Full Judgment Text
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1801 OF 2009
[Arising out of SLP (C) No.4326/2007]
State of Jammu & Kashmir & Ors. … Appellants
Versus
Javed Iqbal Balwan & Ors. … Respondents
W I T H
CONTEMPT PETITION (C) NO.309 OF 2007 IN
SLP( C ) NO.4326 OF 2007
J U D G M E N T
AFTAB ALAM,J.
1. Leave granted.
2. This appeal arises from a dispute of seniority in the cadre of
Tahsildars in the J & K Revenue (Gazetted) Service. A dispute of seniority
between direct recruits and promotees normally tends to be bitter and
thorny. This one is particularly so as it is the product of years of ad-hoc
arrangements and it further involved, at least at the stage of the High Court
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the additional dispute in regard to the date with effect from which the
promotee Naib Tahsildars were regularised as Tahsildars. In this appeal,
however, on behalf of the State of Jammu and Kashmir we are only
concerned with the dispute of seniority between the promotees and the
direct recruits in the J & K Revenue (Gazetted) Service. The dispute is now
almost a quarter of a century old (the other part, with which we are not
concerned in this appeal, of course goes far behind it). During this period of
about twenty five years the matter has undergone three rounds of litigations
and has seen countless writ petitions and Letters Patent Appeals in the
High Court of J & K ending up in appeals, (including the one in hand),
before this Court. The first round was in regard to the claim by a number of
candidates, who, though finding place in the select list prepared by the State
Public Service Commission were denied appointment by the State
government. They claimed appointment to the different services under the
State government on the basis of their selection by the Commission. On
being successful in the first round and on entering the service, some of the
direct recruits started the next round claiming what they considered their
due seniority on the basis of the vacancies against which their appointments
were made. At the end of round two, following the orders of the High Court
and this Court, the State Government, gave the direct recruits notional
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seniority with effect from 1984. This led to the beginning of the third round
of litigation in which the direct recruits challenged the government order of
their notional seniority and claimed seniority over the Naib Tahsildars who
on being promoted as Tahsildars were regularised on those posts with effect
from January 1, 1984 allegedly far in excess of their quota in the service and
in violation of the statutory rules. In the last round a division bench of the
High Court once again grappled with the matter and tried to finally resolve
and settle the issue by a long and exhaustive judgment at the end of which
the direct recruits were granted almost everything that they prayed for.
3. Before proceeding further it will be useful to state the relevant facts
and we propose here to confine to the barest, necessary for disposing of this
appeal. On October 8, 1973 the State Government appointed about 118
people as Naib Tahsildars in the State’s Revenue (Subordinate) Service. The
appointments were temporary and subject to the express condition that the
appointees would pass the departmental examination for Naib Tahsildars
conducted by the State’s Public Service Commission within two years
(being the period of probation under the relevant rules) failing which they
would be liable to be discharged from service. Only a few were able to
satisfy the condition but the default stipulation was never invoked in regard
to those who were not able to clear the examination. Instead, the period of
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Probation was extended by one year for about 83 appointees who were
unable to pass the examination within the prescribed time. Later on, some of
those Naib Tahsildars who were able to pass the departmental examination
for Naib Tahsildar also appeared in the examination of Tahsildar held by the
J & K Public Service Commission. The result of the examination was
published on December 7, 1981 and four Naib Tahsildars who were able to
pass the examination were promoted as Tahsildars in the State’s Revenue
(Gazetted) Service by order dated February 2, 1982. Later, the govt.
