SURESH SHAH vs. HIPAD TECHNOLOGY INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

Case Type: Arbitration Petition

Date of Judgment: 18-12-2020

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA     CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION        ARBITRATION PETITION (CIVIL) NO(S). 08/2020   Suresh Shah            .…  Petitioner(s) Versus Hipad Technology India Private Limited       …. Respondent(s) J U D G M E N T A.S. Bopanna, J. 1. The   petitioner   has   instituted   this   petition   under Section 11(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (‘Act,   1996’   for   short)   seeking   appointment   of   a   Sole Arbitrator   for   resolving   the   disputes   that   have   arisen between the parties in relation to the Sub­Lease deed dated 14.11.2018.   Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Madhu Bala Date: 2020.12.18 14:25:35 IST Reason: 2. The property bearing No.154­B, Block ‘A’ Sector 63, Phase­III, NOIDA, Gautam Budh Nagar, U.P. having been 2 initially   allotted   and   leased   by   New   Okhla   Industrial Development Authority (‘NOIDA’ for short) under a Lease dated 26.03.2003 had changed hands and the lease was ultimately transferred in favour of the petitioner under a Transfer Memorandum dated 13.04.2011. 3. The petitioner thus having acquired absolute long­term leasehold right of the land and building referred supra has Sub­Leased   the   same   to   the   respondent   under   the   Sub­ Lease Deed dated 14.11.2018.  In respect of the Sub­Lease entered into between the parties, certain disputes are stated to have arisen which is to be resolved.  Since the Sub­Lease Deed   provides   for   resolution   of   the   disputes   through arbitration vide Clause 12 thereof the petitioner invoked the same by issuing a notice dated 11.12.2019, nominated the Sole   Arbitrator   and   sought   concurrence   from   the respondent.  The respondent did not respond to the same. The   petitioner   is,   therefore,   before   this   Court   seeking appointment of the Arbitrator. 4. Notice of this petition was ordered to the respondent on 02.03.2020.   Despite service, the respondent has not chosen to appear and oppose this petition.  In that light we 3 have   heard   Mr.   Vikas   Dhawan,   learned   counsel   for   the petitioner and perused the petition papers. 5. The parties to the petition have entered into a Sub­ Lease Deed dated 14.11.2018 whereunder the terms of lease have been agreed to between the parties.  In respect of the terms   and   conditions   agreed   under   the   Sub­Lease   Deed certain disputes have arisen between the parties.   In the Deed the parties have agreed that the disputes arising out of the same shall be resolved through Arbitration.  The clause thereto reads as hereunder: “12.1   All   disputes,   differences   or disagreements   arising   out   of,   in   connection with or in relation to  this  Sub­Lease Deed, including   w.r.t.   its   interpretation, performance, termination, in the first instance shall   be   endeavored   to   be   settled   through good   faith   mutual   discussions   between   the officials   of   the   Sub­Lessor   and   the   Sub­ Lessee. 12.2  If no settlement can be reached through such discussions between the Parties within a period of 21 (twenty one)days, then all such unresolved   disputes,   differences   or disagreements   shall   be   finally   decided through arbitration, to be held in accordance with   the   provisions   of   the   Arbitration   & Conciliation   Act,   1996.     The   venue   of arbitration   shall   be   New   Delhi   and   the language of such arbitration shall be English. 4 12.3  The Arbitral Tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator to be mutually agreed by the Parties.     In   the   event   of   any   disagreement regarding   the   appointment   of   the   sole arbitrator, the same shall only and exclusively be   appointed   by   the   Hon’ble   High   Court   of Delhi at New Delhi.  The arbitral award shall be final and binding.” 6. The   petitioner,   therefore,   got   issued   a   Notice   dated 11.12.2019   detailing   the   default   committed   by   the respondent   which   gave   rise   to   the   dispute   between   the parties   and   also   invoked   the   Arbitration   Clause.     The petitioner   proposed   the   name   of   Justice   (Retired)   Mukul Mudgal   as   the   Sole   Arbitrator   and   indicated   that   if   the respondent does not agree to the same the petitioner would seek appointment of Sole Arbitrator through Court.  It is in that view the petitioner is before this Court.   7. At the outset, a perusal of the above extracted Clause indicates   that   the   disputes   between   the   parties   is   to   be resolved   through   Arbitration.     A   further   perusal   of   the Clause   indicates   that   the   parties   have   agreed   to   secure appointment of the Arbitrator through the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi.  It is in that view an indication to the same effect is made in the notice dated 11.12.2019.  