Full Judgment Text
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3735 OF 2020
(Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.5452 OF 2020)
M/S KALEDONIA JUTE AND
FIBRES PVT. LTD. … APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
M/S AXIS NIRMAN AND
INDUSTRIES LTD. & ORS. … RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
V. Ramasubramanian, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. Aggrieved by an order passed by the Company Court (High
Court of Allahabad), refusing to transfer the winding up petition
pending therein, to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT for
short), a financial creditor has come up with this appeal.
3. Heard Mr. Huzefa Ahmadi, learned senior counsel appearing
for the appellant, Mr. A.N.S. Nadkarni, learned senior counsel
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
Madhu Bala
Date: 2020.11.19
14:44:56 IST
Reason:
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appearing for the 1 respondentcorporate debtor and Gp. Capt.
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Karan Singh Bhati, learned counsel appearing for the official
liquidator.
Background Facts
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4. One M/s Girdhar Trading Co., the 2 respondent herein, filed
a petition in Company Petition No.24 of 2015 before the High Court
of Allahabad under Section 433 of the Companies Act, 1956, for the
winding up of the first respondent company, on the ground that the
Company was unable to pay its debts. The Company Court ordered
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notice to the 1 respondent herein, but the 1 respondent failed to
appear before the Company Court.
5. Therefore, by an order dated 08.01.2016 the Company Court
ordered the admission of the Company Petition and also directed
publication of the advertisement of the petition in accordance with
Rule 24 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959. Pursuant to the said
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order, the 2 respondent herein (petitioning creditor) effected a
publication of the advertisement in the Official Gazette in Form No.
48 on 30.01.2016. Newspaper publications were also made,
indicating the date of hearing of the Company Petition as
29.02.2016.
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6. Thereafter, the Company Court passed an order dated
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10.03.2016 directing the winding up of the 1 respondent Company
on the ground that the Company has been unable to pay its debts
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and that it was just and equitable to wind up the 1 respondent
Company.
7. By the aforesaid order dated 10.03.2016, the Company Court
appointed the official liquidator attached to the High Court of
Allahabad as the Liquidator and directed him to take over the
assets and books of accounts of the Company. The order of winding
up was also directed to be advertised in Form 53 in two
newspapers, as required under Rule 113 of the Companies (Courts)
Rules 1959.
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8. Thereafter, the 1 respondent filed an application for recalling
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the order of winding up dated 10.03.2016. The 1 respondent, in
order to prove their bonafides paid the entire amount due to the
petitioning creditor (the second respondent herein) along with costs.
Therefore, the petitioning creditor had no objection to the recall of
the order of winding up.
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9. But the official liquidator opposed the application for recall on
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the ground that the 1 respondentCompany owed money to various
creditors to the tune of Rs.27 Crores and that unless the said
amount is paid, the order of winding up cannot be recalled. The
Official Liquidator also submitted that he had already taken over
charge of the assets of the Company.
10. In the light of the rival contentions, the Company Court
passed an order on 22.08.2016 keeping the winding up order dated
10.03.2016 in abeyance. However, the Company Court directed the
Official Liquidator to continue to be in custody of the assets of the
Company.
11. While things stood thus, the appellant herein, claiming to be a
creditor of the first respondent herein, moved an application before
the NCLT, Allahabad under Section 7 of the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (for short the ‘IBC, 2016’). The claim of the
| appellant herein before the NCLT was that the 1 | st | respondent was |
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due and liable to pay a sum of Rs.32 lakhs and that despite
| repeated demands, the 1 | st | respondent failed to pay the said amount. |
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| 12. | Thereafter, the appellant moved an application in Civil |
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Miscellaneous Application No. 23 of 2020 before the Company
Court (High court) seeking a transfer of the winding up petition to
the NCLT, Allahabad. This application was rejected by the Company
Court by a cryptic order dated 24.02.2020, on the sole ground that
the requirement of Rule 24 had already been complied with and
that a winding up order had already been passed. It is against this
order of the High court, refusing to transfer the winding up
proceedings from the Company Court to the NCLT that the financial
creditor has come up with this civil appeal.