retrospectively modified the relevant rules concerning the examination with
effect from June 1, 1981. The relaxation of the rules benefitted a number of
Naib Tahsildars who were shown as failed in the original result published
on December 7, 1981 and consequently they too were declared passed in the
examination. The government then constituted a selection committee for
promotion of eligible officers as Tahsildars in the State’s Revenue
(Gazetted) Service. The committee held interviews but before any
promotion orders were issued writ petitions came to be filed in the High
Court challenging the amendment in the rules and the constitution of the
promotion committee etc. in which the High Court gave certain interim
directions. In the year 1983 the State Government felt that its programme of
agrarian reforms was badly suffering due to large number of vacancies at
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the level of Tahsildars. It, accordingly, took the decision, in interest of
government work, to make temporary arrangements and by order dated
March 17, 1983 granted promotion to 31 Naib Tahsildars as Tahsildars in
their own pay scale, pending final selection by the departmental selection
committee/Public Service Commission (as required by the rules) and subject
to the result of the cases pending in High Court. That order too came under
challenge before the High Court and as a result of the orders passed by the
High Court the arrangement was discontinued in the year 1985. On
February 9, 1989 the government accorded sanction to the confirmation of
28 Naib Tahsildars, who had passed the Naib Tahsildar examination within
the stipulated period of two years against lien free posts with effect from
October 8, 1975. On July 17, 1992 the government issued an order by
which Naib Tahsildars, named in the order, were allowed the pay scale
admissible for the post of Tahsildar from the respective dates they held the
charge of that post. Further by government order dated June 11, 1993 a
number of Tahsildars were posted with immediate effect as Special Officers,
Revenue from the dates shown against their names in the order. The officers
were assigned higher responsibilities in their own pay and grade. Later, on
February 18, 1994 some of those officers were, having regard to their merit
and suitability, appointed, as Assistant Commissioners. On February 24,
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1994 the State Government came out with a circular stating that it was
contemplating to induct the Revenue Officers into the J & K Administrative
Service. The circular asked all the concerned officers to furnish their annual
performance reports to the authorities by March 5, 1994. On November 20,
1996 the government sanctioned release of the pay scale of Deputy
Secretaries in favour of 34 Under Secretaries who were earlier promoted to
the post of Deputy Secretary in their own pay scale. Finally, by order No.
Rev (A)128 of 1997, dated June 17, 1997 the government, in relaxation of
the rules, accorded sanction to the regular appointment of Naib Tahsildars,
the members of J & K Revenue (Subordinate) Service (whose names were
stated in the annexure to the said order) as Tahsildars with effect from
January 1, 1984. It needs to be stated here that the government order failed
to satisfy some of the promotee Tehsildars who went to the High Court,
challenging it and claiming regularisation from the respective dates (earlier
to January 1, 1984) from which they were given the charge of the post of
Tahsildar.
4. It is thus to be seen that over a period of about twenty four years over
a hundred Naib Tahsildars appointed in the year 1973 in the State’s
Revenue (Subordinate) Service were inducted into the State’s Revenue
(Gazetted) Service as Tahsildars and some of them were even able to pass
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on into the State’s Administrative Service. They would be given the charge
of the superior post initially on ad hoc and temporary basis and in their own
scale of pay but later they would be sanctioned the pay scale of the superior
post and accorded regular promotion to that post. The State Government
would do so either by relaxing or sometimes even by amending or
modifying the relevant rules. This process went on for a very long time
amidst numerous orders passed by the J & K High Court in countless writ
petitions and internal court appeals filed to challenge the seniority lists of
the Naib Tahsildars/Tahsildars issued by the State Government from time to
time or to question the actions of the State Government in granting ad hoc
and temporary promotions to some from the Naib Tahsildars or in relaxing
or amending the relevant rules to facilitate their promotion to the higher
service/post.
5. Even while the disputes relating to inter se seniority of the Naib
Tehsildars appeared to be hopelessly mired on the one hand in government
orders/actions comprising grant of ad hoc promotions, issuance of circulars
and amendment of statutory rules facilitating regularisation of those who
were unable to satisfy the conditions of appointment and on the other hand
in the litigations before the High Court, a fresh chapter was opened up by
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induction of direct recruits in various Gazetted services including State’s
Revenue (Gazetted) Service.
