IN RE : T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD vs. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

Case Type: Writ Petition Civil

Date of Judgment: 03-06-2022

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION I.A. No.1000 of 2003  (Recommendation of CEC dated 20.11.2003) WITH I.A. Nos.982­984 of 2003 AND I.A. Nos.1026­1028 of 2004 AND I.A. Nos. 1123­1124 of 2004 AND I.A. Nos.1197­1199 of 2004 AND I.A. Nos. 1210­1211 of 2004 AND I.A. Nos.1250­1251 of 2004  AND I.A. No. 1412 of 2005 AND I.A. No.1512 of 2006 AND I.A. No. 1992 of 2007 AND 1 I.A. No. 3880 of 2015 AND I.A. No. 96949 of 2019 AND  I.A. No. 117831 of 2019 AND I.A. NO. 65571 of 2021 In the Matter of:  WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 202 of 1995 In Re: T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad       ……..Petitioner(s) Versus Union of India and Ors.                ……Respondent(s)      J U D G M E N T  ANIRUDDHA BOSE, J. These proceedings originate from the Writ Petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India registered as W.P. (Civil) No. 202 of 1995 (T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India   and   Ors.),   which   is   in   the   nature   of   a   public   interest litigation. It was instituted for protection of forest lands in the Nilgiris district of the State of Tamil Nadu. Subsequently, the scope of that writ petition was enlarged so as to protect such 2 natural  resources   throughout   the   country.     The   original   writ st petitioner has since passed away (on 1   June 2016) but in an rd order passed on 3  February 2017, this Court opined that being a public interest litigation, there was no requirement for bringing on record the legal representatives of the deceased petitioner. The writ petition, in substance, continued with the cause title “in Re: T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India & Ors”. Various Orders have been passed from time to time in this writ petition to ensure preservation of forest resources of this country in balance with economic activities. By an Order of this Court th dated 9   May 2002, a Central Empowered Committee (“CEC”) was   directed   to   be   formed   primarily   for   monitoring implementation of this Court’s orders and to place the incidents of   non­compliance   before   us.   Subsequently,   by   a   notification th issued on 17  September 2002 by the Ministry of Environment and   Forest   in   exercise   of   power   under   Section   3(3)   of   the Environment   (Protection)   Act,   1986,   this   committee   was constituted under statutory provisions. CEC has been bringing to   the   notice   of   this   Court   the   steps   taken   for   removal   of encroachment, implementation of working plans, compensatory 3 afforestation, plantation and other conservation issues. In this order, we shall be mainly dealing with two sets of issues. The first  set   relates   to   mining   activities   in   and   around   a   wildlife sanctuary   in   the   State   of   Rajasthan­   known   as   “Jamua Ramgarh” (also spelt as Jamwa Ramgarh). The second set of issues is wider in scope, and involves prescribing eco­sensitive zones (ESZ) surrounding the wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.  The subject of  mining and  other  commercial  activities within   the   wildlife   sanctuaries   and   national   parks   (protected forests) shall also be dealt by us in this order.  The applications before   us   require   examination   in   the   perspective   of   a   set   of recommendations made by the CEC and we have been urged by a set of applicants to make certain modifications of this Court’s earlier directions concerning steps to be taken for protection of forest resources.   The applicants seeking modifications of our earlier orders include a set of miners, and, in some cases, the State Governments asking for opening up of the protected forest areas and their buffer zones, on which restrictions have been placed   in   by   our   earlier   orders,   for   commercial   exploitation. There is dispute as to what would constitute the buffer zones on 4 ESZ in respect of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, as there are divergence of views among the various stakeholders.  The present set of applications arise out of a report of the 2. th CEC dated 20  November 2003. This report specifically pertains to Jamua Ramgarh wildlife sanctuary. This sanctuary covers an area of about 300 square kilometres. The said report gives a horrific picture of ravaging of a protected forest mainly by private miners mostly with temporary working permits obtained from the Governmental agencies.   Following recommendations were made in this report:­ “17……… (i) all mining leases which wholly or partly fall within   the   forest   area   inside   the   Jamua   Ramgarh Sanctuary   and   also   within   the   safety   zone,   should   be immediately cancelled. The mining activity can be allowed to be resumed only after the new/amended mining leases, after excluding the forest area and the safety zone are sanctioned by the competent authority and the conditions mentioned herein under are fully complied with;  (ii) presently a safety zone of twenty five meter has been fixed   for   Jamua   Ramgarh   Sanctuary   and   other sanctuaries   in   Rajasthan   as   against   500   meter   for Ranthambhore   National   Park   in   Rajasthan   itself.   In Madhya Pradesh safety zone of 250 meter for all the 20 forest area has been fixed. The CEC is of the view that minimum 500 meter safety zone around National Parks and   Sanctuaries   is   necessary   where   no   mining, construction and other projects should be allowed. Without a reasonable safety zone the habitat and wild life in the National Parks and Sanctuaries are adversely affected. Although stringent conditions are imposed at the time of the  sanction  of   the  mining   leases,  none   are   practically 5 complied with due to weak enforcement of the laws. The mining   causes   heavy   disturbance   in   the   area   due   to blasting, removal of over burden, chiseling, transportation, flying debris and movement of a large number of labourers and other persons. The safety zone of twenty five meter presently prescribed by the Rajasthan Forest Department is   totally   in   adequate   as   the   rocks   torn   apart   during blasting can travel much beyond the present safety zone. However, increasing the safety zone to the desired level of 500 meter will result in closure of large number of mines. Taking a holistic overall view of the situation, the CEC recommends   that   for   the   Jamua   Ramgarh   wild   life sanctuary, for the "existing" mines the safety zone may be fixed   as   100   meter   wherein   no   mining   should   be permitted. "For new" mining leases the safety zone may be fixed as 500 meter.  (iii) reclamation and rehabilitation of the area mined inside the   sanctuary   should   be   carried   out   in   a   time   bound manner at the cost of the user agency for which a detailed reclamation   and   rehabilitation   plan   along   with   various items of work, cost involved and time frame should be prepared   and   implemented   on   priority   basis.   The   plan presently prepared by the State Government is totally in adequate.   It   does   not   provide   for   reclamation   and rehabilitation of the mining pits at all. No provision for removal of stones and rocks scattered in the sanctuary has been made. Intensive plantations and protection has not been provided. The revised plan should incorporate the above   and   other   necessary   measures   to   provide   a congenial habitat for wild life. In the event adequate funds for this purpose cannot be recovered from the erstwhile mine lease owners, the same should be made available by the State Government;  (iv)  mining  around  the  sanctuary  should  be  allowed  to restart only after a fool proof mechanism is put in place to ensure recovery of funds for implementation of reclamation and rehabilitation plan by the State Government;  (v)   exemplary   compensation   equivalent   to   the   present market   value   of   the   entire   mineral   removed   by   the respective mine owners by mining inside the sanctuary in violation of the F.C. Act and/or the W. P. Act should be recovered   from   them   on   the   basis   of   the   recorded production or the estimated figures mentioned in the F.C. Act applications. The money so recovered should be used 6 for protection and development of the sanctuary to its full potential;  (vi) the left over minerals scattered inside the sanctuary should be directed to be removed immediately.  (vii) the left over mining equipments such as cranes etc. should be confiscated and removed outside the sanctuary at the cost of the erstwhile mine lease holders;  (viii)   no   mining   should   be   permitted   adjoining   the sanctuary   till   the   boundary   of   the   sanctuary   is demarcated on the ground and the boundary pillars are verified with the fixed reference points;  (ix) disciplinary action should be taken in a time bound manner against the erring officials in the Mines and the Forest   Departments   of   the   State   of   Rajasthan   and   the MoEF for allowing mining in violation of the F.C. Act, the W. P. Act and/or this Hon'ble Court's order;” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) This   Court   had   converted   this   report   with   its   set   of 3. recommendations   into   an   Interlocutory   Application   and   was allocated registration number I.A. 1000 of 2003.  th 4. On 20  September 2012, a second report was submitted by the CEC. The recommendations made in the second report went   beyond   the   Jamua   Ramgarh   Sanctuary   and   dealt   with creation of identification and declaration of safety zones around protected forests all across the country. The question of having ESZ around the protected forests was examined by this Court earlier in another Writ Petition [W.P. (Civil) No. 460 of 2004] in 7 Goa Foundation v. Union of India.  In the said writ petition, the th following order was passed on 4   December 2006 [reported in (2011) 15 SCC 791]: ­ “4. The Ministry is directed to give a final opportunity to all States/Union Territories to respond to its letter dated 27­5­2005.   The   State   of   Goa   also   is   permitted   to   give appropriate proposal in addition to what is said to have already   been   sent   to   the   Central   Government.   The communication sent to the States/Union Territories shall make it clear that if the proposals are not sent even now within   a   period   of   four   weeks   of   receipt   of   the communication from the Ministry, this Court may have to consider passing orders for implementation of the decision that was taken on 21­1­ 2002, namely, notification of the areas within 10 km. of the boundaries of the sanctuaries and national parks as eco­sensitive areas with a view to conserve the forest, wildlife and environment, and having regard to the precautionary principles. If the States/Union Territories now fail to respond, they would do so at their own risk and peril”. 