Issues for Consideration
| 13. | The main issues that arise for consideration in this appeal are: |
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(i) what are the circumstances under which a winding up
proceeding pending on the file of a High court could be transferred
to the NCLT and
(ii) at whose instance, such transfer could be ordered.
Discussion
| 14. | Though the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013) received the |
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assent of the President on 29.08.2013 and it was published in the
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Gazette of India dated 30.08.2013 and corrected through corrigenda
published on 01.01.2014, various provisions of the Act came into
force on various dates. While some of the provisions came into force
w.e.f. 12.09.2013, some other provisions came into force w.e.f.
01.04.2014.
| 15. | Clauses (a) and (b) of Subsection (1) of Section 434 as well as |
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Subsection (2) of Section 434 came into force w.e.f. 01.06.2016
| vide | S.O.1934 (E) dated 01.06.2016. Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of |
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| Section 434 came into force on 15.12.2016 | vide | S.O. 3677(E) dated |
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01.12.2016.
| 16. | It may be noted here that Section 434 as it originally stood |
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when the Companies Act, 2013 was enacted, was different from
what it is today. Section 434 as it was incorporated originally in the
Companies Act, 2013, was actually substituted by the Insolvency
and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Act 31 of 2016), which came into force
on 15.11.2016.
| 17. | Section 434 as it stood originally in the Companies Act, 2013 |
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(Act 18 of 2013) and Section 434 as substituted by IBC, 2016 (Act
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31 of 2016) together with subsequent amendments thereto, are
presented in a tabular column for easy appreciation.
| Sec. 434 as it was originally<br>drafted in Act 18 of 2013 | Sec. 434 as it was substituted<br>under IBC, Act 31 of 2016 |
|---|---|
| “434. Transfer of certain<br>pending proceedings.(1) On<br>such date as may be notified<br>by the Central Government<br>in this behalf,<br>(a) all matters,<br>proceedings or cases pending<br>before the Board of Company<br>Law Administration (herein in<br>this section referred to as the<br>Company Law Board)<br>constituted under sub<br>section (1) of section 10E of<br>the Companies Act, 1956 (1<br>of 1956), immediately before<br>such date shall stand<br>transferred to the Tribunal<br>and the Tribunal shall<br>dispose of such matters,<br>proceedings or cases in<br>accordance with the<br>provisions of this Act;<br>(b) any person aggrieved<br>by any decision or order of<br>the Company Law Board<br>made before such date may<br>file an appeal to the High<br>Court within sixty days from<br>the date of communication of<br>the decision or order of the<br>Company Law Board to him<br>on any question of law<br>arising out of such order;<br>Provided that the High<br>Court may if it is satisfied<br>that the appellant was | [434. Transfer of certain<br>pending proceedings.(1) On<br>such date as may be notified<br>by the Central Government in<br>this behalf,<br>(a) all matters, proceedings or<br>cases pending before the<br>Board of Company Law<br>Administration (herein in this<br>section referred to as the<br>Company Law Board)<br>constituted under subsection<br>(1) of section 10E of the<br>Companies Act, 1956 (1 of<br>1956) immediately before such<br>date shall stand transferred to<br>the Tribunal and the Tribunal<br>shall dispose of such matters,<br>proceedings or cases in<br>accordance with the provisions<br>of this Act;<br>(b) any person aggrieved by<br>any decision or order of the<br>Company Law Board made<br>before such date may file an<br>appeal to the High Court<br>within sixty days from the date<br>of communication of the<br>decision or order of the<br>Company Law Board to him on<br>any question of law arising out<br>of such order:<br>Provided that the High<br>Court may if it is satisfied that<br>the appellant was prevented by<br>sufficient cause from filing an |