6. The process for direct recruitment commenced in May 1979 when the
J & K Public Service Commission issued the notification inviting
applications to fill up the vacancies in different services for which
requisition was made by the State Government. After about four years the
Commission was able to prepare and notify the select list of 529 candidates
in the year 1983. From the Commission’s list only 265 candidates were
appointed by the State Government in four batches from February 9 to
September 20, 1984. Many of the selected candidates thus left behind
approached the J & K High Court in a large number of writ petitions. Their
main grievance was that though the rules provided for appointment of direct
recruits and promotees in equal numbers, the government had created
imbalance in the services between the two groups by appointment of the
departmental promotees far in excess of their quota; that there were
sufficient posts to accommodate all the candidates from the Commission’s
select list but those posts were wrongly filled up by the promotees and
further that the candidates had acquired the right for appointment by virtue
of their being selected by the Commission on the basis of the combined
competitive selection list. They, accordingly, prayed for a direction to the
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State Government to follow the quota rules that provided for appointment of
direct recruits and promotes on 50:50 basis. In one of those writ petitions
(SWP No. 680/1984) a learned single judge of the High Court upheld the
claim of the petitioners and gave the following directions to the State
Government:
“(a) That the respondent No.2 shall prepare a roaster
(sic) indicating the number of vacancies available in
respect of Combined Competitive Services on 20.8.1983
and show the number of departmental candidates
promoted against the vacancies substantively. This
would include those also who have retired from service
after 20.8.1983.
“(b) After ascertaining the exact number of Departmental
promotees to the various services, the same number of
vacancies shall be filled up from among the direct
recruits who have qualified in the Combined
Competitive Service Examination and who are included
in the list of 529 candidates. For the vacancies those
candidates shall be considered for appointment who as
arranged in order of merit beyond 265 candidates already
appointed.
“(c) Till the imbalance is rectified and parity is
achieved between the direct recruits and the
Departmental promotes in terms of Govt. Order
No.1285-GD of 1983 no departmental candidate should
be promoted. In order to achieve the balance and parity
between the two feeding channels of the Combined
Competitive Service ratio of 50:50 should be adhered to
while making the appointments.
“(d) Till the parity is achieved and imbalance is
rectified between direct recruits and departmental
candidates, the list of 529 candidates selected by the
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respondent No.3 shall remain operative. After the parity
is achieved, respondent No.3 may be at liberty to
conduct fresh examination for filling up the vacancies
which may arise in future.
“(e) Respondent No.2 shall prepare the list of available
vacancies as on 20.8.1983 as also departmental
candidates appointed against the said vacancies till date
within two months from today. The number of vacancies
which were in existence as on 20.8.1983 shall be
published department wise after the period fixed herein
above so as to inform the petitioners and other similarly
situated with them who are included in the list of 529
candidates about their right to seek consideration for
appointment against any post in order of merit arranged
by the Public Service Commission.”
7. In the internal court appeal (L. P. A. 20/1986) preferred on behalf of
the State against that order the Division Bench, presided over by Chief
Justice A. S. Anand (as his Lordship then was) slightly modified the
directions of the Single Judge and passed the following order with the
agreement of the parties:
“The respondent State shall ascertain exact number of
the departmental promotees to the various services
referred to Public Service Commission for making
selection or otherwise promoted by the State (other than
in stop gap arrangement) from 1979 till the last reference
was made by the respondent State to the Public Service
Commission in September, 1984 and after ascertaining
the same and taking into consideration the appointments
of 265 candidates as direct recruits, rectify the
imbalance, if any, between the direct recruits and the
departmental promotees in the ratio, if any, prescribed in
the Rules regulating the respective service, if any, shall
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be filled from the category to which they belong. In the
event as a result of rectification of the imbalance
between the departmental promotees and the direct
recruits, it is found that the resultant vacancies arise
which have to go to the direct recruits, the State shall
consider the cases of such candidates who had appeared
in the written/viva voce and medical test conducted by
the Public Service Commission in 1983 and the
vacancies shall be filled up on merit accordingly. After
the vacancies are so filled up, the list of the Public
Service Commission prepared on 30 September, 1983
shall cease to be effective and the future vacancies may
be filled up by the respondent State in accordance with
rules as and when the same arise.”
8. A large number of writ petitions on the same issue were also pending
before the Jammu Bench of the High Court. In view of the order passed in
LPA 20 of 1986 all those cases were referred to a Division Bench and were
disposed of by order dated August 22, 1991. In this order the Court gave the
following directions:
“…….The respondents are directed that they shall
appoint the petitioners and other out of 529 candidates
selected by the Public Service Commission and rectify
the imbalance between the departmental promotees and
the direct recruits. Since 260 promotees have been
appointed during the relevant period, 260 more
candidates out of 529 candidates selected by the Public
Service Commission shall be appointed to the seventeen
aforementioned gazetted services in accordance with the
merit. Even some or any of these candidates have
become overage during the pendency of these writ
petitions. They shall also be appointed because those
candidates, if any, had become overage for no fault of
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their own but because of the unjustified refusal of the
respondents to appoint them despite their selection.
