Full Judgment Text
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PETITIONER:
ATTAR SINGH GURMUKH SINGH
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
INCOME TAX OFFICER, LUDHIANA ETC.
DATE OF JUDGMENT07/08/1991
BENCH:
SHETTY, K.J. (J)
BENCH:
SHETTY, K.J. (J)
YOGESHWAR DAYAL (J)
CITATION:
1991 AIR 2109 1991 SCR (3) 405
1991 SCC (4) 385 JT 1991 (3) 352
1991 SCALE (2)254
ACT:
Income Tax Act, 1961/Income Tax Rules, 1962--Section
40A(3)/ Rule 6DD---Validity of--Applicability to payments
made for acquiring stock-in-trade.
HEADNOTE:
The assesses in these appeals have made payments in cash
exceeding a sum of Rs.2500 for some of the purchases of
stock-in-trade. So while computing the income of the asses-
sees under the head "profits and gains of business" the
assessing authority disallowed deduction on account of such
payments held to be in contravention of the terms of section
40A(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 read with the Rule 6DD of
the Income Tax Rules, 1962.
The assessees have challenged the same. So in the in-
stant case the question under consideration before this
Court is (i) the validity of section 40A(3) of the Act (ii)
the applicability of section 40A(3) to payments made for
acquiring stock-in-trade.
Originally section 40A(3) required payments in respect
of expenditure which exceeded Rs.2500 to be made by a
crossed cheque or crossed bank draft and by the Amending Act
1987 to remove hardships to smaller assessees the said
amount has been raised to Rs. I0,000, Section 40A(3) begins
with a non-obstante clause so the legislature has made it
clear that the provisions of section 40A(3) are overriding
and operate inspite of any thing to the contrary contained
in any other provisions of the Act relating to the computa-
tion of income under the head "profits and gains of business
or profession". Sub-section (3) empowers the assessing
authority to disallow as deduction of any expenditure in
respect of which payment is made in cash exceeding Rs.
10,000 otherwise than by a crossed cheque or crossed bank
draft.
Rule 6DD of Income Tax Rules, 1962 provides for cases
and circumstances in which payment of a sum exceeding Rs.
10,000 may be made otherwise than by crossed cheque or by a
crossed demand draft.
The assessees challenged on the ground that provisions of
section
406
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40A(3) intend to restrict the business activities.
Dismissing the appeals and Special Leave Petition, the
Court,
HELD: That section 40A(3) must not be read in isolation
or to the exclusion of Rule 6DD. This section must be read
along with the Rule 6DD and if read together it is clear
that the provisions of the section are not intended to
restrict the business activities. It only empowers the
assessing officer to disallow the deductions claimed as
expenditure in respect of which payment is not made by
crossed cheque or crossed bank draft. The same is insisted
only to enable the assessing authority to ascertain whether
it was out of the income from disclosed sources and even the
terms of section 40A(3) are not absolute. Considerations of
business expediency and other relevant factors are not
excluded, since it is open to the assessee to furnish the
circumstances under which the payment was not practicable or
would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee. Rule 6DD
provides that an assessee can be exempted from the require-
ment of payment by a crossed cheque or crossed bank draft
in the circumstances specified under the rule. Thus section
40A(3) and Rule 6DD are intended to regulate the business
transactions and to prevent the use of unaccounted money or
reduce the chance to use black money for business transac-
tions. Moreover while interpreting a taxing statute the
Court cannot be oblivious of the proliferation of black
money which is in circulation in our country- Thus any
restraint intended to use or create black should not be
regarded as curtailing the freedom of trade or business.
[409G-410E]
The term expenditure as per section 40A(3), means all
outgoings including the expenditure incurred for purchasing
the stock-in-trade. Since to determine the gross profits the
value of the stock-in-trade has to be taken into account. So
payments can be disallowed if they are made in cash in the
sums exceeding the amount specified under section 40A(3) and
also not provided for exemption under Rule 6DD. Thus section
40A(3) is attracted to payments made for acquiring stock-
intrade and other materials. [410G-411A]
Sajowanlal Jaiswal v. CIT, [1976] 103 ITR 706 Orissa;
U.P. Hardware Store v. CIT, [1976] 104 ITR 664; Allahabad;
Ratan Udyog v. ITO, [1977] 109 I.T.R. 1 Allahabad; P.R.
Textiles v. CIT Kerala, [1980] 121 ITR 237 Kerala; CIT v.
Kishan Chand Maheswari Dass, [1980] 121 ITR 232 P & H; Kanti
Lal purshottam & Co. v. CIT, [1985] 155 ITR 519 Raj; CIT v.
New Light Tin Mfg. Co., [1980] 121 ITR 229 P & H; Fakri
Automobiles v. CIT, [1986] 160 ITR 504 Raj;
407
Venkata Satayanarayana Timber Depot v. ITR, [1987] 165 ITR
253 AP. and Akash Films v. CIT, [1991] ITR 32 Karnataka,
approved.