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| prevented by sufficient cause<br>from filing an appeal within<br>the said period, allow it to be<br>filed within a further period<br>not exceeding sixty days;<br>(c) all proceedings under<br>the Companies Act, 1956 (1<br>of 1956), including<br>proceedings relating to<br>arbitration, compromise,<br>arrangements and<br>reconstruction and winding<br>up of companies, pending<br>immediately before such date<br>before any District Court or<br>High Court, shall stand<br>transferred to the Tribunal<br>and the Tribunal may<br>proceed to deal with such<br>proceedings from the stage<br>before their transfer;<br>(d) any appeal preferred to<br>the Appellate Authority for<br>Industrial and Financial<br>Reconstruction or any<br>reference made or inquiry<br>pending to or before the<br>Board of Industrial and<br>Financial Reconstruction or<br>any proceeding of whatever<br>nature pending before the<br>Appellate Authority for<br>Industrial and Financial<br>Reconstruction or the Board<br>for Industrial and Financial<br>Reconstruction under the<br>sick Industrial Companies<br>(Special Provisions) Act, 1985<br>(1 of 1986) immediately<br>before the commencement of<br>this Act shall stand abated:<br>Provided that a company | appeal within the said period,<br>allow it to be filed within a<br>further period not exceeding<br>sixty days; and<br>(c) all proceedings under the<br>Companies Act, 1956 (1 of<br>1956), including proceedings<br>relating to arbitration,<br>compromise, arrangements<br>and reconstruction and<br>winding up of companies,<br>pending immediately before<br>such date before any District<br>Court or High Court, shall<br>stand transferred to the<br>Tribunal and the Tribunal may<br>proceed to deal with such<br>proceedings from the stage<br>before their transfer:<br>Provided that only such<br>proceedings relating to the<br>winding up of companies shall<br>be transferred to the Tribunal<br>that are at a stage as may be<br>prescribed by the Central<br>Government:<br>[Provided further that only such<br>proceedings relating to cases<br>other than windingup, for<br>which orders for allowing or<br>otherwise of the proceedings<br>are not reserved by the High<br>Court shall be transferred to<br>the Tribunal:<br>[Provided also that]<br>(i) all proceedings under<br>the Companies Act,<br>1956 other than the<br>cases relating to<br>windingup of<br>companies that are<br>reserved for orders<br>for allowing or |
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| in respect of which such<br>appeal or reference or inquiry<br>stands abated under this<br>clause may make a reference<br>to the Tribunal under this Act<br>within one hundred and<br>eighty days from the<br>commencement of this Act in<br>accordance with the<br>provisions of this Act:<br>Provided further that no<br>fees shall be payable for<br>making such reference under<br>this Act by a company whose<br>appeal or reference or inquiry<br>stands abated under this<br>clause.<br>(2) The Central Government<br>may make rules consistent<br>with the provisions of this Act<br>to ensure timely transfer of<br>all matters, proceedings or<br>cases pending before the<br>Company Law Board or the<br>court, to the Tribunal under<br>this section.” | otherwise such<br>proceedings; or<br>(ii) the proceedings<br>relating to winding<br>up of companies<br>which have not been<br>transferred from the<br>High Courts;<br>shall be dealt with in<br>accordance with provisions of<br>the Companies Act, 1956 and<br>the Companies (Court) Rules,<br>1959:]<br>[Provided also that proceedings<br>relating to cases of voluntary<br>winding up of a company where<br>notice of the resolution by<br>advertisement has been given<br>under subsection (1) of section<br>485 of the Companies Act,<br>1956 but the company has not<br>been dissolved before the 1st<br>April, 2017 shall continue to be<br>dealt with in accordance with<br>provisions of the Companies<br>Act, 1956 and the Companies<br>(Court) Rules, 1959.]<br>[Provided further that any party<br>or parties to any proceedings<br>relating to the winding up of<br>companies pending before the<br>any Court immediately before<br>the commencement of the<br>Insolvency and Bankruptcy<br>Code (Amendment) Ordinance,<br>2018, may file an application<br>for transfer of such proceedings<br>and the Court may by order<br>transfer such proceedings to<br>the Tribunal and the<br>proceedings so transferred shall<br>be dealt with by the Tribunal as<br>an application for initiation of<br>corporate insolvency resolution |
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| process under the Insolvency<br>and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31<br>of 2016).]<br>(2) The Central Government<br>may make rules consistent with<br>the provisions of this Act to<br>ensure timely transfer of all<br>matters, proceedings or cases<br>pending before the Company<br>Law Board or the courts, to the<br>Tribunal under this section.] |
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18. It is important to note that what is extracted in the right hand
side column of the above Table includes, apart from what was
substituted by Act 31 of 2016, a couple of amendments made to
Section 434. Those amendments were made under:
(i) The Companies (Removal of Difficulties) Fourth
Order, 2016 published on 07.12.2016, which came
into effect on 15.12.2016;
(ii) The Companies (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2017
published on 29.06.2017 which came into effect on
the same date; and
(iii) The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second
Amendment) Act, 2018 namely 26 of 2018, which
came into force w.e.f. 06.06.2018.
