THE STATE OF GUJARAT THROUGH CHIEF SECRETARY vs. AMBER BUILDERS

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 08-01-2020

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8307 OF 2019
(@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 36095 OF 2016)
STATE OF GUJARAT THROUGH
CHIEF SECRETARY & ANR.…APPELLANT(S)
Versus
AMBER BUILDERS…RESPONDENT(S)
With
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8308 OF 2019
(@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 36096 OF 2016)
J U D G M E N T Deepak Gupta, J. The   main   question   which   arises   for   decision   in   these appeals is whether the Gujarat Public Works Contract Disputes Arbitration   Tribunal   (hereinafter   referred   to   as   ‘the   Tribunal’) constituted   under   Section   3   of   the   Gujarat   Public   Works Contracts Disputes Arbitration Tribunal Act, 1992 (hereinafter 2 referred to as ‘the Gujarat Act’) has jurisdiction to make interim orders in terms of Section 17 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the A&C Act’). 2. At the outset, it may be noted that the Gujarat Act was enacted with a view to compulsorily refer all disputes arising out of “works contract” entered into by the State Government or the Public   Sector   Undertakings   with   any   other   person   for   those works defined as “works contract” in terms of Section 2 (k) of the Gujarat Act.  As far as this case is concerned, it is not disputed that the contract entered into between the appellant State and the respondent­contractor was a “works contract”.  The contract order pertaining to the parties dated 31.07.2007 contained an arbitration clause, relevant portion of which reads as follows:­ “Clause : 30(1) Disputes to be referred to Tribunal : The dispute relating to this contract, so far as they relate to of the following matters, whether such disputes arise during the   progress   of   the   work   of   or   after   the   completin   or abandoned   thereof,   shall   be   referred   to   the   Arbitration Tribunal, Gujarat State…” 3. It is not disputed that the Gujarat Act is applicable in the present cases.  We are mainly concerned with Clause 43.A of the contract   entered   into   between   the   parties,   which   reads   as follows:­ 3 “43.A       Any   sum   of   money   due   and   payable   to   the Contractor  (including  the   security  deposit   returnable   to the contractor) executing any Government work or work of any   District   Panchayat   wholly   financed   as   grant­in­aid under this contract shall be appropriate by any District Panchayat/Government and shall be set off against any claim   of   the   Government/District   Panchayat   of   Gujarat state   by   the   District   Panchayat   of   Gujarat State/Government   for  the   payment   of   a   sum  of   money arising   out   or   under   any   other   contract   made   by   the contractor   with   the   Government/District   Panchayat   of Gujarat State for the work wholly financed as grant­in­aid by Government of Gujarat State.  When no such amount for purpose of the recovery from the contractor against any claim   of   the   Government/District   Panchayat   of   Gujarat state is available, such a recovery shall be made from the contractor as arrears of land revenue.”   4. In this judgment, we are only referring to the facts of Civil Appeal   No.8307   of   2019   @   SLP(C)   No.36095   of   2016.     The respondent­contractor was awarded a contract for strengthening a   section   of   National   Highway   under   work   order   dated 31.07.2007.  According to the contractor, he completed the work on 30.04.2008 and final bill was paid to the contractor.  The road was damaged and, according to the contractor, this had occurred due to heavy rains.   The State called upon the contractor to repair the damaged portion and, according to the contractor, this repair was completed after the rains stopped. 5. The case of the contractor is that in terms of the contract, the contractor was only liable to remove defects for a period of 3 years which period ended on 30.04.2011.   On 10.09.2012, the 4 contractor   wrote   a   letter   to   the   State   to   release   the   security amount.  This amount was accordingly released vide letter dated 10.09.2012.   The State issued letter dated 11.11.2014 calling upon the contractor to pay a sum of Rs.1,09,00,092/­.   This claim  was  based  on the  premise  that  the  contractor  had  not carried out the road repair work in accordance with the contract. The appellant State threatened to withhold the payments from the security  deposits  and  bills  of  other  pending  works.    This notice was challenged by filing a writ petition in the High Court of Gujarat   on   the   ground   that   the   State   was   not   competent   to withhold   the   amount   payable   to   the   contractor   under   other contracts   or   recover   the   amount   from   payments   made   under other   contracts   until   the   liability   of   the   contractor   was determined and quantified by a Court or forum of  competent jurisdiction.  