PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK vs. VIJAY SITARAM DANDNAIK

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 30-08-2022

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.2277 OF 2021 PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK                  …APPELLANT(S) VERSUS MR. VIJAY SITARAM DANDNAIK & ANR.       ...RESPONDENT(S) O R D E R 1. The order of admission of their petition under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (for short “ ”) passed by IBC the National Company Law Tribunal (for short “ NCLT ”), having been reversed by the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (for short Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by DEEPAK SINGH Date: 2022.10.01 10:27:23 IST Reason: “ NCLAT ”)   on   the   ground   that   the   application   was   barred   by limitation, the Financial Creditor­Punjab National Bank has come 2 up with the above appeal. 2. We   have   heard   Shri   Dhruv   Mehta,   learned   senior   counsel appearing for the appellant and Shri Rahul Totala, learned counsel appearing for the respondents. 3. The   appellant   herein   filed   a   petition   under   Section   7   IBC against M/s Jailaxmi Sugar Products Pvt. Limited, the Corporate Debtor, who is the second respondent herein claiming,  inter alia(i) that  vide  sanction letters dated 07.05.2010 and 28.09.2010, a term loan was sanctioned to the second respondent herein;       that by (ii) a letter dated 17.09.2011, restructuring of the existing term loans and   fresh   sanction   of   term   loan   was   granted   to   the   Corporate Debtor;  (iii)  that the Corporate Debtor defaulted in repayment and became   a   NPA   on   31.03.2013;     that   the   appellant   issued   a (iv) demand   notice   dated   30.04.2013   under   Section   13(2)   of   the Securitisation   and   Reconstruction   of   Financial   Assets   and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002;     that the Corporate (v) Debtor   also   executed   Balance   and   Security   Confirmation   letters dated 03.07.2014 and 17.06.2017;  (vi)  that the appellant, along with the Union Bank of India also filed an application in O.A. No.185 of 2014 on the file of the DRT, Pune for the issue of a certificate of recovery;  (vii)  that the original application was allowed by DRT, Pune 3 by an order dated 01.11.2016, directing the Corporate Debtor and others including respondent No.1 herein to jointly and severally pay to the appellant herein, a sum of around Rs.45 cores together with interest @16.25% per annum (apart from the amount payable to Union Bank of India);  (viii)  that the total amount outstanding from the Corporate Debtor as on 13.08.2019 was Rs.108,34,33,364.19; and  (ix)  that in a parallel proceeding, the High Court of Judicature at  Bombay  had   passed   an  order  dated   04.01.2018   directing  the winding up of the Corporate Debtor. 4. By an order dated 06.11.2019, NCLT admitted the petition of the appellant  herein,   filed  under  Section 7  IBC.  Challenging the order of admission, the first respondent herein, who claims to be a 50% shareholder, promoter, director and creditor of the Corporate­ Debtor filed an appeal before NCLAT. By the order dated 02.03.2021 impugned in this appeal, the NCLAT set aside the order of the NCLT on the ground that the claim of the appellant­Financial Creditor was barred   by   limitation.   Aggrieved   by   the   said   order,   the   Financial Creditor is on appeal before us.   5. Before the NCLAT, the first respondent raised a preliminary objection that in the light of the order of winding up passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, an application under Section 7 4 IBC was not maintainable. But the said contention raised by the first respondent was rejected by NCLAT on the basis of the decision of   this   Court   in   Jaipur   Metals   and   Electricals   Employees 1 . Organization vs. Jaipur Metals and Electricals Ltd. & Ors 6. After overruling the objection relating to maintainability raised on   the   basis   of   the   order   of   winding   up,   NCLAT   took   up   for consideration   the   question   of   limitation.   NCLAT   opined   that   the decision of this Court in  Babulal Vardharji Gurjar vs. Veer Gurjar 2 Aluminium Industries Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. clinched the issue on the question of limitation and that the application under Section 7, filed on 10.10.2019 was beyond a period of three years from the date of default   (NPA)   namely   31.03.2013.     The   Balance   and   Security Confirmation Letter dated 17.06.2017 was held by NCLAT to have been given after the expiry of three years from the date of default and as a consequence, Section 18 of the Limitation Act was also held   to   be   inapplicable   to   the   case   of   the   appellant.   Hence   the present appeal. 6. But a perusal of the records and a careful consideration of the contentions raised on both sides show that NCLAT failed to take note of certain important aspects, both on fact and on law.  Section 1  (2019) 4 SCC 227 2  (2020) 15 SCC 1 5 7(1)   of   the   IBC   enables   a   financial   creditor   to   initiate   corporate insolvency resolution process “ when a default has accrued ”.   The Explanation under sub­Section (1) of Section 7 makes it clear that a default includes a default in respect of a financial debt owed not only to the applicant­Financial Creditor but to any   The fact that other financial creditor of the Corporate Debtor. the   corporate   debtor   has   been   ordered   by   the   High   court   of Judicature at Bombay to be wound up, is proof enough to show that the case falls under the category mentioned in the Explanation to section 7(1). 