforesaid passage was extracted and incorporated as
part of the judgment of this Court in Sesh Nath Singh. ”
16. The correctness of the decision in Dena Bank (supra) was
questioned by a corporate debtor in
Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd.
8
Vs. A. Balakrishnan wherein it was contended that the decision in
(supra) was per incuriam , on the ground it did not take
Dena Bank
into account subSections (22) and (22A) of Section 19 of the
Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act,
1993 (hereinafter referred to as DRT Act) as well as Clauses (6), (10),
(11) and (12) of Section 3, Clauses (7) and (8) of Section 5, Section 6
and Section 14(1A) of IBC. While rejecting the said contention, this
Court reiterated in no uncertain terms in Kotak Mahindra Bank
(supra) that a person would be entitled to initiate CIRP within a
period of three years from the date on which the recovery certificate
is issued by DRT.
17. Therefore, holds the field as on date. In the case on
Dena Bank
hand, the order of the Debt Recovery Tribunal in the Original
Application filed by the appellant under Section 19 of the Act, 1993,
8 (2020) SCC OnLine SC 706
12
is dated 01.11.2016. It is only thereafter that the Corporate Debtor
issued Balance and Security Confirmation letter dated 17.06.2017,
apart from making a request for restructuring the loan. Therefore,
the application filed by the appellant under Section 7 was clearly
within three years from the date on which the “ right to apply ” in
terms of Article 137 accrued. Hence the impugned order of the
NCLAT, which places heavy reliance only upon Babulal, is not
correct.
18. Before parting, we cannot resist the temptation to point out an
incongruity in the way the law has developed. The Limitation Act,
1963, as is well understood, extinguishes the remedy and not the
right. This is why the Act itself contains several provisions for the
exclusion of time, while computing the period of limitation.
19. Consistently this Court has held that the initiation of CIRP under
the IBC is to put the corporate debtor back on its feet, by retaining the
substratum, even while replacing the management with a new team
(Resolution Applicant). In other words, the object of IBC has been
understood to be something that is beneficial for the corporate debtor
so that it continues to survive as a going concern. As pointed out by
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this Court in Innoventive Industries Ltd. vs. ICICI Bank & Anr. ,
“… the scheme of the Code, therefore, is to make an attempt, by
9 (2018) 1 SCC 407
13
divesting the erstwhile management of its powers and vesting it in a
professional agency, to continue the business of the corporate body as a
going concern until a resolution plan is drawn up, in which event the
management is handed over under the plan so that the corporate body
is able to pay back its debts and get back on its feet…” (paragraph 33
of the decision).
20. In other words, IBC is projected as a law which enables the
financial/operational creditor to initiate CIRP, not for helping himself
out with the recovery of the debt due to him, but for helping the
corporate debtor to survive and continue in business. A
financial/operational creditor does not go to court or other forum with
the altruistic mission of helping the corporate debtor to continue as a
going concern. But after repeatedly holding that the proceedings under
the IBC are not in substance, proceedings for recovery of money, this
Court and the statute have effectively applied the law of limitation,
which was intended to apply to proceedings for enforcement of rights.
21. It may be pointed out that the Schedule to the Limitation Act,
1963 is divided into three divisions. The First division relates to suits,
the Second division relates to appeals and the Third division relates to
applications. The First division which relates to Suits is divided into
10 parts which deal respectively with:
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(i) Suits relating to accounts;
(ii) Suits relating to contracts;
(iii) Suits relating to declarations;
(iv) Suits relating to decrees and instruments;
(v) Suits relating to immovable property;
(vi) Suits relating to movable property;
(vii) Suits relating to Tort;
(viii) Suits relating to Trust and Trust property;
(ix) Suits relating to miscellaneous matters; and
(x) Suits for which no period is prescribed.
22. The Second division of the Schedule to the Limitation Act deals
with appeals. The Third division of the Schedule to the Limitation Act
is again divided into two parts, with PartI dealing with applications in
specified cases and PartII dealing with other applications.
23.
For the law of limitation, the remedy is the goal post and
the right is the sign post from where the journey commences . A
person initiating any proceeding in a court of law must show the
existence of both a right in himself and a remedy for himself, but the
IBC is a law where the sign post namely the right is for the financial/
operational creditor and the goal post namely the remedy, is for the
corporate debtor, though the creditor may also recover a portion of his
debt after having a haircut, if not a tonsure. This incongruity has
perhaps led this Court undertaking an arduous journey through the
path of limitation and trying to negotiate its way through several bad
patches.
24. Now coming back to the case on hand, the application filed by
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the appellantBank under Section 7 IBC was within the period of
limitation. Therefore this appeal is allowed and the impugned order of
the NCLAT dated 02.03.2021 is set aside. No order as to costs.
…………………………….J.
(S. Abdul Nazeer)
…………………………….J.
(V. Ramasubramanian)
New Delhi
August 30, 2022
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ITEM NO.20 COURT NO.4 SECTION XVII
S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS
Civil Appeal No(s). 2277/2021
PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK Appellant(s)
VERSUS
VIJAY SITARAM DANDNAIK & ANR. Respondent(s)
IA No. 72609/2021 - EX-PARTE STAY
IA No. 103032/2022 - INTERVENTION/IMPLEADMENT)
Date : 30-08-2022 This matter was called on for hearing today.
CORAM :
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S. ABDUL NAZEER
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN
For Appellant(s) Mr. Dhruv Mehta, Sr. Adv.
Ms. Kusum Lata, AOR
Mr. Mahesh K. Chaudhary, Adv.
Mr. Sushmita Chaudhary, Adv.
Ms. Sushma Das, Adv.
For Respondent(s) Mr. Rahul Totala, Adv.
Mr. Rohit Anil Rathi, AOR
UPON hearing the counsel the Court made the following
O R D E R
The appeal is allowed in terms of the signed Reportable
order.
Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of.
(NEELAM GULATI) (KAMLESH RAWAT)
ASTT. REGISTRAR-cum-PS COURT MASTER (NSH)
(Signed Reportable order is placed on the file)