SKODA AUTO VOLKSWAGEN INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED vs. THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH

Case Type: Special Leave To Petition Criminal

Date of Judgment: 26-11-2020

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REPORTABLE   IN THE SUPEME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.4931 OF 2020 SKODA AUTO VOLKSWAGEN  INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED                                      … PETITIONER(S) VERSUS THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS.          …RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Aggrieved by the refusal of the High Court to quash a First Information Report (FIR for short) registered against them for the offences punishable under Sections 34, 471, 468, 467, 420, 419 and 406 IPC, the petitioner has come up with the above Special Leave Petition. 2. We have heard Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel appearing for the petitioner.  Mr. Maninder Singh, learned rd senior counsel appears for the 3  Respondent, who is the  de facto Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Sanjay Kumar Date: 2020.11.26 17:03:17 IST Reason: complainant. 1 3. The petitioner is a Company headquartered in Pune and is engaged   in   the   business   of   manufacture,   import   and   sale   of passenger vehicles in India. It is claimed that the petitioner has been formed by the amalgamation of three Companies by name Skoda Auto India Private Limited, Volkswagen India Private Limited and Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited. The petitioner claims that they are responsible for the business operations of five automobile brands namely, Skoda, Volkswagen, Audi, Porsche and Lamborgini. 4. The   Automotive   Research   Association   of   India,   which   is   a research   institution   of   the   automotive   industry   attached   to   the Ministry   of   Heavy   Industries   and   Public   Enterprises   of   the Government   of   India   issued   a   notice   dated   04.11.2015   to   the Managing   Directors   of   Skoda   Auto   India   Private   Limited, Volkswagen   India   Private   Limited   and   Volkswagen   Group   Sales India Private Limited, calling upon them to show cause as to why they   should   not   come   to   the   conclusion   that   the   vehicles manufactured and sold by them in India, are in violation of the requirements of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules. It was alleged in 2 the said notice that the study carried out by them on limited vehicle models fitted with Diesel EA 189 Engines led them to believe that the vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen, when tested on road, indicate   3­9   times   more   NO x   pollution   compared   with   the   tests carried   out   in   the   laboratory   on   Modified   Indian   Driving   Cycle (MIDC). It was also alleged in the said notice that they had reason to believe that Diesel EA 189 Engines fitted in BS­IV vehicles are equipped with what are called ‘defeat devices’. 5. At about the same time, two original applications came to be filed before the National Green Tribunal (NGT for short), Principal Bench. Both the applications were primarily against Skoda Auto India   Private   Limited,   Volkswagen   India   Private   Limited   and Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited. Apart from these three companies, the Union of India (UOI), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and a few others were also made parties to the original applications. 6. The particulars of these original applications are presented in a tabular column for easy appreciation:­ 3
O.A.No.Name of the<br>applicant/applicantsNames of RespondentsReliefs sought
509 /2015SaloniAilawadi1. Union of India<br>through its Secretary,<br>Ministry of Heavy<br>Industries & Public<br>Enterprises.<br>2.Ministry of<br>Environment, Forest<br>and Climate Change,<br>Through Secretary<br>3.Central Pollution<br>Control Board, Through<br>its Chairman<br>4. Volkswagen India Pvt;<br>Ltd., Through its<br>Managing Director<br>5.Skoda Auto India<br>Private Limited, Through<br>its Managing Director<br>6. Volkswagen Group<br>Sales India Private<br>Limited, Through its<br>Managing Director<br>7. Volkswagen AG,<br>Through Chairman of<br>the Board of<br>Management1. Directing<br>Respondents 1­3 to<br>disallow the<br>manufacturing,<br>assembly and sale of<br>the vehicles of<br>Respondents 4­6 in<br>India till it is<br>established that they<br>are not employing any<br>deceit devices or<br>technology;<br>2. To direct the<br>Respondents 1­3 to<br>inspect and check all<br>the vehicles<br>manufactured and sold<br>in India to ensure that<br>no deceit devices are<br>used;<br>3.To direct respondents<br>4­7 to stop production,<br>assembly and sale of<br>those vehicles; and<br>4. To direct respondents<br>4­7 to rectify the<br>engines of vehicles<br>already sold in India at<br>their cost.
