MAH.ADIWASI THAKUR JAMAT SWARAKSHAN SAMITI vs. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 24-03-2023

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2502 OF 2022 MAH. ADIWASI THAKUR JAMAT  SWARAKSHAN SAMITI             …APPELLANT(S)           v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ORS.         ...RESPONDENT(S) WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2772 OF 2022   CIVIL APPEAL NOs.   2536­2537 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2533 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2532 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2534 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2518 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2517 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2525 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2520 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2527 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2526 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2538 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2541 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2535 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2546 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NOs. 3922­3923 OF 2019 CIVIL APPEAL NOs. 2544­2545 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2512 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2543 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2542 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2529 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2540 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2539 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2503 OF 2022 Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Anita Malhotra Date: 2023.03.24 18:22:53 IST Reason: 1 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2514 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2519 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2524 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2510 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2506 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2509 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2508 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2507 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8603 OF 2010 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8605 OF 2010 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2504 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2505 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2511 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2530 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2522 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2516 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2521 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2531 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2523 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2528 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2513 OF 2022 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 9335 OF 2013 AND CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2515 OF 2022 J  U  D  G  M  E  N  T ABHAY S. OKA, J. PRELUDE 1. Pursuant to Article 342 of the Constitution of India, a list of Scheduled   Tribes   was   notified   by   the   Constitution   (Scheduled Tribes)   Order,   1950   (for   short   ‘the   ST   Order’).   By   an   Act   of 2 Parliament of 1976, the ST Order was amended. Part IX of the Third Schedule to the 1976 Act contains a list of notified Scheduled Tribes for the State of Maharashtra. At Entry no.44 in the Maharashtra List, the following castes have been notified as Scheduled Tribes:­ “Thakur, Thakar, Ka Thakur, Ka Thakar, Ma Thakur,  Ma Thakar”. 2. Various issues concerning the procedure to be followed for the determination of caste claims arose in a large number of cases.  In the   case   of   Kumari   Madhuri   Patil   and   Another   v. 1 Addl.Commissioner, Tribal Development & Others , this Court noted that it was necessary to streamline the procedure for issuance of social status certificates, their scrutiny and their approval. The need to lay down procedural guidelines was felt as several cases were noticed where candidates on the basis of false social status certificates obtained admissions to educational institutions which necessarily   had   the   effect   of   depriving   admissions   to   genuine candidates   belonging   to   Scheduled   Castes   or   Scheduled   Tribes. There was no law in force at that time laying down the procedure for 1 (1994) 6 SCC 241 3 the   verification   of   caste   status.     Therefore,   very   exhaustive guidelines were laid down in paragraph 13 of the said decision.  The relevant part of Paragraph 13 of the said decision reads thus:  The   admission   wrongly   gained   or “13. appointment   wrongly   obtained   on   the   basis   of false social status certificate necessarily has the effect of depriving the genuine Scheduled Castes or   Scheduled   Tribes   or   OBC   candidates   as enjoined   in   the   Constitution   of   the   benefits conferred   on   them   by   the   Constitution.   The genuine candidates are also denied admission to educational institutions or appointments to office or posts under a State for want of social status certificate.   The   ineligible   or   spurious   persons who falsely gained entry resort to dilatory tactics and create hurdles in completion of the inquiries by the Scrutiny Committee. It is true that the applications   for   admission   to   educational institutions are generally made by a parent, since on that date many a time the student may be a minor. It is the parent or the guardian who may play fraud claiming false status certificate. It is, therefore, necessary that the certificates issued are scrutinised at the earliest and with utmost expedition and promptitude.   For that purpose, it is necessary to streamline the procedure for the issuance of social status certificates, their scrutiny and their approval, which may be the following : 1.   The   application   for   grant   of   social   status certificate   shall  be   made   to  the   Revenue   Sub­ Divisional Officer and Deputy Collector or Deputy Commissioner and the certificate shall be issued 4 by such officer rather than at the Officer, Taluk or Mandal level. 2. The parent, guardian or the candidate, as the case may be, shall file an affidavit duly sworn and attested by a competent gazetted officer or non­gazetted   officer   with   particulars   of   castes and sub­castes, tribe, tribal community, parts or groups of tribes or tribal communities, the place from   which  he   originally   hails   from   and   other particulars   as   may   be   prescribed   by   the Directorate concerned. .   Application   for   verification   of   the   caste 3 certificate   by   the   Scrutiny   Committee   shall   be filed   at   least   six   months   in   advance   before seeking admission into educational institution or an appointment to a post. 4. All the State Governments shall constitute a Committee   of   three   officers,   namely,   (I)   an Additional or Joint Secretary or any officer high­ er   in   rank   of   the   Director   of   the   department concerned, (II) the Director, Social Welfare/Tribal Welfare/Backward   Class   Welfare,   as   the   case may be, and (III) in the case of Scheduled Castes another officer who has intimate knowledge in the verification and issuance of the social status certificates. In the case of the Scheduled Tribes, the Research Officer who has intimate knowledge in   identifying   the   tribes,   tribal   communities, parts of or groups of tribes or tribal communities. 5.   Each   Directorate   should   constitute   a Vigilance   Cell   consisting   of   Senior   Deputy Superintendent   of   Police   in   over­all   charge and   such   number   of   Police   Inspectors   to 5 investigate into the social status claims.   The Inspector would go to the local place of residence and original place from which the candidate hails and usually resides or in case of migration to the town or city, the place from which he originally hailed   from.   The   vigilance   officer   should personally verify and collect all the facts of the social   status   claimed   by   the   candidate   or   the parent   or   guardian,   as   the   case   may   be.   He should   also   examine   the   school   records,   birth registration, if any .   He should also examine the parent, guardian or the candidate in relation to their caste etc. or such other persons who have   knowledge   of   the   social   status   of   the candidate   and   then   submit   a   report   to   the Directorate   together   with   all   particulars   as envisaged in the pro forma, in particular, of the Scheduled Tribes relating to their peculiar anthropological and ethnological traits, deity, rituals,   customs,   mode   of   marriage,   death ceremonies, method of burial of dead bodies etc.   by   the   castes   or   tribes   or   tribal communities concerned etc. 6.   The   Director   concerned,   on   receipt   of   the report from the vigilance officer if he found the claim   for   social   status   to   be   “not   genuine”   or ‘doubtful’   or   spurious   or   falsely   or   wrongly claimed,   the   Director   concerned   should   issue show­cause notice supplying a copy of the report of   the   vigilance   officer   to   the   candidate   by   a registered   post   with   acknowledgement   due   or through the head of the educational institution concerned in which the candidate is studying or employed.   The   notice   should   indicate   that   the representation or reply, if any, would be made within two weeks from the date of the receipt of 6
the notice and in no case on request not more<br>than 30 days from the date of the receipt of the<br>notice. In case, the candidate seeks for an<br>opportunity of hearing and claims an inquiry to<br>be made in that behalf, the Director on receipt of<br>such representation/reply shall convene the<br>committee and the Joint/Additional Secretary as<br>Chairperson who shall give reasonable<br>opportunity to the candidate/parent/guardian to<br>adduce all evidence in support of their claim. A<br>public notice by beat of drum or any other<br>convenient mode may be published in the village<br>or locality and if any person or association<br>opposes such a claim, an opportunity to adduce<br>evidence may be given to him/it. After giving<br>such opportunity either in person or through<br>counsel, the Committee may make such inquiry<br>as it deems expedient and consider the claims<br>vis­à­vis the objections raised by the candidate or<br>opponent and pass an appropriate order with<br>brief reasons in support thereof.
