GURJIT SINGH vs. THE STATE OF PUNJAB

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 26-11-2019

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CRIMINAL APPEAL Nos. 1492­1493 OF 2010 GURJIT SINGH                                        ....APPELLANT(S)                                    VERSUS STATE OF PUNJAB                                .... RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T   B.R. GAVAI, J. 1. These appeals by special leave challenge the judgment and order dated 20.2.2009 passed by the Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 544­ DBA of 2001 and Criminal Appeal No. 959­SB of 2000. All the four   accused,   including   the   appellant   herein   (accused   No.3), who is husband of the deceased, were charged and tried by the learned trial Court for the offence punishable under Section 304­B   and   Section   498­A   of   the   Indian   Penal   Code,   1860 Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SATISH KUMAR YADAV Date: 2019.11.26 16:15:03 IST Reason: (hereinafter referred to as “IPC”).   The other accused were the father (accused No.1), the mother (accused No.2) and the sister­ in­law   (wife   of   brother)   (accused  No.4)   of   the  appellant.  The 2 Additional   Sessions   Judge,   Hoshiarpur,   held   that   the prosecution had  succeeded in proving the  case against accused Nos. 1  to 3 for the offence punishable under Section 498­A of the IPC but has failed to prove the case against the said accused (Nos. 1, 2 and 3) for the offence punishable under  Section 304­ B of the IPC.  Insofar as accused No. 4 is concerned, it was held that the prosecution has failed to prove the case against her for both   the   offences   and   she   was   accordingly   acquitted   of   the offence   charged.   The   trial   Judge,   therefore,   convicted   the appellant and his father and mother for the offence punishable under Section 498­A of the IPC and sentenced them to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years and to pay a fine of   Rs. 4000/­ each and, in default of payment of fine, to further undergo  rigorous imprisonment for a period of three months.    2.        Being aggrieved by the conviction and sentence under Section 498­A of the IPC, the appellant along with his parents preferred an appeal (being Criminal Appeal No.959­SB of 2000) before the High Court. So also, the State preferred an appeal (being Criminal Appeal No.544­DBA of 2001),   being aggrieved by that part of the order by which the trial Court acquitted accused No. 4 and also acquitted accused Nos. 1, 2 and 3 for the offence 3 punishable under Section 304­B of the IPC.    The High Court upheld the conviction of accused Nos. 1, 2 and 3 for the offence punishable under Section 498­A of the IPC. It also upheld the acquittal of accused No. 4 and further held that, though the prosecution could not bring the case under Section 304­B of the IPC,   the   appellant   herein   was   liable   to   be  punished   for   the offence punishable under Section 306 of the IPC.   The High court maintained the order of the sentence and fine as recorded by the trial Judge for the offence punishable under Section 498­ A of the IPC. For the offence under Section 306 of the IPC, the High Court sentenced the appellant herein to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of five years and to pay a fine of Rs. 5000/­ and in default of payment of fine, to further undergo rigorous   imprisonment   for   a   period   of   five   months.   Being aggrieved   thereby,   the   present   appeals   are   preferred   by   the appellant. 3.          Shri Rajeshwar Singh Thakur, learned counsel for the appellant,   submitted   that   the   conviction   as   recorded   by   the learned   trial   court   and   confirmed   by   the   High   Court   under Section 498­A of the IPC is not tenable. It is submitted, that the conviction is only on the basis of the evidence of PW­10 ­ Bishan Singh, the father of the deceased. It is submitted, that there is 4 no corroboration to the said evidence. It is submitted, that in any case, the conviction under Section 306 of the IPC is not tenable. It is contended that the charge was for the offence punishable under Section 304­B of the IPC, the ingredients of which are totally different than the ingredients of Section 306 of the IPC. It is submitted that as such grave prejudice was caused to the appellant. It is further submitted that the evidence shows that the father of the deceased, PW­10, has stated, that even during the course of the trial, the appellant was on congenial meeting terms with the father of the deceased   and as such the unnatural human conduct would discredit his testimony. 4. Per   contra,   Smt.   Jaspreet   Gogia,   learned   counsel appearing   on   behalf   of   the   State,   submitted   that   insofar   as conviction under Section 498­A of the IPC is concerned, since there is a concurrent finding, no interference is warranted. She further submitted, that since the ingredients of Section 304­B and Section 306 of the IPC are almost similar, no prejudice was caused to the appellant by convicting him under Section 306 of the   IPC   though   no   charge   was   framed   for   the   same.   