527/20151. Mr. Satvinder<br>Singh Sodhi<br>2. Mr. Vellore<br>Ramesh Neelakantan<br>3. Mr. Deepit<br>Singh1. Volkswagen India<br>Private Limited,<br>Maharashtra<br>2. Volkswagen Group<br>Sales India Private<br>Limited, Maharashtra1. To restrain<br>Respondents 1­6 from<br>selling any further<br>automobile with the<br>defeat device which<br>violated the applicable<br>emission norms;
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4. Sara<br>International Limited3. Volkswagen AG,<br>Germany<br>4. Skoda Auto India<br>Limited, Maharashtra<br>5. Skoda Auto AS, Czech<br>Republic<br>6. Dr.Ing. h.e.F.Porsche<br>AG, Germany<br>7. Central Pollution<br>Control Board, Delhi.<br>8. Automotive Research<br>Association of India,<br>Pune<br>9. Union of India<br>Through Ministry of<br>Heavy Industries and<br>Public Enterprises,<br>New Delhi<br>10. Government of<br>National Capital<br>Territory of India,<br>Through Delhi<br>Pollution Control<br>Committee, Delhi2. To direct<br>Respondents 106 to<br>disgorge all the profits<br>made by selling<br>automobiles with<br>cheat devices from the<br>year 2008; and<br>3. To direct<br>Respondents 1­6 to<br>pay damages for<br>restoration of<br>environment.
7. On 16.11.2018, the NGT recorded a   prima facie   finding that the   claim   of   the   manufacturers   that   they   had   not   caused   any damage   to   the   environment,   was   not   acceptable.   The   Tribunal constituted a joint team to give an expert opinion and in the mean 5 time directed the manufacturers to deposit Rs. 100 crores with the CPCB. 8. The manufacturers filed appeals before this Court in C.A. Nos. 11928 and 11929 of 2018, against the preliminary finding and the interim direction issued by the NGT. During the pendency of those appeals, the Expert Team filed a Report. 9. Therefore, this Court disposed of the aforesaid Civil Appeals giving liberty to the manufacturers to file objections to the Report of the   Expert   Team   and   directed   the   Tribunal   to   consider   those objections and to pass orders. 10. Pursuant to the said order of this Court, the NGT allowed the manufacturers   to   file   objections   and   heard   both   the   original applications and disposed of the same by order dated 07.03.2019. Some of the findings and directions by the Tribunal were:­ (i) That   the   manufacturers   had   in   fact   used   cheat devices to suppress the laboratory tests; (ii) That NO x   emission was higher by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS); (iii) That   Volkswagen   vehicles   gave   much   less   NO x emission under the Warm Test Cycles after recall; 6 (iv) That the emissions measured on PEMS were higher than BS­IV limit; (v) That the manufacturers are liable to pay damages to the tune of Rs.500 crores; and (vi) That   the   CPCB   shall   consider   initiation   of prosecution   in   the   light   of   applicable   statutory regime. 11. Challenging the said order dated 07.03.2019 of the NGT, two Civil Appeals were filed in C.A.Nos. 4069 and 4086 of 2019. On 06.05.2019 these appeals were taken up along with another Civil Appeal filed by the Inter­Continental Association of lawyers and this court ordered the issue of notice in the appeals. In the mean time, this Court directed that no coercive steps shall be taken against Volkswagen India Private Limited. rd   12. While things stand thus, the 3 Respondent herein lodged a complaint with the S.H.O., Gautam Budh Nagar, on 10.07.2020, alleging that he had bought 7 Audi Brand cars from the authorised dealers   of   the   manufacturing   Companies;   that   at   the   time   of purchase, he got it clarified from the Company that they had not installed   any   cheat   devices   in   the   vehicles   sold   in   India;   that however, the authorities in India found out a higher emission of 7 NO x ;   that   even   the   NGT   imposed   a   fine;   that   the   complainant thereafter realised that he had been duped by the Company; that knowing fully well that their vehicles have been installed with cheat devices,   the   manufacturer   had   prepared   wrong   records   and documents;   that   the   manufacturers   and   the   officers   of   the manufacturers are therefore guilty of various offences under the IPC and that therefore action should be initiated against them. 13. Contending   that   as   per   the   particulars   mentioned   in   the rd   VAHAN Portal of the Government, the 3 Respondent herein had purchased only 3 and not 7 vehicles; that the complaint lodged by rd the 3  Respondent after more than 2½ years of the purchase of the vehicles, was malicious and full of false particulars; and that the FIR  is  based   entirely   upon  the   order   of   the   NGT,   which   is  the subject matter of two civil appeals before this Court, the petitioner filed a Criminal Miscellaneous Writ Petition No.9233 of 2020 before the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. In the said Writ Petition, the petitioners sought quashing of the FIR. 14. By   an   order   dated   01.10.2020,   the   Allahabad   High   Court rejected   the   prayer   for   quashing   of   the   FIR.   