Since the matter has already been delayed, the
appointments shall be made within two months.”
9. Against the order of the High Court dated August 22, 1991 the State
Government came to this Court in SLP (C) No. 518 of 1992, giving rise to
Civil Appeal No. 3485 of 1992 which was disposed of by judgment and
order dated August 27, 1992. It appears that this Court was informed that
only 181 vacancies were available for the direct recruits and not 260 as
represented before the Division Bench of the High Court. This Court,
however, declined to go into that aspect of the matter but directed that only
those candidates would be considered for appointment who approached the
Court for seeking relief. The observations and direction of this Court in the
aforesaid appeal, insofar as relevant for the present are reproduced below:
“Mr. D. P. Gupta, learned Solicitor General appearing
for the State of Jammu and Kashmir has contended that
the latest affidavit containing complete information
regarding the vacancies was filed by Mr. R.C. Gupta,
Deputy Secretary to Government, General
Administration Department. According to him the
Division Bench of the High Court did not take the said
affidavit into consideration. Mr. D. D. Thakur, learned
counsel appearing for the respondents-writ petitioners
has very fairly conceded that there is a discrepancy while
counting the deficient number of vacancies in the quota
of direct recruits. According to him the number of
deficient vacancies comes to 181 and not 260 as found
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by the High Court. The view we are taking it is not
necessary for us to go into his question.
“The selection in this case was completed in the year
1982. Most of the writ petitions were filed in the High
Court and in this Court during the year 1984. Some of
the petitions before the High Court were also filed
during the period 1985 to 1989. We are of the view that
only the candidates who filed the writ petitions are
entitled to the relief granted by the High Court. We,
therefore, modify the relief granted by the High Court to
the extent that only the candidates who filed writ
petitions in the High Court or in this Court are entitled
to be appointed in terms of the High Court Judgment.
We grant two months time from today to the State
Government to make the necessary appointments in
terms of the High Court Judgment as modified by us.
The appeal is accordingly disposed of in the above
terms.”
[emphasis added]
A few things need to be noted at this stage. The orders of the High Court
were clearly based on the plea for restoration of parity between the
promotees and the direct recruits in the State’s gazetted services. In order to
restore the parity the High Court directed the State Government to freeze
any further promotions to the gazetted services and to keep alive the select
list prepared by the Commission in the year 1983 for filling up all the
available vacancies till the ratio of 50:50 was restored between the
promotees and the direct recruits. This Court, on the other hand viewed the
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matter in the light of the individual rights of the candidates in the
Commission’s select list who approached the Court for enforcement of their
rights. This Court accordingly modified the relief granted by the High Court
and directed that only the candidates who filed writ petitions in the High
Court or in this Court would be entitled to appointment in terms of the High
Court Judgment. This Court clearly wanted to put a quietus to the matter.
The other significant thing to note is that there is no indication in the High
Court orders, much less in the order of this Court that the candidates from
the Commission’s select list should be appointed from any retrospective
dates or in order to make room for their appointment the departmental
promotees should be pushed back to their inferior parent service or as a
consequence of the appointments of the direct recruits the departmental
promotees would get pushed down in the seniority position.
10. Following the order of this Court the State Government appointed
ninety seven candidates in eleven different services under the State vide
order No.1065-GAD of 1992 dated November 13, 1992. Eighteen out of the
ninety seven fresh recruits were appointed in the J & K Revenue (Gazetted)
Service. Twenty three, among the newly appointed candidates (eight of
them being out of the eighteen appointed to the J & K Revenue (Gazetted)
Service) then started the second round of litigation by filing writ petitions
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before the High Court claiming their seniority with effect from 1984 when
their batch mates were appointed. One of the writ petitions SWP No. 904 of
1993 (Javed Iqbal Balwan and Ors. vs. State and Ors.) came up for hearing
before a Division Bench of the High Court and was finally disposed of by
Judgment and Order dated June 2, 1998 with the following directions:
“(i) The direct recruit, i. e., the petitioners are entitled to
claim notional seniority with effect from the date the
other direct recruit came to be appointed. This question
is answered in favour of the direct recruits.
