KAMALA NETI (DEAD) THR. LRS. vs. SPECIAL LAND ACQUISITION OFFICER .

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 09-12-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 6901 OF 2022 Kamla Neti (Dead) through LRs       …Appellants Versus The Special Land Acquisition  Officer & Ors.                                         …Respondents J U D G M E N T M.R. SHAH, J. 1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court of Orissa at Cuttack in Land Acquisition   Appeal   No.79   of   2015   by   which   the   High   Court   has dismissed the said appeal preferred by the appellant herein and has Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Sanjay Kumar Date: 2022.12.09 15:43:24 IST Reason: confirmed   the   order   passed   by   the   learned   Reference   Court,   the original applicant has preferred the present appeal. 1 2. The dispute is with respect to the apportionment of the amount of compensation with respect to the land acquired.  The land originally stood   recorded   in   the   name   of   late   Satyananda   Negi   a   common ancestor   of   the   appellant   and   the   other   coparceners.     The   said Satyananada died leaving behind his two sons namely Chakradhar and Gajadhar.  Chakradhar died leaving behind his four sons namely Chintamani,   Parakhita,   Basudev   and   Kulamani   and   one   daughter Kamla (the appellant herein).  Similarly, Gajadhar died leaving behind his two daughters namely Kumari and Kumudini.  With respect to the land acquired, Khasra No.81, Mouza Kopsingha which originally stood recorded   in   the   name   of   late   Satyananda   Negi,   the   amount   of compensation   was   settled   at   Rs.5,97,35,754/­   in   favour   of   the respondent   nos.   2   to   5   herein   i.e.   Kadamba   Negi,   Janhabi   Negi, Basudev   Negi,   Lalita   Negi   and   daughters   of   Gajadhar   i.e.   Kumari Dhrua and Kumudini Majhi. 2.1 At the instance of the appellant claiming to be the daughter of th Chakradhar and claiming 1/5  share in the amount of compensation a reference was made to the Reference Court under Section 30 of the Land Acquisition Act.  The Reference Court – the learned Senior Civil Judge, Sundargarh rejected the claim of the appellant/share of the 2 appellant   in   the   compensation,   mainly   on   the   ground   that   as   the parties belong to Scheduled Tribe Community, the provisions of the Hindu   Succession   Act   shall   not   be   applicable   and   therefore   the appellant being a daughter shall not be entitled to the share in the amount of compensation.  The order passed by the learned Reference Court denying the share in the amount of compensation has been confirmed by the High Court by the impugned judgment and order. Hence, the present appeal against the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court. 3. Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant has heavily relied upon the decision of this Court in the case of  Madhu Kishwar & Ors. Versus State of Bihar & Ors. , (1996) 5 SCC 125 in support of his submission that the appellant being a daughter shall be entitled to the share in the amount of compensation even applying the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act. 3.1 It is vehemently submitted that as observed and held by this Court denial of right to succession to Scheduled Tribe women would amount to deprivation of the right to livelihood under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.  It is submitted that as observed and held by this 3 Court exclusive succession in the male line of heirs must remain in suspended animation till the immediate female relatives of the last male tenant continue to depend their livelihood on the land.  3.2 It is submitted that as observed and held by this Court in the aforesaid decision, to deny the equal right to the women/daughter belonging to Scheduled Tribe would be gender­based discrimination and   the   daughter   cannot   be   denied   the   right   in   the   joint   family property in which all coparceners have the equal share. Making the above submissions and relying upon above decision, it is prayed to allow the present appeal and to hold that the appellant th being daughter of one of the coparceners shall be entitled to 1/5 share in the amount of compensation. 4. Present   appeal   is   vehemently   opposed   by   Dr.   Kedarnath Tripathy,   learned   counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the   contesting respondents. 4.1  It is submitted that in the present case the parties are members of the Scheduled Tribe.  The suit land belongs to one Satyananda Negi 4 and   after   his   death,   the   said   land   devolved   upon   his   two   sons Chakradhar   and   Gajadhar   with   the   right   of   survivorship   being available.  The said Chakradhar passed away in the year 1948 before the commencement of Constitution of India and the Hindu Succession Act, 1954.  That after the death of Chakradhar and his wife, his share th in the property stood devolved upon his four sons who held 1/4  share each   by   way   of   succession.     