It   is submitted   that   all   the   ingredients   necessary   for   conviction under Section 306 with the aid of Section 113­A of the Indian 5 Evidence Act, 1872 were duly proved by the prosecution and as such no interference is warranted in the present appeals. 5. The perusal of the record would reveal that though the appellant has disputed the date of marriage to be 04.02.1989, both   the   courts   have   disbelieved   him   and   rightly   so.   The deceased died an unnatural death on 28.09.1994 by consuming poison. As such, the unnatural death occurred within a period of seven years of the marriage. The learned trial  Judge has acquitted the appellant for the offence punishable under Section 304­B of  the IPC since the prosecution has failed to prove the demand for dowry, while convicting him along with the parents for the offence punishable under Section 498­A of the IPC. The High Court maintained the conviction under Section 498­A of the IPC, however, it also convicted the appellant for the offence punishable under Section 306 of the IPC with the aid of Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.   6. The question that we are called upon to answer is as to whether the conviction as confirmed by the High Court under Section 498­A of the IPC and as recorded by it for the first time under Section 306 of the IPC would be sustainable or not.  6 7. The   relevant   provisions   of   the   IPC   that   fall   for consideration are as under: 
107.Abetment of a thing­ A person abets the doing of
a thing, who—
First.—Instigates any person to do that thing; or
Secondly.—Engages with one or more other person or
persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if
an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that
conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing; or
Thirdly.—Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal
omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1.—A person who, by wilful
misrepresentation, or by wilful concealment of a material
fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or
procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be
done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing.
Explanation 2.—Whoever, either prior to or at the time of
the commission of an act, does anything in order to
facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby
facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing
of that act.
xxx 306.   Abetment   of   suicide .—If   any   person   commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such suicide, shall   be   punished   with   imprisonment   of   either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. xxx 498­A.   Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting   her   to   cruelty .—   Whoever,   being   the husband   or   the   relative   of   the   husband   of   a   woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—For  the purposes of this section, “cruelty” means— (a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit  suicide or  to cause grave injury  or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) 7 of the woman; or (b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any   property   or   valuable  security   or   is  on   account   of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.” 8. The relevant provision of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 that also requires consideration is as follows: “ 113­A.   Presumption as to abetment of suicide  ­­When   the   question   is by   a   married   woman. whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of   her   marriage   and   that   her   husband   or   such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the   court   may   presume,   having   regard   to   all   the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. Explanation .   ­­ For the purposes  of this section, "cruelty" shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the IPC (45 of 1860).]” 9. The perusal of the evidence of PW­10 ­ Bishan Singh, the father   of   the   deceased,   would   establish   that   the   deceased, Jaswinder Kaur was married to appellant on 04.02.1989. His daughter had two issues. The elder one was four years old and the son was about 1 ½  years old at the time of the occurrence. He stated, that after the marriage, accused were harassing his daughter for giving less dowry. In the year 1992, he had given one steel almirah to his daughter but the accused were not 8 satisfied   with   the   dowry   article.   In   March   1993,   he   had purchased one fridge through his son­in­law, Jagtar Singh, from the Military Canteen for Rs. 6,600/­, which was given to the accused persons.  Even then the accused were not satisfied. The accused were pressing his daughter, Jaswinder Kaur, to bring Rs.   50,000/­   from   her   parents.   