RATTAN SINGH vs. NIRMAL GILL

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 16-11-2020

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 3681­3682  OF 2020 (Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 21326­21327 OF 2019) Rattan Singh & Ors.                 … Appellants Versus Nirmal Gill & Ors. etc.             …Respondents WITH CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 3683­3684 OF 2020 ( Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 29775­29776 OF 2019 ) Inder Pal Singh & Anr.      … Appellants Versus Nirmal Gill & Ors. etc.            …Respondents J U D G M E N T A.M. Khanwilkar, J. 1. Leave granted. These appeals take exception to the common Judgment and 2. Signature Not Verified 1 decree of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh , Digitally signed by NEETU KHAJURIA Date: 2020.11.16 16:30:53 IST Reason: dated   27.05.2019   in   R.S.A.   Nos.   2901/2012   and   3881/2012, 1 for short, “the High Court” 2 whereby the High Court reversed the concurrent findings of the trial Court and the first appellate Court and decreed the suits of the plaintiff. 3. For   convenience,   the   parties   are  referred   to   as  per   their status in Civil Suit No. 11/2001 before the Court of Civil Judge 2 (Senior Division), Hoshiarpur . The admitted factual position in the   present   cases   is   that   one   Harbans   Singh   had   married Gurbachan   Kaur   and   fathered   Joginder   Kaur   (plaintiff   –   now deceased) in the wedlock. After the demise of Gurbachan Kaur, Harbans   Singh   married   Piar   Kaur   and   in   that   wedlock,   he fathered   Gurdial   Singh   (defendant   No.   3),   Rattan   Singh (defendant No. 4), Narinder Pal Singh (defendant No. 5) and Surjit Singh (defendant No. 6). Harcharan Kaur (defendant No. 1) is the wife of defendant No. 4 and the step sister­in­law of the plaintiff. Nirmal   Gill   (respondent   herein)   is   daughter   and   the   legal representative   of   the   plaintiff   (Joginder   Kaur)   and   Charanjit Singh is her (plaintiff’s) son.  4. Harbans Singh was the owner of various stretches of land at Nawanshahr, Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur which, upon his death 2 for short, “the trial Court” 3 in the year 1963, devolved upon the plaintiff, her step brothers ­ defendant Nos. 3 to 6 and her step mother in six equal shares. 5. The   plaintiff   and   the   defendant   Nos.   3   to   6   had   cordial relations and the plaintiff used to frequently visit her maternal home. 6. The dispute between the parties pertains to a General Power of Attorney (GPA) purported to have been executed by the plaintiff 3 on 28.06.1990   in favour of defendant No. 1 and consequently sale deeds executed by defendant No. 1 as an attorney of the plaintiff. Sale deeds dated 29.06.1990 and 03.07.1990 purported to have been executed directly by the plaintiff are also disputed by the plaintiff. The case of the plaintiff is that the defendants sought her signatures on blank papers in the year 1990 under the guise of preparation and processing of documents for the purpose of getting the estate left behind by their father mutated in their names. Reposing complete trust in her step brothers, the plaintiff   signed   the   papers   and   handed   it   over   to   the   person tasked for that purpose by the step brothers ­ defendant Nos. 3 to   6.     