ASHOK KUMAR AND ORS ETC.ETC. vs. THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 18-01-2021

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOs.5189­5192  0F 2017 ASHOK KUMAR AND ORS. ETC. ETC. …   APPELLANT(S) VERSUS THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR & ORS.                               …  RESPONDENT(S) WITH CONTEMPT PETITION (C) NOs.392­395 OF 2019 in  CIVIL APPEAL NOs.5189­5192  0F 2017 J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Challenging   a   common   order   passed   in   a   batch   of   Letters Patent   Appeals   confirming   the   Judgment   of   the   learned   Single Judge,   quashing   an   administrative   Order   of   the   Chief   Justice Signature Not Verified prescribing certain qualifications for promotion to the post of Head Digitally signed by Neelam Gulati Date: 2021.01.18 17:06:25 IST Reason: Assistant along with a power of relaxation, persons who were fully 1 qualified as per the rules at the time of appointment, have come up with the above Civil Appeals. 2. We have heard the learned Counsel for the appellants, the learned Counsel for the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and the learned Counsel for the contesting respondents.   3. The contesting private respondents were originally appointed as   peons   (Class­IV)   during   the   period   1989­1995.   They   were promoted   as   Junior   Assistants   in   the   year   1997   and   as   Senior Assistants in 1998­1999. Up to this stage of their career, there were no hiccups. 4. In   contrast,   the   appellants   in   these   appeals   were   directly recruited to the post of Junior Assistants in the year 1998. They were promoted as Senior Assistants on various dates in the years 2001, 2005, 2006 and 2008.  5. The High Court of Jammu & Kashmir is a creation of the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir.  Section 108 of the Constitution of   Jammu   &   Kashmir   which   is   similar   to   Article   229   of   the Constitution of India deals with  “Officers and servants of the High Court”.   Under   Sub­section   (1)   of   Section   108,   appointments   of 2 officers and servants of the High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other person as the Chief Justice may direct. The conditions of Service of the officers and servants of the High   Court,   as   per   Sub­section   (2),   shall   be   such   as   may   be prescribed by the Rules made by the High Court with the approval of the Governor. Sub­sections (1) and (2) of Section 108 reads as follows: “108.  Officers and servants of the High Court. ­ (1) Appointments of officers and servants of the High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct; Provided that the Governor may by rule require that in such cases as may be specified in the rule no person not already attached to the Court shall be appointed to any office connected with the Court save after consultation with the State Public Service Commission; (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature, the conditions of service of the officers and servants of the High Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the High Court with the approval of the Governor.” 6. In   exercise   of   the   powers   conferred   by   Sub­section   (2)   of Section 108, the High Court issued a set of Rules known as the Jammu & Kashmir High Court Staff (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1968, with the approval of the Governor of the State. While Rule 4 stipulates   that   all   appointments   of   the   staff   of   the   High   Court 3 including promotions shall be made by the Chief Justice, the power to   lay   down   the   qualifications   and   to   determine   the   mode   of recruitment is conferred by Rule 6 upon the Chief Justice.  Rule 6 reads as follows: “6.  Qualifications and mode of recruitment . – The Chief Justice may from   time   to   time   lay   down   the   qualifications   of   a   member   of service and determine the mode of recruitment.” 7. In exercise of the power conferred by Rule 6, the Chief Justice of the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir issued an Office Order No.579 dated 24.10.2008, prescribing the qualifications as well as the mode of recruitment for appointment and promotion to various posts in the High Court. The method of recruitment, the minimum qualification required, the experience, if any, and the pay scales stipulated  for  three posts ,  the  posts  of  Head  Assistant, , namely Senior Assistant and Junior Assistant, in the Table contained in the Chief Justice’s Order dated 24.10.2008 are of importance for the appeals on hand and hence they are reproduced as follows:­
PostMethod of<br>recruitmentMinimum<br>Educational<br>QualificationExperience<br>, if anyPay Scale
HeadBy promotionGraduate from aTwo years5000­8000
4
Assistantfrom amongst<br>Senior Assistants<br>on the basis of<br>seniority­cum­<br>meritrecognised<br>University
Senior<br>AssistantBy promotion<br>from amongst<br>Junior Assistants<br>on the basis of<br>merit­cum­<br>SeniorityGraduate from a<br>recognised<br>UniversityTwo years4000­6000
Junior<br>Assistant(A) 75% by direct<br>recruitment<br>(B) 25% by<br>promotion from<br>amongst Class­IV<br>employees on the<br>basis of Seniority­<br>cum­merit(A) Graduate from<br>a recognised<br>University<br>(B) Matriculation­3050­4910