The stand of the State was that since the work of the contractor was defective, the State had got the work done from another person at the risk of the contractor.  In case, the contractor   has   any   dispute,   he   can   approach   the   Court   and reliance   was   placed   on   Clause   43.A  of   the   agreement   quoted above.   5 6. The High Court relied upon the judgment of this Court in State   of   Karnataka   vs.   Shree   Rameshwara   Rice   Mills, 1  and the consistent view of the Gujarat High Court Thirthahalli in various judgments referred to in the impugned judgment and held that without quantification or crystallization of the amount sought to be recovered, the employer or the contractor cannot unilaterally recover the said amounts from the ongoing contract work of the same contractor in connection with another contract. It   was   further   directed   that   the   State   could   not   recover   the amounts   sought  to  be   recovered   from  the   payments   due  and payable   to   the   contractor   in   other   contracts.     Liberty   was, however, given to the State to seek recovery through other means as may be permissible under law.   Accordingly vide judgment dated   18.02.2016   the   petition   was   allowed   and   the communication dated 11.11.2014 was set aside.   7. This   judgment   has   been   challenged   before   us.     Shri Preetesh Kapoor, learned senior counsel appearing for the State of Gujarat contends that the High Court has no jurisdiction to pass such an order.  He submits that, in fact, the remedy, if any, of the respondent contractor was to approach the State Tribunal 1  (1987) 2 SCC 160 6 as constituted under the Gujarat Act and the writ court could not have   granted   such   relief.     On   the   other   hand,   Shri.   K.   G. Sukhwani, learned counsel appearing for the respondent submits that   the   Tribunal   constituted   under   the   Gujarat   Act   has   no jurisdiction to grant such relief and he has placed reliance on an order   of   the   State   Tribunal   dated   24.11.2005   wherein   the Tribunal held that it can only exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on it by or under the Gujarat Act of which it is a creation.  It was further held that if the Gujarat Act does not empower the Tribunal to grant injunction, and it cannot take recourse to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for grant of interim relief.  It also held that an order of interim injunction, as prayed for like in the present case, does not fall within the ambit of ‘interim award’.   The Tribunal held that there is no power to grant such injunction.  8. It appears to us that since then, in Gujarat, challenges to all communications/orders,  whereby  the  State  taking   recourse  to the provision of the contract akin to Clause 43.A seeks to recover amounts by setting it off against the claims of contractor in other contracts, are dealt with by the High Court.   7 9. We have extracted the main issue in the opening portion of the   Judgment.     Section   2(a)   of   the   Gujarat   Act   defines   an ‘Arbitration Act’ to mean Arbitration Act, 1940.  It is not disputed by the parties that this will now read to mean the A&C Act.   10. We may also refer to certain provisions of the A&C Act. Section 2(e)(i) of the A&C Act defines ‘Court’ in the context of disputes other than the international commercial arbitration as follows:­   “(i)   in   the   case   of   an   arbitration   other   than international   commercial   arbitration,   the   principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district, and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original   civil   jurisdiction,   having   jurisdiction   to decide the questions forming the subject­matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject­ matter of a suit, but does not include any Civil Court of a grade inferior to such principal Civil Court, or any Court of Small Causes;” 11. We may also refer to Section 2(2) & 2(4) of the A&C Act which read as follows:­ “(2)   This   Part   shall   apply   where   the   place   of arbitration is in India: Provided   that   subject   to   an   agreement   to   the contrary, the provisions of sections 9, 27 and clause (a) of sub­section (1) and sub­section (3) of section 37   shall   also   apply   to   international   commercial arbitration, even if the place of arbitration is outside India, and an arbitral award made or to be made in 8 such place is enforceable and recognised under the provisions of Part II of this Act.” xxx xxx xxx “(4) This Part except sub­section (1) of section 40, sections 41 and 43 shall apply to every arbitration under   any  other  enactment  for   the  time being  in force,   as   if   the   arbitration   were   pursuant   to   an arbitration agreement and as if that other enactment were an arbitration agreement, except in so far as the provisions of this Part are inconsistent with that other   enactment   or   with   any   rules   made thereunder.” 12. Section   9   of   the   A&C   Act   empowers   the   Court   to   grant interim measures.   