However,   the   High 8 Court protected the officers of the petitioner against arrest till the submission   of   the   Report   under   Section   173(2)   Cr.P.C.   subject however   to   the   condition   that   they   shall   cooperate   in   the investigation and also appear as and when called upon to assist in the investigation. 15. Not satisfied with a mere protection against arrest and the refusal of the Allahabad High Court to quash the FIR, the petitioner has come up with the above SLP. 16. The main contentions of the petitioner are:­ (i) That   the   Police   cannot   investigate   an   issue,   the substratum of which is sub judice before this Court in the civil appeals arising out of the order of the NGT; and (ii) That the High Court failed to take note of the long rd delay on the part of the 3   Respondent in lodging the   complaint  and   also  the   fact that  the  VAHAN Portal  of   the   Government  shows   the   purchase of rd only   3   vehicles   as   against   the   claim   of   the   3 Respondent to have purchased 7 vehicles. 17. Let us take up the second contention first, since it is capable of being dealt with, without much ado. The second contention has 9 two   parts   namely   (i)   that   there   is   a   long   delay   in   lodging   the rd complaint and (ii) that the 3  Respondent­complainant, appears to have   purchased   only   3   vehicles   as   against   his   claim   to   have purchased 7 vehicles. rd 18. The   question   whether   the   3   Respondent­complainant purchased   3   vehicles   as   revealed   by   the   VAHAN   Portal   of   the Government or 7 vehicles as claimed by him in his complaint, is a question of fact which has to be established only in the course of investigation/trial. In a petition for quashing the FIR, the Court cannot go into disputed questions of fact. rd 19. The mere delay on the part of the 3  Respondent­complainant in lodging the complaint, cannot by itself be a ground to quash the FIR. The  law is  too  well settled  on  this  aspect to  warrant any reference to precedents. Therefore, the second ground on which the petitioner seeks to quash the FIR cannot be countenanced. 20. The first contention revolves around the pendency of the Civil Appeals arising out of the order of the NGT and the interim order passed by this Court in the Civil Appeals. 10 21. As stated earlier, two original applications came to be filed before the NGT in the year 2015, alleging that the manufacturers of the vehicles in question were employing deceit devices. The filing of the original applications coincided with the issue of notice by the Automotive Research Association of India to the manufacturers. We have already indicated broadly, in paragraphs 5­10 above as to what transpired before the NGT. 22. The   applicants   before   the   NGT   did   not   seek   any   relief   for themselves, as purchasers of vehicles. The reliefs sought by the applicants before the NGT were broad and general. This is why the NGT, by its final order dated 07.03.2019 directed only the CPCB to consider the initiation of prosecution in the light of the applicable statutory   regime,   while   ordering   the   manufacturers   to   deposit Rs.500   crores   as   compensation   for   the   damage   caused   to   the environment. 23. Therefore, the order of the NGT, passed on the applications filed by certain individuals not claiming as purchasers of vehicles, cannot   be   taken   as   an   impediment   for   an   individual   who purchased cars from the manufacturers, to lodge a complaint, if he 11 has actually suffered on account of any representation made by the manufacturers. 24. The interim order passed by this Court on 06.05.2019 in Civil Appeal Nos. 4069 and 4086 of 2019, while issuing notice reads as follows:­ “In the meantime, no  coercive  steps  shall be  taken against   the  appellant   viz.,  Volkswagen   India   Private Limited.” 25. The aforesaid interim order correlates only to the directions issued by the NGT in paragraphs 29, 30 and 32 of its order dated 07.03.2019. The direction contained in Paragraph 30 of the order of the NGT dated 07.03.2019 reads as follows:­ “We leave it open to the CPCB to consider initiation of prosecution in the light of applicable statutory regime.” 26. In paragraphs 29 and 32 of its order, the NGT directed the manufacturers   to   deposit   compensation   to   the   tune   of   Rs.500 crores within 2 months. 27. Therefore, the interim order passed by this Court not to take any coercive steps has to be understood only in the context of the aforesaid directions of the NGT which became the subject matter of the Civil Appeals. Hence it is futile to contend that the pendency of the Civil Appeals and the interim order passed by this Court should 12 be taken as a deterrent for anyone else to lodge a police complaint and seek an investigation. 28. Dr.  A.M.  Singhvi,   learned   senior  counsel  appearing  for the petitioner strenuously contended that the contents of the complaint rd lodged   by   the   3   Respondent­complainant   with   the   Police   were nothing but a reproduction of the contentions made before the NGT and that actually the substratum of the police complaint, is what is sub judice before this court. Therefore, he contends that the police cannot investigate into the same set of allegations which form the subject   matter   of   proceedings   pending   adjudication   before   this court.  