Though 5 that be the position the description of the petitioner in the Sub­Lease Deed as well as in the cause title to this petition and   also  the   averments   in the   petition  indicate   that  the petitioner is a citizen of Kenya and habitually is a resident of Nairobi, Kenya.  Thus, the petitioner being an individual who is a national of Kenya and is habitually a resident of that   country;   having   entered   into   a   contract   and   since disputes have arisen under the said document, the same qualifies   as   an   ‘International   Commercial   Arbitration’   as defined in Section 2(f) of Act, 1996.  In such circumstance, Supreme   Court   is   to   appoint   an   Arbitrator   as   provided under Section 11(6) of the Act, 1996 and not by the High Court as stated in the contract entered into between the parties.   8. However,   before   considering   the   appointment   of Arbitrator   the   first   part   of   Clause   12   providing   for arbitration needs elaboration to consider the arbitrability of the   dispute   relating   to   lease/tenancy   agreements/deeds when such lease is governed by Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (‘TP Act’ for short) and iron out the creases on the legal aspect.  The learned counsel for the petitioner asserts 6 that the tenancy in the instant case is not created under; nor is the leased/tenanted property governed by a special statute where the tenant enjoys statutory protection and as such   there   is   no   impediment   for   resolving   the   dispute through arbitration.  On that aspect the position explained by   the   Supreme   Court   in   the   case   of   Booz   Allen   and Hamilton Inc vs. SBI Home Finance Limited and Others (2011) 5 SCC 532 leaves no doubt.   In order to put the matter in perspective it would be profitable to extract para 35 and 36 which reads as hereunder: “35. The Arbitral Tribunals are private fora chosen   voluntarily   by   the   parties   to   the dispute, to adjudicate their disputes in place of courts and tribunals which are public fora constituted under the laws of the country. Every   civil   or   commercial   dispute,   either contractual or non­contractual, which can be decided by a court, is in principle capable of being adjudicated and resolved by arbitration unless   the   jurisdiction   of   the   Arbitral Tribunals is excluded either expressly or by necessary   implication.   Adjudication   of certain categories of proceedings are reserved by the legislature exclusively for public fora as a matter of public policy. Certain other categories   of   cases,   though   not   expressly reserved   for   adjudication   by   public   fora (courts   and   tribunals),   may   by   necessary implication stand excluded from the purview 7 of   private   fora.   Consequently,   where   the cause/dispute   is   inarbitrable,   the   court where a suit is pending, will refuse to refer the parties to arbitration, under Section 8 of the Act, even if the parties might have agreed upon arbitration as the forum for settlement of such disputes. 36. The   well­recognised   examples   of   non­ arbitrable disputes are: ( ) disputes relating i to rights and liabilities which give rise to or arise out of criminal offences; ( ) matrimonial ii disputes   relating   to   divorce,   judicial separation,   restitution   of   conjugal   rights, child custody; ( ) guardianship matters; ( ) iii iv insolvency   and   winding­up   matters;   ( ) v testamentary   matters   (grant   of   probate, letters   of   administration   and   succession certificate);   and   ( )   eviction   or   tenancy vi matters governed by special statutes where the   tenant   enjoys   statutory   protection against eviction and only the specified courts are conferred jurisdiction to grant eviction or decide the disputes.” 9. Notwithstanding the same, there is a deflection from the settled position due to certain observations contained in the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of  Himangni   (2017)   10 Enterprises   vs.   Kamaljeet   Singh   Ahluwalia SCC 706.  In the facts therein the landlord had filed a civil suit against the tenant for eviction.   In the said suit the tenant filed an application under Section 8 of Act, 1996 seeking   reference   to   arbitration   since   the   parties   were 8 governed by an arbitration agreement.  The Civil Court had dismissed the application and that order was upheld by the High Court.  The Supreme Court while deciding the same, though relied on the decision in the case of  Natraj Studios  (1981) 1 SCC 523 wherein the (P) Ltd. vs. Navrang Studios issue   arose   in   respect   of   premises   governed   under   the Bombay   Rents,   Hotel  and   Lodging   Houses   Rates   Control Act,   1947   (Special   Statute)   and   the   case   of   Booz   Allen (supra)   wherein   it   was   clearly   indicated   that   non arbitrability   is  in   respect  of  tenancy   governed   by   special statutes,   still   upheld   the   order   rejecting   the   application under   Section   8   of   Act,   1996   seeking   reference   to arbitration. 