“(ii) That in view of the position of law noticed above
the seniority of the petitioners is to be fixed while fixing
so the person who are likely to be affected even though
not party to this petition can be heard by the State
Government. The State Government after taking note of
the points of view which they would like to put across
will re-fix the seniority. No direction is given at this
stage to fix the seniority over and above such and such
persons. As and when question of fixing the seniority is
examined by the State Government the persons who are
likely to be affected be heard. This question is again
answered in favour of the direct recruits.
“In view of the agreed stand taken by the parties that this
petition be decided on merit this is being finally decided.
The respondent-State would take notice of the answers
given to the two questions, referred to above and taken
remedial measurers. Let this be done so far as the relief
which is to be granted vis-à-vis question No.1, within a
period of one month from the date a copy of this order is
made available to the respondents-State, by the
petitioners. The other matter be decided within a period
of three months. This period would also begin in the
same manner i.e., with effect from the date of copy of
this order is made available to the Respondent-State. The
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process be intimated within the period of one week of
the receipt and it be completed within the period referred
to above.
“The petitions are disposed of accordingly”
11. The State Government, aggrieved by the order of the High Court once
again brought the matter to this Court in CA No.6138 of 2001 which was
disposed of on February 26, 2003 with the following directions:
“Having heard the learned counsel on either side and
after perusal of the impugned judgment keeping in view
the facts and circumstances of the case we do not find
any good reason or valid ground to disturb the impugned
judgment….
“We are informed that the directions given in the
impugned judgment have yet not been complied with by
the State Government, although a time frame was set in
the impugned judgment. We think it is appropriate to
direct the State Government to comply with the direction
given in the impugned judgment, within three months
from today. We direct accordingly. In complying with
these directions the State Government shall hear the
concerned parties as indicated in direction No.2, their
point of view supported by the decision of this Court, if
any. We are also told that contempt proceedings are
initiated by the aggrieved parties. In the light of the
directions we have given above, the contempt
proceedings need not be perused. Hence the contempt
proceedings are dropped. We are also told that there
have been some promotions during this period and some
of the officers have also retired from service. We do not
say any thing on this aspect. It is for the State
Government to examine all the aspect while considering
the direction no.2 given in the impugned judgment.
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“We also make it clear that till the directions contained
in the impugned judgment are complied with, no regular
promotions shall be made.”
12. In compliance with the directions of this Court, the State Government
constituted a Committee of officers vide G.O.No.386-GAD of 2003, dated
March 24, 2003 for hearing the concerned parties. The Committee after
giving opportunity of hearing to all interested parties submitted its report to
the Government. The Government considered the report of the Committee
and vide Order No. 1145-GAD of 2003 dated September 4, 2003 granted
notional seniority to the petitioners (of SWP 904 of 1993) with effect from
September 24, 1984, that is, the date on which the last appointments were
made from the Commission’s 1983 select list. The State Government,
however, declined to disturb the promotions granted to the members of the
services, including the promotions made into the J & K Administrative
Service during the period from 24.9.1984 to 4.9.2003 taking the stand that it
was neither expedient nor in the interest of public administration to unsettle
the settled positions.
13. Since this order formed the basis for the present round of litigation it
would be expedient to reproduce it in full:
“……Whereas, the Government is of the opinion that in
terms of the judgment of the Hon’ble High Court read
with judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated
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26.02.2003, the petitioners are entitled to notional
seniority from 24.09.1984, i. e., date when last direct
recruit was appointed on the recommendations of PSC
after holding Combined Competitive Examination.
“Whereas, certain promotions have been made
during the aforesaid period in different Services
including promotions to J & K Administrative Service;
“Whereas, it is neither expedient nor in the interest
of public administration to unsettle the settled issues;
and
“Whereas, Government is further of the view that
the promotions granted to the members of the Services
including the promotions made into KAS during the
period 24.09.1984 till issuance of this order should not
be disturbed by grant of notional seniority to the
petitioners.