8. The Office Order No.579 dated 24.10.2008 issued by the Chief Justice of the State of Jammu & Kashmir, contained a Note towards the end.  The Note reads as follows: “1. If the candidate(s) is/are not available from the relevant feeding cadre then the selection/appointment shall be made from amongst the candidates from other equivalent cadre(s). 2. Since the requirement of graduation for entry into the High Court service was prescribed vide Notification dated 25.4.1987, at that time officials having qualification less than graduation entered the   service.   Such   officials   having   during   this   period   gained sufficient   experience   in   the   working   of   the   administration,   the Chief   Justice   may   on   his   own   or   on   the   recommendations   of committee,   if   soconstituted,   relax   the   qualification   in   cases ofofficers/officials who have made their entry into the service on or th before   the   25   April,   1987.     Further   the   minimum   period   of experience   can   also   be   relaxed   in   exceptional   and   appropriate cases.  The officials can get only one relaxation at the time.” 5 9. It is relevant to note at this stage that the prescription of the minimum   educational   qualification   of   a  graduation,   was   not   an innovation by the Chief Justice, made all of a sudden in the year 2008. It appears that even way back on 25.04.1987, graduation was prescribed   as   a  qualification   for   promotion  to  the   post  of   Head Assistant.   Keeping   this   in   mind,   let   us   now   go   back   to   the background in which the controversy on hand arose. 10. On 26.10.2008, persons like the appellants who were directly recruited as Junior Assistants in year 1998 with the qualification of graduation, were promoted as Head Assistants from the post of Senior   Assistants.   It   appears   that   still   some   vacancies   were available and hence the contesting respondents­ herein  who entered service as Class­IV employees and who had risen upto the position of   Senior   Assistants,   were   also   promoted   as   Head   Assistants. However,   such   promotions   were   intended   to   fill   up   the   gap   till eligible candidates were available. 11. Challenging   the   promotions   so   granted   to   the   contesting respondents­ herein,   on the ground that they were not qualified at 6 the relevant point of time, a writ petition in Writ Petition No.1751 of 2008 was filed. On 22.04.2010 the writ petition was allowed and the   Order   of   the   promotion   dated   24.11.2008   of   the   contesting respondents was set aside. 12. The affected parties filed appeals in LPA Nos.45 and 84 of 2010,   but   those   appeals   were   dismissed   on   30.08.2011.   As   a consequence   thereof,  all  persons   like   the   appellants­ herein,   who were   left   out   earlier,   were   promoted   on   30.08.2011   as   Head Assistants. 13. Finding that the benefit promotion that came to them was short lived and also finding that this was on account of the office Order   dated   24.10.2008   of   the   Chief   Justice,   the   contesting respondents­ herein   filed   a   set   of   writ   petitions   in   Writ   Petition Nos.489 of 2010, 2681 of 2011, 2344 of 2011 and 501 of 2012. 14. By a common Order dated 30.08.2013, a learned Judge of the High Court allowed the set of four writ petitions and quashed the Chief Justice’s Order dated 24.10.2008. Primarily, the reasoning of the   learned   Judge   was     that   all   persons   working   as   Senior (i) Assistants constituted a homogenous group and hence there cannot 7 be   any   differentiation   among   them   on   the   basis   of   educational qualifications;   (ii)   that the Chief Justice’s order dated 24.10.2008 was not put up before the Full Court for approval;  (iii)  that Note­2 of   the   Chief   Justice’s   Order   restricts   the   power   of   relaxation available to the Chief Justice only to cases of persons appointed before 25.04.1987 and hence it is invalid; and  (iv)  that the Order of the Chief Justice had the effect of affecting individuals adversely with retrospective effect. 15. Challenging   the   Order   of   learned   Judge   dated   30.08.2013 passed   in   favour   of   the   contesting   respondents­ herein,   the appellants­ herein   filed   a   set   of   Letters   Patent   Appeals.   These appeals were dismissed by a Division Bench of the High Court by a final Order dated 16.04.2016. It is against the said Order that the appellants are before us. 16. On 13.05.2016, notice was ordered by this Court in the special leave petitions. An interim stay of the Order of the Division Bench of the High Court was also granted. Subsequently leave was granted and the appeals are before us. 8 17. It appears that after this Court granted an interim stay on 13.05.2016, an office order was issued on 29.06.2016 regularising the services of a candidate who was an undergraduate and who was given out of turn promotion.   Subsequently a few more orders of similar nature were issued forcing the appellants to move contempt petitions   in  Contempt  Petition   (C)  Nos.392­395  of   2019.    These contempt petitions were also taken up along with the main appeals. 18. The impugned Judgment is assailed on the grounds inter alia: (i)   that a classification is permissible on the basis of educational qualifications, even within a homogenous group, for the purpose of promotion to a higher post;  (ii)  that an order passed by the Chief Justice in exercise of the power conferred by Rule 6 need not go before the Full Court;  (iii)  that the order of the Chief Justice dated 24.10.2008 does not curtail the power of relaxation available to the Chief Justice; and  (iv)  that the order of the Chief Justice was not actually retrospective in nature. 