URMILA DEVI vs. BRANCH MANAGER, NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. .

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 30-01-2020

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CIVIL APPEAL No.      838    OF 2020 (Arising out of SLP(C) No. 12230 of 2016) URMILA DEVI & ORS.   ...APPELLANT(S) VERSUS BRANCH MANAGER, NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. & ANR.       .... RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T   1. Leave granted. 2. Heard the learned counsels for the parties. 3. The present appeal challenges the judgment and order dated 21.01.2016 passed by the learned single judge of the High Court of Patna in Miscellaneous Appeal No.521 of 2011 thereby, holding the cross­objection of the claimant to be not maintainable.  Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by CHARANJEET KAUR Date: 2020.01.30 17:13:56 IST Reason: 2 4. The facts, bare necessary, for decision of the present appeal, are as under: 5. On 2.5.2008, Sanjay Tanti, husband of appellant No.1; father of appellant Nos. 2 to 4 and son of appellant No.5 met with   an   accident   while   he   was   travelling   from   Ladma   to Goradih   by   a   Tata   Maxi.       The   appellants   filed   a   Claim Petition under Section  166  of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (hereinafter referred to as “the M.V. Act”).  The owner of the vehicle was joined as Opponent No.1; the driver of the vehicle was   joined   as   Opponent   No.2   whereas,   the  National Insurance Company  Limited (hereinafter referred to as “the Insurance Company”) were joined as Opponent Nos. 3 and 4. 6. The claim of the Insurance Company was that the driver and   owner   of   the   vehicle   had   breached   the   terms   and conditions of the insurance policy and, as such, they are not liable for payment of compensation.  7. The   Motor   Vehicle   Accidental   Claim   Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as “the Tribunal”) vide judgment and order   dated  29.1.2011,  rejected   the   contention   of   the 3 Insurance Company that the driver and owner of the vehicle had breached the terms and conditions and while allowing the Claim Petition directed the Insurance Company to pay compensation of  Rs.2,47,500/­ to the claimants in terms of the order dated 29.1.2011.  8. Being aggrieved by the judgment and award passed by the learned Tribunal, the Insurance Company preferred Misc. Appeal   No.521   of   2011   before   the  High   Court  at   Patna contending   therein,   that   the   learned   Tribunal   had erroneously fastened the liability on it.  In the said appeal, a cross­objection   came   to   be   filed   by   the   appellants   herein. When the appeal came up for hearing, it was noticed that the appeal was dismissed for want of office objections and the counsel   for   the   appellants   therein   (Insurance   Company) stated   that   the   appellants   (Insurance   Company)   were   not interested in reviving the appeal.  The appeal was, as such, disposed of by the High Court.  Insofar as the cross­objection of   the   appellants   herein   (the   claimants)   is   concerned,   the High   Court  vide   the   impugned   judgment   and   order   dated 4 21.01.2016 held, that when the appeal filed by the Insurance Company is only restricted to denial of its liability to make the payment of compensation then in such case the cross­ objection   at   the   behest   of   the   claimants   in   the   shape   of appeal would not be tenable.   It, however, held that if the Insurance Company in the appeal challenges the quantum of compensation, in such a case, the claimant(s) will have a right to file an objection in terms of Order XLI rule 22 of the Code   of   Civil   Procedure,   1908  (hereinafter   referred   to   as “CPC”) and, as such, dismissed the cross­objection as not maintainable.    9. The High Court of Patna in view of Rule 249 of the Bihar Motor   Vehicles   Rules,   1992   has   held,   that   there   is   no impediment for the claimant(s) to file cross­objection in an appeal   filed   by   the   Insurance   Company   if   the   Insurance Company   had   challenged   the   quantum   of  compensation awarded to the claimant.  It, however, held that if the appeal filed   by   the   Insurance   Company   is   restricted   only   to   its 5 liability to make the payment of compensation on the ground of breach of terms and conditions of the insurance policy by the vehicle owner and/or driver of the vehicle, then the cross­ objection filed by the claimant would not be tenable.  It has been held, that in such a case the claimant(s) will have a right to file an appeal as provided under Section 173 of the M.V. Act.  10. Being aggrieved, the appellants are before us by way of present appeal by special leave.  11. The   learned   counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the appellants submit that the High Court has totally erred in holding that the cross­objection filed by the claimants was not maintainable since the appellant ­ Insurance Company has not challenged the quantum of compensation.   12. Per   contra,   the   learned   counsel   for   the   Insurance Company submit, that the High Court has rightly rejected the cross­objection of the appellants herein.   It is submitted that since the Insurance Company had not pressed the appeal, the cross­objection was rightly rejected by the High Court.   