“Now, therefore, it is ordered that the petitioners
are hereby granted notional seniority; with effect from
24.09.1984 i.e. date on which the last direct recruit was
appointed on the basis of recommendations of PSC after
conducting Combined Competitive Examination.
“It is further ordered that grant of such notional
seniority shall not disturb promotion effected in the
Services w. e. f. 24.09.1984 till issuance of this order
including promotions made into KAS.
“All the Departments shall assign the petitioners
seniority on notional basis in their respective seniority
list.”
14. Javed Iqbal Balwan and Ors. (petitioners in SWP No.904 of 1993)
naturally felt aggrieved by the Govt. order dated September 4, 2003 and
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they once again moved the High Court ( in the third round of litigation) in
SWP No.2111 J of 2003 challenging the Govt. order dated September 4,
2003 as violative of the directions of the Court in the earlier round of
litigation. At that time a number of writ petitions and internal court appeals
were also pending in the High Court on different aspects of the same matter.
Also pending were cases filed by some of the promotees challenging the
government order dated June 17, 1997 granting them regularisation on the
post of Tahsildar with effect from January 1, 1984 and claiming
regularisation on the post of Tahsildar with effect from the respective dates
(earlier to January 1, 1984) from which they held charge of that post.
Before the High Court all these cases and SWP 2111 J of 2003 were put
together in a large group and came up for hearing before a Division Bench.
The Division Bench painstakingly traced out the history of the dispute from
the very beginning, meticulously examined all the points of conflict among
the various contending groups, referred to a very large number of case-law
authorities and finally disposed of all the cases by a long and elaborate
judgment giving a number of directions to the State Government. The Court
identified two main issues arising in the cases, one concerning the validity
of the departmental promotees’ regularisation as Tahsildars in the J & K
Revenue (Gazetted Service) with effect from January 1, 1984 and the other
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regarding the direct recruits’ claim of material and substantive seniority
with effect from September 24, 1984, the date when the last appointments
were made from the Commission’s 1983 select list and their challenge to the
Govt. order dated September 4, 2003 by which they were granted merely
notional seniority from that date. On the first issue the Court took the view
that in the special facts and circumstances of the case the regularisation of
the promotees on the post Tahsildar in relaxation of the rules did not call for
any interference. In this regard it observed in its judgment (at page 95 of the
paper-book) as follows:
“In the present case we are, however, faced with a
peculiar situation. The Naib Tehsildars were appointed
as Tehsildars on temporary basis. They got appointed as
they possessed the requisite qualifications for the post.
They had qualified the departmental examination
through the Commission. They continued to hold such
posts for years together. The government took steps for
their regularization through the Commission but the
same did not materialise. Various cases were filed by the
parties and interim directions passed by the Courts from
time to time in such cases delayed the efforts of the
Government to finalise the seniority lists. During this
period most of the promotees got retired from the
service. Some of the promotees were further promoted as
Assistant Commissioners while a few of them have even
been inducted into the KAS. Now it appears not only
difficult but practically impossible to get regularization
of these promotees done through the Commission. We
feel it will not be in the interest of justice to ask these
officers to get their regularizations approved by the
Commission at this stage. Following the principle laid
down in Narender Chadha v. Union of India ( supra), we
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find that since the promotees have been allowed to
function on higher posts for more than 15 years with due
deliberation, it would be unjust to hold that they have no
sort of claim to such posts. Treating the present case as
an exception, in view of the circumstances indicated, we
hold the regularization of the promotees in relaxation of
the rule cannot be interfered with.”
There is no appeal against this part of the judgment and it has attained
finality.
15. On the issue concerning the direct recruits and their challenge to the
government order granting them merely notional seniority the High Court
upheld their claim and held that direct recruits were entitled to substantive
seniority with all consequential benefits with effect from the date the last
candidate was appointed from the Commissions select list in the year 1984.