10. The   observations   contained   in   para   23   and   24   of  (supra) has brought within its sweep Himangni Enterprises the   non­arbitrability   of   disputes   relating   to   the lease/tenancy   governed   under   TP   Act.     The   said observations read as hereunder: “23. The learned counsel for the appellant, however, argued that the provisions of the Delhi Rent Act, 1995 are not applicable to the premises by virtue of Section 3(1)( ) of c 9 the Act and hence, the law laid down in the aforementioned two cases [ Natraj Studios (P)  v.  ,   (1981)   1   SCC Ltd. Navrang   Studios , 523]   [  v.  Booz   Allen   &   Hamilton   Inc. SBI ,   (2011)   5   SCC   532   : Home   Finance   Ltd. (2011) 2 SCC (Civ) 781] would not apply. We do not agree. 24. The Delhi Rent Act, which deals with the cases   relating   to   rent   and   eviction   of   the premises, is a special Act. Though it contains a  provision  (Section 3)  by  virtue  of   it,  the provisions of the Act do not apply to certain premises but that does not mean that the Arbitration   Act,   ipso   facto,   would   be applicable   to   such   premises   conferring jurisdiction on the arbitrator to decide the eviction/rent disputes. In such a situation, the   rights   of   the   parties   and   the   demised premises would be governed by the Transfer of Property Act and the civil suit would be triable   by   the   civil   court   and   not   by   the arbitrator. In other words, though by virtue of Section 3 of the Act, the provisions of the Act   are   not   applicable   to   certain   premises but no sooner the exemption is withdrawn or ceased to have its application to a particular premise, the Act becomes applicable to such premises.   In   this   view   of   the   matter,   it cannot be contended that the provisions of the Arbitration Act would, therefore, apply to such premises.” 11. The said observations are made by a Bench of two Hon’ble Judges without detailed reference to the scope of the   provisions   or   the   manner   of   right   and   protection 10 available to lessees/tenants under TP Act so as to exclude arbitration.   In that light, another Bench of two Hon’ble Judges speaking through R.F. Nariman J., in the case of Vidya   Drolia   &   Ors.   vs.   Durga   Trading   Corporation (2019)   SCC   online   SC   358   noticed   that   Natraj   Studios (supra) had dealt with tenancy under Rent Act and Booz Allen (supra) had made reference to special statutes and had   not   stated   with   respect   to   non­arbitrability   of   cases arising   under   TP   Act.     In   that   regard   having   noted   the provision contained in Section 111, 114 and 114A of TP Act had in para 16 concluded as follows:
“16.In fact, a close reading of Section 114
would show that the rights of landlord and
tenant are balanced by the aforesaid
provision. This is because where a lease of
immoveable property has determined by
forfeiture for non­payment of rent, and at the
hearing of the suit, the lessee pays or
tenders to the lessor the rent in
arrears,together with interest thereon and
his full costs within 15 days, the Court in its
discretion may relieve the lessee against the
forfeiture. This shows two things ­ one that
the landlord's interest is secured not only by
the deposit of rent in arrears but also
interest thereon and full costs of the suit.
The option given, of course, is that security
may also be given but what is important is
that the Court is given a discretion in
making a decree for ejectment if this is done.
11
The discretion may be exercised in favour of
the tenant or it may not. This itself shows
that Section 114 cannot be said to be a
provision conceived for relief of tenants as a
class as a matter of public policy. The same
goes for Section 114A. Here again, a lessee is
given one opportunity to remedy breach of an
express condition, provided such condition is
capable of remedy. However, the exception
contained in this section shows that it is a
very limited right that is given to a tenant, as
this would not apply to assigning, sub­
letting, parting with the possession, or
disposing of the property leased, or even to
an express condition relating to forfeiture in
case of non­payment of rent. Thus, it is clear
that every one of the grounds stated in
Section 111, whether read with Section 114
and/or 114A, are grounds which can be
raised before an arbitrator to decide as to
whether a lease has or has not determined.”
12. Further, with specific reference to the consideration in the case of Natraj Studios (supra) and Booz Allen (supra) it was observed in para 24 of Vidya Drolia (supra) as follows:
“24.A perusal of both the aforesaid
judgments, therefore, shows that a Transfer
of Property Act situation between a landlord
and tenant is very far removed from the
situation in eitherNatraj Studios(supra) or
in sub­paragraph (vi) of paragraph 36
ofBooz Allen(supra). We are, therefore, of
the respectful view that the question involved
in a Transfer of Property Act situation cannot
possibly be said to have been answered by
the two decisions of this Court, as has been
stated in paragraph 18 of the said
judgment.”