5. Two   writ   petitions   have   been   instituted   titled   as   Goa Foundation v. Union of India  [W.P. (Civil) No.460 of 2004] and   [W.P. (Civil) Goa  Foundation v. Union of India and Others No.435  of   2012],   in  relation  enforcement   of   various   circulars issued for enforcement of  environmental laws and to prevent illegal   mining   in   different   States   including   the   State   of   Goa. There are certain overlapping issues involved in the present writ petition and the cases of  Goa Foundation  (supra). The directions 8 which we propose to issue in this judgment/order shall take into account   the   orders   passed   in   the   cases   of   Goa   Foundation (supra) and such directions shall be supplemental to the orders passed in any of the aforesaid two writ petitions if our directions passed in this order relate to areas or subjects covered by any mandate passed in the said two writ petitions.  6. A set of Guidelines for Declaration of Eco­Sensitive Zones (ESZ) around National Park and Wildlife Sanctuaries had been formulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate th Change (MoEF&CC) of the Government of India on 9  February 2011 [F. No.1­9/2007 WL – I (pt)]. These Guidelines deal with the process and procedures to be adopted for declaring ESZ. In Clauses 3 and 4 of these Guidelines, it has been stipulated: ­ “3. Purpose for declaring Eco­Sensitive Zones:   The   purpose   of   declaring   Eco­sensitive   Zones   around National Parks and Sanctuaries is to create some kind of "Shock Absorber" for the Protected Areas. They would also act as a transition zone from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser protection. As has been decided by the National Board for Wildlife, the activities in the Eco­ sensitive zones would be of a regulatory nature rather than prohibitive nature, unless and otherwise so required.  4. Extent of Eco­Sensitive Zones:   4.1   Many of the existing Protected Areas have already undergone   tremendous   development   in   close   vicinity   to 9 their   boundaries.   Some   of   the   Protected   Areas   actually lying in the urban setup (Eg. Guindy National Park, Tamil Nadu, Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra, etc). Therefore,   defining   the   extent   of   eco­sensitive   zones around Protected Areas will have to be kept flexible and Protected   Area   specific.   The   width   of   the   Eco­sensitive Zone   and   type   of   regulations   will   differ   from   Protected Area to Protected Area. However, as a general principle the width of the Eco­sensitive Zone could go up to 10 Kms around   a   Protected   Area   as   provided   in   the   Wildlife Conservation Strategy­2002.  4.2   In case where  sensitive  corridors, connectivity and ecologically   important   patches,   crucial   for   landscape linkage, are even beyond 10 kms width, these should be included in the Eco­sensitive Zone.   4.3  Further, even in context of a particular Protected Area, the distribution of an area of Eco­sensitive Zone and the extent of regulation may not be uniform all around and it could be of variable width and extent.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) In Clauses 6 and 7 of the said Guidelines, it has been 7. specified:­ “6. The procedure to be adopted:   As has been indicated in the forgoing paras, the basic 6.1 aim is to regulate certain activities around National Park and   Wildlife   Sanctuary   so   as   to  minimize  the  negative impacts   of   such   activities   on   the   fragile   ecosystem encompassing the Protected Area. As a first step towards achieving this goal, it is a pre­requisite that an inventory of the different land use patterns and the different types of activities,   types   and   number   of   industries   operating around   each   of   the   Protected   Area   (National   Parks, Sanctuaries) as well as important Corridors be made. The inventory could be done by the concerned Range Officers, who can take a stock of activities within 10 km of his range.  10  For the above purpose, a small committee comprising 6.2 the concerned Wildlife Warden, an Ecologist, an official from   the   Local   Self   Government   and   an   official   of   the Revenue   Department   of   the   concerned   area,   could   be formed. The said committee could suggest the:  (i)   Extent   of   eco­sensitive   zones   for   the   Protected   Area being considered. (ii)   The   requirement   of   such   a   zone   to   act   as   a   shock absorber.  (iii) To suggest the best methods for management of the eco­sensitive zones, so suggested. (iv)   To   suggest   broad   based   thematic   activities   to   be included in the Master Plan for the region.  Based on the above, the Chief Wildlife Warden could 6.3 group   the   activities   under   the   following   categories   (an indicative list of such activities is attached as  ANNEXURE­ 1 ):­ (i) Prohibited  (ii) Restricted with safeguards.  (iii) Permissible  6.4   Once the proposal for Eco­sensitive zones has been finalized, the same may be forwarded to the Ministry of Environment   and   Forests   for   further   processing   and notification. Here, it may be noted that, the State/ Union Territory Forest Department could forward the proposals to the respective authority in the State Government with copy to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, as and when the proposals (even if it is for single Protected Area) are complete.   An   indicative   list   of   details   that   need   to   be submitted along with the proposals is at  ANNEXURE­2.   6.5   It   is   to   mention   here   that   in   cases   where   the boundary   of   a   Protected   Area   abuts   the   boundary   of another State/Union Territory where it does not form part of any Protected Area, it shall be the endeavour of both the State/   Union   Territory   Governments   to   have   a   mutual consultation and decide upon the width of the ecosensitive zone around the Protected Area in question.   The State Government should endeavour to convey a 6.6 very strong message to the public that ESZ are not meant 11 to hamper their day to day activities, but instead, is meant to   protect   the   precious   forests/Protected   Areas   in   their locality from any negative impact, and also to refine the environment around the Protected Areas. A copy of the notification of the Sultanpur Eco­sensitive Zone issued by the   Ministry   is   attached   herewith   at   ANNEXURE­3   for reference and guidance.   7.   These   guidelines   are   indicative   in   nature   and   the State / Union Territory Governments may use these as basic framework to develop specific guidelines applicable in the context of their National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, important corridors, etc. with a view to minimizing and preferably eliminating any negative impact on protected areas.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) As per the said Guidelines, commercial mining, setting 8. up of saw mills and industries causing pollution, commercial use of firewood, establishment of major hydro­electric projects, use of production of any hazardous substances, undertaking activities related to tourism like over­flying the national park area by any aircraft, hot­air balloons, discharge of effluents and solid waste in natural water bodies or terrestrial areas have been proposed to be made prohibited activities. Certain other activities having lesser environment damaging potential have been proposed to be regulated.  th 9. By an order passed on 4  August 2006, this Court had, inter­alia,   restrained   grant   of   temporary   working   permits   for 12 mining within safety zones around any national park/wildlife sanctuary declared under Sections 18, 26­A or 35 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.  As an interim measure, direction was issued to maintain one kilometre safety zone, which was subject to the orders that may be made in the present IA (I.A. No.1000 of 2003). th 10. The second report of the CEC dated 20  September 2012 makes the following recommendations as regards identification and declaration of ESZ. This report entitled   “Note regarding safety zones (Eco­sensitive zones) around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries”  makes the following recommendations:­ “10. After considering that during the last ten years no significant   progress   has   been   made   regarding identification   and   declaration   of   Safety   Zones   around protected areas and considering the matter in its totality, an implementable scheme has been prepared by the CEC and which has been dealt with in subsequent paragraphs. 11. For the purpose of identification and declaration of the Safety Zones around National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries (hereinafter referred to as protected areas), the protected areas   based   on   their   areas,   are   classified   into   four categories:   i)  CATEGORY­A  ­ the protected areas having an area of 500 sq. km. or more. The total number of such protected areas is 73 and their total area is about 1,01,389 sq. km (63.44 % of total area of protected areas);    ii)   CATEGORY­B   ­ the protected areas having an area between 200 sq. km. to 500 sq. km. The total number of such protected areas is 115 and their total area is about 38942 sq. km. (24.37 % of total area of protected areas);  13 iii)     ­ the  protected areas  having an area CATEGORY­C between 100 sq. km. to 200 sq. km. The total number of such protected areas is 85 and their total area is about 12,066 sq. km (about 7.55 % of total area of protected areas); and  iv)   ­ the protected areas having an area up CATEGORY­D to 100 sq. km. The total number of such protected areas is 344 and their total area is about 7,422 sq. km (about 4.65 % of total area of all protected areas).   12. Wherever two or more protected areas are contiguous to each other, such protected areas will be placed in the appropriate category based on the sum total of their areas (and not on the basis of area of individual protected area). The details of some of the contiguous protected areas are given below:  i)   Corbett   National   Park   (520   sq.   km.)   and Sonanadi Sanctuary (301 sq. km) ­ total area is 821   sq.   km   and   therefore   both   will   fall   in Category­A;  ii)   Gir   National   Park   (258   sq.   km.)   and   Gir Sanctuary (1,153 sq. km.) ­ total area is 1,411 sq. km. and therefore both will fall in Category­ A;  iii)   Periyar   National   Park   (350   sq.   km.)   and Periyar Sanctuary (427 sq. km.) ­ total area is 777   sq.   km.   and   therefore   both   will   fall   in Category­A;   iv) Satpura National Park (585 sq. km.), Bori Sanctuary   (485   sq.   km.)   and   Pachmarhi Sanctuary (417 sq. km.) ­ total area is 1488 sq. km. and therefore all three will fall in Category­ A;  iv)   Valmiki   National   Park   (335   sq.   km.)   and Valmiki Sanctuary (545 sq. km.) ­ total area is 880   sq   .   km.   and   therefore   both   will   fall   in Category­A; vi)   Tadoba   National   Park   (116   sq.   km.)   and Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary (509 sq. km.) ­ total 14 area is 625 sq. km. and therefore both will fall in Category­A; and   vii) Sariska National Park (273 sq. km.) and Sariska Sanctuary (219 sq. km.) ­ total area is 492   sq.   km.   and   therefore   both   will   fall   in Category­B; 13. The Safety Zone, in respect of protected areas falling in 'Category­A and Category­B, may comprise of all the areas including non­forest areas falling within a distance of two kilometers   and   one   kilometer   respectively   from   the boundaries   of   the   protected   area.   