6 13. The provisions of Section 173 of the M.V. Act and Order XLI rule 22 of the CPC, relevant for the present appeal, read thus: Section 173 of the M.V. Act.  “  ­ (1) Subject to the provisions of 173. Appeals. sub­section (2) any person aggrieved by an award of   a   Claims   Tribunal   may,   within   ninety   days from the date of the award, prefer an appeal to the High Court:  Provided that no appeal by the person who is required   to   pay   any   amount   in   terms   of   such award   shall   be   entertained   by   the   High   Court unless   he   has   deposited   with   it   twenty­five thousand rupees or fifty percent of the amount so awarded,   whichever   is   less,   in   the   manner directed by the High Court:  Provided   further   that   the   High   Court   may entertain the appeal after the expiry of the said period of ninety days, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from preferring the appeal in time. (2) No   appeal   shall   lie   against   any   award   of   a Claims Tribunal if the amount in dispute in the appeal is less than ten thousand rupees.” Order XLI rule 22 of the CPC “22.   Upon   hearing   respondent   may   object   to .— decree as if he had preferred separate appeal 7 (1)   Any   respondent,   though   he   may   not   have appealed from any part of the decree, may not only support   the   decree but   may   also   state   that   the finding against him in the Court below in respect of any issue ought to have been in his favour; and may also take any cross­objection to the decree which   he   could   have   taken   by   way   of   appeal, provided   he   has   filed   such   objection   in   the Appellate Court within one month from the date of service on him or his pleader of notice of the day fixed for hearing the appeal, or within such further time as the Appellate Court may  see  fit to allow. Explanation .—A   respondent   aggrieved   by   a finding of the Court in the judgment on which the decree appealed against is based may, under this rule, file cross­objection in respect of the decree in so   far   as   it   is   based   on   that   finding, notwithstanding that by reason of the decision of the Court on any other finding which is sufficient for the decision of the suit, the decree, is, wholly or in part, in favour of that respondent. (2)  Form   of   objection   and   provisions applicable   thereto .—Such   cross­objection   shall be   in   the   form   of   a   memorandum,   and   the provisions of Rule 1, so far as they relate to the form and contents of the memorandum of appeal, shall apply thereto. (3)   * (4) Where, in any case in which any respondent has   under   this   rule   filed   a   memorandum   of objection, the original appeal is withdrawn or is dismissed for default, the objection so filed may nevertheless be heard and determined after such notice to the other parties as the Court thinks fit. 8 (5)   The   provisions   relating   to   appeals   by indigent persons shall, so far as they can be made applicable, apply to an objection under this rule.” 14. Rule 249 of the Bihar Motor Vehicle Rules, 1992 reads thus:   “ 249.   Manner   of   appeals. ­   (1)   Every   appeal against the Claims Tribunal shall be preferred in the   form   of   a   memorandum   signed   by   the appellant or an advocate or attorney of the High Court   duly   authorised   in   that   behalf   by   the applicant and presented to the High Court or to such   officer   as   it   appoints   in   this   behalf.   The memorandum shall be accompanied by a copy of the award. (2)   The   memorandum   shall   set   forth   concisely and under district heads the grounds of objection to   the   award   against   which   the   appeal   is preferred without any argument or narrative and such grounds shall be numbered consecutively. (3) Save as provided in sub­rules (1) and (2), the provisions of Order XLI and Order XXI in First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908) shall mutatis mutandis apply to appeals preferred to the High Court under Section 173.” 15. In view of the aforesaid provision, the High Court has rightly come to a conclusion that the  claimants  would be entitled to file a cross­objection.   However, it has restricted 9 the right of the claimants to file cross­objection only when an appeal   is   filed   by   the   Insurance   Company   challenging quantum of  compensation  by placing reliance on  previous judgments of Patna High Court.  It has been held, that when the Insurance Company has not challenged the quantum of compensation  but   only   challenges   its   liability   to   pay compensation on the ground that there is a breach of terms and condition by the driver and/or the owner of the vehicle, the cross­objection would not be tenable at the instance of the claimants.   16. An issue arose before the learned Three­Judge Bench of this Court in the case of  Municipal Corporation of Delhi & .  vs.     Ors   International   Security   &   Intelligence   Agency 1   Limited   , as to whether in an appeal under Section 39 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, a respondent has a right to file cross­ objection   and,   if   so,   whether   the   cross­objection   must   be heard and decided on merits though the appeal by reference 1 (2004) 3 SCC 250 10 to which cross­objection has been filed is itself dismissed as not maintainable.   17. This Court in the said judgment observed thus:
14.Right of appeal is creature of statute.