He   further   stated,   that   the accused were compelling his daughter out of anger to bring Rs.   50,000/­,   in   cash,   as   they   were   to   purchase   a   plot   at Hoshiarpur. He further stated that on two­three occasions, his daughter came to his Village Kharal Kalan and he requested her that Rs. 50,000/­ were not with him at that stage and after selling the paddy crop he can pay that amount. He stated that, thereafter,   after   consoling   his   daughter,   he   sent   her   to   her in­laws house. He further stated, that on 28.09.1994 when he was in his house, he came to know that his daughter had died. Suspecting that his daughter was given poison or she consumed poison, he lodged a report with the police.  10. To some extent, the evidence of PW­10 is corroborated by the evidence of PW­13 ­ Iqbal Singh.  He has stated, that prior to the occurrence, i.e., the death of the deceased there was a dispute   between   the   accused   persons   and   the   deceased, Jaswinder Kaur, as Rs. 50,000/­ was being demanded by the 9 accused   persons   from   the   parents   of   the   deceased   for purchasing a plot. He further stated, that the parents of the deceased could not pay Rs. 50,000/­ and promised to pay the same after selling paddy crop. He further stated, that before demand of Rs. 50,000/­, one refrigerator and one almirah was given to the accused persons by the parents of the deceased on their demand and this was over and above dowry given at the time of the marriage. 11.  Thus from the evidence of PW­10 which is corroborated to an extent by PW­13, we have no hesitation to hold that the prosecution has proved that the deceased was harassed with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or such a harassment was on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such a demand.   We  find, that on the basis   of   aforesaid   evidence,   the   prosecution   has   proved   the charge under Explanation (b) of Section 498­A of the IPC.  12. Now the question that would fall for consideration is as to whether   when   the   prosecution   establishes   cruelty   under Explanation (b) of Section 498­A of the IPC and also establishes that the deceased committed suicide within seven years of the marriage, could the accused be also held guilty for the offence 10
punishable under Section 306 of the IPC with the aid of Section<br>113­A of the Indian Evidence Act.
13. The said question fell for consideration before the bench<br>of three learned Judges of this Court in the case of Ramesh<br>Kumar vs. State of Chhattisgarh1. This Court, after<br>reproducing the provisions of Section 306 of the IPC and Section<br>113­A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 observed thus:
“12. This provision was introduced by the<br>Criminal Law (Second) Amendment Act, 1983 with<br>effect from 26­12­1983 to meet a social demand to<br>resolve difficulty of proof where helpless married<br>women were eliminated by being forced to commit<br>suicide by the husband or in­laws and<br>incriminating evidence was usually available<br>within the four corners of the matrimonial home<br>and hence was not available to anyone outside the<br>occupants of the house. However, still it cannot be<br>lost sight of that the presumption is intended to
operate against the accused in the field of criminal
law. Before the presumption may be raised, the
foundation thereof must exist. A bare reading of
Section 113­A shows that to attract applicability of
Section 113­A, it must be shown that (i) the
woman has committed suicide, (ii) such suicide
has been committed within a period of seven years
from the date of her marriage, (iii) the husband or
his relatives, who are charged had subjected her
to cruelty. On existence and availability of the<br>abovesaid circumstances, the court may<br>presume that such suicide had been abetted by<br>her husband or by such relatives of her husband.<br>Parliament has chosen to sound a note of caution.<br>Firstly, the presumption is not mandatory; it is
only permissive as the employment of expression
“may presume” suggests. Secondly, the existence
1 (2001) 9 SCC 618 11 and   availability   of   the   abovesaid   three circumstances shall not, like a formula, enable the presumption being drawn; before the presumption may be drawn the court shall have to have regard to   “all   the   other   circumstances   of   the   case”.   A consideration of all the other circumstances of the case   may   strengthen   the   presumption   or   may dictate the conscience of the court to abstain from drawing the presumption. The expression — “the other circumstances of the case” used in Section 113­A suggests the need to reach a cause­and­ effect   relationship   between   the   cruelty   and   the suicide for the purpose of raising a presumption. Last but not the least, the presumption is not an irrebuttable one. In spite of a presumption having been raised the evidence adduced in defence or the  facts  and circumstances  otherwise  available on   record   may   destroy   the   presumption.   The phrase “may presume” used in Section 113­A is defined in Section 4 of the Evidence Act, which says — “Whenever it is provided by this Act that the court may presume a fact, it may either regard such   fact   as   proved,   unless   and   until   it   is disproved, or may call for proof of it. 13.  