M/S KALEDONIA JUTE AND FIBRES PVT. LTD. vs. M/S AXIS NIRMAN AND INDUSTRIES LTD.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 19-11-2020

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3735 OF 2020 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.5452 OF 2020) M/S KALEDONIA JUTE AND  FIBRES PVT. LTD.                                              …   APPELLANT(S) VERSUS M/S AXIS NIRMAN AND  INDUSTRIES LTD. & ORS.                                 … RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Aggrieved by an order passed by the Company Court (High Court of Allahabad), refusing to transfer the winding up petition pending therein, to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT for short), a financial creditor has come up with this appeal. 3. Heard Mr. Huzefa Ahmadi, learned senior counsel appearing for   the   appellant,   Mr.   A.N.S.   Nadkarni,   learned   senior   counsel Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Madhu Bala Date: 2020.11.19 14:44:56 IST Reason: st appearing for the 1   respondent­corporate debtor and Gp. Capt. 2 Karan   Singh   Bhati,   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the   official liquidator. Background Facts nd 4. One M/s Girdhar Trading Co., the 2  respondent herein, filed a petition in Company Petition No.24 of 2015 before the High Court of Allahabad under Section 433 of the Companies Act, 1956, for the winding up of the first respondent company, on the ground that the Company was unable to pay its debts. The Company Court ordered st st notice to the 1  respondent herein, but the 1  respondent failed to appear before the Company Court. 5. Therefore, by an order dated 08.01.2016 the Company Court ordered the admission of the Company Petition and also directed publication of the advertisement of the petition in accordance with Rule 24 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959. Pursuant to the said nd order,   the   2   respondent   herein   (petitioning   creditor)   effected   a publication of the advertisement in the Official Gazette in Form No. 48   on   30.01.2016.   Newspaper   publications   were   also   made, indicating   the   date   of   hearing   of   the   Company   Petition   as 29.02.2016. 3 6. Thereafter,   the   Company   Court   passed   an   order   dated st 10.03.2016 directing the winding up of the 1  respondent Company on the ground that the Company has been unable to pay its debts st and that it was just and equitable to wind up the 1   respondent Company. 7. By the aforesaid order dated 10.03.2016, the Company Court appointed   the   official   liquidator   attached   to   the   High   Court   of Allahabad   as   the   Liquidator   and   directed   him   to   take   over   the assets and books of accounts of the Company. The order of winding up   was   also   directed   to   be   advertised   in   Form   53   in   two newspapers, as required under Rule 113 of the Companies (Courts) Rules 1959. st 8. Thereafter, the 1  respondent filed an application for recalling st the order of winding up dated 10.03.2016. The 1   respondent, in order to prove their bonafides paid the entire amount due to the petitioning creditor (the second respondent herein) along with costs. Therefore, the petitioning creditor had no objection to the recall of the order of winding up. 4 9. But the official liquidator opposed the application for recall on st the ground that the 1  respondent­Company owed money to various creditors   to   the   tune   of  Rs.27  Crores   and   that  unless   the   said amount is paid, the order of winding up cannot be recalled.   The Official Liquidator also submitted that he had already taken over charge of the assets of the Company. 10. In   the   light   of   the   rival   contentions,   the   Company   Court passed an order on 22.08.2016 keeping the winding up order dated 10.03.2016 in abeyance. However, the Company Court directed the Official Liquidator to continue to be in custody of the assets of the Company. 11. While things stood thus, the appellant herein, claiming to be a creditor of the first respondent herein, moved an application before the   NCLT,   Allahabad   under   Section   7   of   the   Insolvency   and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (for short the ‘IBC, 2016’).  The claim of the
appellant herein before the NCLT was that the 1strespondent was
due   and   liable   to   pay   a   sum   of   Rs.32   lakhs   and   that   despite
repeated demands, the 1strespondent failed to pay the said amount.
