SH. NARENDRA KUMAR SRIVASTAVA vs. THE STATE OF BIHAR

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 04-02-2019

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 211 OF 2019 SH. NARENDRA KUMAR SRIVASTAVA … APPELLANT     VERSUS THE STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.        ... RESPONDENTS J U D G M E N T S.ABDUL NAZEER, J. 1 . We have heard the learned counsel for the parties. . This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 2 30.03.2017 in Criminal Revision No. 111 of 2017, whereby the High Court of Judicature at Patna has allowed the revision petition filed by the respondent Nos. 2 to 4 and set aside the order dated 22.12.2016   passed   by   the   learned   Assistant   Chief   Judicial Magistrate­VII,   Motihari,   taking   cognizance   of   an   offence Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SANJAY KUMAR Date: 2019.02.05 13:25:23 IST Reason: punishable under Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for 1 short, ‘the IPC’) on the basis of a private complaint filed by the appellant.  3 . Respondent Nos. 2 to 4 are the officials of Doordarshan and All India Radio.  The appellant had joined the Doordarshan Kendra, Motihari, as an Engineering Assistant in the pay scale of Rs.1400/­ to Rs.2600/­. It was contended that the pay scale of Engineering Assistants was revised from Rs.2000/­ to Rs.3000/­ with effect from 01.01.1986, by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting by   its   decision   dated   15.05.1995.   The   pay   scale   of   Senior Engineering Assistant was revised from Rs.2000/­ to Rs.3275/­ with effect from 01.01.1986. It is his case that replacement pay scale of all the categories, with effect from 01.01.1996, was fixed at Rs.6500/­   to   Rs.10,500/­.     The   Employees   Association   of   the concerned   cadre,   upon   coming   into   force   of   Assured   Career st Progression (ACP) scheme, had represented for grant of 1  ACP in the   pay   scale   of   Rs.   8000/­   to   13,500/­   which   was   not   being allowed, which led to the filing of an application before Central Administrative Tribunal, Patna Bench (for short 'the CAT').   This 2 gave rise to O.A. No. 514 of 2002.  The said O.A. was allowed by the CAT, by an order dated 07.09.2009.  4 . The Union of India challenged the said order by filing a writ petition before the High Court. The High Court allowed the writ petition with an observation that no generalized direction could be given for the grant of  ACP and the  ACP has to be granted  on individual basis. The appellant, thereafter, represented before the st competent authority for grant of 1  ACP.  On refusal, he filed O.A. No.173   of   2009   before   the   CAT,   which   was   dismissed   on 13.02.2013. The appellant, thereafter, approached the High Court by   filing   a   writ   petition   CWJC   No.   2797   of   2014,   which   was disposed of by an order dated 29.06.2014, with a direction to the respondents   therein   to   pass   appropriate   order   on   the representation filed by the appellant. Alleging non­compliance of the said order, the appellant filed a contempt petition before the High Court, which gave rise to MJC No.2912 of 2015.  5 . In the petition alleging contempt, it was contended that in the contempt   case,   the   respondents   filed   a   show­cause   showing compliance of the order dated 29.06.2014, and accordingly, the 3 contempt   case   was   dropped   with   liberty   to   the   appellant   to challenge the order passed in compliance of the court’s directive before an appropriate forum.    Instead of challenging the said order, the appellant filed a private complaint against respondent Nos. 2 to 4   before   the   Assistant   Chief   Judicial   Magistrate­VII,   Motihari alleging commission of offence punishable under Section 193 read with Section 34 of the IPC alleging that because of the false and wrong statement made by the respondents in their show­cause affidavit,   the   High   Court   dropped   the   contempt   case.   The Magistrate by an order dated 22.12.2016 took cognizance of the same and summoned respondent Nos. 2 to 4.  6 . The respondent Nos. 2 to 4 challenged the said order of the Magistrate before the High Court. As noticed above, the High Court has   allowed   the   criminal   revision   petition   by   its   order   dated 30.03.2017.  . Learned   counsel   for   the   appellant   submits   that   in   the 7 contempt petition filed by the appellant, the respondents had filed false affidavits prepared/forged outside the court.  On the basis of the false affidavits, the High Court dropped the contempt case. 4 Therefore, the  appellant filed a complaint before the  Magistrate under Section 193 of the IPC against the respondent Nos. 2 to 4.  