19. In addition to the above contentions, it is also submitted by the   learned   Counsel   for   the   appellants   that   as   on   date,   those 9 contesting respondents who are now in service, have all acquired a degree and that therefore the question that remains to be answered is only one of seniority.   Therefore, it is submitted by the learned counsel for the appellants that if no one is reverted and if the power of the Chief Justice to prescribe the qualifications under Rule 6 is upheld, then the long standing   can be put to an end by fixing lis   seniority on the basis of possession of qualifications at the time of appointment/promotion to the relevant post. 20. However, it is contended by the learned Counsel appearing for the   contesting   respondents   that   once   a   person   has   been appointed/promoted,   he   becomes   part   of   a   homogenous   class within   which   there   can   be   no   differentiation   and   that   what   is applicable to the case on hand is only Rule 5 of the Jammu & Kashmir Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1956, ( hereinafter referred to as “CCA Rules, 1956”)  under which the power of relaxation vests with  the Government and that under Rule 18   of   these   Rules,   it   is   for   the   Government   to   prescribe   the qualifications for appointment to any service. 21. We have carefully considered the rival contentions. 10 22. Before we proceed to analyse the rival contentions, it must be kept in mind that the contesting respondents­ herein  have actually secured a second lease of life, after having failed in the first round of litigation. After the office Order dated 24.10.2008 was issued by the   Chief   Justice   prescribing   the   qualifications   for   direct recruitment/promotion to various posts, the contesting respondents got   promoted   as   Head   Assistants   on   24.11.2008   only   because suitable eligible candidates were not available. Their appointments were set aside in Writ Petition No.1751 of 2008. The appeals filed against the said Order in LPA Nos.45 and 84 of 2010 were also dismissed. 23. It is only after their promotion was set aside in the first writ petition   filed   by   the   qualified   candidates,   that   the   contesting respondents   woke   up   from   the   slumber   and   initiated   a   second round of litigation by challenging the Order of the Chief Justice. 24. As a matter of fact, the Order of promotion dated 24.11.2008 promoting the contesting respondents as Head Assistants made it clear that their appointments were only till eligible and suitable candidates   are   posted   to   these   posts   and   that   they   can   be 11 considered for regularisation/appointment only if they attain the qualification   and   experience   prescribed   for   the   post.   But   the contesting respondents did not choose to challenge the Order of Chief Justice dated 24.10.2008, until the writ petition filed against their promotion was allowed by the single Judge and the Order also got confirmed in writ appeal by the Division Bench. 25. If we come to the grounds of attack to the impugned order of the Chief Justice, it is clear that the power of the Chief Justice clearly flowed out of Rule 6 of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court Staff (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1968. These Rules were issued by the High Court in exercise of the power conferred by Section 108(2) of the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir. These Rules had the approval of the Governor also. Therefore, the contention of the respondents that the office order issued by the Chief Justice was ultra vires , is completely untenable. 26. The CCA Rules, 1956 will have only limited application to the employees of the High Court. These Rules, by themselves, do not stipulate   the   qualifications   required   for   appointment   to   any particular post in the High Court. Rule 18 of the CCA Rules relied 12 upon by the learned Counsel for the contesting respondents reads as follows: “ 18. Special Qualification No person shall be eligible for appointment to any service, class, category or grade or any post on the cadre thereof unless he­ (a) Possesses such qualification and has passed such special tests as may be prescribed in that behalf by the Government, or (b) Possesses such other qualification as may be considered by the Government to be equivalent to the said special qualifications or special tests.” 27. But the above Rule has no application to the staff of the High Court, as Section 108(2) of the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir leaves this issue to the High Court. 28. Similarly Rule 5 of the CCA Rules on which reliance is placed by the learned Counsel for the contesting respondents, also has no application to the case on hand.  This Rule 5 reads as follows: “ 5. Relaxation of rules Any   of   these   rules   made   under   them,   may   for   reasons   to   be recorded in writing, be relaxed by the Government in individual cases if Government is satisfied that a strict application of the rule would cause hardship to the individual concerned or confer undue benefit on him.” 13 29. In so far as the staff of the High Court are concerned, Rule 5 has no application. When the Rule making power is vested with the High Court (subject to the approval of the Governor) and when the Chief   Justice   is   specifically   empowered   to   prescribe   the qualifications and method of recruitment, the CCA Rules which are general in nature cannot be replicated. 