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12.Thereafter, the appellant moved an application in Civil
Miscellaneous   Application   No.   23   of   2020   before   the   Company Court (High court) seeking a transfer of the winding up petition to the NCLT, Allahabad. This application was rejected by the Company Court by a cryptic order dated 24.02.2020, on the sole ground that the requirement of Rule 24 had already been complied with and that a winding up order had already been passed. It is against this order   of   the   High   court,   refusing   to   transfer   the   winding   up proceedings from the Company Court to the NCLT that the financial creditor has come up with this civil appeal. Issues for Consideration
13.The main issues that arise for consideration in this appeal are:
(i)   what   are   the   circumstances   under   which   a   winding   up proceeding pending on the file of a High court could be transferred to the NCLT and  (ii) at whose instance, such transfer could be ordered.  Discussion
14.Though the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013) received the
assent of the President on 29.08.2013 and it was published in the 6 Gazette of India dated 30.08.2013 and corrected through corrigenda published on 01.01.2014, various provisions of the Act came into force on various dates. While some of the provisions came into force w.e.f.   12.09.2013,   some   other   provisions   came   into   force   w.e.f. 01.04.2014.
15.Clauses (a) and (b) of Sub­section (1) of Section 434 as well as
Sub­section (2) of Section 434 came into force w.e.f. 01.06.2016
videS.O.1934 (E) dated 01.06.2016. Clause (c) of Sub­section (1) of
Section 434 came into force on 15.12.2016videS.O. 3677(E) dated
01.12.2016.
16.It may be noted here that Section 434 as it originally stood
when the Companies Act, 2013 was enacted, was different from what it is today. Section 434 as it was incorporated originally in the Companies Act, 2013, was actually substituted by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Act 31 of 2016), which came into force on 15.11.2016. 
17.Section 434 as it stood originally in the Companies Act, 2013
(Act 18 of 2013) and Section 434 as substituted by IBC, 2016 (Act 7 31  of   2016)   together   with   subsequent   amendments   thereto,   are presented in a tabular column for easy appreciation.
Sec. 434 as it was originally<br>drafted in Act 18 of 2013Sec. 434 as it was substituted<br>under IBC, Act 31 of 2016
“434. Transfer of certain<br>pending proceedings.­(1) On<br>such date as may be notified<br>by the Central Government<br>in this behalf,­<br>(a) all matters,<br>proceedings or cases pending<br>before the Board of Company<br>Law Administration (herein in<br>this section referred to as the<br>Company Law Board)<br>constituted under sub­<br>section (1) of section 10E of<br>the Companies Act, 1956 (1<br>of 1956), immediately before<br>such date shall stand<br>transferred to the Tribunal<br>and the Tribunal shall<br>dispose of such matters,<br>proceedings or cases in<br>accordance with the<br>provisions of this Act;<br>(b) any person aggrieved<br>by any decision or order of<br>the Company Law Board<br>made before such date may<br>file an appeal to the High<br>Court within sixty days from<br>the date of communication of<br>the decision or order of the<br>Company Law Board to him<br>on any question of law<br>arising out of such order;<br>Provided that the High<br>Court may if it is satisfied<br>that the appellant was[434. Transfer of certain<br>pending proceedings.­(1) On<br>such date as may be notified<br>by the Central Government in<br>this behalf,­<br>(a) all matters, proceedings or<br>cases pending before the<br>Board of Company Law<br>Administration (herein in this<br>section referred to as the<br>Company Law Board)<br>constituted under sub­section<br>(1) of section 10E of the<br>Companies Act, 1956 (1 of<br>1956) immediately before such<br>date shall stand transferred to<br>the Tribunal and the Tribunal<br>shall dispose of such matters,<br>proceedings or cases in<br>accordance with the provisions<br>of this Act;<br>(b) any person aggrieved by<br>any decision or order of the<br>Company Law Board made<br>before such date may file an<br>appeal to the High Court<br>within sixty days from the date<br>of communication of the<br>decision or order of the<br>Company Law Board to him on<br>any question of law arising out<br>of such order:<br>Provided that the High<br>Court may if it is satisfied that<br>the appellant was prevented by<br>sufficient cause from filing an