The present case is not one which may fall under clauses secondly and thirdly of Section 107 of   the   Penal   Code,   1860.   The   case   has   to   be decided by reference to the first clause i.e. whether the   accused­appellant   abetted   the   suicide   by instigating her to do so.”                                     (emphasis supplied) 14. It could thus be seen, that this Court has observed that to   attract   the   applicability   of   Section   113­A   of   the   Indian Evidence   Act,   the   following   conditions   are   required   to   be satisfied: (i)  The woman has committed suicide, 12 (ii) Such suicide has been committed within a period of   seven years from the date of her marriage, (iii)  The husband or his relatives, who are charged had  subjected her to cruelty. 15. This Court further observed that on the existence and availability   of   the   aforesaid   circumstances,   the   court   may presume that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relatives of her husband. It has been held that the presumption   is   not   mandatory;   but   only   permissive   as   the words “may presume” suggests.  It has further been held that the   existence   and   availability   of   the   aforesaid   three circumstances shall not, like a formula, enable the presumption being drawn.  It has been held that before a presumption being drawn, the court shall have regard to all other circumstances of the case. It has been held, that the consideration of all the other circumstances of the case may strengthen the presumption or may dictate the conscience of the court to abstain from drawing the presumption. It thus observed that the expression “the other circumstances of the case” used in  Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence   Act   suggests   the   need   to   reach   a   cause­and­effect relationship between the cruelty and the suicide for the purpose of raising a presumption.  13 16. It has been further held that when the case does not fall under clauses secondly and thirdly of Section 107 of the IPC, the case is to be decided with reference to the first clause, i.e., whether   the   accused­appellant   abetted   the   suicide   by instigating her to do so. It will be further relevant to refer to following observations in   (supra): Ramesh Kumar20.   Instigation is to goad, urge forward, provoke, incite  or  encourage   to  do  “an   act”.  To  satisfy  the requirement of instigation though it is not necessary that actual words must be used to that effect or what constitutes   instigation   must   necessarily   and specifically be suggestive of the consequence. Yet a reasonable certainty to incite the consequence must be capable of being spelt out. The present one is not a   case   where   the   accused   had   by   his   acts   or omission   or   by   a   continued   course   of   conduct created such circumstances that the deceased was left with no other option except to commit suicide in which case an instigation may have been inferred. A word uttered in the fit of anger or emotion without intending the consequences to actually follow cannot be said to be instigation.   In   v.  (1994)   1 21. State   of   W.B. Orilal   Jaiswal,   SCC   73,   this   Court   has   cautioned   that   the   court should be extremely careful in assessing the facts and circumstances of each case and the evidence adduced   in   the   trial   for   the   purpose   of   finding whether the cruelty meted out to the victim had in fact   induced   her   to   end   her   life   by   committing suicide. If it transpires to the court that a victim committing   suicide   was   hypersensitive   to   ordinary petulance, discord and differences in domestic life quite   common   to   the   society   to   which   the   victim belonged   and   such   petulance,   discord   and differences were not expected to induce a similarly circumstanced   individual   in   a   given   society   to commit suicide, the conscience of the court should 14 not be satisfied for basing a finding that the accused charged of abetting the offence of suicide should be found guilty.  Sections   498­A   and   306   IPC   are   independent 22. and constitute different offences. Though, depending on the facts and circumstances of an individual case, subjecting a woman to cruelty may amount to an offence   under   Section   498­A   and   may   also,   if   a course   of   conduct   amounting   to   cruelty   is established leaving no other option for the woman except  to  commit   suicide,   amount   to  abetment   to commit   suicide.   However,   merely   because   an accused has been held liable to be punished under Section 498­A IPC it does not follow that on the same evidence he must also and necessarily be held guilty of having abetted the commission of suicide by the woman concerned…..” (emphasis supplied)   17. The   Court   observed   that   instigation   is   to   goad,   urge forward, provoke, incite or encourage to do “an act”.   Though the court observed that to satisfy the requirement of instigation, it is not necessary that actual words must be used to that effect or what constitutes instigation must necessarily and specifically be   suggestive   of   the   consequence.   