7. In case the report is in favour of the candidate<br>and found to be genuine and true, no further<br>action need be taken except where the report or<br>the particulars given are procured or found to be<br>false or fraudulently obtained and in the latter<br>event the same procedure as is envisaged in para<br>6 be followed.
8. Notice contemplated in para 6 should be<br>issued to the parents/guardian also in case<br>candidate is minor to appear before the<br>Committee with all evidence in his or their<br>support of the claim for the social status<br>certificates.
9. ……………….
7 10. …………….. 11. The order passed by the Committee shall be final   and   conclusive   only   subject   to   the proceedings   under   Article   226   of   the Constitution. 12. No suit or other proceedings before any other authority should lie.” (emphasis added) 3. The   aforesaid   guidelines   were   formulated   obviously   in   the exercise of jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution as this Court found that there was no legislation operating in the field.  So th far as the State of Maharashtra is concerned, with effect from 18 October   2001,   the   Maharashtra   Scheduled   Castes,   Scheduled Tribes, De­notified Tribes, (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification of) Caste Certificate Act, 2000 (for short ‘the 2000 Act’) was brought into force.  The 2000 Act contains a very elaborate  mechanism  for  regulating  the   issue  and   verification of caste   certificates   to   persons   belonging   to   various   categories   of backward classes.   A two­level mechanism was provided. The first level is of the Competent Authority issuing a caste certificate which 8 is valid only subject to verification and grant of validity certificate by the Scrutiny Committee constituted under the 2000 Act. Power is vested in the Scrutiny Committee constituted under Section 6 to verify   the   correctness   of   the   caste   certificates   issued   by   the Competent Authority.  Section 9 confers powers on the Competent Authority and the Scrutiny Committee of a civil court of summoning and enforcing the attendance of witnesses, requiring the discovery and   inspection   of   documents,   receiving   evidence   on   affidavits, requisitioning any public record or a copy thereof from any Court or office and issuing Commissions for the examination of witnesses or production of documents.  Rule­making power under the 2000 Act was   exercised   by   framing   the   Maharashtra   Scheduled   Tribes (Regulation of Issuance and verification of) Certificate Rules, 2003 (for short “the ST Rules”).     Similarly, the Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, De­notified Tribes, (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification of) Caste Certificate Rules, 2012 (for short ‘the   SC   Rules’)   were   framed.     Elaborate   provisions   for   the constitution of the Scrutiny Committee as well as the procedure to 9 be   followed   by   the   Competent   Authority,   and   the   Scrutiny Committee have been laid down by the Rules applicable to both categories. Rule 10 and Rule 12 of the ST Rules provide for the constitution of Vigilance Cells to assist the Scrutiny Committees for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes respectively for conducting an enquiry.  The Vigilance Cell established under ST Rules consists of   a   Senior   Deputy   Superintendent   of   Police,   Police   Inspectors, Police   Constables   to   assist   the   Police   Inspector   and   a   Research Officer. The SC Rules specifically provide for the Vigilance Cell to conduct affinity test.  There is some controversy about whether the vigilance cell constituted under the ST Rules has a power to conduct affinity test.  We are dealing with the said issue.  The Vigilance Cell is required to enquire about anthropological and ethnological traits, deities,   rituals,   customs,   mode   of   marriage,   death   ceremonies, method of disposal of dead bodies etc. by the castes or tribes or tribal   communities   concerned.     As   a   part   of   the   affinity   test,  a candidate   who   has   obtained   a   caste   certificate   from   Competent Authority is tested to ascertain whether he has knowledge about the aforesaid factors pertaining to the particular caste/tribe. 10 CONTROVERSY th 4. By  the   order   dated   24   March  2022,  the   present  group of cases was referred to a larger Bench.  The challenge in the lead case (Civil Appeal No. 2502 of 2022) is to a decision of a Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of   Shilpa Vishnu Thakur   v. 2 State of Maharashtra The Full Bench of the Bombay High Court has interpreted the provisions of the 2000 Act as well as ST Rules. The   impugned   judgment   discusses   and   lays   down   various procedural aspects to be followed by the Scrutiny Committee.  The Full Bench of the Bombay High Court has held that the affinity test is an integral part of the determination of the correctness of the th caste claim.   In the order dated 24   March 2022, a Bench of this Court noted that there was a conflict of views expressed in two decisions of coordinate Benches of this Court. The first case is of 3 Vijakumar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors.  and the second case is of   Anand v. Committee for Scrutiny and Verification of Tribe 4 Claims   &   Ors. .   In   paragraph   9   of   the   decision   in   the   case   of
22009 (3) Mh.LJ (F.B) 995
11 3 Vijakumar this Court held that if a candidate fails the affinity test at any stage, a caste validity certificate cannot be granted to him.  In 4 the case of  Anand it was held that the affinity test is not the only criteria for deciding a caste claim based on a caste certificate issued by   a   Competent   Authority.   It   was   held   that   it   can   be   used   to corroborate the documentary evidence. The question to be decided is whether paramount importance should be given to the affinity test while adjudicating upon a caste claim on the basis of a caste certificate issued by a Competent Authority.   In other words, the question is whether the affinity test is a litmus test for deciding a caste claim. CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES 5. Main submissions have been made on behalf of the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 2502 of 2022 by Shri Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel.   He has taken us through the 2000 Act and ST Rules.  Relying upon the decision in the case of  Kumari Madhuri 1 Patil ,   he   urged   that   the   documents   which   pertain   to   the   pre­ Constitution period have the greatest probative value. He submits 12 that if such documents in support of caste claim are presented before the Scrutiny Committee, and if the same are found to be relevant   and   genuine,   there   is   no   occasion   for   the   Scrutiny Committee to order an enquiry through Vigilance Cell.  Similarly, if blood   relatives   of   the   person   applying   for   verification   before  the Caste   Scrutiny   Committee   have   been   granted   caste   validity certificates, no further enquiry by the Scrutiny Committee is called for.  In both cases, it is the duty of the Caste Scrutiny Committee to validate the caste certificate.  He invited our attention to Rule 12 of the ST Rules which lays down the procedure to be followed by the Scrutiny Committee. He pointed out that sub­rule (2) provides that only if Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the documentary evidence produced by the applicant, it can order enquiry through Vigilance Cell.  He pointed out that the question of the conduct of the   affinity   test   arises   only   after   the   case   is   forwarded   to   the Vigilance Cell after the Scrutiny Committee comes to the conclusion that the documents produced by the applicant are not sufficient to prove the caste claim. He submitted that the Scrutiny Committee could not mechanically refer a case to the Vigilance Cell without 13 recording   satisfaction   that   the   documents   produced   by   the applicant were not sufficient to validate the caste claim.    He relied upon a decision of the Bombay High Court in the 6. 