The High Court was conscious that this would lead to a lot of upsetting in
the seniority list with highly adversely consequences for the departmental
promotees but it felt that that could not be helped. In the judgment coming
under appeal it is observed (at pages 136-137 of the paper book):
“We are conscious of the fact that with the re-drawl of
the seniority list, most of the promotees, who have been
promoted or inducted into the KAS on the basis of
existing seniority, may get effected. But that cannot be
helped. They cannot be allowed to continue at the
present place of seniority at the cost of the rights of the
direct recruits. We only wish that the Government may,
while considering the matter try to adjust them on the
positions held by them and as far as practicable try not to
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oust them lest it may cause humiliation to and
dissatisfaction amongst them. In case the situation
permits the Government may consider sanction of
supernumerary posts for them in case any of such
promotees is under a threat of reversion. We however
leave it to the Government to deal with the matter and
adjust such promotees, if any, in a just and suitable way
without causing any prejudice to the rights of the direct
recruits.”
In conclusion the court gave as many as 15 directions to the state
government. We need not refer to all of them since the Advocate General
appearing for the appellant State submitted that all the directions of the
High Court were acceptable to the State Government excepting those at
Serial Nos. XI, XIII, XIV and XV. These are as follows:
“XI. Direct recruits (Petitioners (DR)) shall be placed in
the seniority list immediately after the last direct recruit
appointed in the year 1984 namely Mohd Ismail Baji, as
per the availability of posts within their quota. This shall
be notwithstanding the promotions granted to the
promotees during the period.
“XIII. Those petitioners who have qualified such
examination and possess the requisite qualification,
eligibility and other requirements of the rules shall be,
subject to availability of the posts be considered for
promotion and also for induction into the KAS in
accordance with the rules from the date their immediate
junior, got such promotion/induction.
“XIV. While according consideration and granting such
promotion or induction into the KAS, as far as possible,
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grant of grade and promotion to the promotees or their
induction into the KAS shall not be disturbed. In case
posts are not available for the qualified petitioners (DR),
the Government may consider sanctioning of
supernumerary post for them till the post become
available.
“XV. Direct recruits who are promoted or inducted into
the KAS as a result of this exercise shall be given the
same seniority position vis-à-vis the promotees as they
are entitled to as a result of their notional seniority w.e.f.
24.9.1984.”
The impugned direction at serial number XI tends to give to the direct
recruits substantive and fully effective seniority from the year 1984. The
other directions that follow are consequential to the basic direction at serial
number XI.
16. The appellant, the Government of the State of J & K questions the
correctness and validity of the directions of the High Court granting to those
candidates who were appointed, pursuant to the Courts’ directions, in the
year 1992 substantive seniority with effect from 1984. It is stated on behalf
of the State that though the dispute of seniority was confined mainly to the
J & K Revenue (Gazetted) Service, the High Court’s directions would
unsettle the long settled positions and cause dislocation across the board in
all the services under the State even where there was earlier no controversy.
Appearing for the State the Advocate General submitted that the impugned
2
directions were bad and illegal being contrary to the law laid down by this
Court and would lead to highly disruptive consequences not only in the
State’s Revenue Service but also in other services of the State.
17. D r. Rajiv Dhawan learned senior advocate appearing on behalf of the
respondents, on the other hand, contended that the issue of seniority of the
direct recruits was no longer res integra and it was concluded in the earlier
round of litigation. He submitted that by the judgment coming under appeal
the High Court had simply given effect to its earlier order that was
confirmed by this Court but was not complied with by the state government.
He submitted that the Government order dated September 4, 2003, though
issued in purported compliance with the Courts’ order, was, as a matter of
fact, in derogation of the Courts’ direction and the High Court had rightly
set it aside. In support of his submission Dr. Dhawan heavily relied upon the
division bench order of the High Court dated June 2, 1998 in SWP No.904
of 1993 ( Javed Iqbal Balwan & Ors. vs. State and Ors. ) and the order
dated February 26, 2003 passed by this Court in the appeal ( CA No.6138 of
2001) arising from the High Court order.
18. We are unable to accept Dr. Dhawan’s submission. In the order dated
June 2, 1998 the High Court had clearly said that the direct recruits were
entitled to claim notional seniority with effect from the date the other direct
2
recruits from the Commission’s list were appointed. Further, their seniority
was directed to be fixed only after hearing those who might be affected by
the exercise. This Court while endorsing the order of the High Court had
directed the State Government to hear the concerned parties and to consider
their point of view supported by the decision of this Court, if any. It was
thus fully open to state government to take an independent view of the
matter after giving an opportunity of hearing to those (departmental
promotees) who would be affected by re-fixation of seniority in light of the
decision of the Court.