CIT v. Hardware Exchange, [1991] 190 ITR 61, reversed.
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 11 of
1991.
From the Judgment and Order dated 15.10.1979 of the
Punjab and Haryana High Court in C.Q.P. No. 1009 of 1974.
WITH
Civil Appeal Nos. 2752/79, 1105/76, 29 & 985/87, 4950/89,
1032/79, 3331/83, SLP (Civil)No. 15/80, CMP. No. 1350/80 and
C.A. No.
1425 of 1976.
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B. Sen, G.C. Sharma, S.K. Mehta, C.S. Aggarwal, BV.
Desai, Ms. Radha Rangaswamy, K.C. Dua, Umesh Khaitan, Dar-
shan Singh. Praveen Kumar, M.M. Kashyap and S.K. Bagga for
the Appellants.
J. Ramamurthy, B.B. Ahuja and Ms. A. Subhashini for the
Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
K. JAGANNATHA SHETTY, J. The assessees in these appeals
have made payments in cash exceeding a sum of Rs.2500 for
some of the purchases of stock-in-trade. The payments are
not allowed as deductions in the computation of income under
the head "profits and gains of business". The payments are
held to be in contravention of the terms of Section 40A(3)
of the Income Tax Act, 1961 read with the Rule 6DD of the
Income Tax Rules, 1962. The assessees have appealed to this
Court challenging the disallowance.
Two questions arise for consideration in these appeals;
(i) The validity of Section 40A(3) of the Act; and (ii) The
applicability of Section 40A(3) to payments made for acquir-
ing stock-in-trade.
Section 40A(3) so far as material provides:
"40A. Expenses or payments not deductible in
certain circumstances--(1) The provisions of
this section shall have effect notwithstanding
anything to the contrary contained in any
other provision of this Act relating to the
computation of income under the head "Profits
and Gains of business or profession.
XXX XXX XXX XXX
408
(3) Where the assessee incurs any
expenditure in respect of which payment is
made, after such date (not being later than
the 31st day of March 1969) as may be speci-
fied in this behalf by the Central Government
by notification in the Official Gazette, in a
sum exceeding ten thousand rupees otherwise
than by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by
a crossed bank draft, such expenditure shall
not be allowed as a deduction:
XXX XXX XXX
Provided further that no disallow-
ance under this subsection shall be made where
any payment in a sum exceeding ten thousand
rupees is made otherwise than by a crossed
cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank-
draft, in such cases and under such circum-
stances as may be prescribed, having regard to
the nature and extent of banking facilities
available, considerations of business expedi-
ency and other relevant factors."
Originally, Section 40A(3) required payments in respect
of expenditure, which exceed Rs.2,500 to be made by a
crossed cheque or a crossed bank draft. On failure to do so,
the payments made were disallowed in the computation of
income. In order to remove hardship to smaller assessees,
the Amending Act, 1987, has raised this ceiling to Rs.
10,000. Section 40A(3) begins with a non-obstante clause. It
is an overriding provision which operates inspite of any-
thing to the contrary contained in any other provision of
the Act relating to the computation of income under the head
"profits and gains of business or profession". The legisla-
ture has thus made it clear that the provisions of Section
40A will apply in supersession of other contrary provisions
of the Act relating to the computation of income. Sub-sec-
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tion (3) empowers the assessing officer to disallow, as a
deduction any expenditure in respect of which payment is
made of any sum exceeding Rs. 10,000 otherwise than by a
crossed cheque or crossed bank draft.
Rule 6DD of the Income Tax Rules, 1962 refers to cases
and circumstances in which payment of a sum exceeding Rs.
10,000 may be made otherwise than by a crossed cheque or by
a crossed bank draft. The Rule so far as it is relevant
reads:
"6DD. Cases and circumstances in which payment
in a sum exceeding ten thousand rupees may be
made otherwise
409
than by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by
a crossed bank draft--No disallowance under
sub-section (3) of Section 40 A shall be made
where any payment in a sum exceeding ten
thousand rupees is made otherwise than by
crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed
bank draft in the cases and circumstances
specified hereunder, namely:
XXX XXX XXX XXX
(j) in any other ease, where the assessee
satisfies the Assessing Officer that the
payment could not be made by a crossed cheque
drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft--
(1) due to exceptional or unavoidable circum-
stances; or
(2) because payment in the manner aforesaid
was not practicable, or would have caused
genuine difficulty to the , payee, having
regard to the nature of the transaction and
the necessity for expeditious settlement
thereof,
and also furnishes evidence to the satisfac-
tion of the Assessing Officer as to the genu-
ineness of the payment and the identity of the
payee."
As to the validity of Section 40A(3) it was urged that
if the price of the purchased material is not allowed to be
adjusted as against the sale price of the material sold for
want of proof of payment by a crossed cheque or crossed bank
draft, then the income tax levied will not be on the income
but it will be on an assumed income. It is said that the
provision authorising levy tax on an assumed income would be
a restriction on the right to carry on the business besides
being arbitrary.