It is argued that it was not mandatory to obtain prior sanction for filing a private complaint under Section 193 of the IPC and that the complaint   filed   by   the   appellant   was   maintainable.     In   this connection he has relied on a decision of this Court in   Sachida Nand Singh   and Anr.  v.  State of Bihar and Anr. ,     (1998) 2 SCC 493.  8 . On   the   other   hand,   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the respondents, submits that the punishment for offence giving false evidence in judicial proceedings is stipulated in Section 193 of the IPC and the law governing taking of the cognizance of such an offence is contained in Section 195 of the Cr.P.C.  Section 195 of the Cr.P.C. puts a clear bar on taking of cognizance by a Court, of an offence punishable under Section 193 of the IPC, unless it is on a complaint in writing of the Court or such officer of the Court as that Court may authorize in writing in this behalf, in relation to a judicial proceeding of which Court, the offence is alleged to have been committed.   Since no such complaint has been made, the 5 High Court was justified in quashing the order of the Magistrate. In this connection, reliance is placed on the judgment of this Court in  v.  , (2000) 1 SCC M.S. Ahlawat  State of Haryana and another 278. 9 . Having   regard   to   the   contentions   urged,   the   question   for consideration   is   whether   the   Magistrate   was   justified   in   taking cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 193 of the IPC on the basis of a private complaint?  10 . Before   proceeding   further,   it   is   important   to   peruse   the relevant sections of the IPC and Cr.P.C.  Section 193 of IPC reads as follows:  " 193.   Punishment   for   false   evidence .— Whoever intentionally gives false evidence in any stage of a judicial proceeding, or fabri­ cates false evidence for the purpose of being used in any stage of a judicial proceeding, shall be punished with imprisonment of ei­ ther description for a term which may ex­ tend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine,  and whoever intentionally gives or fabricates false evidence in any other case, shall be punished  with imprisonment  of  either  de­ 6 scription for a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1.—A trial before a Court­mar­ tial  is a judicial proceeding. Explanation 2.—An investigation directed by law   preliminary   to   a   proceeding   before   a Court of Justice, is a stage of judicial pro­ ceeding, though that investigation may not take place before a Court of Justice. Illustration A, in an enquiry before a Magistrate for the purpose of ascertaining whether Z ought to be   committed   for   trial,   makes   on   oath   a statement which he knows to be false. As this enquiry is a stage of a judicial proceed­ ing, A has given false evidence. Explanation 3.—An investigation directed by a   Court   of   Justice   according   to   law,   and conducted under the authority of a Court of Justice, is a stage of a judicial proceeding, though   that   investigation   may   not   take place before a Court of Justice. Illustration A, in an enquiry before an officer deputed by a Court of Justice to ascertain on the spot the  boundaries of  land,  makes on oath a statement which he knows to be false. As this enquiry is a stage of a judicial proceed­ ing, A has given false evidence." . Section 195 of the Cr.P.C. expressly states as follows: 11 7 “ 195. Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of public servants, for offences against   public   justice   and   for   offences relating to documents given in evidence. —(1) No Court shall take cognizance — (a)   (i)   of   any   offence   punishable   under sections 172 to 188 (both inclusive) of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), or (ii) of any abetment of, attempt to commit, such offence, or (iii)   of   any   criminal   conspiracy   to   commit such offence, except on  the  complaint in writing  of  the public servant concerned or of some other public   servant   to   whom   he   is administratively subordinate; (b)   (i)   of   any   offence   punishable   under any   of   the   following   sections   of   the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), namely, sections 193 to 196 (both inclusive), 199, 200,   205   to   211   (both   inclusive)   and 228,   when   such   offence   is   alleged   to have been committed in, or in relation to, any proceeding in any Court, or (ii) of any offence described in section 463,  or  punishable under section 471, section 475 or section 476, of the said Code,   when   such   offence   is   alleged   to have   been   committed   in   respect   of   a document produced or given in evidence in a proceeding in any Court, or (iii) of any criminal conspiracy to commit, or attempt to commit, or the abetment of, any 8 offence   specified   in   