However, Section 9(3) clearly provides that once   an   arbitral   tribunal   is   constituted,   the   Court   shall   not entertain   an   application   under   Section   9(1)   unless   the   Court comes to the conclusion that such circumstances exist which would make the remedy under Section 17 not efficacious.   13. Section 17 of the A&C Act provides for interim measures to be granted by the arbitral tribunal.  It reads as follows:­ “ 17.   Interim   measures   ordered   by   arbitral tribunal. —(1)   A   party   may,   during   the   arbitral proceedings or at any time after the making of the arbitral   award   but   before   it   is   enforced   in accordance   with   section   36,   apply   to   the   arbitral tribunal— (i)  for the appointment of a guardian for a minor or person   of   unsound   mind   for   the   purposes   of arbitral proceedings; or 9 (ii) for an interim measure of protection in respect of any of the following matters, namely:— (a) the preservation, interim custody or sale of any goods which are the subject­matter of the arbitration agreement; (b)   securing   the   amount   in   dispute   in   the arbitration; (c) the detention, preservation or inspection of any property or thing which is the subject­matter of the dispute in arbitration, or as to which any question may arise therein and authorising for any   of   the   aforesaid   purposes   any   person   to enter   upon   any   land   or   building   in   the possession   of   any   party,   or   authorising   any samples to be taken, or any observation to be made, or experiment to be tried, which may be necessary   or   expedient   for   the   purpose   of obtaining full information or evidence; (d) interim injunction or the appointment of a receiver; (e) such other interim measure of protection as may appear to the arbitral tribunal to be just and convenient,  and   the   arbitral   tribunal   shall   have   the   same power for making orders, as the court has for the purpose of, and in relation to, any proceedings before it. (2) Subject to any orders passed in an appeal under section 37, any order issued by the arbitral tribunal under this section shall be deemed to be an order of the Court for all purposes and shall be enforceable under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), in the same manner as if it were an order of the Court.” 14. We may also refer to Section 31(6) of the A&C Act which reads as follows:­ 10 “ 31. Form and contents of arbitral award.­ xxx                              xxx                               xxx (6) The arbitral tribunal may, at any time during the arbitral proceedings, make an interim arbitral award on any matter with respect to which it may make a final arbitral award.” 15. Part I of the A&C Act i.e. from Section 2 to Section 43 deals with Arbitration and Section 2(2) clearly states that the said Part would apply to all Arbitrations which take place in India.  Section 2(4) makes it absolutely clear that other than Section 40(1), 41 and 43, Part I of the A&C Act shall apply to all arbitrations even if   they   are   carried   out   under   any   other   enactment   as   if   the arbitrations were pursuant to an arbitration agreement except insofar as the provisions of Part I are inconsistent with the other enactment or any rules made thereunder.  A plain reading would show that the provisions of Part I of the A&C Act would apply to all arbitrations where the place of arbitration is within India. Even statutory arbitrations under other Acts would be governed by Part I.   The only exception is that if there is any departure from Part I in the special enactment then the special enactment will   prevail   and   the   A&C   Act   will   give   way   to   the   special enactment.  11 16. It is in this context that we have to examine the Gujarat Act. We have already referred to certain provision of the Gujarat Act. Reference and procedure of the Tribunal is governed by Chapter 3 of the Gujarat Act. Section 8 provides that where any dispute within the meaning of the said Act, arises between the parties, the said dispute shall be referred to arbitration under the said Act whether the agreement in question contained an arbitration clause or not.   Basically, the intention of the Stage Legislature was that all disputes relating to works contract between the State Government   and   the   persons   executing   the   works   defined   as works contract would be compulsorily referred to the Arbitral Tribunal constituted under Section 3 of the Gujarat Act.  Section 8(3) clearly provides that where the Tribunal admits a reference under sub­section (2) it will make an award or an interim award giving its reasons thereof.  This Section recognizes the power of the   Tribunal   to   make   interim   awards.     However,   as   pointed above, the Tribunal took a view that an interim award could not be in the nature of an injunction.   17. The practice and procedure of the Tribunal is governed by Section 9 of the Act.  Section 12 of the Act vests revisional powers 12 in the High Court of Gujarat where an award or any interim award can be challenged on the grounds set out therein.   The High Court also has  suo motu  powers in this regard.  