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prevented by sufficient cause<br>from filing an appeal within<br>the said period, allow it to be<br>filed within a further period<br>not exceeding sixty days;<br>(c) all proceedings under<br>the Companies Act, 1956 (1<br>of 1956), including<br>proceedings relating to<br>arbitration, compromise,<br>arrangements and<br>reconstruction and winding<br>up of companies, pending<br>immediately before such date<br>before any District Court or<br>High Court, shall stand<br>transferred to the Tribunal<br>and the Tribunal may<br>proceed to deal with such<br>proceedings from the stage<br>before their transfer;<br>(d) any appeal preferred to<br>the Appellate Authority for<br>Industrial and Financial<br>Reconstruction or any<br>reference made or inquiry<br>pending to or before the<br>Board of Industrial and<br>Financial Reconstruction or<br>any proceeding of whatever<br>nature pending before the<br>Appellate Authority for<br>Industrial and Financial<br>Reconstruction or the Board<br>for Industrial and Financial<br>Reconstruction under the<br>sick Industrial Companies<br>(Special Provisions) Act, 1985<br>(1 of 1986) immediately<br>before the commencement of<br>this Act shall stand abated:<br>Provided that a companyappeal within the said period,<br>allow it to be filed within a<br>further period not exceeding<br>sixty days; and<br>(c) all proceedings under the<br>Companies Act, 1956 (1 of<br>1956), including proceedings<br>relating to arbitration,<br>compromise, arrangements<br>and reconstruction and<br>winding up of companies,<br>pending immediately before<br>such date before any District<br>Court or High Court, shall<br>stand transferred to the<br>Tribunal and the Tribunal may<br>proceed to deal with such<br>proceedings from the stage<br>before their transfer:<br>Provided that only such<br>proceedings relating to the<br>winding up of companies shall<br>be transferred to the Tribunal<br>that are at a stage as may be<br>prescribed by the Central<br>Government:<br>[Provided further that only such<br>proceedings relating to cases<br>other than winding­up, for<br>which orders for allowing or<br>otherwise of the proceedings<br>are not reserved by the High<br>Court shall be transferred to<br>the Tribunal:<br>[Provided also that­]<br>(i) all proceedings under<br>the Companies Act,<br>1956 other than the<br>cases relating to<br>winding­up of<br>companies that are<br>reserved for orders<br>for allowing or
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in respect of which such<br>appeal or reference or inquiry<br>stands abated under this<br>clause may make a reference<br>to the Tribunal under this Act<br>within one hundred and<br>eighty days from the<br>commencement of this Act in<br>accordance with the<br>provisions of this Act:<br>Provided further that no<br>fees shall be payable for<br>making such reference under<br>this Act by a company whose<br>appeal or reference or inquiry<br>stands abated under this<br>clause.<br>(2) The Central Government<br>may make rules consistent<br>with the provisions of this Act<br>to ensure timely transfer of<br>all matters, proceedings or<br>cases pending before the<br>Company Law Board or the<br>court, to the Tribunal under<br>this section.”otherwise such<br>proceedings; or<br>(ii) the proceedings<br>relating to winding­<br>up of companies<br>which have not been<br>transferred from the<br>High Courts;<br>shall be dealt with in<br>accordance with provisions of<br>the Companies Act, 1956 and<br>the Companies (Court) Rules,<br>1959:]<br>[Provided also that proceedings<br>relating to cases of voluntary<br>winding up of a company where<br>notice of the resolution by<br>advertisement has been given<br>under sub­section (1) of section<br>485 of the Companies Act,<br>1956 but the company has not<br>been dissolved before the 1st<br>April, 2017 shall continue to be<br>dealt with in accordance with<br>provisions of the Companies<br>Act, 1956 and the Companies<br>(Court) Rules, 1959.]<br>[Provided further that any party<br>or parties to any proceedings<br>relating to the winding up of<br>companies pending before the<br>any Court immediately before<br>the commencement of the<br>Insolvency and Bankruptcy<br>Code (Amendment) Ordinance,<br>2018, may file an application<br>for transfer of such proceedings<br>and the Court may by order<br>transfer such proceedings to<br>the Tribunal and the<br>proceedings so transferred shall<br>be dealt with by the Tribunal as<br>an application for initiation of<br>corporate insolvency resolution
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process under the Insolvency<br>and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31<br>of 2016).]<br>(2) The Central Government<br>may make rules consistent with<br>the provisions of this Act to<br>ensure timely transfer of all<br>matters, proceedings or cases<br>pending before the Company<br>Law Board or the courts, to the<br>Tribunal under this section.]