7. The word “ default ” is defined in Section 3(12) of the IBC to mean “ non­payment of debt when whole or any part or instalment of the amount of debt has become due and payable and is not paid by the debtor or the corporate debtor, as the case may be.” 8. By Act 26 of 2018, Section 238A was inserted in the IBC to provide that the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 shall, as far as   may   be,   apply   to   the   proceedings   or   appeals   before   the Adjudicating   Authority   and   the   NCLAT.   By   virtue   of   the   above amendment, the doubt if any, on the question of applicability of the law of limitation to the proceedings under the IBC, got cleared. 9. It may be noted that different provisions of IBC, 2016 came into 6 force on different dates. Sections 4 to 32, Sections 60 to 77, Sections 198, 231 and 236 to 238 came into force on 01.12.2016,  vide    SO No.3594 (E ) dated 30.11.2016. 10. Act No.26 of 2018, by which Section 238A was inserted, came into   force   on   06.06.2018.   Therefore,   a   question   arose   in   B.K. Educational   Services   Private   Limited   vs.   Parag   Gupta   and 3  as to whether the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 Associates would apply to applications filed under Sections 7/9 of the IBC on and from its commencement on 01.12.2016 till 06.06.2018. This Court took note of Section 3(37) of the IBC which makes a reference to the Companies Act, 2013, insofar as words and expressions not defined in the IBC are concerned and made a reference to Sections 408   and   424   of   the   Companies   Act,   2013   and   came   to   the conclusion that by virtue of Section 433 of the Companies Act, 2013, the provisions of the Limitation Act will apply even to proceedings initiated before the insertion of Section 238A. As a consequence, this Court held that Article 137 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, which prescribes a period of three years from the date “ when the right to apply accrues ”, to any application for which no period of limitation is provided elsewhere in the Schedule, will be applicable. 3 (2019) 11 SCC 633 7 10. The   ratio   in     (supra),   found B.K.   Educational   Services elaboration in   Jignesh Shah and Anr. vs. Union of India and 4 , where this Court held a petition for winding up to be barred Anr. by limitation, as it was filed beyond a period of three years from the date  on   which   the   cause  of   action,   as   mentioned   in   an   already instituted   suit   for   specific   performance/damages   arose.   Two important principles could be deduced from the decision in  Jignesh   (supra). They are:   a suit for recovery based upon a cause of Shah (i) action that is within limitation, cannot in any manner impact the separate and independent remedy of winding up proceedings and hence the proceeding for winding up should also have been initiated before the expiry of the period of limitation; and     in law, when (ii) time begins to run, it can only be extended in the manner provided in   the   Limitation   Act,   say   for   instance,   an   acknowledgment   of liability under Section 18 of the Limitation Act. 11. After   (supra),   this   Court   was   concerned   in Jignesh   Shah   Babulal Vardharji Gurjar   (supra),   with a case where one of the questions that came up for consideration was whether the period of limitation for filing an application under Section 7 of the IBC, would be   different   in   the   case   of   a   debt   secured   by   a   mortgage.   For 4 (2019) 10 SCC 750 8 answering   the   said   question,   this   Court   considered   all   previous decisions   of   this   Court   and   enunciated   the   principles   of   law   as culled out from those decisions in paragraph 32 as follows:
“32.When Section 238­A of the Code is read with the above­
noted consistent decisions of this Court inInnoventive Industries,
B.K. Educational Services, Swiss Ribbons, K. Sashidhar, Jignesh
Shah, Vashdeo R. Bhojwani, Gaurav Hargovindbhai Daveand
Sagar Sharmarespectively, the following basics undoubtedly
come to the fore:
(a) that the Code is a beneficial legislation intended to put the
corporate debtor back on its feet and is not a mere money
recovery legislation;
(b) that CIRP is not intended to be adversarial to the corporate
debtor but is aimed at protecting the interests of the corporate
debtor;
(c) that intention of the Code is not to give a new lease of life to
debts which are time­barred;
(d) that the period of limitation for an application seeking
initiation of CIRP under Section 7 of the Code is governed
byArticle 137of theLimitation Actand is, therefore, three years
from the date when right to apply accrues;
(e) that the trigger for initiation of CIRP by a financial creditor is
default on the part of the corporate debtor, that is to say, that the
right to apply under the Code accrues on the date when default
occurs;
(f) that default referred to in the Code is that of actual non­
payment by the corporate debtor when a debt has become due
and payable; and
(g) that if default had occurred over three years prior to the date
of filing of the application, the application would be time­barred
save and except in those cases where, on facts, the delay in filing
may be condoned; and
(h) an application under Section 7 of the Code is not for
enforcement of mortgage liability andArticle 62of theLimitation
Actdoes not apply to this application.”