5 case of  Apoorva d/o Vinay Nichale v. Divisional Committee . He submitted that if an applicant successfully establishes his caste claim on the basis of documents relating to the pre­Constitution period   or   documents   having   probative   value   or   a   caste   validity certificate granted to his blood relative, it is not necessary to apply the affinity test.  In short, his submission is that the affinity test is not a litmus test.  He submitted that the view taken by this Court in 4 the case of  Anand   is based on the interpretation of the 2000 Act 3 and the ST Rules. He pointed out that   has been Vijakumar’s  case decided by this Court before the ST Rules came into force. He would urge that there are no reasons recorded in the decision to suggest that   the   affinity   test   in   every   case   is   mandatory.     The   learned counsel pressed into service a decision of this Court in the case of 6 District Collector, Satara & Anr. v. Mangesh Nivrutti Kashid . 5 2010 (6) Mh.LJ page 401 6 (2019) 10 SCC 166 14 He pointed out that this Court clearly stated that Vigilance Cell’s assistance is not required to be taken in every case but only when the   Scrutiny   Committee   is   not   satisfied   with   the   documents produced by the applicant.  He also pointed out that an applicant who is a member of a Scheduled Tribe and who has been staying in an   urban   area   may   not   be   conversant   with   the   traits, characteristics, ceremonies, and deities of the tribe. Learned senior counsel also relied upon a decision of the Bombay High Court in st Writ Petition No.4198 of 2005 dated 1  August 2018, which holds 4 that in view of the decision of this Court in the case of  , the Anand 2 impugned judgment in the case of   Shilpa Vishnu Thakur  stands impliedly overruled. He would, therefore, submit that the impugned judgment calls for modification and it must be held that the affinity test is not of paramount importance while deciding a caste claim in accordance with the 2000 Act and the ST rules. 7. Smt.   V.   Mohna,   learned   senior   counsel   appearing   in   a connected case heavily relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of   Palghat Jilla Thandan Samudhaya Samrakshna Samithi 15 7 &   Anr.   v.   State   of   Kerala .     She   submitted   that   the   State Government   or   Scrutiny   Committee   cannot   hold   any   enquiry   to determine whether or not some particular community falls within the ST order.   She submitted that the State Government cannot make an effort to indirectly modify the Third Schedule under the ST Order as the modification can be carried out only in accordance with Article 341 of the Constitution. Her submission is that in a given case if the documents having probative value show that the applicant belongs to the Thakur caste or belongs to any other caste notified in the Third Schedule to the 1976 Act, there is no question of holding any affinity test.  8. Shri Shyam Divan, the learned senior counsel appearing for the State of Maharashtra pointed out that it is judicially recognised that the surname Thakur is shared by both forward and backward class communities.  He placed reliance on the decision in the case of State of Maharashtra & Ors.   v.   Ravi Prakash Babulalsing Parmar 8 & Anr.   He pointed out that even in the impugned judgment, this 7 (1994) 1 SCC 359 8 (2007) 1 SCC 80 16 factual aspect has been elaborately dealt with.  He pointed out that under the provisions of the 2000 Act, an inquiry is required to be made   at   three   stages.   The   first   is   an   inquiry   by   a   Competent Authority   for   ascertaining   the   genuineness   of   the   claim   of   the applicant on the basis of documents produced by him. If prima facie, the Competent Authority is satisfied with the documents, it has to issue a caste certificate which is subject to verification.  The second stage is of domestic and school enquiry to be conducted by Vigilance Cell which will include an affinity test and the third stage is of verification and scrutiny by the Scrutiny Committee which is a quasi­judicial authority.  9. In the written submissions filed by him, he has contended that even   if   validity   certificates   have   been   issued   by   the   Scrutiny Committee in case of near relatives of the applicant, the Scrutiny Committee has to apply an affinity test as an integral part of the process   of   assessing   the   entire   evidence   again   to   ensure   that illegality   is   not   perpetuated.   He   submitted   that   there   are   cases where a validity certificate is issued to a near relative by mistake or 17 fraud  or without holding  an  enquiry as contemplated  by law or without recording any reasons.   A submission is made that the Scrutiny   Committee   can   also   go   into   the   question   whether   the earlier validity certificate has been issued based on an erroneous order of the High Court.  The submission canvassed is what is held 4 in paragraph 22.1 in the decision in  Anand’s case  is erroneous. 10. It is submitted on behalf of the State Government that in a given case, the applicant may not be fully conversant with the traits, religious   ceremonies   of   the   tribe   or   deities   etc.     Therefore,   the Vigilance   Cell   is   required   to   examine   even   the   parents   of   the applicant.     The   State   Government   urged   that   in   the   case   of Scheduled Tribe Thakur, a different test will apply as persons with this surname belong even to forward classes.  Therefore, in the case of the tribe claim of Thakur, pre­Constitution documents containing the   candidate’s   surname   as   Thakur   are   of   no   consequence. Therefore, in the case of the tribe claim of Thakur, an affinity test has to be applied. The submission of the State is that the view taken 3 in the case of  Vijakumar  is correct and necessary clarifications will 18 4 have to be issued regarding findings rendered in the case of  Anand in paragraph 22.   11. Shri Ravi K. Deshpande, the learned senior counsel appearing in one of the connected matters urged that the Scrutiny Committee constituted under the 2000 Act is not a quasi­judicial authority. He 9 submitted that in the case of  Dayaram v. Sudhir Batham & Ors. , this   Court   held   that   Scrutiny   Committee   is   not   a   quasi­judicial authority but it is an administrative authority.  He also urged that 9 the decision in the case of   Dayaram   has been followed by this Court in the case of  J. Chitra v. District Collector & Chairman, 10 .     He State   Level   Vigilance   Committee,   Tamil   Nadu   &   Ors submitted that the finding of the High Court that the affinity test is an integral part of an enquiry by the Scrutiny Committee has no 4 legal basis at all.  His submission is that   has been Anand’s case correctly decided and to that extent, the impugned judgment in the 2 case of   will have to be modified.  One of the Shilpa Vishnu Thakur interveners also relied upon the provisions of the SC Rules and 9 (2012) 1 SCC 333 10 (2021) 9 SCC 811 19 submitted that though the same specifically empower the Vigilance Cell to conduct affinity tests, such a provision is absent in the ST Rules. OUR VIEW 12. We have already made a reference in detail to the directions 1 issued by this Court in the case of  .  A co­ Kumari Madhuri Patil 9 ordinate Bench in the case of   Dayaram , in paragraph 35 of its decision, held that the directions issued by this Court in paragraph 1 13 of   Kumari Madhuri Patil’s case   were issued as there was no statute   governing   the   field   of   verification   of   caste   claims   of Scheduled   Castes,   Scheduled   Tribes,   Nomadic   Tribes   and   Other Backward Classes.  Therefore, it was held that the directions issued 1 in   the   case   of   Kumari   Madhuri   Patil   would   apply   only   until appropriate legislation is enacted. Hence, after the 2000 Act came into force, only the provisions of the said enactment will prevail.  20 13. Therefore, we will have to interpret the provisions of the 2000 th Act.  The 2000 Act came into force on 18  October 2001.  As can be noticed from the title, the 2000 Act deals with the regulation of issuance and verification of caste certificates in respect of persons belonging to Scheduled Tribes, De­notified tribes, Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category.   Under the scheme of the 2000 Act, an application for the grant of caste certificates is to be made to the Competent Authority as defined under Section 2(b).  