sub­clause   (i)  or   sub­ clause   (ii),[except   on   the   complaint   in writing of that Court or by such officer of the Court as that Court may authorise in writing   in   this   behalf,   or   of   some   other Court to which that Court is subordinate]. (2) Where a complaint has been made by a public   servant   under   clause   (a)   of   sub­ section   (1)   any   authority   to   which   he   is administratively subordinate may order the withdrawal   of   the   complaint   and   send   a copy of such order to the Court; and upon its   receipt   by   the   Court,   no   further proceedings   shall   be   taken   on   the complaint: Provided that no such withdrawal shall be ordered   if   the   trial   in   the   Court   of   first instance has been concluded. (3) In clause (b) of sub­section (1), the term "Court" means a Civil, Revenue or Criminal Court, and includes a tribunal constituted by or under a Central, Provincial or State Act if declared by that Act to be a Court for the purposes of this section. (4) For the purposes of clause (b) of sub­ section (1), a Court shall be deemed to be subordinate to the Court to which appeals ordinarily lie from the appealable decrees or sentences of such former Court, or in the case of a Civil Court from whose decrees no appeal ordinarily lies, to the principal Court having   ordinary   original   civil   jurisdiction within   whose   local   jurisdiction   such   Civil Court is situate: Provided that— 9 (a) where appeals lie to more than one Court,   the   Appellate   Court   of   inferior jurisdiction   shall   be   the   Court   to   which such   Court   shall   be   deemed   to   be subordinate; (b) where appeals lie to a civil and also to   a  Revenue   Court,   such   Court  shall   be deemed   to   be   subordinate   to   the   Civil   or Revenue Court according to the nature of the case or proceeding in connection with which the offence is alleged to have been committed.” (emphasis supplied) 12 . It is clear from sub­section (1)(b) of Section 195 of the Cr.P.C. that the section deals with two separate set of offences: (i) of   any   offence   punishable   under Sections 193 to 196 (both inclusive), 199, 200, 205 to 211 (both inclusive) and 228 of  IPC, when such offence is alleged to have been committed in, or in relation to, any proceeding in any Court;   [Section 195(1)(b)(i)] (ii) of   any   offence   described   in   section 463, or punishable under section 471, section   475   or   section   476,   of   IPC, when such offence is alleged to have 10 been   committed   in   respect   of   a document   produced   or   given   in evidence in a proceeding in any Court. [Section 195(1)(b)(ii)]. . On the reading of these sections, it can be easily seen that the 13 offences   under   Section   195(1)(b)(i)   and   Section   195(1)(b)(ii)   are clearly distinct. The first category of offences refers to offences of false evidence and offences against public justice, whereas, the second   category   of   offences   relates   to   offences   in  respect   of   a document produced or given in evidence in a proceeding in any court. 14 . Section 195 of the Cr.P.C. lays down a rule to be followed by the court which is to take cognizance of an offence specified therein but   contains   no   direction   for   the   guidance   of   the   court   which desires to initiate prosecution in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed in or in relation to a proceeding in the latter court.   For that purpose, one must turn to Section 340 which requires the court desiring to put the law in motion to prefer a complaint either   suo motu   or an application made to it in that behalf. 11 15 . Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. reads as follows:
“340. Procedure in cases mentioned in<br>Section 195.—(1) When, upon an<br>application made to it in this behalf or<br>otherwise, any Court is of opinion that it is<br>expedient in the interests of justice that an<br>inquiry should be made into any offence<br>referred to in clause (b) of sub­section (1) of<br>Section 195, which appears to have been<br>committed in or in relation to a proceeding<br>in that Court or, as the case may be, in<br>respect of a document produced or given in<br>evidence in a proceeding in that Court, such<br>Court may, after such preliminary inquiry, if<br>any, as it thinks necessary,—
(a) record a finding to that effect;
(b) make a complaint thereof in<br>writing;
(c) send it to a Magistrate of the first<br>class having jurisdiction;
(d) take sufficient security for the<br>appearance of the accused before such<br>Magistrate, or if the alleged offence is<br>non­bailable and the Court thinks it<br>necessary so to do, send the accused<br>in custody to such Magistrate; and
(e) bind over any person to appear and<br>give evidence before such Magistrate.