In our opinion, there is little merit in this conten-
tion. Section 40A(3) must not be read in isolation or to the
exclusion of Rule 6DD. The Section must be read along with
the Rule. If read together, it will be clear that the provi-
sions are not intended to restrict the business activities.
There is no restriction on the assessee in his trading
activities. Section 40A(3) only empowers the assessing
officer to disallow the deduction claimed as expenditure in
respect of which payment is not made by crossed cheque or
crossed bank draft. The payment by crossed cheque or crossed
bank draft is insisted on to enable the asses-
410
sing authority to ascertain whether the payment was genuine
or whether it was out of the income from disclosed sources.
The terms of Section 40A(3) are not absolute. Consideration
of business expediency and other relevant factors are not
excluded. The genuine and bona fide transactions are not
taken out of the sweep of the Section. It is open to the
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assessee to furnish to the satisfaction of the assessing
officer the circumstances under which the payment in the
manner prescribed in Section 40A(3) was not practicable or
would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee. It is
also open to the assessee to identify the person who has
received the cash payment. Rule 6DD provides that an asses-
see can be exempted from the requirement of payment by a
crossed cheque or crossed bank draft in the circumstances
specified under the rule. It will be clear from the provi-
sions of Section 40A(3) and rule 6DD that they are intended
to regulate the business transactions and to prevent the use
of unaccounted money or reduce the chances to use black-
money for business transactions. See: Mudiam Oil Company v.
ITO, [1973] 92 ITR 519 A.P. If the payment is made by a
crossed cheque drawn on a bank or a crossed bank draft then
it will be easier to ascertain, when deduction is claimed,
whether the payment was genuine and whether it was out of
the income from disclosed sources. In interpreting a taxing
statute the Court cannot be oblivious of the proliferation
of black-money which is under circulation in our country.
Any restraint intended to curb the chances and opportunities
to use or create black-money should not be regarded as
curtailing the freedom of trade or business.
As to the second question it may be stated that the word
’expenditure’ has not been defined in the Act. It is a word
of wide import. Section 40A(3) refers to the expenditure
incurred by the assessee in respect of which payment is
made. It means all outgoings are brought under the word
’expenditure’ for the purpose of the Section. The expendi-
ture for purchasing the stock-in-trade is one of such outgo-
ings. The value of the stock-in-trade has to be taken into
account while determining the gross profits under section 28
on principles of commercial accounting. The payments made
for purchases would also be covered by the word ’expendi-
ture’ and such payments can be disallowed if they are made
in cash in the sums exceeding the amount specified under
section 40A(3). We have earlier observed that Rule 6DD has
to be read along with Section 40A(3). The Rule also contem-
plates payments made for stock-in-trade and raw materials.
This Rule is in accordance with the terms of Section 40A(3).
The Rule provides that an assessee can be exempted from the
requirements of payment by crossed cheque or a crossed bank
draft where the purchases are
411
made of certain agricultural or horticultural commodities or
from a village where there is no banking facility. Section
40A(3) is, therefore. attracted to payments made for acquir-
ing stock-in-trade and other materials. This is also the
view taken by several High Courts. See’ Sajowanlal Jaiswal
v. CIT, [1976] 103 ITR 706 Orissa; U.P. Hardware Store v.
CIT, [1976] 104 ITR 664 Allahabad; Ratan Udyog v. ITO,
[1977] 109 ITR 1 Allahabad; P.R. Textiles v. CIT, Kerala,
[19801 121 ITR 237 Kerala; CIT, v. Kishan Chand Maheswari
Dass, [1980] 121 ITR 232 P & H; Kanti Lal Purshottam and Co.
v. CIT, [1985] 155 ITR 519 Raj; CIT, v. New Light Tin Mfg.
Co., [1980] 121 ITR 229 P & H; Fakri Automobiles v. CIT,
[1986] 160 ITR 504 Raj; Venkata Satayanarayana Timber Depot
v. ITR, [1987] 165 ITR 253 AP.; and Akash Films v. CIT,
[1991] ITR 32 Karnataka. The decisions of the High Courts of
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Allahabad, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab
& Haryana, Rajasthan and Patna are to the effect that the
payments made for purchasing stock-in-trade or raw materials
should also be regarded as expenditure for the purpose of
Section 40A(3). The only discordant note struck on this
aspect is by the Gauhati High Court in CIT v. Hardware
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Exchange, [1991] 190 ITR 61. The Gauhati High Court has
observed that Section 40A(3) applies only to payments made
on account of ’expenditure incurred’ and the payment made
purchase of stock-in-trade cannot be termed as ’expenditure
incurred since money does not go irretrievably in such
cases. We are unable to agree with the view taken by the
Gauhati High Court.
In this view of the matter we dismiss all these appeals
and special leave petition with costs.
S.B. Appeals
dismissed.
412