The Competent Authority is mandated to follow the procedure prescribed by the Rules. After following the procedure prescribed, if the Competent Authority is satisfied that the claim made by the candidate is genuine, it can issue a caste certificate in a prescribed form.  Sub­section (1) of Section 4, for good reasons, specifically provides that if the application is rejected, the reasons for   the   rejection   must   be   recorded.     As   an   order   rejecting   the application for the grant of a caste certificate is made appealable under sub­section (1) of Section 5, the appellate authority should have the benefit of the reasons for rejection. 21 14. Under Section 9, the Competent Authority, Appellate Authority and Scrutiny Committee have been granted powers of Civil Court under   the   Code   of   Civil   Procedure,   1908   of   summoning   and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath, requiring the discovery and production of any documents, receiving evidence   on   affidavits,   requisitioning   any   public   record   or   copy thereof from any Court or office and issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents. However, the nature and extent of the inquiry which is required to be made by the Competent Authority and by the Scrutiny Committee differ.  The 2000 Act has introduced a two­tier system for the verification of caste claims.  In view of the express language used by sub­section (2) of Section 4, the caste certificate issued by the Competent Authority does not conclusively establish the caste claim of the applicant. The person to whom the caste certificate is granted by the Competent Authority cannot claim that his caste status has been established.  The caste certificate   issued   by   Competent   Authority   becomes   conclusive evidence of the caste stated therein only after a detailed enquiry as contemplated by the 2000 Act and rules framed thereunder is made 22 by   the   Scrutiny   Committee   and   the   certificate   is   validated. Therefore, when an application made under Section 3 for the grant of a caste certificate is considered by the Competent Authority, very detailed   scrutiny   of   material   produced   by   the   applicant   is   not contemplated.   What is contemplated is   prima facie   satisfaction of the   genuineness   of   the   caste   claim   and   on   the   basis   of   such satisfaction that a caste certificate as contemplated by sub­section (1) of Section 4 can be issued.  Therefore, sub­section (1) of Section 4 specifically requires the Competent Authority to record reasons for rejecting   the   application   but   there   is   no   such   requirement incorporated   of   giving   reasons   while   granting   a  caste   certificate. However,   the   Caste   Scrutiny   Committee   is   expected   to   record reasons both for validating and not validating the caste certificate. Sub­rule (6) of Rule 4 of the ST Rules provides that the Competent Authority shall verify the documents produced by the applicant with the original documents and if satisfied with the correctness of the information, documents and evidence furnished by the applicant, it shall issue a Scheduled Tribe certificate within 15 days from the date of receipt of the application.   The time limit fixed under the 23 said Rule is also a pointer which suggests that the enquiry to be made by the  Competent Authority is a summary enquiry and a detailed enquiry is not contemplated.  The mandate of issuing caste certificates within 15 days cannot be accomplished if the Competent Authority is to hold a detailed enquiry on par with the one which is required to be held by the Scrutiny Committee.   15. The law contemplates very detailed scrutiny of the caste claim by the Scrutiny Committee.   If both the Competent Authority and the Caste Scrutiny Committee were to make the same degree of scrutiny and detailed enquiry into caste claims, the very object of the two­tier scrutiny will be frustrated.   Section 8 provides that the burden of proving a caste claim before the Competent Authority and the Scrutiny Committee is on the applicant. For discharging the said burden before the Competent Authority, it is enough if the applicant produces  prima facie  material to show that his caste claim is genuine.  The burden put by Section 8 on the applicant to prove his caste status before the Scrutiny Committee is much higher than 24 the burden which he is required to discharge before the Competent Authority.   16. Sub­section (1) of Section 10 contemplates that if an applicant, on the basis of a caste certificate issued by the Competent Authority obtains   any   benefit   such   as   employment   or   admission   to   an educational institution, on cancellation of the caste certificate by the Scrutiny   Committee,   the   admission   secured   to   the   educational institution or employment is required to be cancelled forthwith. The scheme of Section 10 is that applicant cannot hold on to any benefit received by him on the basis of a caste certificate issued by the Competent   Authority   which   is   subsequently   cancelled   by   the Scrutiny Committee.   17. Section 6 deals with the procedure to be followed by the Caste Scrutiny Committee for verification of caste certificates.  Sub­section (4) of Section 6 lays down that the Scrutiny Committee shall follow the procedure as laid down by the Rules framed under the 2000 Act. Rule 4 of the ST Rules lays down the procedure to be followed by the Competent   Authority.       We   must   note   that   under   Rule   10,   a 25 provision has been made for constituting a Vigilance Cell to assist the Scheduled Tribes Caste Scrutiny Committee in conducting an enquiry.     As   noted   earlier,   the   Vigilance   Cell   consists   of   Police Officers of three different ranks as provided therein and a Research Officer.   Rule 11 provides details of the documents the applicant must submit to verify the Scheduled Tribes certificate. Sub­rules 2 and 3 of Rule 11 read thus:  “11.(1)…………………….    (2) The   applicant   shall   submit   the   following documents   with   his   application   for verification   of   his   Scheduled   Tribe Certificate :— (a) Original documents.— (i) the   original   Scheduled   Tribe Certificate of the applicant alongwith one attested copy, (ii) an affidavit in Form F; (b) Documents   of   which,   only   attested copies   are   to   be   submitted   in   respect   of applicant— (i) Primary   School   leaving certificate. (ii) An   extract   of   school   admission register.  (iii)   An extract of birth register. 26 (c) Documents in respect of father,—    (i) An extract of birth register. (ii) Primary school leaving certificate. (iii) Extract of school admission  register. (iv) Scheduled Tribe Certificate. (v) If   a   father   is   in   service,   the extract of the pages of the service record   (book)   which   contain religion and tribe entry. (vi) If   a   father   is   illiterate,   the primary school leaving certificate of the real elderly blood relatives of   the   paternal   side   of   the applicant   and   extract   of   school admission register. (d) Other documents,— (i) Revenue   record   like,   birth register,   extract   of   7/12,   Sale Deed etc. (ii) Any other relevant documents  in support of his Scheduled  Tribe claim. (iii) Affidavits of the near relatives  whose Validity Certificates are  submitted in support of the  Scheduled Tribe claim of the  applicant. 27 (3) The   applicant   shall   submit   original certificates and documents for verification whenever   required   by   the   Scrutiny Committee.” 18. Rule 12 lays down the procedure to be followed by the Scrutiny Committee.  It contains a provision regarding forwarding a case to the Vigilance Cell to hold an enquiry.  Rule 12 reads thus:  “12.   