However,   it   has   been observed that a reasonable certainty to incite the consequence must be capable of being spelt out.  Relying on the judgment of 2 this court in the case of  State of West Bengal vs. Orilal Jaiswal , it is observed that the court should be extremely careful in assessing the facts and circumstances of each case and the 2 (1994) 1 SCC 73 15 evidence adduced in the trial for the purpose of finding whether the cruelty meted out to the victim had in fact induced her to end her life by committing suicide.  It has further been held that Section 498­A and Section 306 of the IPC are independent and constitute   different   offences.   It   has   been   observed,   that depending on the facts and circumstances of an individual case, subjecting a woman to cruelty may amount to an offence under Section 498­A of the IPC. It has further been observed, that if a course of conduct amounting to cruelty is established leaving no other option for the woman except to commit suicide, it may also   amount   to   abetment   to   commit   suicide.   It   is   further observed, that, however, merely because accused had been held liable to be punished under Section 498­A of the IPC, it does not follow that on the same evidence he must also and necessarily be held guilty of having abetted the commission of suicide by the woman concerned.  18. Another three­Judge bench of this Court in the case of  K. 3 .    vs . Prema S. Rao and Anr Yadla Srinivasa Rao and Ors had  an occasion to consider the question as to whether in the circumstances of framing  charge only under Section 304­B of the IPC and not framing the one under Section 306 of the IPC, could the conviction under Section 306 of the IPC read with 3 (2003) 1 SCC 217 16 Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act be tenable?   In the said   case,   the   Court   found   that   the   charge   specifically mentioned as under. That on or about the 22nd day of October, 1989, at your “ house at Tunikipadu of Gampalagudem Mandal, Yedla Krishna Kumari, wife of A­1 among you and daughter­in­ law of A­2 and A­3 among you, committed suicide by consuming poison, and that you all subjected her to such cruelty   and   harassment  as   did   drive   her   to   commit suicide , with the object of extracting ac. 5.00 of land as dowry   to   A­1   and   thereby   committed   an   offence punishable   under   Section   304­B   of   the   Indian   Penal Code, 1860 and within the cognizance of this court. or alternatively That, prior to the 22nd day of October, 1989, at your house   at   Tunikipadu,   you   subjected   Yedla   Krishna Kumari, wife of A­1 among you and daughter­in­law of A­ 2 and A­3 among you,  to such cruelty and harassment as did drive the said Krishna Kumari to commit suicide , and thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 498­A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and within the cognizance of this court.” 19. The   court,   therefore,   held   that   the   ingredients   to constitute an offence under Section 306 of the IPC were already found in the charge and as such no prejudice was caused to the accused therein, though no separate charge was framed under Section 306 of the IPC.  Apart from that, the evidence on record established  that when  the letters  concealed by  the  husband were discovered by the wife and handed over to the father and she   was   driven   out   of   the   house,   this   cruel   conduct   of   the husband led the wife to commit suicide. It could thus be seen, that in the facts of the said case, the Court found that the 17 conviction under Section 306 of the IPC could be recorded. It was found that, apart from the earlier acts of harassment for parting with the land which she had received in marriage as stridhana, there was an act of driving the deceased out of the house which had direct nexus with the deceased committing suicide. 20.  The bench of two Judges of this Court had an occasion to consider a similar issue in the case of  Hans Raj  vs.  State of 4 Haryana . It will be relevant to refer to following paragraphs:  “ 12.     The question then arises as to whether in the facts and circumstances of the case the appellant can be convicted of the offence under Section 306 IPC with the aid of the presumption under Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act. Any person who abets the commission of suicide is liable to be punished under Section 306 IPC. Section 107 IPC lays down the ingredients of abetment which includes instigating any person to do a thing or engaging with one or more persons in any conspiracy for the doing of a thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy and in order to the doing of that thing, or intentional aid by any act or illegal omission to the doing of that thing. In the instant case there is no direct evidence to establish that the appellant either aided or instigated the deceased to commit suicide or entered into any conspiracy to aid her in committing suicide. In the absence of direct evidence the prosecution has relied upon Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act under   which   the   court   may   presume   on   proof   of circumstances enumerated therein, and having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that the suicide had   been   abetted   by   the   accused.   