Such   distances,   in respect of protected areas falling within Category­C and Category­D, may be kept at 500 meter and  100 meter respectively.  14.   The   grant/renewal   of   mining   leases   (excluding   for collection of boulders, gravel and sand from river beds), setting   up   of   hazardous   industries,   brick   kilns,   wood based industries (except MDF/Particle Boards Plants) will be treated as prohibited activities within the Safety Zone (eco­sensitive zones). The activities such as setting up of industries   (other   than   those   included   in   the   list   of prohibited   activities),   hotels   and   restaurants   including resorts,   commercial   helicopter   services,   hydel   projects, irrigations  projects, canals, laying of  transmission lines and distribution lines above 33 KV, roads of more than five meter width and collection of boulders, gravel and sand   from   the   river   beds   will   be   treated   as   regulated activities   and   which   will   be   permissible   only   after obtaining   environment   clearance   and   clearance   of   the Standing Committee, National Board for Wildlife. All other activities which are not prescribed as prohibited activities or   regulated   activities   will   be   treated   as   permissible activities.  15. The concerned State/UT will be at liberty to shift a protected area from a lower category to higher category (say from Category­C to Category­B) after considering the importance of the protected area on account of:  i) presence of flagship species/endangered species such as   Tiger,   Lion,   Elephant,   Rhino,   Snow   Leopard,   Red Panda, Hangul, Musk deer, Great Indian Bustard, Lion Tailed Macaque, floricans;  15 ii)   fragile   eco­system   such   as   Western   Ghats,   North Eastern   States,   areas   having   high   altitude   flora   and fauna, rain forest, mangroves, marine eco­system;  iii) World Heritage sites; and  iv) Wetland eco­systems  16.   The   concerned   State/UT   Governments   may   after detailed examination of the status of habitation, existing industries and other activities and other relevant factors, and, if found desirable and in public interest forward the proposal(s)   for   shifting   a   protected   area   from   a   higher category to a lower category. They may also forward the proposal(s) for exclusion of the areas of cities falling within the Safety Zone. The MoEF thereafter will examine such proposals and place such proposals before the Standing Committee   of   the   National   Board   for   Wildlife   for   its consideration.   The   proposals   cleared   by   the   Standing Committee of the NBWL will be placed before this Hon'ble Court for seeking its permission. It is only after obtaining the permission of this Hon'ble Court that a protected area may be shifted from a higher category to a lower category.  17. The Safety Zones (eco­sensitive zones) around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries will be in addition to the following eco­sensitive zones notified by the MoEF (and by other notifications, if any): i) S.O. 20(E), (6/1/1989) ­ Prohibiting industries on Murud­ Janijira, District Raigadh, Maharashtra; ii)   S.O.   102(E),   (1/2/1989)   ­   Restricting   location   of industries, mining & other activities in Doon Valley (UP);  iii)   S.0.   416(E),   (20/6/1991)   ­   Dahanu   Taluka,   District Thane   (Maharashtra)   to   declare   as   Ecologically   Fragile Area, amended 1999;  iv) S.0.319(E), (7/5/1992) ­ Restricting certain activities causing environmental degradation at Aravalli Range;  v)   S.0.   481   (E),   (5/7/1996)   ­   No   Development   Zone   at Numaligarh, East of Kaziranga;  16 vi)   S.0.   884(E),   (19/12/1996)   ­   Dahanu   Taluka Environment Protection Authority, 1996, amended 2001 ;  vii) S.0. 350(E), (13/5/1998) ­ Order constituting the Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevent and Control) Authority;  viii) S.0. 825(E), (17.9.1998) ­ Pachmarhi Region as an Eco­ Sensitive Zone;  ix)   S.0.   52(E),   (17/1/2001)   Mahabaleswar   Panchgani Region as an Eco­Sensitive Zone;  x) S.0. 133 (E), (4/2/2003) ­ Matheran and surrounding region as an Eco­Sensitive Zone  1. S.0. 83 (E), (16/01/2004) ­ Amendments to S.O. 133(E) dated 4/2/2003;  xi)   S.0.   1545(E),   (25/06/2009),   Mount   Abu   as   Eco­ Sensitive Zone.   xii) S.0. 1260(E), (31/05/2012) ­ Girnar Reserve Forest as Eco­Sensitive Zone.  18. It is respectfully submitted that the above proposals are submitted in the back­drop of inordinate delay that has taken place in the identification and declaration of Safety Zones around National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuaries and so as to ensure that the process of such declarations do not remain pending indefinitely.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) 11. To the   said  report, another  supplementary  note  dated th 18   January 2013 has been submitted. This report is also in connection with notifying the ESZ around protected forests. The following passage from this report is relevant: ­ “4.   After   considering   the   inordinate   delay   which   has already taken place in notifying the safety zone around National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuaries and considering the ground situation as it exists, the CEC is of the considered 17 view that it may be appropriate that an early decision is taken regarding the safety zones around National Park/ Sanctuaries. The  proposal  submitted by the  CEC while ensuring that effective restrictions and regulations are put in   place   immediately   and   implemented   in   an   objective manner   also,   after   detailed   examination,   provides   for adequate   flexibility   to   modify   the   areas   of   the   safety zones.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) 12. In connection with the I.A. No.1000 of 2003, several other   applications   have   been   filed,   mainly   by   miners concerning   the   Jamua   Ramgarh   wildlife   sanctuary.     The th order passed on 4   August 2006 by this Court [reported in (2010) 13 SCC 740] in relation to grant of temporary working permits was made subjecting them to compliance of certain pre conditions.  These preconditions, inter­alia, were: ­ “19.  (i)   TWPs   can   only   be   granted   for   the   renewal   of mining leases, and not where the lease is being granted for the first time to the applicant user agency; (ii)   The   mine   is   not   located   inside   any   national park/sanctuary notified under Sections 18, 26­A or 35 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972; (iii)   The   grant   of   TWP   would   not   result   in   any   mining activity within the safety zone around such areas referred to in Precondition (ii) above (as an interim measure, one kilometre safety zone shall be maintained subject to the orders that may be made in IA No. 1000 regarding Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary); (iv) The user agency who has broken up the area of the mine (in respect of which TWP is being sought) has or had the requisite environmental clearances and at no time prior to the grant of the TWP was any mining being carried on by the user agency in relation to the mine in question, in violation of the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act 18 (for short “the FC Act”). In cases involving violation of the FC Act, a formal decision on merit should be taken under the FC Act after considering the gravity of the violation. However, the grant of a TWP may be considered where past violations have been regularised by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (for short “MoEF”) by the grant of an approval under the FC Act with retrospective effect; (v) The conditions attached to the approval under the FC Act for the grant of the mining lease (or the renewal of the mining   lease)   have   been   fulfilled,   particularly   those   in respect of (but not limited to) compensatory afforestation, reclamation plan and overburden dumping on the specified site; (vi)   The   user   agency   has,   within   the   stipulated   time, already   filed   a   proposal   in   conformity   with   the   Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1980 for seeking an approval under the FC Act along with the complete details as are required to be furnished. An application for the grant of TWP in favour of the user agencies, who have either not filed a proper   proposal   and/or   have   not   provided   complete information, particularly in respect of (but not limited to) compensatory   afforestation,   phased   reclamation   plan, felling of trees, details of minerals extracted in the past, etc. should not be entertained; (vii) A TWP shall be granted only limited to working in the area broken up legally and during the validity of the lease. No TWP can be granted in respect of, or extending to either unbroken area or the areas which have been broken after the expiry of the mining lease or have been broken in violation of the FC Act or any other law for the time being in force; (viii) In no circumstances can the duration of a TWP extend beyond the period of one year. Where an application for the grant of permission under the FC Act is not disposed of during the currency of TWP, the applicant, on the strength of the same TWP, may continue to operate for a period not exceeding   three   months   unless   specific   orders   are obtained from this Court; and (ix) A valid lease under the MMRD Act exists [including by way of a deemed extension in terms of Rule 24­A(6) of the Mineral Concession Rules] in respect of the area of the TWP.” 19 13. We shall now briefly refer to the individual I.A.s filed in connection with I.A No. 1000 of 2003:­  (i) Applicants in I.A. Nos. 982­984 of 2003, 1026­1028 of 2004,   1123­1124   of   2004,   1197­1199   of   2004,   1210­ 1211 of 2004, 1250­1251 of 2004 and 1512 of 2006 are firms   who   claim   to   be   mining   lease   holders   or   their representative   bodies   seeking   impleadment   in   I.A.   No. 1000 of 2003 as also other reliefs. All these applicants (barring the applicant in I.A. No.1512, i.e. M/s. Andhi Marbles)  seek   impleadment   in   the   present   proceeding. All of them also seek certain direction that might allow them to carry on mining activities. Among them, M/s. Jaipur   Mineral   Development   Syndical   Private   Limited (I.A.   Nos.1123­1124   of   2004)   has   taken   a   plea   that Section 66(4) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 was not applicable to it and in that regard a pending Writ Petition   instituted   by   them   in   the   High   Court   of Rajasthan (Writ Petition No. 570 of 2002) has been cited. In the said application permission has been sought for restarting   the   mining   activities   in   non­forest   area. 20 Directions have also been asked to prevent initiation of penal proceedings against the applicant under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.   (ii) The   applicant   in   I.A.   Nos.982­984   of   2003   is   one Smt.   Magan   Devi   Meena.     