Procedure   to   be   followed   by   Scrutiny Committee. (1)   On   receipt   of   the   application,   the   Scrutiny Committee   or   a   person   authorised   by   it   shall scrutinise   the   application,   verify   the   information and   documents   furnished   by   the   applicant,   and shall  acknowledge  the   receipt of   the  application. The   Member   Secretary   shall   register   the application, received for verification, in the­register prescribed by the Chairman. (2) If the Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the documentary evidence produced by the applicant the Scrutiny Committee shall forward   the   applications   to   the   Vigilance   Cell   for conducting the school, home and other enquiry. (3) The  Vigilance  Officer  shall  go   to   the  local place   of   residence   and   original   place   from which the applicant hails and usually resides, or in   case   of   migration,   to   the   town   or   city   or place from which he originally hailed from. 28 (4) The Vigilance Officer shall personally verify and collect all the facts about the social status claimed by the applicant or his parents or the guardian, as the case may be. (5) The   Vigilance   Cell   shall   also   examine   the parents   or   guardian   or   the   applicant   for   the purpose   of   verification   of   their   Tribe,   of   the applicant. (6) After completion of the enquiry, the Vigilance Cell   shall   submit   its   report   to   the   Scrutiny Committee who will in turn scrutinise the report submitted by the Vigilance Cell. (7)In case the report of Vigilance Cell is in favour of the applicant, and if the Scrutiny Committee is satisfied that the claim of the applicant is genuine and true, the Scrutiny Committee may issue the validity certificate. The validity certificate shall be issued in Form G. (8)If   the   Scrutiny   Committee,   on   the   basis   of   the Vigilance   Cell   report   and   other   documents available, is not satisfied about the claim of the applicant, the Committee shall issue a show cause notice   to   the   applicant   and   also   serve   a copy   of   the   report   of   the   Vigilance   Officer   by registered post with acknowledgment due. A copy shall also be sent to the Head of the Department concerned, if necessary. The notice shall indicate that the representation or reply, if any, should be made within fifteen days from the date of receipt of the notice and in any case not more than thirty days from the date of receipt of the notice. In case 29 the   applicant   requests   for   adjournment   or extension of the time­limit, reasonable time, may be granted. (9) (a)   After   personal   hearing   if   the   Scrutiny Committee is satisfied regarding the genuineness of the   claim,   Validity   Certificate   shall   be   issued   in Form G.  (b)   After   personal   hearing,   if   the   Scrutiny Committee   is   not   satisfied   about   the genuineness of the claim and correctness of the Scheduled   Tribe   Certificate,   it   shall   pass   an order of cancellation and of confiscation of the Certificate and communicate the same to the Competent   Authority   for   taking   necessary entries in the register and for further necessary action.   The   Scheduled   Tribe   Certificate   shall then   be   stamped   as   "   cancelled   and confiscated". 19. Sub­rule   (2)   of   Rule   12   clearly   provides   that   only   if   the Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the documentary evidence produced by the applicant, it shall forward the application to the Vigilance Cell for conducting the school, home and other enquiry. Therefore,   in   every   case,   as   a   matter   of   routine,   the   Scrutiny Committee cannot mechanically forward the application to Vigilance Cell   for   conducting   an   enquiry.     When   sub­rule   (2)   of   Rule   12 30 contemplates that only if the Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the documents produced by the applicant that the case should be referred to Vigilance Cell, it follows that the Scrutiny Committee is required to pass an order recording brief reasons why it is not satisfied with the documents produced by the applicant.   Before referring the case to the Vigilance Cell, application of mind to the material produced by the applicant is required and therefore, the application of mind must be reflected in the order sheets of the Scrutiny Committee.  20. It is not possible to exhaustively lay down in which cases the Scrutiny Committee must refer the case to Vigilance Cell.   One of 1 the tests is as laid down in the case of  Kumari Madhuri Patil .  It lays   down   that   the   documents   of   the   pre­Constitution   period showing the caste of the applicant and their ancestors have got the highest probative value.   For example, if an applicant is able to produce authentic and genuine documents of the pre­Constitution period showing that he belongs to a tribal community, there is no reason   to   discard   his   claim   as   prior   to   1950,   there   were   no 31 reservations provided to the Tribes included in the ST order.   In such a case, a reference to Vigilance Cell is not warranted at all.  21. In the impugned judgment in Civil Appeal No. 2502 of 2022 2 ( Shilpa Vishnu Thakur’s case ), the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court has noted that people having the surname “Thakur” belong to both forward castes and various backward castes.   Therefore, the Full Bench may be right in saying that in every case, only on the basis   of   the   surname   Thakur,   it   cannot   be   concluded   by   the Scrutiny Committee that the applicant belongs to Scheduled Tribe Thakur notified in the Entry 44 of the Maharashtra list.  However, we must note that in the case of a person having the surname Thakur, there may be evidence in the form of entry of the name of the caste as a Tribe or Scheduled Tribe in the land records, school or college records or any official records concerning the applicant or his  ancestors.   Only   on   the   ground   that   the   persons   having  the surname Thakur may belong to a forward caste as well, it is not necessary that in every case, the Scrutiny Committee should send the case to Vigilance Cell.   It all depends  on the nature of the documents produced before the Caste Scrutiny Committee and the 32 probative value of the documents. Therefore, whenever a caste claim regarding Thakur Scheduled Tribe is considered, the Caste Scrutiny Committee in every case should not mechanically refer the case to the Vigilance Cell for conducting an enquiry including affinity test. The reference to the Vigilance Cell can be made only if the Scrutiny Committee   is   not   satisfied   with   the   material   produced   by   the applicant. 22. We can also contemplate one more scenario which is found in many cases.   These are the cases where the applicant relies upon caste validity certificates issued to his blood relatives.   Obviously, such a validity certificate has to be issued either by the Scrutiny Committee constituted in terms of the directions issued in  Kumari 1 Madhuri Patil’s   case  or constituted under the Rules framed under the 2000 Act. In such a case, firstly, the Scrutiny Committee must ascertain whether the certificate is genuine.  Secondly, the Scrutiny Committee will have to decide whether the applicant has established that the person to whom the validity certificate relied upon by him has   been   issued   is   his   blood   relative.   For   that   purpose,   the applicant must establish his precise and exact relationship with the 33 person to whom the validity certificate has been granted.  Moreover, an enquiry will have to be made by the Scrutiny Committee whether the validity certificate has been granted to the blood relative of the applicant by the concerned Scrutiny Committee after holding due enquiry   and   following   due   procedure.   Therefore,   if   the   Scrutiny Committee has issued a validity certificate contemplated in terms of 1 the decision in the case of  Kumari Madhuri Patil , the examination will be whether the enquiry contemplated by the said decision has been held.  If the certificate relied upon is issued after coming into force of the 2000 Act, the Scrutiny Committee will have to ascertain whether   the   concerned   Scrutiny   Committee   had   followed   the procedure laid down therein as well as in the ST Rules or the SC Rules,   as   the   case   may   be.   For   this   verification,   the   Scrutiny Committee can exercise powers conferred on it by Section 9(d) by requisitioning   the   record   of   the   concerned   Caste   Scrutiny Committee, which has issued the validity certificate to the blood relative  of the  applicant.    