19. A careful look at Section 434 as it stands today would show
that Clause (b) of Subsection(1) of Section 434 has nothing to do
with what Section 434 in entirety purports to deal with. Section 434
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in entirety purports to deal with the transfer of proceedings pending
either before the Board of Company Law Administration or before
the Company Court (the High Court or the District Court). Clause
(b) of Subsection (1) deals with the right of appeal to the High
Court against any decision of the Company Law Board and hence
Clause (b) is actually a misfit in the scheme of Section 434.
20. Be that as it may, clause (c) of Subsection (1) is the provision
that actually provides for the transfer of all the proceedings under
the Companies Act, 1956 pending before any District Court or High
Court, to the Tribunal. Broadly Clause (c) makes a mention about
proceedings relating to arbitration, compromise, arrangements and
reconstruction and winding up. But Clause (c) is not limited in its
application to proceedings relating to arbitration, compromise,
arrangements and reconstruction and winding up. This is due to
the usage of the words “All proceedings......including” in Clause (c).
21. However, the first proviso to Clause (c) which was not there in
the original Section 434, but which was inserted only under IBC Act
of 2016 when Section 434 was substituted, circumscribes what is
contained in the main part of Clause (c). The first proviso to Clause
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(c) restricts the transferability of proceedings for winding up from
the High Court to the tribunal, by stipulating that only such
proceedings for winding up which are at a stage as may be
prescribed by the Central Government, be transferred to the
Tribunal.
22. Subsection (2) of Section 434 empowers the Central
Government to make Rules consistent with the provisions of the
Act, to ensure timely transfer of all matters pending before the
Company Law Board or the Courts, to the Tribunal. Therefore, in
exercise of the power conferred by Subsection (2) of Section 434 of
the Companies Act, 2013 read with Subsection (1) of Section 239
of the IBC, 2016, the Central Government issued a set of Rules
known as ‘The Companies (Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules,
2016.
23. Before we have a look at the Rules it is necessary to note that
for the purpose of transfer, winding up proceedings pending before
the High Courts, are classified by Section 434 into two categories
namely:
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(a)Proceedings for voluntary winding up where notice of
resolution by advertisement has been given under
Section 485(1) of the Companies Act, 1956, but the
company has not been dissolved before 01.04.2017;
and
(b) Other types of winding up proceedings.
24. The first of the above 2 categories of cases are covered by the
fourth proviso under Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of Section 434,
which states:
“Provided also that proceedings relating to cases of
voluntary winding up of a company where notice of the
resolution by advertisement has been given under sub
section (1) of section 485 of the Companies Act, 1956 but the
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company has not been dissolved before the 1 April, 2017
shall continue to be dealt with in accordance with provisions
of the Companies Act, 1956 and the Companies (Court)
Rules, 1959”.
Such cases of voluntary winding up covered by the above proviso
shall continue to be dealt with by the High court. It is only (i) cases
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of voluntary winding up falling outside the scope of the 4 Proviso
and (ii) other types of winding up proceedings, that can be
transferred by the High Courts to the Tribunal, subject however to
the Rules made by the Central Government under Section 434 (2).
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25. The transferability, by operation of law, of winding up
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proceedings, other than those covered by the 4 Proviso, depends
upon the stage at which they are pending before the Company
Court. But this is left by the law makers to be determined through
subordinate legislation, in the form of Rules.
26. Apart from providing for the transfer of certain types of
winding up proceedings by operation of law, Section 434 (1)(c) also
gives a choice to the parties to those proceedings to seek a transfer
of such proceedings to the NCLT. This is under the fifth proviso to
Clause (c).