30. The High Court was wrong in thinking that Note­2 of the Order of the Chief Justice curtailed or restricted the power of relaxation available with him. If the authority conferred with the power to relax, chooses to regulate the manner of exercise of his own power, the same cannot be assailed as arbitrary. The notification dated 25.04.1987 prescribed for the first time, graduation as a necessary qualification. This is why, the Chief Justice chose by his Order, to limit his own power of relaxation to cases where appointments were made before the cut off date. 31. The contention that the Order of the Chief Justice affects the staff adversely with retrospective effect, is completely incorrect. The Order dated 24.10.2008 did not at all impact the promotions gained by persons upto 24.10.2008. We are concerned in this case with the 14 competing claims of the appellants and the contesting respondents for promotion to the post of Head Assistant. The entitlement of unqualified   candidates   to   seek   promotion   to   the   post   of   Head Assistant after 24.10.2008, is what was impacted by the Order of the Chief Justice. 32. The High Court erred in thinking that the impugned action of the   Chief   Justice   violated   Article   14   by   creating   a   distinction between graduates and non graduates among the same category of persons who constituted a homogenous class.   33. Way Back in 1968, the Constitution Bench of this Court held 1 in the  vs. , that Article State of Mysore & Anr.     P. Narasinga Rao 16(1)   does   not   bar   a   reasonable   classification   of   employees   or reasonable   test   for   their   selection.   It   was   further   held   that   the provisions of Article 14 or Article 16 do not exclude the laying down of selective tests nor do they preclude the Government from laying down qualifications for the post in question. Despite the fact that the competing parties who were before this Court in the said case were   employed   as   Tracers,   carrying   out   the   same   duties   and 1 AIR 1968 SC 349 15 responsibilities, the Bench held in that case that the classification of Tracers, into two types with different grades of pay, on the basis that   one   type   consisted   of   matriculates   and   the   other   non­ matriculates, is not violative of Articles 14 and 16.  Again in State of 2 , another Jammu & Kashmir   vs.   Triloki Nath Khosa & Ors . Constitution Bench considered the question whether persons drawn from   different   sources   and   integrated   into   one   class   can   be classified   on   the   basis   of   their   educational   qualifications   for promotion. The Constitution Bench answered the question in the affirmative   holding   that   the   Rule   providing   for   graduates   to   be eligible for promotion to the exclusion of diploma holders is not violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. 34. In    vs.   T.R. Kothandaraman Tamil Nadu Water Supply and 3 Drainage Board , the legal position in this regard was summarised as   follows:­   (i)   Higher   educational   qualification   is   a   permissible basis of classification, acceptability of which will depend on the facts and circumstances;   Higher educational qualification can (ii)   2(1974) 1 SCC 19 3(1994) 6 SCC 282 16 be the basis not only for barring promotion, but also for restricting the scope of promotion;  (iii)  restriction placed cannot however go to the extent of seriously jeopardising the chances of promotion. 35. As   pointed   out   in     (supra),   the   Court T.R.Kothandaraman shall have to be conscious about the need for maintaining efficiency in service, while judging the validity of the classification. Though the High Court took note of these decisions, the High Court fell into an error in thinking that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the   High   Court   could   not   establish   the   necessity   for   higher qualification for the efficient discharge of the functions of higher posts. It is apparent from the facts and circumstances of the case that   the   non   graduates   have   had   opportunities   to   qualify themselves, which they have also done. Therefore, the prescription of graduation as a qualification for promotion to the post of Head Assistant cannot be held as violative of Articles 14 and 16.   36. In view of the above, the appeals are allowed and the judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court is set aside. However, in view of the fact that the contesting respondents have been working in the post of Head Assistants for quite some time and have also 17 acquired the necessary qualifications, they need not be reverted at this   stage.   But   the   seniority   of   the   appellants   vis   a   vis   the contesting respondents shall be based on the dates of acquisition of such qualification and the length of service taken together. In other words, the seniority of the contesting respondents will be decided not on the basis of the date of their promotion but on the basis of the date of their acquiring the qualification while occupying the promoted posts. There will be no order as to costs.  37. In so far as the Contempt Petitions are concerned, no further orders are necessary in view of the Orders passed in the appeals and the directions issued therein.  Hence they are closed. ……………………………..CJI (S.A. BOBDE) ……………………………….J. (A.S. BOPANNA) ………………………………..J. (V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN) New Delhi January 18, 2021 18