Her   case   is   that   she   was allotted   mining   area   which   is   outside   the   reserve forest/sanctuary in Thali village and falls outside Pillar no. 407 (the demarcation point of forest/sanctuary area). th She essentially questions legality of the letter dated 30 May 2003 issued by the Mining Engineer Jaipur, office of Mining   Engineer   &   Geology   Department,   Jaipur, Rajasthan stopping mining operation in the disputed area of   Jamua   Ramgarh   Wildlife   Sanctuary   and   pending completion of demarcation. (iii)In   I.A.   Nos.   1210­1211   of   2004,   the   applicant   is Madhu Agarwal. Her prayer is for fresh demarcation of the Pillar no.1 to Pillar no.428 around the said sanctuary and   she   has   also   sought   directions   on   the   State Government to release the excess land from the reserve forest area after fresh demarcation. The applicant in this 21 case has been involved in mining of dolomite in Jamua Ramgarh   Tehsil   in   the   area   known   as   Rayanwala   of Digota Forest Block 61. (iv) I.A. Nos. 1250­1251 of 2004 has been taken out by Bhushan Sharma, successor in interest of one Sharda Devi, who was the original allottee of mining around the Jamua Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary.  It is the case of the applicant that his operations have been stopped by letter th dated   30   May   2003   issued   by   the   Mining   Engineer Jaipur, office of Mining Engineer & Geology Department, Jaipur,   Rajasthan   in   the   disputed   area   of   Jamua Ramgarh   Sanctuary.   Survey   had   revealed   that   mining activities   were   being   carried   on   inside   the   wildlife th sanctuary.  The report of CEC dated 27  May 2003 found number   of  mines  operating  around  or   in two  villages, Sankotda  and  Thali,   which  were   within  the   sanctuary and   the   CEC   also   found   that   the   earlier   finding   of   a Committee could not be taken as conclusive proof that the area involved was a non­forest land and fell outside the   sanctuary.    The  State   of   Rajasthan,   however,   has 22 th taken  a  stand   in  their   affidavit  affirmed   on   15   April 2004 that delineation and demarcation of the boundaries have already been done. (v) In I.A. No. 1512 of 2006, M/s. Andhi Marbles Pvt. Ltd are the applicants. They have prayed for permission to resume   mining   operations   excluding   the   land   to   the extent of 100 metres from the forest/sanctuary.  (vi)  In I.A. No. 3880 of 2015, the applicant is the State of Rajasthan. Prayer has been made in this application for appropriate   direction   for   issuing   the   ESZ   of   wildlife sanctuaries and national parks and to keep in abeyance st a letter issued by CEC on 21  October 2014 by which one kilometre distance has been required to be maintained in respect of mining activities from the boundaries of the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.   Certain other clarifications have also been sought as regards the order th of this Court passed on 4   August 2006 and we shall deal with the said issues later in this judgment. The State of Rajasthan has filed several other affidavits and  the common   theme   of   these   affidavits   is   for   lifting   the 23 restrictions and permit mining activities in and around the   protected   forests   to   energise   the   economy   of   the State.  The State seeks permission for subsisting mining activities   to   operate   outside   the   protected   forests   and ESZ.  It is also their stand that most of the mining areas in Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary were sanctioned prior to coming into operation of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 st and declaration of the said sanctuary on 31  May 1982.  Apart   from   mining   activities   in   the   Jamua   Ramgarh 14. Sanctuary, applications have also been taken out in relation to the CEC reports as the said reports deal with protected forests all across the country and contemplate uniform ESZ norms for th their  protection.   On 14   July  2003,  the  recommendations of th CEC dated 27  December 2002 were accepted by this Court in I.A. No.887 of 2003.  The said application related to wood based industries   in   the   State   of   Maharashtra,   and,   inter­alia, concerned 64 saw mills.  That application was disposed of with a direction for consideration of their cases within a period of two months and if they were found eligible, their applications were directed to be sent to the CEC.  The latter was to submit a report 24 and   the   State   of   Maharashtra   was   directed   to   abide   by   the aforesaid recommendations.   (i) In I.A. No.1412 of 2005, the applicants are Maharashtra Timber   Laghu   Udyog   Mahasangha   alongwith   the   Poona Timber   Merchant   (owners   of   saw   mills   in   the   State   of Maharashtra). They want clarification of the order of this Court passed in I.A. No.887 of 2003 for consideration of the cases of 64 saw mill owners for grant for grant of license as th per notification dated 16  July 1981 issued by the State of Maharashtra   amending   the   Bombay   Forest   Rules,   1942. th This Court had directed in the aforesaid order (of 14  July 2003) that the cases of the applicants may be examined by the State Government within a period of two months and if they are found eligible, their applications could be sent to the CEC who might submit a report to this Court.   In the present   application   the   applicants   want   grant   of   license considering condition no.3 of the Government’s Notification th dated 16  July 1981. (ii) Applicants in I.A. No. 117831 of 2019 are Maharashtra Timber   Laghu   Udyog   Mahasangha   alongwith   the   Poona 25 Timber Merchant (64 saw mills owners) in connection with grant   of   licenses   for   operating   saw   mills.   In   the   present order,   we   are   confining   our   examination   of   proceedings arising out of I.A. No.1000 of 2003. As such, the aforesaid applications   ought   to   be   listed   independently   before   the appropriate Bench.   15. The applicant in I.A. No. 96949 of 2019 is the State of th Maharashtra.   On 11   December 2018, this Court had passed an   order   in   respect   of   21   National   Parks   and   Wildlife Sanctuaries, which included Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary. This order, inter­alia, records and directs: ­ “It is submitted by the learned Amicus that this issue has been pending since sometime in December, 2006. 12 years have gone­by but no effective steps have been taken by the State Governments in respect of the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries mentioned above.  Under the circumstances, we direct that an area of 10 Kms around these 21 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries be   declared   as   Eco   Sensitive   Zone   by   the   MoEF.   The declaration be made by the MoEF at the earliest.  Liberty is granted to the State Governments to move an application   for   modification   of   this   order   along   with proposal only two weeks after submission of the proposals to the MoEF.  List the matters at the end of February, 2019.  In the meanwhile, interim order to continue.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) 26 The prayer of the State of Maharashtra in this application is to the following effect: ­ “A)   This   Hon’ble   Court   be   pleased   to   modify   its   order dated 11.12.2018 directing that an area of 10 kilometers around Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary situated in the State of Maharashtra be declared as Eco Sensitive Zone by the Ministry of Environment and Forest; and B) That this Hon’ble Court be pleased to direct that the area   of   0­3.5   kilometers   as   proposed   in   the   proposal submitted by the State Government on 22.05.2019 to the Ministry of Environment and Forest be declared as Eco Sensitive Zone in respect of the Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary; and C) Pass any other order and or directions as this Hon’ble Court   may   deem   fit   and   proper   in   the   facts   and circumstances of the present case.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) 16. The other applications in respect of the same sanctuary is by an association  of real estate  developers,  CREDAI­MCHI registered as I.A. No.65571 of 2021. The main prayer in I.A. No.65571 of 2021 is:­ “(a) Modify the order dated 11.12.2018 passed by this Hon’ble Court in I.A. No. 1000 in W.P. (C) No. 202 of 1995 inasmuch   as   it   relates   to   the   Thane   Creek   Flamingo Sanctuary and direct that the Eco Sensitive Zone around the said Sanctuary shall be in terms of the proposal dated 10.03.2021 submitted by the State Government and the Draft   Notification   dated   08.04.2021   published   by   the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India; and / or  (b) Pass such other order(s) as this Hon’ble Court may deem fit and proper in the circumstances of the case.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) 27 th 17. The order on 11   December 2018 was passed by this Court   as   the   proposals   in   respect   of   21   National   Parks   and Wildlife Sanctuaries had not yet been received by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Recommendations of CEC   as   regards   maintaining   ESZ   were   made   in   relation   to th wildlife sanctuaries and national parks on 20  September 2012. th As per the order passed on 11  December 2018, the proposal of the State Government was to be made before the MoEF&CC and th it   appears   that   a   draft   notification   dated   8   April   2021 concerning Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary has already been published   by   the   MoEF&CC.   Let   the   MoEF&CC   take   final decision   in   relation   to   such   draft   notification   as   per   the provisions of law. Such decision, if already taken, may be placed before   this   Court   one   week   after   reopening   of   the   Court   on conclusion   of   the   summer   vacation.   If   such   decision   is   not taken, then the decision may be taken as per law within a period of six weeks and be placed before us within the same timeframe. This   Court   shall   consider   passing   appropriate   direction thereafter, upon going through such decision.  28 18. In   I.A.   No.1992   of   2007,   the   M.P.   State   Mining Corporation Limited has applied for the following reliefs:­ “i. grant   permission   to   file   present   Application   for Clarification ; ii. clarify   that   the   directions   as   contained   in   interim Order   dated   4 . 8.2006   of   this   Hon ' ble   Court   in   I.A . Nos . 1413,   1414 ,   1454   in   I . A .   Nos.   1413,   1426 ,   1428 , 1440 ,   1439 ,   1441   ,   1444­1445 ,   1459 and 1460   i n Writ Petition   (C)   No . 202   of   1995   (T.N .   Godavarman Thirumulpad   Vs.   UOI   &   Ors.   Pertains   only   to   mining activity   in   Temporary   Working   Permission   (TWP)   cases requiring approval under Forest Conservation Act ,   1980 and that the said directions do not apply to the regular quarry lease on a revenue land particularly when such quarry   lease   is   granted   to   the   State   owned   Mining Corporation by the State Government itself.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook)   So far as this application is concerned, we repeat that in 19. this   order,   we   are   dealing   with   the   issues   arising   out   of   IA No.1000 of 2003. The scope of this application relates to mining and   other   activities   within   the   national   parks   and   wildlife sanctuaries and maintaining ESZ around individual protected forests. The reliefs asked for by the MP State Mining Corporation Limited in IA No. 1992 of 2007 do not come within the ambit of the   subject   we   are   addressing   in   this   judgment/order.   This application of the Mining Corporation company is in connection 29 with   temporary   working   permits   in   non­forest   areas.   This application will also have to be addressed separately. There are two affidavits of M/s. Andhi Marbles Pvt. Ltd 20. th th affirmed on 19  February 2004 and 29  July 2004 pertaining to Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary. Complaint against said M/s. Andhi Marbles is in relation to mining leases granted and operated by them.  In the CEC report which has been transformed into I.A. No.1000 of 2003, it has been recorded that they were granted mining leases in violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as   well   as   the   Wild   Life   (Protection)   Act,   1972.     They   had continued working on the temporary permits after the order of th this Court dated 12  December 1996.  In the Order of this Court reported in [(1997) 2 SCC 267] it has been inter­alia observed:­