Section 13 which is relevant for our purpose reads as follows:­ “ 13.   Bar   of   jurisdiction   of   Courts .­   (1)   Save   as otherwise   provided   by   section   12,   no   Civil   Court shall have jurisdiction to deal with or decide any question which the Tribunal is empowered to deal with   and   decide   by   or   under   this   Act   and   no injunction shall be granted by any Civil Court in respect   of   any   action   taken   or   to   be   taken   in pursuance of any power by or under this Act. (2)   No   award   or   interim   award   or  order   made   or proceedings taken under this Act by the Tribunal shall be called in question in any Civil Court.” Section 13 specifically bars the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts. This clearly means that powers vested in a Civil Court under the A&C Act, such as the powers to grant interim relief in terms of Section 9 of the A&C Act and the powers for setting aside an award under Section 34 of the Act cannot be exercised by Civil Courts insofar as the awards made under the Gujarat Act are concerned.  As far as Gujarat Act is concerned, the power to set aside/modify an award is vested in the High Court under Section 12.  Section 21 of the Gujarat Act reads as follows:­ “ 21.   Arbitration   Act   to   cease   to   apply. ­   The provisions of the Arbitration Act, shall in so far as 13 they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, cease to apply to any dispute arising from a works contract and all arbitration proceedings in relation to such dispute before an arbitrator, umpire, court or authority shall stand transferred to the Tribunal.” 18. We are clearly of the view that the appropriate remedy for the contractor was to approach the arbitral tribunal constituted under   the   Gujarat   Act   since   that   would   have   jurisdiction   to decide whether the notice issued by the Government was a legal notice   and   whether   the   Government   was,   in   fact,   entitled   to recover any amount from the contractor.  It would also be within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to decide whether the contractor has made out a prima facie case for grant of interim relief.  We are purposely not going into the merits of the case because once we hold that the Tribunal has the jurisdiction to entertain and adjudicate upon the dispute it would not be proper for us to make any comments on the merits. 19. Shri   Sukhwani,   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the respondents has placed reliance on a judgment of this Court in Gangotri   Enterprises   Limited     vs.     Union   of   India   and 2   to submit that till the demand of the Government is Others crystallised   or   adjudicated   upon,   the   Government   cannot 2  (2016) 11 SCC 720 14 withhold   the   money   of   the   contractor.     Since   this   case   been specifically   relied   upon   we   are   duty   bound   to   go   in   the correctness   of   the   view   laid   down   in   Gangotri   Enterprises (supra).     The   judgment   in   Gangotri   Enterprises   (supra)   is primarily based on the judgment of a two Judges’ Bench of this 3 Court in      vs.      In this Union of India Raman Iron Foundry   case,   this   Court   held   that   the   Government   had   no   right   to appropriate   the   amount   claimed   without   getting   it   first adjudicated.     The   relevant   portion   of   the   judgment   reads   as follows:
“6…But here the order of interim injunction made by the
learned Judge does not, expressly or by necessary
implication, carry any direction to the appellant to pay
the amounts due to the respondent under other
contracts. It is not only in form but also in substance a
negative injunction. It has no positive content. What it
does is merely to injunct the appellant from recovering,
suo moto, the damages claimed by it from out of other
amounts due to the respondent. It does not direct that
the appellant shall pay such amounts to the respondent.
The appellant can still refuse to pay such amounts if it
thinks it has a valid defence and if the appellant does so,
the only remedy open to the respondent would be to take
measures in an appropriate forum for recovery of such
amounts where it would be decided whether the
appellant is liable to pay such amounts to the respondent
or not. No breach of the order of interim injunction as
such would be involved in non­payment of such amounts
by the appellant to the respondent. The only thing which
the appellant is interdicted from doing is to make
recovery of its claim for damages by appropriating such
amounts in satisfaction of the claim. That is clearly
3  (1974) 2 SCC 231 15
within the power of the Court underSection 41(b)
because the claim for damages forms the subject matter
of the arbitration proceedings and the Court can always
say that until such claim is adjudicated upon, the
appellant shall be restrained from recovering it by
appropriating other amounts due to the respondent. The
order of interim injunction made by the learned Judge
cannot, therefore, be said to be outside the scope of his
power underSection 41(b) read with the Second
Schedule.