If  the record  has been  destroyed, the Scrutiny Committee can ascertain whether a due enquiry has been held on the basis of the decision of the Caste Scrutiny Committee by 34 which caste validity has been granted to the blood relative of the applicant.  If it is established that the validity certificate has been granted   without   holding   a   proper   inquiry   or   without   recording reasons, obviously, the caste scrutiny committee cannot validate the caste certificate only on the basis of such validity certificate of the blood relative.  In a given case, the Scrutiny Committee may be satisfied that 23. the caste validity certificate relied upon by the applicant has been issued after making a lawful enquiry.  But if the Scrutiny Committee is of the view that the applicant has not clearly established that the person to whom caste validity certificate produced on record has been granted is his blood relative, in terms of sub­rule (2) of Rule 12 of the ST Rules, the Caste Scrutiny Committee will have to refer the case for conducting an enquiry through Vigilance Cell.   In such a case, the Vigilance Cell can be directed by the Scrutiny Committee to conduct an enquiry limited to the relationship claimed by the applicant   with   the   person   in   whose   favour   the   caste   validity certificate has been issued. If, on the basis of the report of the Vigilance Cell, the Scrutiny Committee is satisfied that the person in 35 whose favour caste validity certificate has been issued is a blood relative of the applicant and lawful enquiry has been conducted before issuing the validity certificate, the Scrutiny Committee will have to issue validity certificate even if the applicant does not satisfy the affinity test.  For example, if it is established that the father or grandfather   of   the   applicant   has   been   given   a   caste   validity certificate after holding a lawful enquiry in accordance with law, the Caste   Scrutiny   Committee   cannot   hold   that   the   grandfather   or father of the applicant, as the case may be, belongs to Scheduled Tribe but the applicant does not belong to Scheduled Tribe. Only if the relationship as pleaded by the applicant is not established, the other   evidence   produced   by   the   applicant   and   the   result   of  the affinity   test   can   be   taken   into   consideration   by   the   Scrutiny Committee.  24. As provided in sub­rule (7) of Rule 12 of the ST Rules, the Vigilance Cell’s report is not conclusive.  If on the basis of the report of the Vigilance Cell and other evidence on record, the Scrutiny Committee comes to a conclusion that the caste claim is genuine, a caste validity certificate can be issued.  Only on the ground that the 36 report   of   vigilance   cell   is   in   favour   of   the   applicant,   validity certificate cannot be mechanically granted without application of mind.  If the report of the Vigilance Cell is against the applicant, his caste claim cannot be rejected only on the basis of the report of the Vigilance Cell without providing a copy of the report to the applicant and without giving him an opportunity of being heard on the report. After giving an opportunity to the applicant to make submissions on the report, the Scrutiny Committee may reject the caste claim.  In a given case, the Scrutiny Committee can also record a finding that the caste claim is genuine.  It all depends on the facts of each case. AFFINITY TEST  25. Now, we come to the controversy regarding the affinity test.  In clause (5) of Paragraph 13 of the decision in the case of   Kumari 1  it is held that in the case of Scheduled Tribes, the Madhuri Patil Vigilance   Cell   will   submit   a   report   as   regards   peculiar anthropological   and   ethnological   traits,   deities,   rituals,   customs, mode  of   marriage,   death  ceremonies,   methods   of   burial  of  dead bodies   etc.   in   respect   of   the   particular   caste   or   tribe.     Such particulars   ascertained   by   the   Vigilance   Cell   in   respect   of   a 37 particular Scheduled Tribe are very relevant for the conduct of the affinity test.   The Vigilance Cell, while conducting an affinity test, verifies   the   knowledge   of   the   applicant   about   deities   of   the community, customs, rituals, mode of marriage, death ceremonies etc.   in   respect   of   that   particular   Scheduled   Tribe.     By   its   very nature,   such   an   affinity   test   can   never   be   conclusive.     If   the applicant has stayed in bigger urban areas along with his family for decades or if his family has stayed in such urban areas for decades, the applicant may not have knowledge of the aforesaid facts.  It is true that the Vigilance Cell can also question the parents of the applicant.  But in a given case, even the parents may be unaware for the reason that for several years they have been staying in bigger urban areas.  On the other hand, a person may not belong to the particular   tribe,   but   he   may   have   a   good   knowledge   about   the aforesaid aspects.   Therefore, Shri Shekhar Naphade, the learned senior counsel, is right when he submitted that the affinity test cannot be applied as a litmus test.  We may again note here that question of conduct of the affinity test arises only in those cases 38 where the Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the  material produced by the applicant. 26. There   is   an   argument   made   that   as   far   as   SC   Rules   are concerned, clause (d) of Rule 13 specifically provides for Vigilance Cell conducting an affinity test and there is no such   pari materia provision in the ST Rules.  We are unable to accept this submission as sub­rule (4) of Rule 12 of the ST Rules enjoins the vigilance officer to collect facts about the social status of the applicant or his parents, as the case may be.  Therefore, sub­rule (5) provides for the examination of the applicant and his parents.   For verification of social status as contemplated by sub­rule (4) of Rule 12 of the ST Rules,   in   a   given   case,   affinity   test   can   be   resorted   to   by   the Vigilance Cell. WHETHER CASTE SCRUTINY COMMITTEE PERFORMS QUASI­JUDICIAL FUNCTION 3 27. Before we go into the decisions in the cases of  Vijakumar   and 4 , we need to deal with an argument made by one of the Anand interveners   that   the  Scrutiny   Committee   is   not   a   quasi­judicial authority.  The said submission is based on a decision of coordinate 39 9 Bench of this Court in the case of  Dayaram .  In paragraph 35, the 9 decision in the case of  Dayaram  holds thus:   The   Scrutiny   Committee   is   not   an “35. adjudicating authority like a court or tribunal, but an   administrative   body   which   verifies   the   facts, investigates into a specific claim (of caste status) and   ascertains   whether   the   caste/tribal   status claimed is correct or not. Like any other decisions of   administrative   authorities,   the   orders   of   the Scrutiny Committee are also open to challenge in proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution. Permitting  civil  suits   with  provisions  for  appeals and further appeals would defeat the very scheme and will encourage the very evils which this Court wanted to eradicate.   As this Court found that a large number of seats or posts reserved for the Scheduled   Castes   and   Scheduled   Tribes   were being taken away by bogus candidates claiming to belong to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, this Court directed the constitution of such   Scrutiny   Committees,   to   provide   an expeditious,   effective   and   efficacious   remedy, in   the   absence   of   any   statute   or   a   legal framework for proper verification of false claims regarding SCs/STs status. This entire scheme in  Madhuri Patil  [(1994) 6 SCC 241 : 1994 SCC (L&S)   1349   :   (1994)   28   ATC   259]   will   only continue   till   the   legislature   concerned   makes an   appropriate   legislation   in   regard   to verification of claims for caste status  as SC/ST and   issue   of   caste   certificates,   or   in   regard   to verification of caste certificates already obtained by 40
candidates who seek the benefit of reservation,<br>relying upon such caste certificates.”<br>(emphasis added)candidates who seek the benefit of reservation,<br>relying upon such caste certificates.”