The   explanation   to Section 113­A further clarifies that cruelty shall have the same meaning as in Section 498­A of the Indian Penal Code…... 4 (2004) 12 SCC 257 18 13.   Unlike Section 113­B of the Indian Evidence Act, a statutory presumption does not arise by operation of law merely on proof of the circumstances enumerated in Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act. Under Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act, the prosecution has first to establish that the woman concerned committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage   and   that   her   husband   (in   this   case)   had subjected   her   to   cruelty.   Even   if   these   facts   are established the court is not bound to presume that the suicide had been abetted by her husband. Section 113­A gives   a   discretion   to   the   court   to   raise   such   a presumption,   having   regard   to   all   the   other circumstances of the case, which means that where the allegation is of cruelty it must  consider  the nature of cruelty to which the woman was subjected, having regard to the meaning of the word “cruelty” in Section 498­A IPC.   The   mere   fact   that   a   woman   committed   suicide within seven years of her marriage and that she had been subjected   to   cruelty   by   her   husband,   does   not automatically   give   rise   to   the   presumption   that   the suicide had been abetted by her husband. The court is required to look into all the other circumstances of the case.   One   of   the   circumstances   which   has   to   be considered by the court is whether the alleged cruelty was of such nature as was likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health of the woman……”   21.   The court found that in the case there was no direct evidence   to   establish   that   the   appellant   either   aided   or instigated the deceased to commit suicide or entered into any conspiracy to aid her in committing suicide. It has been held that   when   the   allegation   is   of   cruelty,   it   must   consider   the nature of cruelty to which the woman was subjected having regard to the meaning of the word “cruelty” in Section 498­A of IPC. It has been held that one of the circumstances which has 19 to   be   taken   into   consideration   by   the   court   is   whether   the alleged cruelty was of such a nature as was likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health of the woman.  22. This   court   in   the   case   of   Hans   Raj   (supra)   has   also referred to the judgment of this court in the case of   State of  vs.   (supra) , wherein it is observed West Bengal Orilal Jaiswal that the requirement of proof beyond reasonable doubt does not stand altered even after the introduction of Section 498­A of the IPC and Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act.  23. It will be relevant to refer to the following observations of this Court in the case of   Pinakin Mahipatray Rawal    vs. 5  :  State of Gujarat “26.  Section 113­A only  deals with a presumption which the court may draw in a particular fact situation which may arise when necessary ingredients in order to attract   that   provision   are   established.   Criminal   law amendment and the rule of procedure was necessitated so as to meet the social challenge of saving the married woman from being ill­treated or forcing to commit suicide by   the   husband   or   his   relatives,   demanding   dowry. Legislative mandate of the section is that when a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that her husband or any relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty as per the terms defined in Section 498­A IPC, the court may presume having regard to all other circumstances of the case that such suicide has   been   abetted   by   the   husband   or   such   person. Though a presumption could be drawn, the burden of proof   of   showing   that   such   an   offence   has   been 5 (2013) 10 SCC 48 20 committed by the accused under Section 498­A IPC is on the prosecution. On facts, we have already found that the prosecution has not discharged the burden that A­1 had instigated, conspired or intentionally aided so as to drive the wife to commit suicide or that the alleged extramarital affair was of such a degree which was likely to drive the wife to commit suicide. 27.   Section 306 refers to abetment of suicide. It says that if any person commits suicide, whoever abets the commission   of   such   suicide,   shall   be   punished   with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine. The action for committing suicide is also on account of mental disturbance caused by mental and physical cruelty. To constitute an offence under Section 306, the prosecution has to establish that a   person   has   committed   suicide   and   the   suicide   was abetted by the accused. The prosecution has to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the deceased committed suicide   and   the   accused   abetted   the   commission   of suicide.   