18. It is important to note that what is extracted in the right hand side   column   of   the   above   Table   includes,   apart   from   what   was substituted by Act 31 of 2016, a couple of amendments made to Section 434. Those amendments were made under:­ (i) The   Companies   (Removal   of   Difficulties)   Fourth Order, 2016 published on 07.12.2016, which came into effect on 15.12.2016; (ii) The Companies (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2017 published on 29.06.2017 which came into effect on the same date; and (iii) The   Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy   Code   (Second Amendment) Act, 2018 namely 26 of 2018, which came into force w.e.f. 06.06.2018. 19. A careful look at Section 434 as it stands today would show that Clause (b) of Sub­section(1) of Section 434 has nothing to do with what Section 434 in entirety purports to deal with. Section 434 11 in entirety purports to deal with the transfer of proceedings pending either before the Board of Company Law Administration or before the Company Court (the High Court or the District Court).  Clause (b) of Sub­section (1) deals with the right of appeal to the High Court against any decision of the Company Law Board and hence Clause (b) is actually a misfit in the scheme of Section 434. 20. Be that as it may, clause (c) of Sub­section (1) is the provision that actually provides for the transfer of all the proceedings under the Companies Act, 1956 pending before any District Court or High Court, to the Tribunal. Broadly Clause (c) makes a mention about proceedings relating to arbitration, compromise, arrangements and reconstruction and winding up. But Clause (c) is not limited in its application   to   proceedings   relating   to   arbitration,   compromise, arrangements and reconstruction and winding up. This is due to the usage of the words “All proceedings......including” in Clause (c). 21. However, the first proviso to Clause (c) which was not there in the original Section 434, but which was inserted only under IBC Act of 2016 when Section 434 was substituted, circumscribes what is contained in the main part of Clause (c). The first proviso to Clause 12 (c) restricts the transferability of proceedings for winding up from the   High   Court   to   the   tribunal,   by   stipulating   that   only   such proceedings   for   winding   up   which   are   at   a   stage   as   may   be prescribed   by   the   Central   Government,   be   transferred   to   the Tribunal. 22. Sub­section   (2)   of   Section   434   empowers   the   Central Government to make Rules consistent with the provisions of the Act, to  ensure  timely  transfer  of  all matters  pending  before the Company Law Board or the Courts, to the Tribunal. Therefore, in exercise of the power conferred by Sub­section (2) of Section 434 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Sub­section (1) of Section 239 of the IBC, 2016, the Central Government issued a set of Rules known as ‘The Companies (Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules, 2016. 23. Before we have a look at the Rules it is necessary to note that for the purpose of transfer, winding up proceedings pending before the High Courts, are classified by Section 434 into two categories namely:­ 13 (a)Proceedings for voluntary winding up where notice of resolution   by   advertisement   has   been   given   under Section 485(1) of the Companies Act, 1956, but the company has not been dissolved before 01.04.2017; and (b) Other types of winding up proceedings. 24. The first of the above 2 categories of cases are covered by the fourth proviso under Clause (c) of Sub­section (1) of Section 434, which states: “Provided   also   that   proceedings   relating   to   cases   of voluntary   winding   up   of   a   company   where   notice   of   the resolution   by   advertisement   has   been   given   under   sub­ section (1) of section 485 of the Companies Act, 1956 but the st company has not been dissolved before the 1   April, 2017 shall continue to be dealt with in accordance with provisions of   the   Companies   Act,   1956   and   the   Companies   (Court) Rules, 1959”. Such cases of voluntary winding up covered by the above proviso shall continue to be dealt with by the High court. It is only (i) cases th of voluntary winding up falling outside the scope of the 4  Proviso and   (ii)   other   types   of   winding   up   proceedings,   that   can   be transferred by the High Courts to the Tribunal, subject however to the Rules made by the Central Government under Section 434 (2). 14 25. The   transferability,   by   operation   of   law,   of   winding   up th proceedings, other than those covered by the 4   Proviso, depends upon the  stage  at  which  they  are  pending  before  the   Company Court. But this is left by the law makers to be determined through subordinate legislation, in the form of Rules. 26. Apart   from   providing   for   the   transfer   of   certain   types   of winding up proceedings by operation of law, Section 434 (1)(c) also gives a choice to the parties to those proceedings to seek a transfer of such proceedings to the NCLT. This is under the fifth proviso to Clause (c).   