“4.The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 was enacted with a
view to check further deforestation which ultimately
results in ecological imbalance; and therefore, the
provisions made therein for the conservation of forests and
for matters connected therewith, must apply to all forests
irrespective of the nature of ownership or classification
thereof. The word “forest” must be understood according
to its dictionary meaning. This description covers all
statutorily recognised forests, whether designated as
reserved, protected or otherwise for the purpose of Section
2(i) of the Forest Conservation Act. The term “forest land”,
occurring in Section 2, will not only include “forest” as
understood in the dictionary sense, but also any area
recorded as forest in the Government record irrespective of
the ownership. This is how it has to be understood for the
30
purpose of Section 2 of the Act. The provisions enacted in
the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 for the conservation of
forests and the matters connected therewith must apply
clearly to all forests so understood irrespective of the
ownership or classification thereof. This aspect has been
made abundantly clear in the decisions of this Court
inAmbica Quarry Worksv.State of Gujarat[(1987) 1 SCC
213],Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendrav.State of
U.P.[1989 Supp (1) SCC 504] and recently in the order
dated 29­11­1996 (Supreme Court Monitoring
Committeev.Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority[
WP (C) No 749 of 1995 decided on 29­11­1996] ). The
earlier decision of this Court inState of Biharv.Banshi
Ram Modi[(1985) 3 SCC 643] has, therefore, to be
understood in the light of these subsequent decisions. We
consider it necessary to reiterate this settled position
emerging from the decisions of this Court to dispel the
doubt, if any, in the perception of any State Government or
authority. This has become necessary also because of the
stand taken on behalf of the State of Rajasthan, even at
this late stage, relating to permissions granted for mining
in such area which is clearly contrary to the decisions of
this Court. It is reasonable to assume that any State
Government which has failed to appreciate the correct
position in law so far, will forthwith correct its stance and
take the necessary remedial measures without any further
delay.”
21. The CEC’s observation in I.A. No.1000 of 2003 is that no mining activity was permissible inside the sanctuary as per this th Court’s   Order   dated   14   February   2000   and   the   temporary working   permits   were   granted   in   violation   of   the   applicable statutory   provisions   and   guidelines   as   the   area   involved   fell inside the sanctuary. M/s. Andhi Marbles Pvt. Ltd. have taken a defence   that   their   mining   activities   were   in   terms   of   the temporary working permit issued and in compliance with the 31 specified conditions laid down by the MoEF&CC.   A point has also been taken that the limits of the sanctuary was not notified and   no   notification   under   Section   26A   of   the   Wild   Life (Protection) Act, 1972 was issued to declare the said area as sanctuary. They have also taken a point that the mining lease covering forest has been deleted from the lease document and they seek to operate two quarries, on non­forest land beyond the safety zone of 25 metres, which has been specified as part of the Mineral Policy, 1994 of the State of Rajasthan.   They also, in effect, seek resumption of mining activities in the area beyond 25 metres from the forest boundary. th 22. As regards the Guidelines of 9   February 2011, which has   been   referred   to   in   the   affidavit   of   MoEF&CC affirmed/verified by Dr. Subrata Bose, Scientist ‘F’ Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, stand of M/s. Andhi Marbles Pvt. Ltd. is that no consensus has been reached as regards notifying the areas within 10 kilometres of the boundaries of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries as ESZ. 32 23. In the affidavit filed on behalf of MoEF&CC, which we have referred to in the preceding paragraph, it has been stated that the Guidelines for Declaration of ESZ have been notified by the   Ministry   of   Environment,   Forest   and   Climate   Change, Government of India. For the purpose of formulation of ESZ in relation of individual protected forest area, Para 6 of the said Guidelines has been brought to our notice. A detailed hierarchy has been prescribed for declaration of ESZ. Referring to the case of  the   Goa  Foundation   (W.P.   (C)  No.435/2012),   it  has   been stated in this affidavit that mining activity is prohibited within a distance of 1 kilometre or the specified ESZ, whichever is higher. 24. On   the   pleas   of   M/s.   Andhi   Marbles   Pvt.   Ltd.   and another leaseholder, Munni Devi, in subsequent affidavit verified th on   29   April   2004   the   MoEF&CC   had   justified   granting   of working permit to the said firms.  th The   next   affidavit   of   MoEF&CC   was   verified   on   14 25. September 2005 and this affidavit deals with fixing of buffer zones for activities outside sanctuaries/forests. In this affidavit, it has been admitted that with respect to the details given in the th earlier affidavit dated 29  April 2004 the decision taken by the 33 Ministry at that point of time while granting temporary working permission on already broken up area in Jamua Ramgarh could not incorporate all factual details and thus might not have been strictly   compatible   with   the   principles   of   the   environmental conservation. It has further been stated in this affidavit that the Ministry   directed   the   State   Government   to   ensure   phased closure of mines.  th th 26. Altogether   seven   affidavits   dated   15   April   2004,   17 th th th September 2004, 9   December 2004, 13   October 2006, 10 th st May 2007, 12  August  2008 and 1  November 2012 filed by the State of Rajasthan are on record before us. The stand of the State of Rajasthan as reflected in these affidavits are primarily in relation to the creation of ESZ. It is their case that the decision of   25   metres   safety   zone   in   relation   to   Jamua   Ramgarh sanctuary   has   been   conceived   by   the   State   and   the   State Government has also taken a decision that in the vicinity of sanctuaries, national parks and reserve forests, mining activities should not be undertaken within 25 metres. As regards other forest   areas,   their   position   is   that   mining   ought   to   be undertaken in the immediate vicinity of the forest areas. They 34 have expressed difficulties over taking over or acquisition of land around any sanctuary or other protected forest and their ESZ without proper proceeding. As regards mining operations within sanctuary area of Jamua Ramgarh, it has been stated that all mining activities within the sanctuary have been stopped. In th their affidavit dated 12  August 2008, it has been disclosed by the State that mining activities in non­forest areas within 100 metres of the Jamua Ramgarh sanctuary has been closed. Their plea is for allowing mining activity in non­forest areas within protected   forests   and   beyond   the   ESZ   of   100   metres   for economic activities, in the interest of local population as also the State’s economy.  27. It   has   also   been   highlighted   by   the   State   that   25 sanctuaries, 2 national parks have been declared by the State comprising of a total area of 9,07,070 hectares and an area of 23,29,659 hectares of area as forest area or deemed forest is already existing as eco­sensitive/eco fragile/buffer/safety zones in that State within which no non­forest activities is allowed without proper permission under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.   The   State   of   Rajasthan   has   opposed   the   proposal   for 35 declaring 10 kilometres beyond the boundary of sanctuaries and national parks being declared as ESZ.  The role of the State cannot be confined to that of a 28.  facilitator  or   generator  of   economic   activities  for   immediate upliftment of the fortunes of the State. The State also has to act as a trustee for the benefit of the general public in relation to the natural resources so that sustainable development can be achieved   in   the   long   term.  Such   role   of   the   State   is   more relevant today, than, possibly, at any point of time in history with   the   threat   of   climate   catastrophe   resulting   from   global warming looming large.  This Court has highlighted  the  Public Trust Doctrine in the case of  M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath and Others   [(1997) 1 SCC 388] and opined that the Public Trust Doctrine is part of the law of land. In Paragraph 25 of the said judgment, as reported, this  doctrine has been explained with reference   to   writings   of   Joseph   L.   Sax,   Professor   of   Law, University of Michigan,  the proponent of Modern Public Trust Doctrine:­   The   Public   Trust   Doctrine   primarily   rests   on   the “25. principle that certain resources like air, sea, waters and the forests have such a great importance to the people as a whole that it would be wholly unjustified to make them 36
a subject of private ownership. The said resources being<br>a gift of nature, they should be made freely available to<br>everyone irrespective of the status in life. The doctrine<br>enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for<br>the enjoyment of the general public rather than to permit<br>their use for private ownership or commercial purposes.<br>According to Professor Sax the Public Trust Doctrine<br>imposes the following restrictions on governmental<br>authority:
“Three types of restrictions on governmental authority are<br>often thought to be imposed by the public trust: first, the<br>property subject to the trust must not only be used for a<br>public purpose, but it must be held available for use by<br>the general public; second, the property may not be sold,<br>even for a fair cash equivalent; and third the property<br>must be maintained for particular types of uses.”