12 13. In the reference made to a larger bench in the case of Vidya Drolia (supra) several aspects arose for consideration which   has   been   adverted   to   therein.     However,   the   only issue for our consideration is as to whether in the instant case   the   dispute   arising   under   the   lease   being   governed under the TP Act is arbitrable.   14. To arrive at our conclusion, we have taken note of the provisions contained in Section 111, 114 and 114A of the TP Act which read as hereunder: “ .— A lease of 111. Determination of lease immovable property, determines— ( a ) by efflux of the time limited thereby; ( b ) where such time is limited conditionally on   the   happening   of   some   event—by   the happening of such event; ( c )   where   the   interest   of   the   lessor   in   the property   terminates   on,   or   his   power   to dispose   of   the   same   extends   only   to,   the happening of any event—by the happening of such event; ( d ) in case the interests of the lessee and the lessor in the whole of the property become vested at the same time in one person in the same right; ( e ) by express surrender; that is to say, in case the lessee yields up his interest under 13 the lease to the lessor, by mutual agreement between them; ( f ) by implied surrender; ( g ) by forfeiture, that is to say, (1) in case the lessee   breaks   an   express   condition   which provides   that   on   breach   thereof   the   lessor may   re­enter;   or   (2)   in   case   the   lessee renounces his character as such by setting up a title in a third person or by claiming title   in   himself;   or   (3)   the   lessee   is adjudicated   an   insolvent   and   the   lease provides that the lessor may re­enter on the happening of such event; and in any of these cases the lessor or his transferee gives notice in writing to the lessee of his intention to determine the lease; ( h ) on the expiration of a notice to determine the lease, or to quit, or of intention to quit, the property leased, duly given by one party to the other.” “ 114.   Relief   against   forfeiture   for   non­ payment   of   rent. —   Where   a   lease   of immovable property has been determined by forfeiture for non­payment of rent, and the lessor   sues   to   eject   the   lessee,   if,   at   the hearing   of   the   suit,   the   lessee   pays   or tenders   to   the   lessor   the   rent   in   arrear, together   with   interest  thereon  and   his   full costs of the suit, or gives such security as the Court thinks sufficient for making such payment within fifteen days, the Court may, in lieu of making a decree for ejectment, pass an   order   relieving   the   lessee   against   the forfeiture;   and   thereupon   the   lessee   shall hold the property leased as if the forfeiture had not occurred. 14 114A. Relief against forfeiture in certain other cases .—Where  a  lease  of  immovable property has been determined by forfeiture for a breach of an express condition which provides   that   on   breach   thereof   the   lessor may re­enter, no suit for ejectment shall lie unless and until the lessor has served on the lessee a notice in writing— ( )   specifying   the   particular   breach a complained of; and ( b )   if   the   breach   is   capable   of   remedy, requiring the lessee to remedy the breach; and the lessee fails, within a reasonable time from the date of the service of the notice, to remedy the breach, if it is capable of remedy. Nothing   in   this   section   shall   apply   to   an express condition against assigning, under­ letting,   parting   with   the   possession,   or disposing, of the property leased, or to an express   condition   relating   to   forfeiture   in case of non­payment of rent.” 15. A   perusal   of   the   provisions   indicate   the   manner   in which the determination of lease would occur, which also includes determination by forfeiture due to the acts of the lessee/tenant   in   breaking   the   express   condition   agreed between the parties or provided in law.  The breach and the consequent   forfeiture   could   also  be   with  respect  to  non­ payment of rent. In such circumstance where the lease is determined by forfeiture and the lessor sues to eject the 15 lessee and, if, at the hearing of the suit, the lessee pays or tenders to the lessor the rent in arrear, Section 114 of TP Act provides that the Court instead of passing a decree for ejectment may pass an order relieving the lessee against the forfeiture due to which the lessee will be entitled to hold the property leased as if the forfeiture had not occurred.  Under Section 114A of the TP Act a condition for issue of notice prior to filing suit of ejectment is provided so as to enable the   lessee   to   remedy   the   breach.     No   doubt   the   said provisions provide certain protection to the lessee/tenant before   being   ejected   from   the   leased   property.   In   our considered   view,   the   same   cannot   be   construed   as   a statutory protection nor as a hard and fast rule in all cases to waive the forfeiture. It is a provision enabling exercise of equitable jurisdiction in appropriate cases as a matter of discretion.   