27. Keeping in mind the above scheme of Section 434, let us now turn to the Rules. As stated earlier, The Companies (Transfer of Pending   Proceedings)   Rule,   2016   were   issued   in   exercise   of  the powers conferred by Section 434 (2) read with Section 239(1) of IBC, 2016. 28. The   aforesaid   Rules   categorise   the   pending   proceedings  for winding up into three types   namely   (i)   proceedings for voluntary winding up covered by the fourth proviso to Clause (c) of Sub­ section (1) of Section 434, which shall continue to be dealt with in 15 accordance with the provisions of the 1956 Act;  (ii)  proceedings for winding   up   on   the   ground   of   inability   to   pay   debts;   and   (iii) proceedings for winding up on grounds other than inability to pay debts. 29. Rule 4 of the aforesaid Rules deals with cases of voluntary winding up covered by the fourth proviso to Section 434(1)(c). We are not concerned in this case with such types of cases. 30. Rule   5   of   the   aforesaid   Rules   provides   for   transfer   of proceedings for winding up on the ground of inability to pay debts. It reads as follows: “5. Transfer of pending proceedings of Winding up on the   ground   of   inability   to   pay   debts. —(1)   All   petitions relating   to   winding   up   of   a   company   under   clause   (c)   of section 433 of the Act on the ground of inability to pay its debts pending before a High Court, and, where the petition has not been served on the respondent under Rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959 shall be transferred to the Bench of the Tribunal established under sub­section (4) of section 419 of the Companies Act, 2013 exercising territorial jurisdiction to be dealt with in accordance with Part II of the Code:   Provided that the petitioner shall submit all information, other than information forming part of the records transferred in accordance with Rule 7, required for admission of the petition under sections 7, 8 or 9 of the Code, as the case may be, including details of the proposed insolvency professional to th the Tribunal upto 15   day of July, 2017, failing which the petition shall stand abated.  16 Provided  further that  any  party or parties  to  the  petitions st shall, after the 1  day of July, 2017, be eligible to file fresh applications under Sections 7 or 8 or 9 of the Code, as the case may be in accordance with the provisions of the Code: Provided also that where a petition relating to winding up of a company is not transferred to the Tribunal under this Rule and remains in the High Court and where there is another petition under Clause (e) of Section 433 of the Act for winding th up against the same company pending as on 15  December, 2016,   such   other   petition   shall   not   be   transferred   to   the Tribunal,   even   if   the   petition   has   not   been   served   on   the respondent.” 31. Rule   6   of   the   aforesaid   Rules   deals   with   transfer   of proceedings for winding up, on grounds other than inability to pay debts. It reads as follows:­ “6.   Transfer   of   pending   proceedings   of   Winding   up matters   on   the   grounds   other   than   inability   to   pay debts.— All petitions filed under clauses (a) and (f) of section 433 of the Companies Act, 1956 pending before a High Court and where the petition has not been served on the respondent as required under rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959   shall   be   transferred   to   the   Bench   of   the   Tribunal exercising territorial jurisdiction and such petitions shall be treated as petitions under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013).” 32. The transferability of a winding up proceeding, both under Rule 5 as well as under Rule 6, is directly linked to the service of the winding up petition on the respondent under Rule 26 of the Companies   (Court)   Rules,   1959.   If   the   winding   up   petition   has 17 already been served on the respondent in terms of Rule 26 of the 1959 Rules, the proceedings are not liable to be transferred. But if service of the winding up petition on the respondent in terms of Rule 26 had not been completed, such winding up proceedings, whether they are under Clause (c) of Section 433 or under Clauses (a) and (f) of Section 433, shall peremptorily be transferred to the NCLT. 33. In other words, Rules 5 and 6 of the Companies (Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules 2016, fix the stage of service of notice under Rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959, as the stage at   which   a   winding   up   proceeding   can   be   transferred.   This   is because  the   first  proviso   under   Clause   (c)  of   Sub­section   (1) of Section 434 enables the Central Government to prescribe the stage at which proceedings for winding up can be transferred and sub­ section (2) of section 434 confers rule making power on the Central Government. 