29. But we do not think so. A little elaboration is required to show why   we   cannot   agree   with   the   above   contention   of   the   learned senior counsel appearing for the petitioner.  30. Section 110(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 empowers the Central   Government   to   make   rules,   regulating   the   construction, equipment and maintenance of motor vehicles with respect to all or any of the matters enumerated in Clauses (a) to (p). Clause (g) of 13 Sub­section (1) of Section 110 relates to “ the emission of smoke, ”. visible vapour, sparks, ashes, grit, or oil 31. In exercise of powers conferred by Section 110(1), the Central Government  issued   a  set  of   rules   known   as   The   Central   Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989. 32. Rules 112 to 114 of those Rules deal in general with “smoke, vapour,   spark,   ashes,   grit   and   oil”.   Rules   115   and   116   deal specifically   with   “emissions   of   smoke,   vapour”   etc.,   from   motor vehicles and “test for smoke emission level and Carbon Monoxide (CO) level for motor vehicles”. These Rules correspond to Clause (g) of Sub­section (1) of Section 110. 33. Rule 126 mandates every manufacturer or importer of motor vehicles   other   than   trailers   and   semi­trailers   to   submit   the prototype   of   the   vehicle   manufactured   or   imported   by   him   for testing by the agencies indicated therein. Rule 126A enables the testing agencies referred to in Rule 126 to conduct tests on the vehicles drawn from the production line of the manufacturer to verify whether these vehicles conform to the provisions of the Rules. 14 34. In   order   to   give   effect   to   the   mandate   of   the   statutory prescription, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, issued a document bearing No. MoRTH/CMV/TAP­116­116, Issue No.4, which   prescribes   the   test   method,   testing   equipment   and   other related procedure for the purpose of testing vehicles for verifying compliance   with   Rules   115   and   126A   of   the   Rules   for   “Type Approval   and   Conformity   of   Production”.   The   document   also contains the total procedure for checking of the in­service vehicles for idling CO/HC for vehicles fitted with petrol/CNG/LPG Engines. This   document   is   divided   into   15   parts.   Part­XIV   contains   the details of standards for Tailpipe Emissions from vehicles and Test Procedures Effective for Mass Emission Standards. 35. Clause   No.2.27  of   Chapter­1,   Part­XIV  of   the  aforesaid . It reads as document defines what is called a “Defeat Device” follows:­ “ Defeat Device means any element of design which senses temperature, vehicle speed, engine rotational speed, transmission gear, manifold vacuum or any other   parameter   for   the   purpose   of   activating, modelling, delaying or deactivating the operation of any   part   of   the   emission   control   system,   that reduces   the   effectiveness   of   the   emission   control 15 system under conditions which may reasonably be expected   to   be   encountered   in   normal   vehicle . Such an element of design may not operation and use be considered a defeat device if  1. The need of the device is justified in terms of protecting the   engine   against   damage   or   accident   and   for   safe operation of the vehicle, or  2. The device does not function beyond the requirements of engine starting or,  3. Conditions are substantially included in the Type I or Type VI test procedure.”    rd 36. The allegations in the complaint lodged by the 3   respondent herein, are to the following effect: (i) that “at the time of purchase and taking delivery of the vehicles, the complainant got clarified from the accused persons whether the vehicles in India were also fitted with cheat devices”;    (ii) that despite the clarification issued by them that they had not installed any cheat devices, in the vehicles meant to be sold in India, the cars purchased by the complainant were found to contain such defeat devices; and  (iii)   that   therefore,   the   manufacturer   is   guilty   of   commission   of various offences.  37. The question whether such devices are installed in the cars rd purchased by the 3  respondent herein and the question whether 16 there was any representation in this regard to the petitioner, are all rd   questions   of   fact,   peculiar   and   particular   to   the   3 respondent herein. NGT had no occasion to examine the cars purchased by the rd 3   respondent herein. At this stage no one can presume whether the defence of the manufacturer to the police complaint will be purely on a question of fact or purely on a question of law or on mixed questions of fact and law. If the petitioner takes a defence rd that no such devices were installed in the cars purchased by the 3 respondent or that there was no (mis)representation in this regard, it will be a pure question of fact, which cannot be gone into in a quash petition. If the petitioner takes a defence that the installation of such devices, though true, does not violate any law, then it will be  a   pure   question   of   law.   