After   more   than   60   years   of   such th succession by the four sons holding 1/4  shares each, their properties were acquired by the Government for establishment  of Ultra  Mega Power Project at Bhedabahal, District Sundargarh.  The compensation for the acquisition of land was determined and the same was duly paid to the four sons – respondents herein being the owners of the property. It is submitted that thereafter the appellant herein filed an application th before   the   L.A.O.,   Sundargarh   claiming   their   1/5   share   in   the compensation being one of the descendants of the Satyananda Negi. That   the   matter   was   referred   to   the   Court   of   Senior   Civil   Judge, Sundargarh in a matter of reference under Section 30 of the Land Acquisition Act made by the Special Land Acquisition Officer.   The learned Reference Court dismissed the application by holding that she is not entitled to claim any amount in the amount of compensation as being   member   of   the   Scheduled   Tribe,   the   provisions   of   Hindu 5 Succession Act shall not be applicable and therefore, she would not have   any   right   of   survivorship   in   the   joint   family   property.   It   is submitted that considering the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act more particularly Section 2(2), the High Court has not committed any error. 4.2 It is submitted that the appellant is not entitled to receive any share   in   the   suit   property   by   virtue   of   Section   8   of   the   Hindu Succession Act.   It is submitted that her father Chakradhar passed away way back in the year 1948 before the enactment of the Hindu Succession Act, 1954 and even before the Constitution of India.  It is submitted that apart from the fact that in view of Section 2(2) of the Hindu Succession Act, 1954, the Hindu Succession Act, will not be applicable to the members of the Scheduled Tribe, without any explicit clause in the Hindu Succession Act, the Hindu Succession Act cannot be   given   a   retrospective   operation   to   provide   compensation   to   the appellant. 4.3 It is further submitted that as per Section 2(2) of the Hindu Succession Act, the Act shall not be applicable to the members of the Scheduled Tribe.  It is submitted that in the case of  Labishwar Manjhi 6 vs. Pran Manjhi and Ors. , (2000) 8 SCC 587, it is clearly held that if the members of the Scheduled Tribe follow customary and practices of Hinduism, then and then only the Hindu Succession Act would be applicable.     It   is   submitted   that   in   the   present   case   there   is   no evidence on record to prove that the parties have Hinduised.   It is submitted therefore Hindu Succession Act shall not be applicable to the parties herein. 4.4 It is further submitted that as held by this Court in a catena of decisions whenever there is a conflict between the law and equity, the law would prevail.  Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in the case of   B. Premananda and Ors. Vs. Mohan Koikal and Ors. , (2011) 4 SCC 266.  It is submitted that as observed and held by this Court in the case of  J.P. Bansal vs. State of Rajasthan & Anr.  AIR (2003) SC 1405 and  State of Jharkhand & Anr. Vs. Govind Singh, JT 2004 (10) SC 349, it is for the legislature to amend the law and not the Court. 4.5 It is submitted that this Hon’ble Court on many occasions denied extending   the   benefits   of   Hindu   Succession   Act   to   the   tribal 7 communities   unless   the   same   has   been   notified   by   the   Central Government.   Reliance is placed on the observations made by this Court in the case of  Madhu Kishwar  (supra). Making above submissions, it is prayed to dismiss the present appeal. 5. Heard learned counsel for the respective parties at length. 6. A short question which is posed for consideration of this Court is whether the appellant/petitioner being the daughter is entitled to the share   in   the   compensation   with   respect   to   the   land   acquired,   on survivorship basis under the provisions of Hindu Succession Act? At the outset, it is required to be noted that the appellant belongs to tribal community and is a member of Scheduled Tribe. As per Section 2(2) of the Hindu Succession Act, the Hindu Succession Act will not be applicable to the members of the Scheduled Tribe. Therefore, as such as rightly observed by the High Court the appellant cannot claim any right of survival under the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act. Therefore, so long as Section 2(2) of the Hindu Succession Act stands and there is  no amendment,  the parties shall be governed by the 8 provisions   of   Section   2(2)   of   the   Hindu   Succession   Act.   Therefore, though on equity we may be with the appellant being daughter and more than approximately 70 years have passed after the enactment of the Hindu Succession Act and much water has flown thereafter and though we are prima facie of the opinion that not to grant the benefit of survivorship to the daughter in the property of the father can be said to be bad in law and cannot be justified in the present scenario, unless   Section   2(2)   of   the   Hindu   Succession   Act   is   amended,   the parties being member of the Scheduled Tribe are governed by Section 2(2) of the Hindu Succession Act.  