27. Keeping in mind the above scheme of Section 434, let us now
turn to the Rules. As stated earlier, The Companies (Transfer of
Pending Proceedings) Rule, 2016 were issued in exercise of the
powers conferred by Section 434 (2) read with Section 239(1) of IBC,
2016.
28. The aforesaid Rules categorise the pending proceedings for
winding up into three types namely (i) proceedings for voluntary
winding up covered by the fourth proviso to Clause (c) of Sub
section (1) of Section 434, which shall continue to be dealt with in
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accordance with the provisions of the 1956 Act; (ii) proceedings for
winding up on the ground of inability to pay debts; and (iii)
proceedings for winding up on grounds other than inability to pay
debts.
29. Rule 4 of the aforesaid Rules deals with cases of voluntary
winding up covered by the fourth proviso to Section 434(1)(c). We
are not concerned in this case with such types of cases.
30. Rule 5 of the aforesaid Rules provides for transfer of
proceedings for winding up on the ground of inability to pay debts.
It reads as follows:
“5. Transfer of pending proceedings of Winding up on
the ground of inability to pay debts. —(1) All petitions
relating to winding up of a company under clause (c) of
section 433 of the Act on the ground of inability to pay its
debts pending before a High Court, and, where the petition
has not been served on the respondent under Rule 26 of the
Companies (Court) Rules, 1959 shall be transferred to the
Bench of the Tribunal established under subsection (4) of
section 419 of the Companies Act, 2013 exercising territorial
jurisdiction to be dealt with in accordance with Part II of the
Code:
Provided that the petitioner shall submit all information, other
than information forming part of the records transferred in
accordance with Rule 7, required for admission of the petition
under sections 7, 8 or 9 of the Code, as the case may be,
including details of the proposed insolvency professional to
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the Tribunal upto 15 day of July, 2017, failing which the
petition shall stand abated.
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Provided further that any party or parties to the petitions
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shall, after the 1 day of July, 2017, be eligible to file fresh
applications under Sections 7 or 8 or 9 of the Code, as the
case may be in accordance with the provisions of the Code:
Provided also that where a petition relating to winding up of a
company is not transferred to the Tribunal under this Rule
and remains in the High Court and where there is another
petition under Clause (e) of Section 433 of the Act for winding
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up against the same company pending as on 15 December,
2016, such other petition shall not be transferred to the
Tribunal, even if the petition has not been served on the
respondent.”
31. Rule 6 of the aforesaid Rules deals with transfer of
proceedings for winding up, on grounds other than inability to pay
debts. It reads as follows:
“6. Transfer of pending proceedings of Winding up
matters on the grounds other than inability to pay
debts.— All petitions filed under clauses (a) and (f) of section
433 of the Companies Act, 1956 pending before a High Court
and where the petition has not been served on the respondent
as required under rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules,
1959 shall be transferred to the Bench of the Tribunal
exercising territorial jurisdiction and such petitions shall be
treated as petitions under the provisions of the Companies
Act, 2013 (18 of 2013).”
32. The transferability of a winding up proceeding, both under
Rule 5 as well as under Rule 6, is directly linked to the service of
the winding up petition on the respondent under Rule 26 of the
Companies (Court) Rules, 1959. If the winding up petition has
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already been served on the respondent in terms of Rule 26 of the
1959 Rules, the proceedings are not liable to be transferred. But if
service of the winding up petition on the respondent in terms of
Rule 26 had not been completed, such winding up proceedings,
whether they are under Clause (c) of Section 433 or under Clauses
(a) and (f) of Section 433, shall peremptorily be transferred to the
NCLT.
33. In other words, Rules 5 and 6 of the Companies (Transfer of
Pending Proceedings) Rules 2016, fix the stage of service of notice
under Rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959, as the stage
at which a winding up proceeding can be transferred. This is
because the first proviso under Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of
Section 434 enables the Central Government to prescribe the stage
at which proceedings for winding up can be transferred and sub
section (2) of section 434 confers rule making power on the Central
Government.
34. Rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959 reads as
follows:
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“Service of petition Every petition shall be served on the
respondent, if any, named in the petition and on such other
persons as the Act or these rules may require or as the Judge
or the Registrar may direct. Unless otherwise ordered, a copy
of the petition shall be served along with the notice of the
petition.”