There is no inherent right of appeal. No
appeal can be filed, heard or determined on
merits unless the statute confers right on
the appellant and power on the court to do
so. Section 39 of the Act confers right to file
appeal, insofar as the orders passed under
this Act are concerned, only against such of
the orders as fall within one or other of the
descriptions given in clauses (i) to (vi) of
sub­section (1) of Section 39. Parliament
has taken care to specifically exclude any
other appeal being filed, against any order
passed under the Act but not covered by
clauses (i) to (vi) abovesaid, by inserting the
expression “and from no others” in the text
of sub­section (1). Clause (a) of Section 41
extends applicability of all the provisions
contained in the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908 to (i) all proceedings before the court
under the Act, and (ii) to all the appeals,
under the Act. However, the applicability of
such of the provisions of the Code of Civil
Procedure shall be excluded as may be
inconsistent with the provisions of the Act
and/or of rules made thereunder. A bare
reading of these provisions shows that in all
the appeals filed under Section 39, the
provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908 would be applicable. This would
include the applicability of Order 41
including the right to take any cross­
11
objection under Rule 22 thereof to appeals
under Section 39 of the Act.
15.Right to prefer cross­objection partakes
of the right to prefer an appeal. When the
impugned decree or order is partly in favour
of one party and partly in favour of the
other, one party may rest contented by his
partial success with a view to giving a
quietus to the litigation. However, he may
like to exercise his right of appeal if he finds
that the other party was not interested in
burying the hatchet and proposed to keep
the lis alive by pursuing the same before the
appellate forum. He too may in such
circumstances exercise his right to file
appeal by taking cross­objection. Thus
taking any cross­objection to the decree or
order impugned is the exercise of right of
appeal though such right is exercised in the
form of taking cross­objection. The
substantive right is the right of appeal; the
form of cross­objection is a matter of
procedure.
16.Though the statement of law made
hereinabove flows simply by the reading of
the relevant statutory provisions yet some
available decisions may also be noticed.
InBhadurmalv.Bizaatunnisa Begum[AIR
1964 AP 365 : (1964) 1 An WR 290] a
Division Bench presided over by
Jaganmohan Reddy, J. (as His Lordship
then was) held cross­objection to be
maintainable in an appeal preferred under
Sections 47 to 49 of the Hyderabad
Jagirdars Debt Settlement Act, 1952
12
because the provisions of the Civil
Procedure Code were generally applicable by
virtue of Section 51 thereof. The
applicability of Order 41 Rule 22 to the
appeals under that Act was held not
excluded merely because provisions
governing grounds of appeal and court fees
were specifically enacted in the Hyderabad
Act. InInayatullah Khanv.Diwanchand
Mahajan[AIR 1959 MP 58 : 1958 MP LJ
786] Chief Justice M. Hidayatullah (as His
Lordship then was) upheld maintainability
of the cross­objection in an election appeal
under Section 116­A of the Representation
of the People Act, 1951 because the High
Court as an appellate court hearing an
appeal under Section 116­A was enjoined to
exercise the same powers, jurisdiction and
authority and to follow the same procedure
as it would have exercised or followed in
respect of a civil appeal under the Code of
Civil Procedure. InRamasray
Singhv.Bibhisan Sinha[AIR 1950 Cal 372]
the Division Bench consisting of Harries,
C.J. and Bachawat, J. (as His Lordship then
was) held that conferment of right of appeal
by Section 38 of the Bengal Money­Lenders
Act, 1940 which spoke of the order being
appealable in the same manner as if it were
a decree of the court implied a right in the
respondent to file cross­objection inasmuch
as the jurisdiction to hear appeal was
conferred on a pre­established civil court,
namely, the Court of the District Judge and
nothing was expressly stated as to the
procedure regulating such appeal. InA.L.A.