19. It was in this context that the State Government took the decision to
grant the direct recruits notional seniority without disturbing the earlier
promotions as that would have resulted in unsettling positions that were
long settled.
20. We see no infirmity in the decision taken by the State Government
and we find the submissions of the learned Advocate General well founded.
The impugned directions of the High Court are clearly contrary to the
decision of this Court in a case coming from J & K itself in Suraj Prakash
Gupta vs. State of J & K, AIR 2000 SC 2386. We find that among the large
number of decisions referred by it, the decision in Suraj Prakash Gupta
(supra) was also noticed by the High Court, at more than one places, in its
2
judgment coming under appeal but the High Court referred to and relied
upon the decision on the issue of regularization of service of the
departmental promotees on the post of Tehsildar in the States Revenue
(Gazetted) Service. Strangely the High Court completely overlooked the
decision on the point of antedating the seniority of the direct recruits. It may
be noted that in paragraph 17 of the decision in Suraj Prakash Gupta
(supra) this Court had framed one of the points arising for consideration as
follows:
“(4) Whether the direct recruits could claim a
retrospective date of recruitment from the date on which
the post in direct recruitment was available, even though
the direct recruit was not appointed by that date and was
appointed long thereafter?”
21. This Court answered the question in paragraphs 78 and 79 of the
judgment in the following terms:
“Point 4:
“Direct recruits cannot claim appointment from
date of vacancy in quota before their selection:
“78. We have next to refer to one other contention
raised by the respondent-direct recruits. They claimed
that the direct recruitment appointment can be ante-dated
from the date of occurrence of a vacancy in the direct
recruitment quota, even if on that date the said person
was not directly recruited. It was submitted that if the
2
promotees occupied the quota belonging to direct
recruits they had to be pushed down, whenever direct
recruitment was made. Once they were so pushed down,
even if the direct recruit came later, he should be put in
the direct recruit slot from the date on which such a slot
was available under direct recruitment quota.
“79. This contention, in our view, cannot be
accepted. The reason as to why this argument is wrong is
that in service jurisprudence, a direct recruit can claim
seniority only from the date of his regular appointment.
He cannot claim seniority from a date when he was not
born in the service. This principle is well settled. In
N.K.Chauhan v. State of Gujarat, (1977) 1 SCC 308 (at
p.321): (AIR 1977 SC 251 at P.259: 1977 Lb IC 38 at
P.46) Krishna Iyer, J. stated:
“later direct recruit cannot claim deemed
dates of appointment for seniority with
effect from the time when direct recruitment
vacancy arose. Seniority will depend upon
length of service.”
“Again, in A.Janardhana v. Union of India, (1983)
2 SCR 936: (AIR 1983 SC 769: 1983 Lab IC 849) it was
held that a later direct recruit cannot claim seniority from
a date before his birth in the service or when he was in
school or college. Similarly it was pointed out in A.N.
Pathak vs. Secretary to the Government, 1987 Suppl
SCC 763 (at p.767): (AIR 1987 SC 716 at P.718: 1987
Lab IC 638 at P.651) that slots cannot be kept reserved
for the direct recruits for retrospective appointments.”
Had the High Court noticed the above passage in the decision in Suraj
Prakash Gupta (supra) it would not have fallen into the error and made the
impugned directions.
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22. Seen in the light of the decision in Suraj Prakash Gupta (supra) the
impugned directions appear quite contrary to the law laid down by this
Court and are clearly unsustainable. We accordingly accept the appeal of the
State Government and set aside the impugned directions. It is made clear
that we do not propose to disturb the other directions particularly those
relating to monetary and other benefits to the direct recruits.
23. In the result this appeal is allowed but with no order as to costs.
24. In view of the decision in the Civil Appeal, the prayer for
impleadment (I.A.No.6) is rejected.
25. For the same reason Contempt Petition (C) No.309 of 2007 is also
dismissed.
…………………………..J.
[Arijit Pasayat]
…………………………..J.
[P.Sathasivam]
.…………………………..J.
[Aftab Alam]
New Delhi,
March 23, 2009.