We   may   be   entitled   to   go  into   this question in a quash petition, provided the petitioner comes up with a categorical admission that they had installed such devices and yet there was no violation of the law. We do not expect the petitioner to disclose their defence at this stage nor would we speculate what type of defence the petitioner would have to the prosecution.  17 38. It   may   not   be   out   of   context   to   mention   here   that   the European Union woke up way back in 2007 to the reality of car makers installing a software that manipulate exhaust emissions, depending upon whether the car ran on a test stand or on the road. After the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre found in 2011 that the levels of harmful NO x   emissions far exceeded the prescribed levels, a study conducted by the International Council on   Clean   Transportation   (ICCT)   revealed   similar   results   in   the United   States.   In   September­2015,   allegations   of   installation   of manipulation devices by car manufacturers emerged from the US Environmental Protection Agency and this triggered investigations in several European Union States. After claims were lodged and legal   action   initiated,   the   German   Federal   Motor   Transport Authority appears to have given permission in June­2016 for the recall of about 2 million vehicles across Europe. In the light of these developments, one of the manufacturers entered into an agreement with the US Environmental Protection Agency in December­2016 giving certain options to the customers. These and the subsequent developments,   which   attained   notoriety   as   the   diesel­gate 18 scandal,   led   to   the   German   Federal   Court   of   Justice (Bundesgerichtshof­BGH) giving a ruling on May 25, 2020 in favour of the car owners for damages. 39. It is in the backdrop of what transpired in Europe and U.S.A., during the period from 2015 to 2019 that the action initiated by the Automotive Research Association of India in November 2015 and the proceedings that went on before the National Green Tribunal from the year 2015 to the year 2019, have to be seen. All of them were part of the global outrage that actually concerned the damage caused to the environment by the emissions from the cars allegedly fitted with manipulative devices. The proceedings before the NGT were not intended to address issues relating to individuals, such as  whether any emissions manipulation software, called in common (i) parlance as ‘defeat devices’ were installed in the vehicles purchased by   certain   individuals;   and   (ii)   whether   any   representation   was made to the purchasers of the cars in which such devices had been installed, about the emission efficiency level of the cars. 40. Therefore, we are unable to agree with the contention of the learned Senior Counsel for the petitioner that the substratum of the 19 police complaint is something that is already the subject matter of adjudication before this Court in the appeals arising out of the order of the NGT. As a matter of fact, the High Court has been fair to the petitioner, by granting protection against arrest till the filing of the report under section 173(2) of the Code. We do not think that the petitioner can ask for anything more.  41. It is needless to point out that ever since the decision of the Privy 1 Council in  , the law is well King Emperor vs. Khwaja Nazir Ahmed settled that Courts would not thwart any investigation.  It is only in cases where no cognizable offence or offence of any kind is disclosed in   the   first   information   report   that   the   Court   will   not   permit   an investigation   to   go   on.     As   cautioned   by   this   Court   in   State   of 2 , the power of quashing should be exercised Haryana vs. Bhajan Lal very sparingly and with circumspection and that too in the rarest of rare cases.   While examining a complaint, the quashing of which is sought, the Court cannot embark upon an enquiry as to the reliability or genuineness or otherwise of the allegations made in the FIR or in 3 the complaint.  In  S.M. Datta vs. State of Gujarat , this Court again 1 AIR 1945 PC 18 2 (1992) Supp. (1) SCC 335 3 (2001) 7 SCC 659 20 cautioned that criminal proceedings ought not to be scuttled at the initial stage.  Quashing of a complaint should rather be an exception and a rarity than an ordinary rule.  In  S.M. Datta  (supra), this Court held that if a perusal of the first information report leads to disclosure of an offence even broadly, law courts are barred from usurping the jurisdiction of the police, since the two organs of the State operate in two specific spheres of activities and one ought not to tread over the other sphere. 42. In view of what is stated above, the special leave petition is dismissed.  There will be no order as to costs. ……………………………..CJI (S.A. BOBDE) ……………………………….J. (A.S. BOPANNA) ………………………………..J. (V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN) New Delhi November 26, 2020 21