But   for   the   alleged   extramarital   relationship, which if proved, could be illegal and immoral, nothing has been brought out by the prosecution to show that the accused   had   provoked,   incited   or   induced   the   wife   to commit suicide. 24. It has thus been observed that though presumption could be drawn, the burden of proof of showing that such an offence has been committed by the accused is on the prosecution. The prosecution has to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had instigated, conspired or intentionally aided so as to drive the wife to commit suicide. 6 25. In     vs.     this   Court Mangat   Ram State   of   Haryana observed thus: “28.   We have already indicated that the trial court has found that no offence under Section 304­B IPC has 6 (2014) 12 SCC 595 21 been made out against the accused, but it convicted the accused under Section 306 IPC, even though no charge had been framed on that section against the accused. The scope and ambit of Section 306 IPC has not been properly appreciated by the courts below. ………..  Abetment of suicide is confined to the case of persons who aid or abet the commission of the suicide. In the matter of an offence under Section 306 IPC, abetment must attract the definition thereof in Section 107 IPC. Abetment   is   constituted   by   instigating   a   person   to commit an offence or engaging in a conspiracy to commit, aid or intentional aiding a person to commit it. It would be evident from a plain reading of Section 306 read with Section 107 IPC that, in order to make out the offence of abetment or suicide, necessary proof required is that the culprit is either instigating the victim to commit suicide or has engaged himself in a conspiracy with others for the commission of suicide, or has intentionally aided by an act or illegal omission in the commission of suicide.” 26. After observing the aforesaid, this Court, relying on the judgment   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   Hans   Raj   (supra) , observed that even if it is established that the woman concerned had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of marriage and that her husband has subjected her to cruelty, the court is not bound to presume that suicide has been   abetted   by   her   husband.   It   is   required   to   take   into consideration all other circumstances of the case. 27. It   could   thus   be   seen,   that   the   view   taken   by   the three­Judge Bench of this Court in the case of  Ramesh Kumar (supra)   that when a case does not fall under clause secondly or thirdly, it has to be decided with reference to the first clause, 22 i.e., whether the accused has abetted the commission of suicide by intentionally instigating her to do so; has been consistently followed. As such, we are of the view that merely because an accused is found guilty of an offence punishable under Section 498­A of the IPC and the death has occurred within a period of seven   years   of   the   marriage,   the   accused   cannot   be automatically   held   guilty   for   the   offence   punishable   under Section 306 of the IPC by employing the presumption under Section   113­A   of   the   Evidence   Act.   Unless   the   prosecution establishes that some act or illegal omission by the accused has driven the deceased to commit the suicide, the conviction under Section 306 would not be tenable. 28. Insofar as the judgment of this Court in   K. Prema S.  (supra),  on which the High Court had relied, is concerned, Rao we have already discussed hereinabove that in the said case there was evidence on record proving that immediately prior to committing   the   suicide   the   deceased   was   driven   out   of   the house. As such, it was held that the said cruelty would amount to abetment to commit suicide. 29. Insofar   as   the   judgment   of   this   Court   in   Modinsab 7    vs.      is Kasimsab Kanchagar State of Karnataka & Anr. concerned, no doubt that the learned counsel for the State is 7 (2013) 4 SCC 551 23 justified in relying on the said judgment as the conviction in the said case is for the offence punishable under Section 498­A of the IPC and Sections 3, 4 & 6 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. However, in the said case, the conviction under Section 304­B of the IPC was set aside by this Court. However, the question, as to whether when the charge is framed only under Section 304­B of the IPC could the conviction be recorded under Section 306 of the IPC did not fall for consideration in the said case. 30. In   the   case   of     vs.   Thanu   Ram State   of   Madhya 8  this Court by observing that on account of interplay Pradesh between Section 113­A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and Sections 498­A, 107 and 306 of the IPC, held that the appellant was   liable   for   conviction   for   the   offence   punishable   under Section 498­A and Section 306 of the IPC. However, it is to be noted   that   in   the   said   case   the   Court   relied   on   the   dying declaration of the deceased wherein she stated that she had been treated with both mental and physical cruelty. In the said case, there was a dying declaration of the deceased which was believed   by   the   court.   