34. Rule   26   of   the   Companies   (Court)   Rules,   1959   reads   as follows: 18 “Service of petition­   Every petition shall be served on the respondent, if any, named in the petition and on such other persons as the Act or these rules may require or as the Judge or the Registrar may direct. Unless otherwise ordered, a copy of the petition shall be served along with the notice of the petition.” 35. The normal requirement of Rule 26, as seen from its last limb is that the copy of the petition under the Act shall be served on the respondent along with the notice of the petition, unless otherwise ordered. The notice of the petition, required under Rule 26 to be served along with the copy of the petition, should be in Form No.6, due to the mandate of Rule 27. 36. Due to the usage of the words  “was admitted ” in Form No.6, there was a confusion as to whether the service referred to in Rule 26,   is   of   a   pre­admission   notice   or   post­admission   notice,   in   a winding up proceeding. Different High Courts took different views. Eventually, this Court settled the position in  Forech India Ltd vs. 1 Edelweiss Assets Reconstruction Co. Ltd .   by holding  “that Rules 26 and 27 clearly refer to a pre­admission scenario.” 37. After so interpreting Rules 26 and 27 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959, this Court pointed out in  Forech India Ltd.   (supra) 1 2019 (2) SCR 477 19 that  “when the Code was enacted, only winding up petitions where no notice under Rule 26 was served, were to be transferred to NCLT  However, after Section 434 and treated as petitions under the Code”. was substituted by a new provision under Act 31 of 2016 and the th 5   proviso was  inserted  by Act 26 of  2018, the  transfer  of the winding up proceedings, even at the instance of the party or parties to the proceedings became permissible.  This change of position was also noted by this Court in  Forech India Limited (supra). 38. But while noting the change of position after the insertion of th the 5  proviso through Act 26 of 2018, this Court indicated in para 17 of the Judgment as though   could apply for transfer any person of such petitions to the NCLT under the Code”.  Taking advantage of this, it is contended by the learned senior counsel for the petitioner that   “any person”   (and not necessarily a party to the proceeding) could apply for transfer. 39. But   we   do   not   think   that   the   decision   in   Forech   India th Limited   (supra)  is  an  authority   for  the   proposition  that  the 5 proviso to Clause (c) of Sub­section (1) of Section 434 could be invoked by any person who is not a party to the proceeding for 20 th winding up. The 5  proviso which we have already extracted uses the words  any party or parties to any proceedings relating to .” the winding up of companies pending before any Court th 40. In   other   words,   the   right   to   invoke   the   5   proviso   is specifically   conferred   only   upon   the   parties   to   the proceedings . Therefore, on a literal interpretation,  such a right should   be   held   to   be   confined   only   to “the   parties   to   the proceedings.” 41. That takes us to the next question as to who are  “the parties to”  the winding up proceedings. The Companies Act, 1956 does not define the expression   “party”.   The Companies (Court) Rules, 1959 also does not define the expression   “party”.   The Companies Act 2013   does   not   define   the   expression   “party”.   The   Companies (Transfer of pending proceedings) Rules, 2016 also does not define the expression   “party”.   Even the IBC, 2016 does not define the expression  “party”. 42. But   there   are   certain   clues   inherently   available   in   the Companies Act, 1956, to indicate the persons who may come within 21 the   meaning   of   the   expression   “party   to   the   proceedings”.   The provisions which contain such clues are as follows: (i) Section   447   of   the   Companies   Act,   1956,   which   is equivalent to Section 278 of the Companies Act, 2013 states that  an order for winding up shall operate in favour of all the creditors and of all the contributories of the company as if it has been made on the joint petition of a creditor and of a contributory . There is a small change between the wording of Section 278 of the 2013 Act and the wording of Section 447 of the 1956 Act. This change may be appreciated, if  both   these   provisions   are   presented   simultaneously   in   a tabular column:
Section 447 of 1956 ActSection 278 of 2013 Act
Effect of winding up orderEffect of winding up order. ­
An order for winding up aThe order for the winding up of
company shall operate in favoura company shall operate in
of all the creditors and of all thefavour of all the creditors and
contributories of the companyall contributories of the
as if it has been madeon thecompany as if it had been made
joint petition of a creditorouton the joint petition of
and of a contributory.creditors and contributories.