(emphasis added)
We must note here that this Court was dealing in the said 28. decision   with   a   case   arising   from   the   State   of   Madhya  Pradesh where there was no statute in existence which covered the field 1 occupied   by   .     Therefore,   the Kumari   Madhuri   Patil’s   case observations made in the said decision are in the context of powers of the Scrutiny Committee ordered to be created under the decision 1 9 in the case of  In the cases of Kumari Madhuri Patil .     Dayaram 10 and  Jay Chitra ,   this Court has not dealt with the 2000 Act or a similar enactment applicable to any other State.   On a conjoint reading   of   the   2000   Act   as   well   as   ST   and   SC   Rules   framed thereunder,   it   is   impossible   to   conclude   that   the   Scrutiny Committee discharges only administrative functions. The  Scrutiny   Committee under the 2000 Act has been entrusted with various powers of the Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The   powers   include   a   power   to   enforce   the   attendance   of   any witness, to receive evidence on affidavits, to issue commissions for 41 the examination of witnesses or documents etc. The scheme of the 2000   Act   and   both   SC   and   ST   Rules   provides   for  the  Scrutiny Committee holding an enquiry on the caste claim of the applicant, if necessary,   after   examining   the   applicant   on   oath,   recording evidence of witnesses and calling for documents and records etc. The Scrutiny Committee is expected to record reasons for granting and rejecting the prayer for issue of caste validity certificates. Thus, the  Scrutiny Committee has all the trappings of a quasi­judicial authority.  DECISIONS   IN   THE   CASES   OF   VIJAKUMAR   & ANAND 3 29. Now, we come to the decision in the case of   Vijakumar .     A 3 perusal of the decision in the case of   Vijakumar   shows that a Bench of two Hon’ble Judges dealt with issue of a tribe claim arising from the State of Maharashtra.   A careful perusal of the decision shows that there is not even a reference to the ST Rules in the said decision.  The attention of the Court was not invited to sub­rule (2) of Rule 12, which lays down that the case can be referred to the Vigilance Cell only if  the  Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the material produced by the applicant. Without referring to the 42 provisions of the 2000 Act as well as SC and ST Rules, in paragraph 3 9 of    , it is held that:­  Vijakumar’s case “9.  Having   heard   the   learned   counsel   for   the parties, we are of the considered opinion that there is hardly any merit in the contentions raised on behalf   of   the   appellant.   The   affinity   test   was completed by the Vigilance Officer as well as by the Scrutiny   Committee.   The   certificate   has   to   be validated only after it proves factually and legally correct at the two stages; firstly, at the stage of issuance and secondly, at the stage of verification. If it fails the affinity test at either of these stages, the validity of the certificate cannot be sustained.” Hence, in view of the fact that the 2000 Act and Rules were not 3 considered, the decision in the case of  Vijakumar  is certainly not a binding   precedent   for   the   proposition   that   in   every   case,  the Scrutiny Committee is required to take recourse to the affinity test by referring the case to the Vigilance Cell.   4 The decision in the case of     in paragraphs 4 and 5 30. Anand specifically   refers   to   Rule   11   and   12   (2)   of   the   ST   Rules.     In paragraph 22, this Court held thus:  “22.  It   is   manifest   from   the   aforeextracted paragraph that the genuineness of a caste claim has   to   be   considered   not   only   on   a   thorough examination   of   the   documents   submitted   in support of the claim but also on the affinity test, 43 which   would   include   the   anthropological   and ethnological traits, etc., of the applicant. However, it is neither feasible nor desirable to lay down an absolute rule, which could be applied mechanically to examine a caste claim. Nevertheless, we feel that the following broad parameters could be kept in view while dealing with a caste claim: (i) While dealing with documentary evidence, greater   reliance   may   be   placed   on   pre­ Independence   documents   because   they furnish a higher degree of probative value to the   declaration   of   status   of   a   caste,   as compared   to   post­Independence documents. In case the applicant is the first generation   ever   to   attend   school,   the availability   of   any   documentary   evidence becomes difficult, but that ipso facto does not  call for   the  rejection  of  his   claim.   In fact,   the   mere   fact   that   he   is   the   first generation   ever   to   attend   school,   some benefit of doubt in favour of the applicant may be given. Needless to add that in the event   of   a   doubt   on   the   credibility   of   a document, its veracity has to be tested on the   basis   of   oral   evidence,   for   which   an opportunity   has   to   be   afforded   to   the applicant; ( ii )   While   applying   the   affinity   test, which   focuses   on   the   ethnological connections with the Scheduled Tribe, a cautious approach has to be adopted. A few decades  ago, when the tribes  were somewhat   immune   to   the   cultural development   happening   around   them, the   affinity   test   could   serve   as   a determinative factor. However, with the 44
migrations, modernisation and contact<br>with other communities, these<br>communities tend to develop and adopt<br>new traits which may not essentially<br>match with the traditional<br>characteristics of the tribe. Hence, the<br>affinity test may not be regarded as a<br>litmus test for establishing the link of<br>the applicant with a Scheduled Tribe.<br>Nevertheless, the claim by an applicant<br>that he is a part of a Scheduled Tribe and<br>is entitled to the benefit extended to<br>that tribe, cannot per se be disregarded<br>on the ground that his present traits do<br>not match his tribe's peculiar<br>anthropological and ethnological traits,<br>deity, rituals, customs, mode of<br>marriage, death ceremonies, method of<br>burial of dead bodies, etc. Thus, the<br>affinity test may be used to corroborate<br>the documentary evidence and should<br>not be the sole criteria to reject a<br>claim.”