It is observed and held by this Court in the case of     (supra) that when there is a conflict Mohan Koikal between the law and equity, the law would prevail.  Equity can only supplement the law.  There is a gap in it but it cannot supplant the law. 6.1 If the claim of the appellant on the basis of the survivorship under the Hindu Succession Act is accepted in that case it would tantamount to amend the law.  It is for the legislature to amend the law and not the Court. 9 6.2 Now so far as the reliance placed upon the decision of this Court in the case of  Madhu Kishwar  (supra) by the learned counsel for the appellant is concerned, at the outset it is required to be noted that by the majority decision this Court refused to strike down the provisions of  Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 which provided the succession to property in the male line of heirs  and denying the right to Succession to the daughter, on the touchstone of Article 14.  However, this Court read   into   the   said   provisions   and   observed   and   held   that   t he intervening right of female dependents/descendants under Sections
and 8of the Act shall be carved out, by suspending the exclusive
right   of   the   male   succession   till   the   female   dependent/descendent chooses   other   means   of   livelihood   manifested   by   abandonment   or release of the holding kept for the purpose.  This Court by observing so disposed of the writ petition.  However, by disposing the writ petition this Court issued direction to the State of Bihar to comprehensively examine the question on the premise of our constitutional ethos and the need voiced to amend the law.
6.3This Court also directed to examine the question of
recommending   to   the   Central   Government   whether   the   Central Government consider it just and necessary to withdraw the exemptions 10 given under the Hindu Succession Act and the Indian Succession Act in so far as the applicability  of these provisions to  the Scheduled Tribes in the State of Bihar is concerned.
6.4However, Mr. Justice K. Ramaswamy in his concurrent judgment
has   further   observed   and   held   that   the   provisions   of   the   Hindu Succession Act and the Indian Succession Act  would apply to the Scheduled   Tribes,   the   general   principles   contained   therein   being consistent with justice, equity, fairness, justness and good conscience would apply to them.   Thereafter it is held that the Scheduled Tribe women would succeed to the estate of their parent, brother, husband, as heirs by intestate succession and inherit the property with equal share   with   the   male   heir   with   absolute   rights   as   per   the   general principles   of   the   Hindu   Succession   Act,   1956,   as   amended   and interpreted by this Court.  However, it is required to be noted that the same is minority view.
7.Under the circumstances in view of Section 2(2) of Hindu
Succession Act and the appellant being the member of the Scheduled Tribe and as the female member of the Scheduled Tribe is specifically excluded, the appellant is not entitled to any right of survivorship 11 under the provisions of Hindu Succession Act.   No error has been committed by the High Court.   The appeal therefore deserves to be dismissed and is accordingly dismissed.  
7.1Before parting, we may observe that there may not be any
justification to deny the right of survivorship so far as the female member of the Tribal is concerned.  When the daughter belonging to the non­tribal is entitled to the equal share in the property of the father, there is no reason to deny such right to the daughter of the Tribal community.  Female tribal is entitled to parity with male tribal in   intestate   succession.     To   deny   the   equal   right   to   the   daughter belonging   to   the   tribal   even   after   a   period   of   70   years   of   the Constitution of India under which right to equality is guaranteed, it is high time for the Central Government to look into the matter and if required, to amend the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act by which   the   Hindu   Succession   Act   is   not   made   applicable   to   the members of the Scheduled Tribe.
7.2Therefore, though we dismiss the present appeal, it is directed to
examine the question by the Central Government to consider it just and necessary to withdraw the exemptions provided under the Hindu 12 Succession Act in so far as the applicability of the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act to the Scheduled Tribes and whether to bring a suitable   amendment  or   not.     We   hope   and   trust   that   the   Central Government will look into the matter and take an appropriate decision taking   into   consideration   the   right   to   equality   guaranteed   under Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India.  …………………………..J.         (M. R. SHAH) …………………………...J.        (KRISHNA MURARI) New Delhi; December 9, 2022. 13