35. The normal requirement of Rule 26, as seen from its last limb
is that the copy of the petition under the Act shall be served on the
respondent along with the notice of the petition, unless otherwise
ordered. The notice of the petition, required under Rule 26 to be
served along with the copy of the petition, should be in Form No.6,
due to the mandate of Rule 27.
36. Due to the usage of the words “was admitted ” in Form No.6,
there was a confusion as to whether the service referred to in Rule
26, is of a preadmission notice or postadmission notice, in a
winding up proceeding. Different High Courts took different views.
Eventually, this Court settled the position in Forech India Ltd . vs.
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Edelweiss Assets Reconstruction Co. Ltd . by holding “that Rules
26 and 27 clearly refer to a preadmission scenario.”
37. After so interpreting Rules 26 and 27 of the Companies (Court)
Rules, 1959, this Court pointed out in Forech India Ltd. (supra)
1 2019 (2) SCR 477
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that “when the Code was enacted, only winding up petitions where
no notice under Rule 26 was served, were to be transferred to NCLT
However, after Section 434
and treated as petitions under the Code”.
was substituted by a new provision under Act 31 of 2016 and the
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5 proviso was inserted by Act 26 of 2018, the transfer of the
winding up proceedings, even at the instance of the party or parties
to the proceedings became permissible. This change of position was
also noted by this Court in Forech India Limited (supra).
38. But while noting the change of position after the insertion of
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the 5 proviso through Act 26 of 2018, this Court indicated in para
17 of the Judgment as though “ could apply for transfer
any person
of such petitions to the NCLT under the Code”. Taking advantage of
this, it is contended by the learned senior counsel for the petitioner
that “any person” (and not necessarily a party to the proceeding)
could apply for transfer.
39. But we do not think that the decision in
Forech India
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Limited (supra) is an authority for the proposition that the 5
proviso to Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of Section 434 could be
invoked by any person who is not a party to the proceeding for
20
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winding up. The 5 proviso which we have already extracted uses
the words “ any party or parties to any proceedings relating to
.”
the winding up of companies pending before any Court
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40. In other words, the right to invoke the 5 proviso is
specifically conferred only upon the parties to the
proceedings . Therefore, on a literal interpretation, such a right
should be held to be confined only to “the parties to the
proceedings.”
41. That takes us to the next question as to who are “the parties
to” the winding up proceedings. The Companies Act, 1956 does not
define the expression “party”. The Companies (Court) Rules, 1959
also does not define the expression “party”. The Companies Act
2013 does not define the expression “party”. The Companies
(Transfer of pending proceedings) Rules, 2016 also does not define
the expression “party”. Even the IBC, 2016 does not define the
expression “party”.
42. But there are certain clues inherently available in the
Companies Act, 1956, to indicate the persons who may come within
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the meaning of the expression “party to the proceedings”. The
provisions which contain such clues are as follows:
(i) Section 447 of the Companies Act, 1956, which is
equivalent to Section 278 of the Companies Act, 2013 states
that
an order for winding up shall operate in favour of all
the creditors and of all the contributories of the company
as if it has been made on the joint petition of a creditor
and of a contributory . There is a small change between the
wording of Section 278 of the 2013 Act and the wording of
Section 447 of the 1956 Act. This change may be appreciated,
if both these provisions are presented simultaneously in a
tabular column:
| Section 447 of 1956 Act | Section 278 of 2013 Act | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect of winding up order | . | Effect of winding up order | . | ||||||
| An order for winding up a | The order for the winding up of | ||||||||
| company shall operate in favour | a company shall operate in | ||||||||
| of all the creditors and of all the | favour of all the creditors and | ||||||||
| contributories of the company | all contributories of the | ||||||||
| as if it has been made | on the | company as if it had been made | |||||||
| joint petition of a creditor | out | on the joint petition of | |||||||
| and of a contributory | . | creditors and contributories | . |
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Section 278 of the 2013 Act shows that any petition by a
single creditor or contributory is actually treated as a
joint petition of creditors and contributories, so that the
order of winding up operates in favour of all the
creditors and all the contributories .