Reliance has been placed on the said doctrine in earlier 29. th orders of this Court in this very writ petition,  passed on 30 th th October 2002, 26  September 2005 and 13  February 2012. So far   as   the   views   of   the   State   of   Rajasthan   is   concerned,   as reflected in their affidavits and written notes, their consideration for   justifying   mining   in   Jamua   Ramgarh   and   its   periphery primarily stems from the prospect of immediate economic gains and their role as a trustee of natural resources of the land has been largely overlooked. 30. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) is  against having a  uniform ESZ for all  national parks and reserved forests. Their view is that the ESZ area ought to   be   site­specific.   Our   attention   has   been   drawn   to   the 37 Comprehensive   Guidelines   formulated,   to   which   we   have referred earlier in this Order.  In the case of  Goa Foundation v. Union   of   India   and   Others   [(2014)   6   SCC   590],   the   order th passed in this proceeding [IA 1000 of 2003] on 4  August 2006 has also been referred to and relied upon.  Affidavits have been th filed by the State of Goa affirmed on 19  September 2012 and st 31   October 2012. Main concern of the State of Goa is over creation   of   ESZ   of   10   kilometres   from   the   boundaries   of protected forests as buffer zone and it is also contended on their behalf   that   such   buffer   zones   should   be   site­specific.   It   is highlighted that in the State of Goa vegetative aerial cover of Goa is more than 59.99% (as per the Indian State Forest Report of 2011) and protected forest areas constitute over 20% of the total geographic area. On this basis, they seek appropriate directions. It has also been brought to our notice that notifications have been issued in respect of several sanctuaries stipulating the ESZ boundaries. Written submissions have also been filed by Goa Foundation [the petitioners in W.P. (C) 460/2004] and W.P. (C) 435/2012 in which it has been  urged   that minimum extent of ESZ ought to be as per  the CEC recommendations incorporating 38 therein   the   modifications/suggestions   by   the   learned   Amicus Curiae. So far as State of Goa is concerned, the scope of mining activities is being dealt with in the case of   Goa Foundation (supra). In the present I.A., we would not address issues specific to the said case. But the directives we shall make, as we have already indicated, which are not covered by the issues involved in   the   case   of   Goa   Foundation   (supra)   shall   apply   to   the protected forest and adjacent areas.  On   the   point   of   buffer   zone   for   activities   outside   the 31. sanctuaries/national parks, the National Board of Wildlife in its st st 21  meeting held on 21  January 2002 adopted National Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Paragraph 9 of the Strategy document concerns   the   buffer   areas   around   the   national   parks   and sanctuaries.  It has been recorded therein:­  “Lands falling within 10 kms of the boundaries of National Parks and Sanctuaries should be notified as Eco­fragile Zones under Section 3(v) of the Environment (Protection) Act and Rule 5, Sub­rule 5(viii) and (x) of the Environment (Protection) Rules.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) But it does not appear from the said affidavit that said proposal of notifying 10 kilometres as boundaries of the national parks and sanctuaries as Eco­fragile zone was finalised.  39 32. The MoEF&CC essentially has argued in favour of having ESZ to be site­specific and for that purpose they have invited proposals   from   individual   State   Government   in   the   aforesaid Guidelines. In cases where such proposals have not come, they want 10 kilometres periphery of protected forests to be preserved as ESZ. As regards activities permissible within the buffer zone, certain works have been proposed to be regulated and certain activities   to   be   permitted   within   the   ESZ.   This   has   been stipulated   in   Annexure­I   to   the   Guidelines.   We   have   already referred   to   the   prohibited   activities.   Among   the   regulated activities, as per these Guidelines are:­  (i) Felling  of  trees  with permission from  appropriate authority.  (ii) Establishment of hotels and resort as per approved master   plan,   which   takes   care   of   habitats   allowing   no restriction on movement of wild animals. (iii) Drastic change in agricultural systems. (iv) Commercial   use   of   natural   water   resources including ground water harvesting as per approved master plan, which takes care of habitats allowing no restriction on movement of wild animals. (v) Erection   of   electrical   cables   with   stress   on promoting underground cabling. (vi) Fencing of premises of hotels and lodges. (vii) Use of polythene bags by shopkeepers. 40 (viii) Widening   of   roads   with   proper   environmental impact assessment. (ix) Movement   of   vehicular   traffic   at   night   for commercial purposes. (x) Introduction of exotic species. (xi) Protection of hill slopes and river banks. (xii) Regulation   of   any   form   of   air   and   vehicular pollution. (xiii) Putting up of sign boards and hoardings. Within permissible activities fall:­ (i) Ongoing agricultural and horticulture practices by local communities. (ii) Rain water harvesting (iii) Organic farming (iv) Use of renewable energy sources  (v) Adoption of green technology for all activities. 33. In the affidavit of the Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife, the views of the non­official members of the Standing   Committee   have   been   placed   on   record,   which essentially contemplates continuation of the 10 kilometres buffer th zone.  Order passed by this Court on 4  December 2006 in the case of  Goa Foundation  (W.P. (C) 460/2004) proposes following such a course if there is delay in site­specific preparation of ESZ for individual States/Union Territories. On the aspect of having site­specific ESZ under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the   view   of   the   National   Board   of   Wildlife,   appears   to   be 41 unanimous.     It   is   their   opinion   that   some   protected   areas, because  of   their  smaller  size,  may  require   larger   safety  zone around it.  34. We shall deal first with the question of impleadment of firms   and   individuals   who   had   some   kind   of   permission   for carrying on mining activities in Jamua Ramgarh sanctuary. The Interlocutory Applications which we are dealing with arise out of a public interest litigation and there is no doubt that orders passed in litigation of this nature could affect a large body of persons who may not be included in the array of parties at the time of institution of the proceeding. To an extent, litigations of this   nature   assume   an   In­rem   character .   Ideally,   for   such   a public interest litigation, the procedure contemplated in Rule VIII of Order 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 could be followed   to   the   extent   of   issue   of   public   notice   or   general intimation to public in such mode as the Court may consider fit and   proper,   having   regard   to   the   nature   and   scope   of   the proceeding. But in cases where such a course has not been taken,  persons   affected   or   likely   to  be   affected   by  any  order passed in the litigation would be entitled to join or participate in 42 the proceeding. Thus, the impleadment prayers in I.A. No. 984 of 2003, I.A. No. 1026 of 2004, I.A. No. 1123 of 2004, I.A. No. 1197 of 2004 and I.A. No. 1251 of 2004 are allowed. 35. The approach of the Court in dealing with complaints of environmental   degradation   has   been   laid   down   by   this   very th Bench in this Writ Petition itself in an order passed on 9  May 2022   in   connection   with   another   set   of   applications.   In   this Order, it has been observed and held:­ 15.   Adherence   to   the   principle   of   sustainable development   is   a   constitutional   requirement.   While applying   the   principle   of   sustainable   development   one must   bear   in   mind   that   development   which   meets   the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore, Courts are required to balance development needs with the protection of the environment and ecology. It is the duty of the State under our Constitution to devise and implement a coherent and coordinated programme to meet its obligation of sustainable development based on inter­ generational equity. While economic development should not be allowed to take place at the cost of ecology or by causing   widespread   environment   destruction   and violation;   at   the   same   time,   the   necessity   to   preserve ecology and environment should not hamper economic and other developments. Both development and environment must go hand in hand, in other words, there should not be development at the cost of environment and vice versa, but there should be development while taking due care and ensuring the protection of environment.  43   In   16. Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v. Union of India , this Court held that the ‘Precautionary Principle’ is an   essential   feature   of   the   principle   of   ‘Sustainable Development’.   It   went   on   to   explain   the   precautionary principle in the following terms: ­  (i) Environmental measures — by the State Government and the statutory authorities — must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation.  (ii)   Where   there   are   threats   of   serious   and   irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a   reason   for   postponing   measures   to   prevent environmental degradation.  (iii)   The   “onus   of   proof”   is   on   the   actor   or   the developer/industrialist   to   show   that   his   action   is environmentally benign. 17.  The principle of precaution involves the anticipation of environmental harm and taking measures to avoid it or to choose   the   least   environmentally   harmful   activity.   It   is based on scientific uncertainty. Environmental protection should  not  only aim  at  protecting health,  property and economic interest but also protect the environment for its own sake. Precautionary duties must not only be triggered by the suspicion of concrete danger but also by justified concern or risk potential. 18.  A situation may arise where there may be irreparable damage to the environment after an activity is allowed to go ahead and if it is stopped, there may be irreparable damage to economic interest. This Court held that in case of   a   doubt,   protection   of   environment   would   have precedence over the economic interest. It was further held that precautionary principle requires anticipatory action to be taken to prevent harm and that harm can be prevented even   on   a   reasonable   suspicion.   