Thereafter,   the   defendant   No.   3   visited   plaintiff’s matrimonial   home   at   Delhi   asking   her   to   come   to   village 3 for short, “the 1990 GPA” 4 Kalyanpur in June 1990 for getting the said mutation effected. Accordingly, the plaintiff visited the village and stayed there for 3 or 4 days. 7. Subsequent to the retirement of her husband in the year 1999,   the   plaintiff   shifted   to   Mohali   and   being   closer   to   her maternal   home,   the   frequency   of   her   meeting   the   relatives increased. In a wedding function of a relative at Jalandhar in February   2001,   where   the   plaintiff   and   her   step   brothers   ­ defendant Nos. 3 to 6 were present, one of her cousins Rustam Singh had mentioned to her in a conversation that the defendant Nos. 3 to 6 had sold a part of the property which they jointly held with the plaintiff. 8. Upon   learning   about   the   said   fact,   the   plaintiff   made enquiries   in   that   regard   including   verified   revenue   records whence she learnt about existence of a GPA purported to have 4 been executed in 1963   by all the legal heirs of Harbans Singh including the plaintiff, in favour of defendant No. 3 and based on the said GPA, the  estate of  Harbans Singh  had already  been mutated in their joint names in November 1963. The plaintiff also discovered the existence of aforementioned disputed documents 4 for short, “the 1963 GPA” 5 which were executed without her knowledge, during her visit to the   village   in   the   year   1990.   The   plaintiff   claimed   the aforementioned documents to be a result of fraud perpetrated upon her by her step brothers ­ defendant Nos. 3 to 6 and her step sister­in­law ­ defendant No. 1, who got those documents scribed, forged the plaintiff’s signature onto them and got them registered.  On the other hand, the defendants denied that defendant 9. No. 3 went to Delhi to call the plaintiff to village Kalyanpur. They claimed that the plaintiff had come there on her own and stayed with the   defendant  Nos.   3  to  6  for  about  a  month.   She   had personally   instructed   the   scribe   to   prepare   the   aforesaid documents and she had duly executed and got them registered. Therefore, all the transactions made by the plaintiff directly, as well as through her constituted attorney, are valid. 10. In this backdrop, the plaintiff instituted a suit being C.S. No. 11/2001 before the trial Court on 23.04.2001 against the aforementioned defendant Nos. 1, 3 to 6 and 19 others, seeking declaration as hereunder: “ i,  That   the   sale­deed   dated   05.07.2000   vide document   No.   2213   of   land   measuring   2   Marla   5 Sarsahi   being   1/2   share   of   the   land   measuring   7 6 Marlas 2 Sarsahi bearing Khewat No. 1401, Khatauni No. 2098, Khasra No. 6967 (3­5), situated in Village Premgarh,   H.B.   No.   247,   Tehsil   and   District Hoshiarpur, as per Jamabandi for the year 1996­97 by defendant no. 1 as Mukhtar of the plaintiff in favour of defendant no. 2 is illegal, void and ineffective as against the rights of the plaintiff and that the mutation no. th 13795 to the extent of 1/2 share of  65/68  share i.e. 1/2 share of 7 Marlas 2 Sarsahi is null and void and is liable to be set aside and the plaintiff is not bound by the same. ii,  That the plaintiff is owner in possession of the land measuring 9 Marla out of the land measuring 4 Kanals 13 Marla bearing  Khewat No. 1400, Khatauni No. 2097, Khasra No. 2773/694 (0­11), 2774/694 (0­4), 2775/694   (0­1),   2776/694   (0­1),   2777/695   (0­3), 2778/695   (0­6),   2779/695   (0­8),   Khewat   No.   1463, Khatauni   No.   2166   to   2168,   Khasra   No.   689   (2­19) situated in Premgarh, Hoshiarpur, H.B. No. 247, Tehsil and District Hoshiarpur, as per Jamabandi for the year 1996­97.   