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“11…We must, therefore, hold that the appellant had no right or authority under Clause 18 to appropriate the amounts of other pending bills of the respondent in or towards satisfaction of its claim for damages against the respondent   and   the   learned   Judge   was   justified   in issuing an interim injunction restraining the appellant from doing so.” The judgment in  (supra), was specifically Raman Iron Foundry  overruled on the issue in hand by a three Judge Bench of this Court in the case of  H.M. Kamaluddin Ansari & Co.   vs.  Union 4 .   In this case there was a general condition which of India entitled   the   Government   to   recover   the   damages   claimed   by appropriating any sum which may become due to the contractor under other pending bills.  In this case, this Court disagreed with the findings in the     (supra) and held as Raman Iron Foundry follows: “21…With   profound   respect   we   find   that   the aforesaid   observation   is   incongruous   with   the proposition   of   law   laid   down   by   this   Court   just 4 (1983) 4 SCC 417 16 before this observation. We find it difficult to agree with the observation of the Court that the impugned order in form and substance being the negative the respondent could refuse to pay such amounts if it thinks it has a valid defence, and if it chooses to do so there would be no breach of the injunction order. 22. It is true that the order of injunction in that case was in negative form. But if an order injuncted a party from withholding the amount due to the other side under pending bills in other contracts, the order necessarily means that the amount must be paid. If the amount is withheld there will be a defiance of the injunction order and that party could be hauled up for infringing the injunction order. It will be a contradiction   in   terms   to   say   that   a   party   is injuncted from withholding the amount and yet it can withhold the amount as of right. In any case if the injunction order is one which a party was not bound to comply with, the court would be loath and reluctant   to   pass   such   an   ineffective   injunction order. The court never passes an order for the fun of passing it. It is passed only for the purpose of being carried out. Once this Court came to the conclusion that the court has power under  Section 41  (b) read with   Second   Schedule   to   issue   interim   injunction but   such   interim   injunction   can   only   be   for   the purpose of and in relation to arbitration proceedings and further that the question whether any amounts were   payable   by   the   appellant   to   the   respondent under other contracts, was not the subject matter of the arbitration proceedings and, therefore, the court obviously could not make any interim order which, though   ostensibly   in   form   an   order   of   interim injunction, in substance amount to a direction to the appellant to pay the amounts due to the respondent under   other   contracts,   and   such   an   order   would clearly be not for the purpose of and in relation to the   arbitration   proceedings;   the   subsequent observation of the Court that the order of injunction being negative in form and substance, there was no direction to the respondent to pay the amount due to the appellant under pending bills of other contracts, is manifestly inconsistent with the proposition of law laid down by this Court in the same case. xxx                                 xxx                                xxx 17   31.   We are clearly of the view that an injunction order restraining the respondents from withholding the   amount   due   under   other   pending bills   to   the contractor virtually amounts to a direction to pay the   amount   to   the   contractor­appellant.   Such   an order was clearly beyond the purview of clause (b) of  Section 41  of  the  Arbitration  Act. The Union of India has no objection to the grant of an injunction restraining it from recovering or appropriating the amount lying with it in respect of other claims of the contractor   towards   its   claim   for   damages.   But certainly Clause 18 of the standard contract confers ample power upon the Union of India to withhold the amount  and no injunction  order  could  be passed restraining the Union of India from withholding the amount.” 20. In   our   opinion,   the   judgment   rendered   in   Gangotri   (supra) is     because it relies Enterprises Limited per incuriam upon  Raman Iron Foundry  (supra) which has been specifically overruled by three Judge Bench in the case of  H.M. Kamaluddin  (supra).   Ansari 21. On a conjoint reading and a careful analysis of the Acts together, we are of the view that insofar as the powers vested in the Arbitral Tribunal in terms of the Section 17 of the A&C Act are concerned, such powers can be exercised by the Tribunal constituted   under   the   Gujarat   Act   because   there   is   no inconsistency in these two Acts as far as the grant of interim relief is concerned.  This power is already vested in the tribunal 18 under   the   Gujarat   Act   and   Section   17   of   the   A&C   Act compliments these powers and therefore it cannot be said that the provisions of Section 17 of the A&C Act are inconsistent with the Gujarat Act.    22. In view of the above discussion, both the appeals filed by the State of Gujarat are allowed, and the judgments of the High Court of Gujarat are set aside.  However, liberty is given to the contractor(s)   to   approach   the   Gujarat   Public   Works   Contract Disputes Arbitration Tribunal and if the Tribunal is approached within 2 months from today, the tribunal shall not dismiss the claim on the issue of limitation.   It shall decide the same on merits. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand(s) disposed of.     …………………………….J. (Deepak Gupta) ……………………………..J. (Aniruddha Bose) New Delhi January 8, 2020