mortgage   as   aforesaid,   this   Court   took   up   for   consideration   in Babulal,   the question regarding applicability of Section 18 of the Limitation Act. Though the decision in     was by a Jignesh Singh 9 three member Bench which held in paragraph 21 of its decision that “ in law when time begins to run it can only be extended in the manner ”,   it   was   held   in   (by   a   2 provided   in   the   Limitation   Act Babulal   member Bench) that Limitation would begin to run from the date of NPA itself. To come to the said conclusion, this Court referred to the decision in   Vashdeo R. Bhojwani vs. Abhyudaya Co­operative 5 Bank Ltd. & Anr. 13. But  Vashdeo R. Bhojwani  (supra) was a case where the debt was declared as NPA in 1999 and a Recovery Certificate was issued in 2001, but the petition under Section 7 IBC was filed in 2017. It is only because of this, that this Court held in  Vashdeo R. Bhojwani that when the Recovery Certificate dated 24.12.2001 was issued, that   Certificate   injured   effectively   and   completely   the   appellant’s rights, as a result of which limitation would have begun ticking . 14. In other words, this Court found in   Vashdeo R. Bhojwani, that the application under Section 7 was filed beyond a period of three years from the date of the certificate of recovery and not from the date of declaration of NPA. Therefore, the somewhat discordant note struck in  Babulal , did not and could not have altered the ratio laid down in paragraph 21 of   .   The cloud of doubt Jignesh Shah 5 (2019) 9 SCC 158 10 created by  with regard to the applicability of Section 18 of Babulal  the   Limitation   Act   stood   cleared   subsequently   in   Asset Reconstruction Company (India) Limited vs. Bishal Jaiswal and 6 Anr.   , wherein this Court went to the extent of holding that an entry in the balance sheet of the company could also be treated as an acknowledgment in writing, subject however to any caveat found in the accompanying reports. 15. In   any   case,   this   Court   clarified   in   Dena   Bank   vs.   C. 7 Shivakumar Reddy and Another   that   Babulal   was rendered in the particular facts of the case. It will be relevant to take note of the discussion in paragraph 105 to 107 of the decision in  Dena Bank (supra) which reads as follows: “105.     The   judgment   of   this   Court   in   Babulal Vardharji Gurjar  was rendered in the facts of the aforesaid case, where the date of default had been mentioned a 8­7­ 2011 being the date of NPA and it remained undisputed that   there   had   neither   been   any   other   date   of   default stated in the application nor had any suggestion about any acknowledgment been made. 106.   In the backdrop of the aforesaid facts, this Court observed that even if Section 18 of the Limitation Act and principle   thereof   were   applicable,   the   same   would   not apply to the application under consideration, in view of the averments regarding default therein and for want of any other averment with regard to acknowledgment. 107.  It is well settled, that a judgment is a precedent for the issue of law that is raised and decided and not any observations made in the facts of the case. As very aptly penned by V. Sudhish Pai in   Constitutional Supremacy­A Revisit,  6 (2021) 6 SCC 366 7 (2021) 10 SCC 330 11 “Judicial  utterances/pronouncements  are  in the   setting   of   the   facts   of   a   particular   case.   To interpret words and provisions of a statute it may become   necessary   for   Judges   to   embark   upon lengthy discussions, but such discussion is meant to   explain   not   define.   Judges   interpret   statutes, their words are not to be interpreted as statutes.” The aforesaid passage was extracted and incorporated as part of the judgment of this Court in   Sesh Nath Singh. ” 16. The  correctness   of   the   decision  in   Dena   Bank   (supra)  was questioned by a corporate debtor in   Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. 8 Vs. A. Balakrishnan   wherein it was contended that the decision in (supra) was  per incuriam , on the ground it did not take Dena Bank  into   account   sub­Sections   (22)   and   (22A)   of   Section   19   of   the Recovery   of   Debts   Due   to   Banks   and   Financial   Institutions   Act, 1993 (hereinafter referred to as DRT Act) as well as Clauses (6), (10), (11) and (12) of Section 3, Clauses (7) and (8) of Section 5, Section 6 and Section 14(1A) of IBC. While rejecting the said contention, this Court reiterated in no uncertain terms in   Kotak Mahindra Bank (supra) that a person would be entitled to initiate CIRP within a period of three years from the date on which the recovery certificate is issued by DRT.  17. Therefore,  holds the field as on date. In the case on Dena Bank  hand,   the   order   of   the   Debt   Recovery   Tribunal   in   the   Original Application filed by the appellant under Section 19 of the Act, 1993, 8 (2020) SCC OnLine SC 706 12 is dated 01.11.2016. It is only thereafter that the Corporate Debtor issued Balance and Security Confirmation letter dated 17.06.2017, apart from making a request for restructuring the loan. Therefore, the application filed by the appellant under Section 7 was clearly within three years from the date on which the “ right to apply ” in terms   of   Article   137   accrued.   