Alagappa Chettiarv.Chockalingam
13
Chetty[AIR 1919 Mad 784 : ILR 41 Mad 904
(FB)] a Full Bench of the High Court of
Madras presided over by Wallis, C.J. held
that right of the respondent to proceed by
way of memorandum of cross­objections
was strictly incidental to the filing of appeal
by opposite party and therefore in an appeal
under Sections 46 and 47 of the Provincial
Insolvency Act, 1907, cross­objections were
maintainable as the procedure prescribed in
the Civil Procedure Code is the standard
procedure and applicable to courts
exercising powers in insolvency cases.
17.  With   advantage,   we   may   also   refer   to observations   of   this   Court   made   in  Baru Ram  v.  Prasanni  [AIR   1959   SC   93   :   1959 SCR   1403]   .   Section   116­A   of   the Representation   of   the   People   Act,   1951 contemplates   an   appeal   being   laid   before the Supreme Court from every order made by   the   High   Court   under   Section   98   or Section   99   of   that   Act.   Section   116­C provides for every such appeal being heard and determined by the Supreme Court as nearly   as   may   be   in  accordance   with   the procedure   applicable   to   the   hearing   and determination of any appeal from any final order passed by the High Court in exercise of its original civil jurisdiction subject to the provisions of that Act and the Rules, if any. All   the   provisions   of   the   Code   of   Civil Procedure,   1908   and   rules   of   the   court shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to such   appeal.   P.B.   Gajendragadkar,   J.   (as His   Lordship   then   was)   speaking   for   the Court observed: (AIR p. 99, para 11) 14
“There is no doubt that, in an ordinary<br>civil appeal, the respondent would be<br>entitled to support the decree under<br>appeal on grounds other than those<br>found by the trial court in his favour.<br>Order 41 Rule 22 of the Code of Civil<br>Procedure which permits the respondent<br>to file cross­objections recognize the<br>respondent's right to support the decree<br>on any of the grounds decided against<br>him by the court below. In the present<br>case no appeal could have been preferred<br>by Respondent 1 because she had<br>succeeded in obtaining the declaration<br>that the appellant's election was void and<br>it should therefore be open to her to<br>support the final conclusion of the High<br>Court by contending that the other<br>finding recorded by the High Court which<br>would go to the root of the matter is<br>erroneous. Prima facie there appears to<br>be some force in this contention;”
However, the Court did not express any final<br>opinion thereon as it was considered not<br>necessary to decide the point in that appeal.
18.We have, therefore, no doubt in our
mind that right to take a cross­objection is
the exercise of substantive right of appeal
conferred by a statute. Available grounds of
challenge against the judgment, decree or
order impugned remain the same whether it
is an appeal or a cross­objection. The
difference lies in the form and manner of
exercising the right; theterminus a quo(the
starting point) of limitation also differs.
15
19. In Superintending Engineer v. B. Subba<br>Reddy [(1999) 4 SCC 423] a two­Judge<br>Bench of this Court observed (vide SCC p.<br>434, para 24):
“If there is no right of cross­objection<br>given under Section 39 of the Act, it<br>cannot be read into Section 41 of the Act.<br>Filing of cross­objection is not procedural<br>in nature. Section 41 of the Act merely<br>prescribes that the procedure of the Code<br>would be applicable to the appeal under<br>Section 39 of the Act. We are, therefore,<br>of the opinion that cross­objection by the<br>respondent was not maintainable….”