(2) The power conferred on a Court by sub­<br>section (1) in respect of an offence may, in<br>any case where that Court has neither made<br>a complaint under sub­section (1) in respect<br>of that offence nor rejected an application<br>for the making of such complaint, be
12
exercised by the Court to which such former<br>Court is subordinate within the meaning of<br>sub­section (4) of Section 195.
(3) A complaint made under this section<br>shall be signed,—
(a) where the Court making the<br>complaint is a High Court, by such<br>officer of the Court as the Court may<br>appoint;
(b) in any other case, by the presiding<br>officer of the Court[or by such officer of<br>the Court as the Court may authorise<br>in writing in this behalf].
(4) In this section, “Court” has the same<br>meaning as in Section 195.”
16 . Section 340 of Cr.P.C. makes it clear that a prosecution under this Section can be initiated only  by  the sanction of  the court under whose proceedings an offence referred to in Section 195(1)(b) has allegedly been committed.   The object of this Section is to ascertain whether any offence affecting administration of justice has been committed in relation to any document produced or given in   evidence   in   court   during   the   time   when   the   document   or evidence was in  and whether it is also expedient in custodia legis  the interest of justice to take such action.  The court shall not only 13 consider   prima facie   case but also see whether it is in or against public interest to allow a criminal proceeding to be instituted. 
Chajoo Ramv.Radhey Shyam,(1971) 1 SCC
774at page 779, held that the prosecution under Section 195
could be initiated only by the sanction of the court and only if the same appears to be deliberate and conscious. It emphatically held as under:
“7. The prosecution for perjury should be<br>sanctioned by courts only in those cases<br>where the perjury appears to be deliberate<br>and conscious and the conviction is<br>reasonably probable or likely. No doubt<br>giving of false evidence and filing false<br>affidavits is an evil which must be effectively<br>curbed with a strong hand but to start<br>prosecution for perjury too readily and too<br>frequently without due care and caution<br>and on inconclusive and doubtful material<br>defeats its very purpose. Prosecution should<br>be ordered when it is considered expedient<br>in the interests of justice to punish the<br>delinquent and not merely because there is<br>some inaccuracy in the statement which<br>may be innocent or immaterial. There must<br>be prima facie case of deliberate falsehood<br>on a matter of substance and the court<br>should be satisfied that there is reasonable<br>foundation for the charge…..."
14 18 . In  Santokh Singh  v.  Izhar Hussain and Anr. ,   (1973) 2 SCC 406, this Court has held that every incorrect or false statement does not make it incumbent on the court to order prosecution. The Court   has   to   exercise   judicial  discretion   in   the   light   of   all   the relevant   circumstances   when   it   determines   the   question   of expediency. The court orders prosecution in the larger interest of the   administration   of   justice   and   not   to   gratify   the   feelings   of personal revenge or vindictiveness or to serve the ends of a private party. Too frequent prosecutions for such offences tend to defeat its very object. It is only in glaring cases of deliberate falsehood where conviction is highly likely that the court should direct prosecution. 19 . This Court in   M.S. Ahlawat    (supra)   has clearly held that private complaints are absolutely barred in relation to an offence said to have been committed under Section 193 IPC and that the procedure   prescribed   under   Section   195   of   the   Cr.P.C.   are mandatory.   It was held that:  "5.  Chapter XI IPC deals with “false evidence and   offences   against   public   justice”   and Section 193 occurring therein provides for punishment   for   giving   or   fabricating   false evidence   in   a   judicial   proceeding.   Section 15 195 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) provides that where an act amounts to an offence of contempt of the lawful authority of public servants or to an offence against public justice such as giving false evidence under Section 193 IPC etc. or to an offence relating   to   documents   actually   used   in   a court,   private   prosecutions   are   barred absolutely and only the court in relation to which   the   offence   was   committed   may initiate   proceedings.   