The   said   dying   declaration   was corroborated by the evidence of PW­13, on the basis of which 8 (2010) 10 SCC 353 24 the Court held that the ill treatment was such which triggered her immediate intention to commit suicide. 9 31. In the case of   Satish Shetty   vs.   State of Karnataka the victim was found to have injuries on her person. Though, the deceased and the husband had slept together in the same room before she consumed poison, the appellant­husband had not at all explained the injuries sustained by the victim. In these circumstances, the conviction under Section 306 of the IPC, as recorded by the High Court for the first time, was maintained by this Court. 32. Insofar   as   the   judgment   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of 10 Narwinder   Singh   vs.   State   of   Punjab ,   it   is   by   the   two learned   Judges   of   this   Court   and   it   does   not   take   into consideration   the   judgment   by   three   learned   Judges   of   this . Court in  Ramesh Kumar  (supra) . 33. Applying the aforesaid principles to the present case, we find that though the prosecution is successful in proving the case under Section 498­A of the IPC, we are of the view that the prosecution has failed to prove that the cruelty was of such a nature which left no choice to the deceased than to commit suicide. The prosecution has not been in a position to place on 9 (2016) 12 SCC 759 10 (2011) 2 SCC 47 25 record any evidence to establish beyond reasonable doubt that any act or omission of the accused instigated the deceased to commit suicide.   There is no material on record to show that immediately prior to the deceased committing suicide there was a cruelty meted out to the deceased by the accused due to which the deceased had no other option than to commit the suicide. We are of the view, that there is no material placed on record  to   reach  a  cause  and  effect   relationship  between  the cruelty and the suicide for the purpose of raising presumption.  34. It could further be seen from the evidence on record that the   time   gap   between   the   last   visit   of   the   deceased   to   her parents   with   regard   to   the   illegal   demand   and   the   date   of commission of suicide is about two months.   As such, there is nothing on record to show that there was a proximate nexus between the commission of suicide and the illegal demand made by the appellant.   In the case of   Sanju Alias Sanjay Singh 11 Sengar  vs.   State of M.P.   this Court   found that there was time gap of 48 hours between the accused telling the deceased ‘to go and die’ and the deceased ‘committing suicide’.    As such, this Court held that there was no  material  to establish that the accused had abetted the suicide committed by the deceased.  11 [ (2002) 5 SCC 371] 26 35. Another aspect that needs consideration is that the cases wherein this Court has held that the conviction under Section 306   of   the   IPC   was   tenable   though   charge   was   only   under Section 304­B of the IPC, it was found the charge specifically stated   that   the   deceased   was   driven   to   commit   suicide   on account of cruelty meted out to the deceased. However, in the present case, the charge reads thus: “That   you   all   on   28.9.94   in   the   area   of   Village Bohan,  the  death  of Jaswinder   Kaur  wife of  you, Gurjit   Singh   and   daughter­in­law   of   you,   Gurdial Singh and Mohinder Kaur and sister­in­law of Ranjit Kaur,   was   caused   otherwise   than   under   normal circumstances, you all being her relatives, within a period of seven years of her marriage subjected to her to cruelty and harassment for all in connection with demand for dowry and thereby committed an offence   of   dowry   death   punishable   under   section 304­B   of   the   Indian   Penal   Code,   and   within   my cognizance.” 36. It would thus be seen, that the charge does not state that the deceased was driven to commit suicide on account of the harassment meted out to the deceased. It also does not mention that the accused had abetted in commission of suicide by the deceased. In that view of the matter, we are of the considered view that the cases wherein conversion is held to be permissible are clearly distinguishable. 37. In the foregoing circumstances, the appeals are partly allowed.   Conviction   under   Section   498­A   of   the   IPC   is 27 maintained and the conviction under Section 306 of the IPC is set aside. The appellant is acquitted of the charge under Section 306 of the IPC. 38. The appellant is stated to be on bail, his bail bonds shall stand discharged and he is directed to surrender within four weeks for serving the remaining period of his sentence, if not already undergone.  39.           .........................J.                                                [NAVIN SINHA] ......................J.                                                   [B.R. GAVAI] NEW DELHI; NOVEMBER 26, 2019.