Such observation is not correct and<br>proceeds on certain wrong premises. Firstly,<br>form of cross­objection is procedural and is<br>only a manner of exercising right of appeal<br>which is substantive, as we have already<br>stated. Secondly, it is not merely the<br>procedure prescribed by the Code of Civil<br>Procedure which has been made applicable<br>to proceedings under the Arbitration Act by<br>Section 41(a) of the Act; the entire body of<br>the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 has been<br>made applicable to all proceedings before<br>the court and to all appeals under the<br>Arbitration Act, 1940. The provision is<br>general and wide in its applicability which<br>cannot be curtailed; the only exception<br>being where the provisions of the Arbitration<br>Act and/or of the rules made thereunder<br>may be inconsistent with the provisions of<br>the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 in which<br>case the applicability of the latter shall<br>stand excluded but only to the extent of
16
inconsistency. We may hasten to add that to<br>the extent of our disagreement with the law<br>laid down in B. Subba Reddy case [(1999) 4<br>SCC 423] the proposition appears to have<br>been rather widely stated in that case. In<br>fact the question before the Court in B.<br>Subba Reddy case [(1999) 4 SCC 423] was<br>whether cross­objection seeking the relief of<br>award of interest at a higher rate was<br>maintainable though such an order did not<br>fall within the purview of Section 39(1) of<br>the Act.
20.Once we hold that by taking cross­
objection what is being exercised is the right
of appeal itself, it follows that the subject­
matter of cross­objection and the relief
sought therein must conform to the
requirement of Section 39(1). In other
words, a cross­objection can be preferred if
the applicant could have sought for the
same relief by filing an appeal in conformity
with the provisions of Section 39(1) of the
Act. If the subject­matter of the cross­
objection is to impugn such an order which
does not fall within the purview of any of the
categories contemplated by clauses (i) to (vi)
of sub­section (1) of Section 39 of the Act,
the cross­objection shall not be
maintainable.”
18. It, thus, could be seen, that this Court has held that the right  to prefer cross­objection partakes of the right to prefer an appeal.  It has been held, that when the impugned decree 17 or order is partly in favour of one party and partly in favour of the other, one party may rest contented by his partial success with a view to giving a quietus to the litigation.  It, however, held that if he finds that the other party was not interested in giving an end to the litigation and proposed to keep the lis alive by pursuing the same before the appellate forum, he may like to exercise his right of appeal. It has been held, that he too may in such cases and circumstances exercise his right to file appeal by taking cross objection. It has been next held, that taking any cross­objection to the decree or order impugned is the exercise of right of appeal though such right is exercised in the form of taking cross­objection.  It has been held, that the substantive right is the right of appeal and the form of cross objection is a matter of procedure. 19. While arriving at the said decision, this Court relied on the judgment in the case of   s.   Bhadurmal   v Bizaatunnisa 2 Begum , wherein an issue with regard to maintainability of cross­objection in an appeal preferred under Sections 47 to 2 AIR 1964 AP 365 18 49 of Hyderabad Jagirdars Debt Settlement Act, 1952 was considered.   It also relied on the judgment in the case of 3   vs.   ,   wherein Inayatullah   Khan Diwanchand   Mahajan maintainability of cross objection in an election appeal under Section 116A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was upheld.  It further relied on the judgment of the Calcutta High   Court   in   the   case   of   Ramasray   Singh   &   Ors .   vs. 4 , upholding the right of the respondent to Bibhisan Sinha file cross­objection in an appeal contemplated under Section 38 of Bengal Money­Lenders Act, 1940.  20. It further relied on certain observations of this Court in 5 the case of     vs.   .   This Court did not Baru Ram Prasanni agree with the contrary view taken by the learned two­judge Bench of this Court in the case of  Superintending Engineer 6 .  vs.   .     However,   holding   so, this &  Ors B.  Subba Reddy Court held that since the right to appeal under Section 39 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 was only restricted to clauses (i) to 3 AIR 1959 MP 58 4 AIR 1950 Cal 372 5 AIR 1959 SC 93 : 1959 SCR 1403 6 (1999) 4 SCC 423 19 (vi) of sub­section (1) thereof, the cross­objection also must conform to the said requirement.  In other words, it was held that   a   cross­objection   would   be   maintainable   only   if   the subject­matter thereof falls in any of the category carved out under clauses (i) to (vi) of sub­section (1) of Section 39 of the Arbitration Act, 1940.   