Further,   this   Court emphasises in the said judgment that it is not always necessary that there should be direct evidence of harm to the environment .” 44 While   dealing   with   the   applications   in   the   present   set   of proceedings, we shall follow the same principles.  We shall now examine the prayers of the applicants for 36. continuing their mining activities within sanctuary. This relief has been asked for by Smt. Magan Devi Meena (IA Nos. 982­984 of 2003), M/s. Agarwal Marbles Centre Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. (IA Nos. 1026­1028   of   2004),   M/s.   Jaipur   Mineral   Development Syndicate   Private   Limited   (IA   Nos.   1123­1124   of   2004), Federation of Mining Associations of Rajasthan (IA Nos. 1197­ 1199 of 2004), Bhushan Sharma (IA Nos. 1250­1251 of 2004) and M/s. Andhi Marbles Pvt Ltd. (IA No. 1512 of 2006). We must point out here that in the affidavit of the State of Rajasthan, it has been stated that they had formulated a policy of maintaining a distance of 25 metre from the vicinity of important forest areas like   game   sanctuary,   reserved   forest,   mining   activities   to   be prohibited. In other forest areas, mining could be undertaken in the immediate vicinity of the forest area as per the policy. This has been stated in the affidavit of the State of Rajasthan filed on th 9  December 2004 and such a stand appears to have had been taken from the Mineral Policy of 1994. It, however, appears that 45 a new Mineral Policy had been adopted by the State of Rajasthan in 2015.  There are also pleas for permitting some of the miners to 37. continue mining activities within 25 metre zone conceived by the State of Rajasthan as Buffer Zone.   In three applications, I.A. Nos.1123­1124   of   2004,   I.A.Nos.1197­1199   of   2004   and I.A.Nos.1210­1211 of 2004, M/s. Jaipur Mineral Development Syndicate   Pvt.   Ltd.,   Federation   of   Mining   Association   of Rajasthan and Smt. Madhu Agarwal   have taken a point that there   was   improper   declaration   of   Jamua   Ramgarh   as   a sanctuary. The notification made under Section 18 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 bearing No. F.11(19) Raj.­8/81 Jaipur st dated 31  May 1982 has been annexed to the I.A. Nos. 982­984 of 2003 the applicant therein, being Magan Devi Meena. Initially, there was declaration of the said sanctuary as reserved forest under   the   Rajasthan   Forest   Act,   1953.   Thereafter,   the st notification of 31  May 1982 came into operation under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.   38. In I.A. No.1000 of 2003, it has been disclosed that the settlement   of   rights   were   completed   by   the   District   Collector 46 Jaipur under Sections 19 to 26 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.   So far as Section 26A is concerned, which deals with declaration   of   area   as   sanctuary   the   said   provision   was nd incorporated in the statute with effect from 2   October 1991. That   amendment   came   by   way   of   Act   44   of   1991.   After amendment, Section 18 of the Act stipulates:­
18. Declaration of sanctuary:—
(1) The State Government may, by notification, declare its<br>intention to constitute any area other than an area<br>comprised within any reserve forest or the territorial<br>waters as a sanctuary if it considers that such area is of<br>adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological,<br>natural or zoological significance, for the purpose of<br>protecting, propagating or developing wild life or its<br>environment.
(2) The notification referred to in sub­section (1) shall<br>specify, as nearly as possible, the situation and limits of<br>such area.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section it shall be<br>sufficient to describe the area by roads, rivers, ridges or<br>other well­known or readily intelligible boundaries.”
Section 26A of the Act, which, again, was introduced by Act 44 of   1991   contemplates   further   declaration   after   compliance   of certain formalities. No other amendment has been brought to our notice.  Section 18 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 as it originally stood, reads:­  “18.   (1)   The   State   Government   may,   by   notification, declare any area to be a sanctuary if it considers that 47 such   area   is   of   adequate   ecological,   faunal,   floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wild life or its environment.  (2)     The  notification   referred  to   in  sub­section  (1)   shall specify, as nearly as possible, the situation and limits of such area. Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, it shall be sufficient to describe the area by roads, rivers, ridges or other well­known or readily intelligible boundaries.” 39. The declaration was made by the State of Rajasthan in 1982 and we do not find any flaw in such declaration.   The amended   provisions,   thus,   could   not   apply   to   the   Jamua Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary. The plea taken that it did not have the   status   of   a   sanctuary   because   no   declaration   was   there under   Section   26A  of   the   Wild   Life   (Protection)   Act,   1972  is without any basis. We shall proceed in this order on the basis that Jamua Ramgarh is a subsisting sanctuary.  We have already indicated that CEC in I.A. No.1000 of 40. 2003   has   given   a   dreadful   account   of   the   condition   of   the sanctuary,   ravaged   by   mining   activities.   CEC   in   the   same document   has   also   outlined   the   importance   of   the   said sanctuary.  These would appear from paragraphs 4 and 5 of the said I.A which read:­ 48 “4. In stark contrast to the above during the site visits to the Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary the CEC came across a horrible   and   unbelievable   picture   of   devastated   eco   ­ system   due   to   indiscriminate   mining   activity  in   blatant violation   of   the   Forest   (Conservation)   Act,   Wild   Life (Protection) Act and even this Hon'ble Court's orders. The sanctuary is littered with hundreds of deep mining pits, randomly scattered "over burdens", scores of cranes and mined boulders and stones scattered all over the place. It is rare to see such a destruction even in a non forest area, least of all inside a sanctuary. It is a horror story that has to be seen to be believed. This is a site where all the laws and conventions that govern the natural world have been violated for commercial gains. Instead of being managed as a wild life sanctuary, it appears to have been managed as a mining sanctuary. In the present form it may be more appropriate to rename the area as "Jamua Ramgarh Wild Life Graveyard". A photographic report is appended hereto at ANNEXURE­A graphically showing the ground situation. 5.   The   forest   of   Jamua   Ramgarh   forms   the   critical catchment area of the lake which is the main source of water supply to the city of Jaipur. Notwithstanding this 69 mining leases were sanctioned from time to time in Jamua Ramgarh after enactment of the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980   i.e.   25.10.1980.   Each   and   every   mine   was sanctioned in violation of the provisions of the F.C. Act as well   as the Wild Life (Protection) Act. No perceptible attempt was made to regulate the mines as per the provisions of the F.C.   Act   and   the   W.P.   Act.   No   valid   and   satisfactory explanation   was   given   by   the   State   Government   for allowing the mining leases to operate for years together except   that   it   was   a   common   practice   to   allow   mining leases in the forest area / sanctuary without obtaining specific  approvals under the F.C.Act or the W.P.Act. The details of these mines are given in ANNEXURE­B.” (quoted verbatim from paperbook) 41. In their affidavits, the State of Rajasthan had referred to the   Mining   Policy   of   1994   which   stipulated   25   metres   to be 49 safety zone around the periphery of Jamua Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary but subsequent thereto the Mining Policy of 2015 for the State of Rajasthan has come and they do not seem to have any specified safety zone.  Moreover, in view of the order of this th Court passed on 4   August 2006, 1 kilometre safety zone has been   directed   to   be   maintained   as   regards   Jamua   Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary.  Beyond Jamua Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, CEC itself has given its view on eco sensitive zone in their report th dated 20   September 2012.   The recommendations have been quoted   in   the   earlier   part   of   this   order.     In   the   affidavit   of th Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife filed on 26 November 2012, the views of said Committee was expressed and the Committee was of unanimous opinion that each State ought to delineate the outer limits of ESZ on a site­specific, case by case basis, keeping in view the ecological imperatives and the grounds realities of the protected area.    It was also the view of the   said  Committee   that  expert  opinion  and   scientific   inputs ought to be obtained from individuals and institutions in that regard.   In substance the view of the Committee is that there should   not   be   uniform   ESZ.     We   have   also   referred   to   the 50 th Guidelines   dated   9   February   2011   which   gives   a   detailed procedure for evolving ESZ and identification of activities that could be carried on in such zones.  The order of this Court in the th case of  Goa Foundation  [W.P. (C) No.460 of 2004]   passed on 4 December   2006   also   contemplated   issue   of   direction   for maintaining a 10 kilometre wide safety zone from the boundaries in respect of sanctuaries and national parks as there was lack of response from the States and Union territories in relation to queries on various aspects in respect of wildlife conservation. The proposal for having an ESZ of 10 kms from the boundaries of   the   national   parks   and   wildlife   sanctuaries   was   originally st mooted on 21  January 2002 in the meeting of the Indian Board for Wildlife, as it appears from the order passed by this Court in th the case of   Goa Foundation   [W.P. (C) No.460 of 2004] on 30 January 2006. We have to collate the views of these experts’ bodies including the CEC, who have been assisting this Court through the different stages of this litigation.   