Provisions   of   Section 195 CrPC are mandatory and no court has jurisdiction to take cognizance of any of the offences mentioned therein unless there is a complaint in writing as required under that section. It is settled law that every incorrect or   false   statement   does   not   make   it incumbent   upon   the   court   to   order prosecution,   but   ( sic )   to   exercise   judicial discretion to order prosecution only in the larger   interest   of   the   administration   of justice. 6.   Section   340   CrPC   prescribes   the procedure as to how a complaint may be preferred under Section 195 CrPC. While under Section 195 CrPC it is open to the court   before   which   the   offence   was committed to prefer a complaint for the prosecution of the offender, Section 340 CrPC prescribes the procedure as to how that   complaint   may   be   preferred. Provisions   under   Section   195   CrPC   are mandatory   and   no   court   can   take cognizance of offences referred to therein ( sic ). It is in respect of such offences the court has jurisdiction to proceed under Section   340   CrPC   and   a   complaint 16 outside   the   provisions   of   Section   340 CrPC   cannot   be   filed   by   any   civil, revenue   or   criminal   court   under   its inherent jurisdiction." (emphasis supplied) 20 . As already mentioned, clauses under Section 195(1)(b) of the Cr.P.C.   i.e.   sub­section   195(1)(b)(i)   and   sub­section   195(1)(b)(ii) cater to separate offences.  Though Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. is a generic section for offences committed under Section 195(1)(b), the same has different and exclusive application to clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 195(1)(b) of the Cr.P.C. 21 . In   Sachida   Nand   Singh   (supra)   relied   on   by   the   learned counsel for the appellant, this Court was considering the question as   to   whether   the   bar   contained   in   Section   195(1)(b)(ii)   of   the Cr.P.C. is applicable to a case where forgery of the document was committed before the document was produced in a court. It was held:  A reading of the clause reveals two main "6. postulates   for   operation   of   the   bar mentioned   there.   First   is,   there   must   be allegation   that   an   offence   (it   should   be either an offence described in Section 463 or 17 any   other   offence   punishable   under Sections 471, 475, 476 of the IPC) has been committed.   Second   is   that   such   offence should have been committed in respect of a document produced or given in evidence in a   proceeding   in   any   court.   There   is   no dispute before us that if forgery has been committed while the document was in the custody of a court, then prosecution can be launched   only   with   a   complaint   made   by that court. There is also no dispute that if forgery   was   committed   with   a   document which   has   not   been   produced   in   a   court then   the   prosecution   would   lie   at   the instance   of   any   person.   If   so,   will   its production   in   a   court   make   all   the difference?    xxx   xxx   xxx      23. The sequitur of the above discussion is that the bar contained in Section 195(1)(b) (ii) of the Code is not applicable to a case where   forgery   of   the   document   was committed   before   the   document   was produced in a court. Accordingly we dismiss this appeal.” 22. In   Sachida Nand Singh   (supra), this Court had dealt with Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Cr.P.C unlike the present case which is covered by the preceding clause of the Section.     The category of offences which fall under Section 195(1)(b)(i) of the Cr.P.C. refer to the offence  of   giving   false   evidence  and  offences  against  public 18 justice   which   is   distinctly   different   from   those   offences   under Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of Cr.P.C, where a dispute could arise whether the offence of forging a document was committed outside the court or when it was in the custody of the court.  Hence, this decision has no application to the facts of the present case.  23 . The case in hand squarely falls within the category of cases falling under Section 195(1)(b)(i) of the Cr.P.C. as the offence is punishable   under   Section   193   of   the   IPC.     Therefore,   the Magistrate has erred in taking cognizance of the offence on the basis of a private complaint.   The High Court, in our view, has rightly  set  aside   the   order   of   the   Magistrate.     However,  having regard to the  facts and  circumstances of  the  case, we  deem it proper to set aside the costs imposed by the High Court.    24 . The appeal is disposed of accordingly.       …………………………………J.    (A.K. SIKRI)      …………………………………J.    (S. ABDUL NAZEER) New Delhi; February 04, 2019.  19