21. This Court further found that the entire Order XLI rule 22   CPC   would   apply   to   a   cross­objection   including   the provisions of sub­rule (4) thereof.   It was held, that if the original   appeal   is   found   to   be   incompetent   or   not maintainable if it is filed against an order not falling under any of the clauses (i) to (vi) of sub­Section (1) of Section 39, then the cross objection shall also fail on that ground and cannot be adjudicated upon on merits.   It could, thus, be seen  that   the   view  taken  by   the  Court  is   that   the   cross­ objection would be tenable only if appeal is validly tenable.   22. A perusal of Section 173 of the M.V. Act would reveal that the said provision does not restrict the right to file an appeal as is restricted under Section 39 of the Arbitration 20 Act,   1940.     It   provides,   that  any   person   aggrieved   by   an award of a Claims Tribunal, subject to the provisions of sub­ section (2) thereof, may prefer an appeal to the High Court. The restriction imposed under sub­section (2) of Section 173 is with regard to non­filing of appeal against any award of a Claims Tribunal if the amount in dispute in the appeal is less than ten thousand rupees.  Needless to mention that this is subject to the provisions about limitation.   23. As already discussed herein above, the learned single judge of the High Court himself has observed that in view of Rule   249   of   the   Bihar   Motor   Vehicle   Rules,   1992,   there cannot be any issue with regard to the tenability of the cross­ objection.  Sub­rule (3) of Rule 249 of the Bihar Motor Vehicle Rules, 1992 would show, that save as provided in sub­rules (1) and (2), the provisions of Order XLI   and Order XXI in First Schedule to the CPC shall apply mutatis mutandis to appeals preferred to the High Court under Section 173 of the M.V. Act.  21 24. A conjoint reading of the provisions of Section 173 of the M.V. Act; Rule 249 of the Bihar Motor Vehicle Rules, 1992; and Order XLI rule 22 of the CPC would reveal, that there is no restriction on the right to appeal of any of the parties.  It is clear,   that   any   party   aggrieved   by   any   part   of   the   Award would be entitled to prefer an appeal.   It is also clear, that any respondent, though he may not have appealed from any part of the decree, apart from supporting the finding in his favour,   is   also   entitled   to   take   any   cross­objection   to   the decree which he could have taken by way of appeal.   25. When in an appeal the appellant could have raised any of   the   grounds   against   which   he   is   aggrieved,   we   fail   to understand, as to how a respondent can be denied to file cross­objection   in   an   appeal   filed   by   the   other   side challenging   that   part   of   the   Award   with   which   he   was aggrieved.   We find, that the said distinction as sought to be drawn by the High Court is not in tune with conjoint reading of the provisions of Section 173 of the M.V. Act; Rule 249 of 22 the Bihar Motor Vehicle Rules, 1992; and Order XLI rule 22 of the CPC. 26. As a matter of fact, it could be seen from the prayer clause   in   the   appeal   preferred   by   the   respondents   herein (Insurance Company) before the High Court that the entire award   was   challenged   by   the   respondents   –   Insurance Company.     Not   only   that,   but   the   appellants   herein   (the claimants) were also impleaded as party respondents to the said   appeal.     In  such  circumstances,   the   High  Court has erred   in   declining   to   consider   the   cross­objection   of   the appellants herein (the claimants) on merits.  27. There is another angle to it.  Sub­rule (4) of Rule 22 of Order XLI of the CPC specifically provides, that even if the original appeal is withdrawn or is dismissed for default, the cross­objection would nevertheless be heard and determined after such notice to the other parties as the Court thinks fit. We are, therefore, of the considered view, that even if the appeal of the Insurance Company was dismissed in default 23 and the Insurance Company had submitted that they were not interested to revive the appeal, still the High Court was required to decide the cross­objection of the appellants herein on merits and in accordance with law.  28. In   the   result,   the   appeal   is   allowed.     The   impugned judgment and order dated 21.1.2016 holding that the cross­ objection of the present appellants was not maintainable is quashed and set aside.   The matter is remitted back to the High   Court   for   deciding   the   cross­objection   filed   by   the present appellants on its own merits.  There shall be no order as to costs.  …....................CJI.                              [S.A. BOBDE] ......................J.                                                          [B.R. GAVAI] ......................J.                                                         [SURYA KANT] NEW DELHI; JANUARY 30, 2020