(emphasis added)
We   have   recorded   similar   reasons   earlier   for   coming   to   the conclusion that affinity test will not always be mandatory and/or conclusive. 4 Paragraph 19 of the decision in the case of   reiterates 31. Anand the position that Vigilance Cell enquiry can be ordered only when 45 the Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the materials produced by the applicant.  On this aspect, we may make useful reference to a 6 decision of this Court in the case of   District Collector, Satara . This decision is penned down by one of us (Sanjay Kishan Kaul, J.) which makes an in­depth analysis of the ST Rules and in particular, Rule 12. In paragraph 9, this Court held thus:  “9.  … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …  A reading of the aforesaid Rules shows that the role of the Vigilance Cell was restricted as   compared   to   the   role   envisaged under  Madhuri   Patil   case  [ Madhuri Patil  v.  Commr., Tribal Development , (1994) 6 SCC   241   :   1994   SCC   (L&S)   1349]   , inasmuch as the assistance to be provided to   the   Scrutiny   Committee   was   not   in every   case,   but   only   if   the   Scrutiny Committee   was   not   satisfied   with   the documentary   evidence   produced   by   the applicant.” (emphasis added) 32. Therefore,   as   observed   earlier,   the   decision   in   the   case   of 3 Vijakumar   cannot be read as a binding precedent laying down a legal principle that in every case of verification of caste claim, the Caste Scrutiny Committee is under a mandate to refer the case to the Vigilance Cell.  As under the scheme of ST Rules, affinity test is 46 to be conducted by the Vigilance Cell, it follows that question of conducting of affinity test will arise only when a case is made out for referring the case to Vigilance Cell.  If the Scrutiny Committee, after holding   an   enquiry   is   satisfied   with   the   material   produced   on record, without referring the case to the Vigilance Cell, the Caste Scrutiny Committee is under a mandate to grant validity to the caste certificate.   As noted earlier, in a given case, the Scrutiny Committee can order a limited inquiry by the Vigilance Cell.   For example, if an applicant is relying upon a caste validity certificate granted   to   his   blood   relative   and   the   Scrutiny   Committee,   after finding that the certificate is issued after due inquiry entertains a doubt about the relationship pleaded, it can direct the Vigilance Cell to make inquiry only about the relationship. 33. Now we come to the impugned Judgment in   Shilpa Vishnu 2 Thakur’s case .  The questions framed for consideration by the Full Bench are in paragraph 4 which reads thus:  “(i)   Should   the   paramount   consideration   in determining the caste claim of a person be documentary   evidence   or,   as   the   Supreme Court   held,   “anthropological   moorings   and ethnological   kinship”;   and   is   the   “crucial 47 affinity test” relevant and germane for such a decision? (ii)(a) In cases where the documents produced by   a   person   claiming   to   be   belonging   to   a particular   caste   satisfy   the  requirement,   for example, in the case of “Thakur”, if all the documents produced/filed and relied upon by a   candidate   denote   his   caste   as   “Thakur” then, without validating the caste claim with reference to the “crucial affinity test”, should the caste claim be validated or not? (b)   In   a   case   where   a   person   is   not   in possession   of   any   document   to   meet   the requirements of a particular caste claim can the claim be scrutinized on the basis of the “crucial affinity test”, and a validity certificate be issued? (c) Where a person who claims to belong to a particular caste has some documents in his favour   and/or   partially   satisfies   the   crucial affinity test, can the claim be certified and is the candidate entitled to his caste certificate being validated?” * 34. The   conclusions   of   the   Full   Bench   have   been   recorded   in paragraph 40.  In clause (i) of paragraph 40, the Full Bench of the High Court records that under Rule 12(2), the Scrutiny Committee, if it is not satisfied with the documentary evidence produced, has to forward the application to Vigilance Cell for holding a school, home and other enquiry.  The Full Bench does not lay down that in every case where the Scrutiny Committee is dealing with a Scheduled 48 Tribe claim, a reference must be made to the Vigilance Cell.   In clause  (ii)  (a)  of  paragraph   40,   the   Full  Bench   records  that the Scrutiny   Committee   must   have   regard   to   the   entire   body   of evidence, including on the question as to whether the applicant has satisfied the affinity test. As held earlier, the question of taking recourse to the affinity test will arise only if the case is referred to Vigilance Cell.  In fact, in clause (b) of paragraph 40, the Full Bench holds that even if an applicant does not have any documentary evidence it will not   ipso facto   result into invalidation of the caste claim.  The reason is that in such a case, sub­rule (2) of Rule 12 will apply and the Vigilance Cell will have to hold an enquiry including affinity test.  Even in such a case, affinity test will not be conclusive 4 either way as held in clause (2) of paragraph 20 in    . Anand’s case In clause (c) of the same paragraph, the Full Bench of the High Court also holds that even if the applicant partially satisfies the affinity test, depending upon the nature of the evidence on record, the Scrutiny Committee has power to validate the claim.  Thus, even clause   (c)   proceeds   on   the   footing   that   the   affinity   test   is   not conclusive. 49 35. Reading paragraph 40 of the impugned judgment as a whole, we cannot conclude that a finding has been recorded by the full Bench about the conclusive nature of the affinity test. The finding cannot be understood to mean that reference to the Vigilance Cell and conduct of affinity test is mandatory in every case. However, we make   it   clear   that   for   the   reasons   we   have   recorded   in   this judgment,   we   do   not   approve   the   observation   in   the   impugned judgment   that   “the   affinity   test   is   an   integral   part   of   the determination of the correctness of the claim”  CONCLUSIONS 36. Thus, to conclude, we hold that: Only   when   the Scrutiny   Committee   after   holding   an (a)   enquiry is not satisfied with the material produced by the applicant,   the   case   can   be   referred   to   Vigilance   Cell. While referring the case to Vigilance Cell, the Scrutiny Committee must record brief reasons for coming to the conclusion   that   it   is   not   satisfied   with   the   material produced by the applicant.  Only after a case is referred 50 to the Vigilance Cell for making enquiry, an occasion for the conduct of affinity test will arise. (b) For   the   reasons   which   we   have   recorded,   affinity   test cannot be conclusive either way. When an affinity test is conducted by the  Vigilance Cell,  the result of  the test along with all other material on record having probative value   will   have   to   be   taken   into   consideration   by   the Scrutiny Committee for deciding the caste validity claim; and In short, affinity test is not a litmus test to decide a caste (c) claim and is not an essential part in the process of the determination of correctness of a caste or tribe claim in every case. 51 37. We direct the Registry to place the appeals/SLPs before the appropriate Bench for deciding the same in the light of the reference answered by us. ………..…..…………………J.             (SANJAY KISHAN KAUL) ..……..………………………J. (ABHAY S. OKA) ………..…..…………………J. (MANOJ MISRA) New Delhi; March 24, 2023.                                                                        52