(ii) Under Section 454 (6) of the 1956 Act, any person
shall be entitled
stating himself in writing to be a creditor
to inspect the statement of affairs submitted to the official
liquidator. If the claim of such a person to be a creditor turns
out to be untrue, such a person is liable to be punished under
Section 454(7) of the 1956 Act.
(iii) The powers of the liquidator are enumerated in Section
457 of the 1956 Act. Section 457 actually divides the powers
of a liquidator into two categories namely (i) those available
with the sanction of the Tribunal and (ii) those generally
available to the liquidator. But Section 290 of the 2013 Act
has done away with such a distinction. However, the 1956
Act, as well as 2013 Act make the exercise of the powers by
the liquidator, subject to the overall control of the Tribunal.
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This is made clear by Section 457(3) of the 1956 Act and
Section 290(2) of the 2013 Act. Additionally, Section 457(3) of
the 1956 Act enables any creditor or contributory to apply to
the Court with respect to the exercise by the Liquidator, of
any of the powers conferred by Section 457.
(iv) Section 460 of the 1956 Act and Section 292 of the 2013
Act make it clear that in the administration of the assets of
the Company and the distribution thereof among its
creditors, the liquidator should have regard to any directions
given by resolution of creditors at any general meeting. If the
liquidator does something, in exercise of his powers, any
person aggrieved by such Act or decision of the liquidator, is
entitled to apply to the Company Court, under Section
460(6) of the 1956 Act and Section 292(4) of the 2013 Act.
(v) Section 466(1) of the 1956 Act enables any creditor to
apply for stay of all proceedings in relation to the winding
up. This right can be exercised by any creditor at any time
after the making of a winding up order.
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43. Thus, the proceedings for winding up of a company are
actually proceedings in rem to which the entire body of creditors is
a party. The proceeding might have been initiated by one or more
creditors, but by a deeming fiction the petition is treated as a joint
petition. The official liquidator acts for and on behalf of the entire
th
body of creditors. Therefore, the word “party” appearing in the 5
proviso to Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of section 434 cannot be
construed to mean only the single petitioning creditor or the
company or the official liquidator. The words “party or parties”
th
appearing in the 5 proviso to Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of
Section 434 would take within its fold any creditor of the company
in liquidation.
44. The above conclusion can be reached through another method
of deductive logic also. If any creditor is aggrieved by any decision of
the official liquidator, he is entitled under the 1956 Act to challenge
the same before the Company Court. Once he does that, he
becomes a party to the proceeding, even by the plain language of
the section. Instead of asking a party to adopt such a circuitous
th
route and then take recourse to the 5 proviso to section 434(1)(c),
25
it would be better to recognise the right of such a party to seek
transfer directly.
45. As observed by this Court in Forech India Limited (supra),
the object of IBC will be stultified if parallel proceedings are allowed
to go on in different fora. If the Allahabad High Court is allowed to
proceed with the winding up and NCLT is allowed to proceed with
an enquiry into the application under Section 7 IBC, the entire
object of IBC will be thrown to the winds.
46. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the petitioner
will come within the definition of the expression
herein “party”
th
appearing in the 5 proviso to Clause (c) of Subsection (1) of
Section 434 of the Companies Act, 2013 and that the petitioner is
entitled to seek a transfer of the pending winding up proceedings
against the first respondent, to the NCLT. It is important to note
that the restriction under Rules 5 and 6 of the Companies
(Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules, 2016 relating to the
stage at which a transfer could be ordered, has no
th
application to the case of a transfer covered by the 5 proviso
. Therefore, the
to clause (c) of subsection (1) of Section 434
26
impugned order of the High court rejecting the petition for transfer
on the basis of Rule 26 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959 is
flawed.
47. Therefore, the appeal is allowed, the impugned order is set
aside and the proceedings for winding up pending before the
Company Court (Allahabad High Court) against the first respondent
herein, is ordered to be transferred to the NCLT, to be taken up
along with the application of the appellant herein under Section 7 of
the IBC. There will be no order as to costs.
……………………………..CJI
(S.A. BOBDE)
……………………………….J.
(A.S. BOPANNA)
………………………………..J.
(V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN)
New Delhi
November 19, 2020