th 42. In our opinion, the Guidelines framed on 9   February 2011 appears to be reasonable and we accept the view of the Standing   Committee   that   uniform   Guidelines   may   not   be 51 possible   in   respect   of   each   sanctuary   or   national   parks   for maintaining   ESZ.     We   are   of   the   opinion,   however,   that   a minimum width of    1 kilometre ESZ ought to be maintained in respect   of   the   protected   forests,   which   forms   part   of   the recommendations of the CEC in relation to Category B protected forests. This would be the standard formula, subject to changes in   special   circumstances.   We   have   considered   CEC’s recommendation that the ESZ should be relatable to the area covered by a protected forest but the Standing Committee’s view that   the   area   of   a   protected   forest   may   not   always   be   a reasonable   criteria   also   merits   consideration.   It   was   argued before us that the 1 km wide “no ­ development­zone” may not be feasible in all cases and specific instances were given for Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Guindy National Park in Mumbai and Chennai metropolis respectively which have urban activities in very close proximity. These sanctuaries shall form special cases. 43. Turning specifically to Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary, the first report of the CEC proposed 100 metres as ESZ.   In the second   report,   however,   one   kilometre   width   has   been recommended for all protected forests falling under category ‘B’. 52 Having   regard   to  its  area,   the   said   sanctuary   comes   in that th category.  In the order of this Court passed on 4  August 2006, the same margin, i.e. one kilometre as buffer zone has been prescribed. In the given facts concerning the Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary,   in   our   opinion   the   margin   of   25   metres   as contemplated   in   the   1994   Mineral   Policy   of   the   State   of Rajasthan   is   grossly   inadequate.   We,   however,   treat   Jamua Ramgarh sanctuary as a special case for fixing the ESZ as in the past, the buffer zone varied from 25 metres to 100 metres. In our opinion, ESZ of 500 metres would be a reasonable buffer zone, within which subsisting activities which does not come within th the prohibited list as per the Guidelines of 9   February 2011 could be carried on. But for commencing of any new activity which would  be otherwise permissible, the ESZ norm of one kilometre shall be maintained for Jamua Ramgarh sanctuary.   We accordingly direct:­ 44. (a) Each protected forest, that is national park or wildlife sanctuary must have an ESZ of minimum one kilometre measured   from   the   demarcated   boundary   of   such protected forest in which the activities proscribed and 53 th prescribed in the Guidelines of 9  February 2011 shall be strictly   adhered   to.   For   Jamua   Ramgarh   wildlife sanctuary, it shall be 500 metres so far as subsisting activities are concerned.  (b) In the event, however, the ESZ is already prescribed as per law that goes beyond one kilometre buffer zone, the wider margin as ESZ shall prevail. If such wider buffer zone   beyond   one   kilometre   is   proposed   under   any statutory   instrument   for   a  particular   national  park or wildlife sanctuary awaiting final decision in that regard, then till such final decision is taken, the ESZ covering the   area   beyond   one   kilometre   as   proposed   shall   be maintained. (c) The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests as also the Home Secretary of each State and Union Territory shall remain   responsible   for   proper   compliance   of   the   said Guidelines as regards nature of use within the ESZ of all national parks and sanctuaries within a particular State or   Union  Territory.   The   Principal   Chief   Conservator  of Forests   for   each   State   and   Union   Territory   shall   also 54 arrange to make a list of subsisting structures and other relevant details within the respective ESZs forthwith and a   report   shall   be   furnished   before   this   Court   by   the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests of each State and Union Territory within a period of three months. For this purpose,   such   authority   shall   be   entitled   to   take assistance   of   any   governmental   agency   for   satellite imaging or photography using drones. (d) Mining within the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries shall not be permitted. (e) In   the   event   any   activity   is   already   being   undertaken within the one kilometre or extended buffer zone (ESZ), as the case may be, of any wildlife sanctuary or national park which does not come within the ambit of prohibited th activities as per the 9  February 2011 Guidelines, such activities may continue with permission of the Principal Chief   Conservator   of   Forests   of   each   State   or   Union Territory and the person responsible for such activities in such a situation shall obtain necessary permission within a period of six months.  Such permission shall be given 55 once   the   Principal   Chief   Conservator   of   Forests   is satisfied that the activities concerned do not come within the prohibited list and were continuing prior to passing of this order in a legitimate manner.   No new permanent structure shall be permitted to come up for whatsoever purpose within the ESZ. (f) The   minimum   width   of   the   ESZ   may   be   diluted   in overwhelming   public   interest  but for   that  purpose the State or Union Territory concerned shall approach the CEC   and   MoEF&CC   and   both   these   bodies   shall   give their   respective   opinions/recommendations   before   this Court. On that basis, this Court shall pass appropriate order.  (g) In   the   event   the   CEC,   MoEF&CC,   the   Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife or any other body of   persons   or   individual   having   special   interest   in environmental   issues   consider   it   necessary   for maintaining   a   wider   or   larger   ESZ   in   respect   of   any national   park   or   wildlife   sanctuary,   such   body   or individual shall approach the CEC.  In such a situation 56 the CEC shall be at liberty to examine the need of a wider ESZ in respect of any national park or wildlife sanctuary in consultation with all the stakeholders including the State or Union Territory concerned, MoEF&CC as also the Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife and then approach this Court with its recommendations.  (h) In respect of sanctuaries or national parks for which the proposal of a State or Union Territory has not been given, the 10 kilometres buffer zone as ESZ, as indicated in the th order passed by this Court on 4  December 2006 in the case of   Goa Foundation   (supra)   and also contained in th the   Guidelines   of   9   February   2011   shall   be implemented.   Within   that   area,   the   entire   set   of restrictions concerning an ESZ shall operate till a final decision in that regard is arrived at. (i) I.A. No. 1412 of 2005 and I.A.No.117831 of 2019 do not relate   to  the   issues   involved   in  I.A.   No.1000   of  2003. These applications may be placed before the appropriate Bench to be heard independently. 57 (j) For the same reason, I.A. No.1992 of 2007 shall also be dealt with independently by the appropriate Bench and no order is being passed concerning this application at this stage. (k) The application of the State of Rajasthan registered as I.A. No.3880 of 2015 relates to clarification of an order passed in the case of  (W.P.(C) No.460 of Goa Foundation  2004). Let this application be placed before the Bench taking up the case of  Goa Foundation . (l) I.A.No.96949   of   2019   and   I.A.No.65571   of   2021   are disposed of with directions that the MoEF&CC as also CEC shall proceed to take a decision in regard to the draft proposal for ESZ made by the State of Maharashtra to the extent of   0­3.89 kilometres and the MoEF&CC shall take final decision on that basis within a period of three   months,   if   said   decision   has   not   already   been taken.  (m) Prayers for impleadment of the applicants in I.A. Nos. 984 of 2003, 1026 of 2004, 1123 of 2004, 1197 of 2004 58 and 1251 of 2004 are allowed. Necessary amendments may be carried out in these regards.  (n) For the reasons already given, however, prayers of the applicants in I.A. Nos.982 of 2003, 1027 of 2004, 1124 of 2004, 1198 of 2004, 1210 of 2004, 1250 of 2004 and 1512 of 2006 are rejected. (o) The CEC shall quantify the compensation to be recovered from each miner indulging in mining activities within the Jamua Ramgarh sanctuary in violation of any statutory provision   or   order   of   this   Court.   Specific recommendations   for   compensatory   afforestation, reclamation,   clearing   overburden   dumping   as   also compensation in monetary units for degradation of forest resources   shall   also   be   made.   A   further   set   of recommendations   concerning   confiscation   of   earth moving equipments and other machineries lying within or in the periphery of the said sanctuary shall be made by the   CEC.   Recommendations   shall   be   made   within   a period of four months before this Court in the form of an application.   This   Court   shall   consider   passing 59 appropriate order upon going through such application. The   exercise   concerning   such   reparation,   including quantifying   compensation   shall   be   undertaken   upon giving   the   mining   operator,   State   and   MoEF&CC opportunity of hearing.   (p) In the event there is any subsisting order of any High Court   or   any   Court   subordinate   to   such   High   Court covering any of the issues dealt with by this Court in this order, this order shall prevail over any such order which may be contrary to these directions. (q) We   have   already   observed   that   there   are   certain overlapping issues involved in this writ petition and the cases   of   Goa   Foundation   (Writ   Petition   (C)   No.460 of 2004) and (Writ Petition (C) No.435 of 2012).  We request the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India to consider having the present writ petition i.e.   In Re:   T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India & Ors. , W.P.(C) No.460 of 2004 ( Goa Foundation v. Union of India ) as also W.P. (C) No.435 of 2012 ( Goa Foundation v. Union of India & 60 Ors. )   be   heard   together   before   the   same   Bench.   The registry may place this order before the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India. 45. This order disposes of I.A. No.1000 of 2003 in the above terms. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. 46. ………………………………., J. (L. NAGESWARA RAO) ………………………………., J. (B.R. GAVAI) ………………………………., J. (ANIRUDDHA BOSE) NEW DELHI; rd 3  JUNE, 2022 61