22 Section 278 of the 2013 Act shows that   any petition by a single creditor or contributory is actually treated as a joint petition of creditors and contributories, so that the order   of   winding   up   operates   in   favour   of   all   the creditors and all the contributories . (ii) Under   Section   454   (6)   of   the   1956   Act,   any   person  shall be entitled stating himself in writing to be a creditor to inspect the statement of affairs submitted to the official liquidator. If the claim of such a person to be a creditor turns out to be untrue, such a person is liable to be punished under Section 454(7) of the 1956 Act. (iii) The powers of the liquidator are enumerated in Section 457 of the 1956 Act. Section 457 actually divides the powers of a liquidator into two categories  namely  (i) those available with  the   sanction  of   the   Tribunal  and   (ii)  those   generally available to the liquidator. But Section 290 of the 2013 Act has done away with such a distinction. However, the 1956 Act, as well as 2013 Act make the exercise of the powers by the liquidator, subject to the overall control of the Tribunal. 23 This is made clear by Section 457(3) of the 1956 Act and Section 290(2) of the 2013 Act. Additionally, Section 457(3) of the 1956 Act enables any creditor or contributory to apply to the Court with respect to the exercise by the Liquidator, of any of the powers conferred by Section 457.   (iv) Section 460 of the 1956 Act and Section 292 of the 2013 Act make it clear that in the administration of the assets of the   Company   and   the   distribution   thereof   among   its creditors, the liquidator should have regard to any directions given by resolution of creditors at any general meeting. If the liquidator does something, in exercise of his powers, any person aggrieved by such Act or decision of the liquidator, is entitled   to   apply   to   the   Company   Court,   under   Section 460(6) of the 1956 Act and Section 292(4) of the 2013 Act.   (v) Section 466(1) of the 1956 Act enables any creditor to apply for stay of all proceedings in relation to the winding up. This right can be exercised by any creditor at any time after the making of a winding up order. 24 43. Thus,   the   proceedings   for   winding   up   of   a   company   are actually proceedings in rem to which the entire body of creditors is a party. The proceeding might have been initiated by one or more creditors, but by a deeming fiction the petition is treated as a joint petition. The official liquidator acts for and on behalf of the entire th body of creditors. Therefore, the word  “party”  appearing in the 5 proviso to Clause (c) of Sub­section (1) of section 434 cannot be construed   to   mean   only   the   single   petitioning   creditor   or   the company   or   the   official   liquidator.   The   words   “party   or   parties” th appearing   in   the   5   proviso   to   Clause   (c)   of   Sub­section   (1)   of Section 434 would take within its fold any creditor of the company in liquidation.  44. The above conclusion can be reached through another method of deductive logic also. If any creditor is aggrieved by any decision of the official liquidator, he is entitled under the 1956 Act to challenge the   same   before   the   Company   Court.   Once   he   does   that,   he becomes a party to the proceeding, even by the plain language of the section. Instead of asking a party to adopt such a circuitous th route and then take recourse to the 5  proviso to section 434(1)(c), 25 it would be better to recognise the right of such a party to seek transfer directly. 45. As observed by this Court in   Forech India Limited   (supra), the object of IBC will be stultified if parallel proceedings are allowed to go on in different fora. If the Allahabad High Court is allowed to proceed with the winding up and NCLT is allowed to proceed with an enquiry into the application under Section 7 IBC, the entire object of IBC will be thrown to the winds. 46. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the petitioner­   will   come   within   the   definition   of   the   expression   herein “party” th appearing   in   the   5   proviso   to   Clause   (c)   of   Sub­section   (1)   of Section 434 of the Companies Act, 2013 and that the petitioner is entitled to seek a transfer of the pending winding up proceedings against the first respondent, to the NCLT. It is important to note that   the restriction under Rules 5 and 6 of the Companies (Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules, 2016 relating to the stage   at   which   a   transfer   could   be   ordered,   has   no th application to the case of a transfer covered by the 5  proviso . Therefore, the to clause (c) of sub­section (1) of Section 434 26 impugned order of the High court rejecting the petition for transfer on the basis of Rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959 is flawed. 47. Therefore, the appeal is allowed, the impugned order is set aside   and   the   proceedings   for   winding   up   pending   before   the Company Court (Allahabad High Court) against the first respondent herein, is ordered to be transferred to the NCLT, to be taken up along with the application of the appellant­ herein  under Section 7 of the IBC.  There will be no order as to costs. ……………………………..CJI (S.A. BOBDE) ……………………………….J. (A.S. BOPANNA) ………………………………..J. (V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN) New Delhi November 19, 2020