This   position   has   been   adverted   to   by   the Supreme Court in one of its earliest decision in the case of Namdeo Lokman Lodhi vs. Narmadabai & Others   (AIR 1953 SC 228) as under:   “….. The argument of Mr. Daphtary that there was no real discretion in the court and relief could not be refused except in cases where 16 third party interests intervene is completely negatived   by   the   decision   of   the   House   of Lords in Hyman v. Rose.” “…..With   great   respect   we   think   that   the observations   cited   above   contain   sound principles of law. We are, therefore, unable to accede to the contention of Mr. Daphtary that though section 114 of the Transfer of Property Act   confers   a   discretion   on   the   court,   that discretion except in cases where third party interests intervene must always be exercised in   favour   of   the   tenant   irrespective   of   the conduct of the tenant.”  16. Such   equitable   protection   does   not   mean   that   the disputes relating to those aspects between the landlord and the   tenant   is   not   arbitrable   and   that   only   a   Court   is empowered   to   waive   the   forfeiture   or   not   in   the circumstance stated in the provision.  In our view, when the disputes arise between the landlord and tenant with regard to determination of lease under the TP Act, the landlord to secure   possession   of   the   leased   property   in   a   normal circumstance is required to institute a suit in the Court which   has   jurisdiction.     However,   if   the   parties   in   the contract of lease or in such other manner have agreed upon the alternate mode of dispute resolution through arbitration the   landlord   would   be   entitled   to   invoke   the   arbitration 17 clause and make a claim before the learned Arbitrator. Even in such proceedings, if the circumstances as contained in Section 114 and 114A of TP Act arise, it could be brought up before the learned Arbitrator who would take note of the same and act in accordance with the law qua passing the award.  In other words, if in the arbitration proceedings the landlord   has   sought   for   an   award   of   ejectment   on   the ground that the lease has been forfeited since the tenant has   failed   to   pay   the   rent   and   breached   the   express condition for payment of rent or such other breach and in such proceedings the tenant pays or tenders the rent to the lessor or remedies such other breach, it would be open for the Arbitrator to take note of Section 114, 114A of TP Act and pass appropriate award in the nature as a Court would have considered that aspect while exercising the discretion. 17. On   the   other   hand,   the   disputes   arising   under   the Rent Acts will have to be looked at from a different view point and therefore not arbitrable in those cases.  This is for the reason that notwithstanding the terms and conditions entered into between the landlord and tenant to regulate the tenancy, if the eviction or tenancy is governed by a special 18 statute, namely, the Rent Act the premises being amenable to the provisions of the Act would also provide statutory protection against eviction and the courts specified in the Act alone will be conferred jurisdiction to order eviction or to resolve such other disputes.   In such proceedings under special   statutes   the   issue   to   be   considered   by   the jurisdictional court is not merely the terms and conditions entered into between the landlord and tenant but also other aspects   such   as   the   bonafide   requirement,   comparative hardship etc. even if the case for eviction is made out.  In such circumstance, the Court having jurisdiction alone can advert into all these aspects as a statutory requirement and, therefore, such cases are not arbitrable.  As indicated above, the   same   is   not   the   position   in   matters   relating   to   the lease/tenancy   which   are   not   governed   under   the   special statutes but under the TP Act. 18. In the backdrop of the above discussion, we are of the considered view that insofar as eviction or tenancy relating to matters governed by special statutes where the tenant enjoys statutory protection against eviction whereunder the Court/Forum is specified and conferred jurisdiction under 19 the statute alone can adjudicate such matters. Hence in such   cases   the   dispute   is   non­arbitrable.     If   the   special statutes   do   not   apply   to   the   premises/property   and   the lease/tenancy created thereunder as on the date when the cause of action arises to seek for eviction or such other relief and in such transaction if the parties are governed by an Arbitration   Clause;   the   dispute   between   the   parties   is arbitrable and there shall be no impediment whatsoever to invoke the Arbitration Clause.  This view is fortified by the opinion   expressed   by   the   Co­ordinate   Bench   while answering the reference made in the case of Vidya Drolia wherein   the   view   taken   in   Himangni   Enterprises   is overruled.        19. As noted above, the petitioner in the instant case while invoking the Arbitration Clause has proposed the name of Justice (Retired) Mukul Mudgal as the Sole Arbitrator.  The respondent neither replied to the said notice nor objected to the Arbitrator proposed by the petitioner.  In that backdrop since a dispute between the parties is to be resolved through Arbitration, the prayer made in this petition is liable to be accepted. 20 20. In   the   result,   the   petition   is   allowed.     Shri   Justice (Retired) Mukul Mudgal, former Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court is appointed as the Sole Arbitrator to resolve the dispute between the parties.   The arbitral fee shall be payable as provided under the Fourth Schedule to Act,   1996.     There   shall   be   no   order   as   to   costs   in   this petition.    ..…………....................CJI.       (S. A. Bobde) …..…………....................J.       (A. S. Bopanna) ..…..………......................J       (V. Ramasubramanian) December 18 2020 New Delhi