Hence   the   impugned   order   of   the NCLAT,   which   places   heavy   reliance   only   upon   Babulal,   is   not correct. 18. Before parting, we cannot resist the temptation to point out an incongruity in the way the law has developed. The Limitation Act, 1963, as is well understood, extinguishes the remedy and not the right. This is why the Act itself contains several provisions for the exclusion of time, while computing the period of limitation. 19. Consistently this Court has held that the initiation of CIRP under the IBC is to put the corporate debtor back on its feet, by retaining the substratum, even while replacing the management with a new team (Resolution Applicant). In other words, the object of IBC has been understood to be something that is beneficial for the corporate debtor so that it continues to survive as a going concern. As pointed out by 9 this Court in   Innoventive Industries Ltd.   vs.   ICICI Bank & Anr. , “… the   scheme   of   the   Code,   therefore,   is   to   make   an   attempt,   by 9 (2018) 1 SCC 407 13 divesting the erstwhile management of its powers and vesting it in a professional agency, to continue the business of the corporate body as a going concern until a resolution plan is drawn up, in which event the management is handed over under the plan so that the corporate body is able to pay back its debts and get back on its feet…”  (paragraph 33 of the decision).   20. In other words, IBC is projected  as a  law which enables the financial/operational creditor to initiate CIRP, not for helping himself out with the recovery of the debt due to him, but for helping the corporate   debtor   to   survive   and   continue   in   business.   A financial/operational creditor does not go to court or other forum with the altruistic mission of helping the corporate debtor to continue as a going concern. But after repeatedly holding that the proceedings under the IBC are not in substance, proceedings for recovery of money, this Court and the statute have effectively applied the law of limitation, which was intended to apply to proceedings for enforcement of rights.  21. It may be pointed out that the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963 is divided into three divisions. The First division relates to suits, the Second division relates to appeals and the Third division relates to applications. The First division which relates to Suits is divided into 10 parts which deal respectively with:­ 14 (i) Suits relating to accounts; (ii) Suits relating to contracts; (iii) Suits relating to declarations; (iv) Suits relating to decrees and instruments; (v) Suits relating to immovable property; (vi) Suits relating to movable property; (vii) Suits relating to Tort; (viii) Suits relating to Trust and Trust property; (ix) Suits relating to miscellaneous matters; and (x) Suits for which no period is prescribed. 22. The Second division of the Schedule to the Limitation Act deals with appeals. The Third division of the Schedule to the Limitation Act is again divided into two parts, with Part­I dealing with applications in specified cases and Part­II dealing with other applications. 23. For the law of limitation, the remedy is the goal post and the right is the sign post from where the journey commences . A person initiating any proceeding in a court of law must show the existence of both a right in himself and a remedy for himself, but the IBC is a law where the sign post namely the right is for the financial/ operational creditor and the goal post namely the remedy, is for the corporate debtor, though the creditor may also recover a portion of his debt after having a hair­cut, if not a tonsure. This incongruity has perhaps led this Court undertaking an arduous journey through the path of limitation and trying to negotiate its way through several bad patches. 24. Now coming back to the case on hand, the application filed by 15 the appellant­Bank   under  Section 7   IBC  was  within  the  period of limitation. Therefore this appeal is allowed and the impugned order of the NCLAT dated 02.03.2021 is set aside.  No order as to costs. …………………………….J. (S. Abdul Nazeer) …………………………….J. (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi August 30, 2022 16 ITEM NO.20 COURT NO.4 SECTION XVII S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Civil Appeal No(s). 2277/2021 PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK Appellant(s) VERSUS VIJAY SITARAM DANDNAIK & ANR. Respondent(s) IA No. 72609/2021 - EX-PARTE STAY IA No. 103032/2022 - INTERVENTION/IMPLEADMENT) Date : 30-08-2022 This matter was called on for hearing today. CORAM : HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S. ABDUL NAZEER HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN For Appellant(s) Mr. Dhruv Mehta, Sr. Adv. Ms. Kusum Lata, AOR Mr. Mahesh K. Chaudhary, Adv. Mr. Sushmita Chaudhary, Adv. Ms. Sushma Das, Adv. For Respondent(s) Mr. Rahul Totala, Adv. Mr. Rohit Anil Rathi, AOR UPON hearing the counsel the Court made the following O R D E R The appeal is allowed in terms of the signed Reportable order. Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of. (NEELAM GULATI) (KAMLESH RAWAT) ASTT. REGISTRAR-cum-PS COURT MASTER (NSH) (Signed Reportable order is placed on the file)