And   restraining   the   defendant   no.   1   from alienating or transferring the land in dispute in any manner on the basis of General power of attorney dt. 28.06.90. iii,  That the sale deed dated 29.05.1990 in respect of the land measuring 39 Kanals 4 Marlas out of the land measuring 235 Kanals 6 Marlas being 1/6 share out of the land measuring Kahata No. 46/60 to 67 and 36/56 Khasra Nos. 20R/21 (0­14), 21R/24/1 (3­11), 23R/7 (5­11), 8/1 (2­13), 15/1 (1­6), 106//(0­14), 131 (2­19), 16­R/17 (1­6), 25 (6­18), 16­R/16 (8­0), 17­R/13/2 (6­ 4), 14/1 (1­0), 21 (8­0), 22 (8­0), 23 (8­0), 24/1 (5­0), 24/2 (2­4), 25 (8­0), 18­R/11/1 (2­8), 23­R/8/2 (2­6), 24­R/1 (2­0), 10 (6­5), 11/1 (1­14), 23­R/3/2 (5­40), 4 (8­0), 5 (8­0), 6 (7­12), 17­R/14/2 (6­4), 15 (8­0), 16 (8­ 0), 17/1 (4­4), 17­R/17/2 (3­0), 18 (8­0), 19 (8­0), 20 (8­0), 18­R/19 (8­0), 20 (8­0), 21 (8­0), 22 (8­0), 21­ R/1/1 (7­4)m, 4/2 (5­5), 23/2 (4­1), 25 (2­13), 22­R/5 (3­0), 21­R/23/2­min (1­3), 104/2 (0­2), 23­R/26 (0­ 14), 53//1 (2­7), situated in Village Kalyanpur, H.B. No. 144, Tehsil Dasuya, District Hoshiarpur is illegal,  void and   has   been   obtained   by   way   of   fraud   and   the declaration that the plaintiff is owner in possession of land   in   dispute.   In   the   alternative   suit   of   joint possession. iv, And declaration that the General Power of Attorney dated   28.06.1990   obtained   by   defendant   no.   1   in 7 connivance with her husband Rattan Singh defendant no. 4 is the result of fraud and that the plaintiff is not bound by the same as well as any transaction made by the defendant no. 1 on behalf of the plaintiff are also illegal and void and are liable to be set aside and that the defendant no. 1 has no power to act as General Attorney of the plaintiff.” 11. While  the   said  suit was  pending,  the  plaintiff  discovered existence of more documents executed by her alleged attorney and   thus   filed   another   suit   being   C.S.   No.   173/2002   on 12.06.2002 before the trial Court, wherein the defendant No. 4 was arrayed as defendant No. 1, defendant Nos. 3, 5 and 6 were arrayed as defendant Nos. 2 to 4 respectively and defendant No. 1 was arrayed as defendant No. 11. Inder Pal Singh and Rajinder 5 Kaur , who purchased the plot at Jalandhar through the alleged attorney of the plaintiff, were arrayed as defendant Nos. 9 and 10. The prayer in the said suit was for declaration as hereunder: i.   That   the   sale   deed   and   mutation   no.   11395 “ regarding the land measuring 1 Kanal 6½ Marlas out of land measuring 6 Kanals 4 Marlas bearing Khewat No. 602, Khatauni No. 662, Khasra No. 85/17 (6­14) by defendant no. 11 as attorney of plaintiff in favour of defendant no. 8 situated in Village Bajwara, H.B. No. 355, Tehsil and District Hoshiarpur, as per Jamabandi for   the   year   1995­96   is   illegal,   void   and   that   the plaintiff is not bound by the same as the same has been executed and got sanctioned in absence and without consent of the plaintiff. ii. That the sale deed dated 03.07.1990 in respect of the land measuring 34 Kanals 5 Marlas Khasra Nos. 32­ R/13/3 (2­12), 14 (8­0), 15/1 (4­16), 16 (2­10), 17 (3­ 5 for short, “the subsequent purchasers” 8 11), 18/1 (1­9), 12//13/2 (0­9), 14/1 (0­9), 18/2/1 (2­ 19), 23 (5­3), 24/1/1 (5­9), 24/2/1 (1­2), 25/2/1(0­8), 12­R/15/2 (4­18), 16 (8­0), 17/1 (7­13), 18/1/1(2­8), 25/1/1 (5­16), 13//20 (8­0), 21 (8­0), 22 (8­0), 23/1 (4­ 12), 27/17/2 (0­19), 18/1 (1­10), 18/2 (0­19), 23/1 (5­ 10), 23/2 (1­12), 27/24/1 (1­14), 32//3/2 (5­13), 4/1 (1­3), 4/6 (0­2), 17//13 (less than one Marla), 18//3 (0­5), 4 (2­16), 5/1 (0­1), 17//1/1 (3­10), 2/1 (7­6), 3/1 (4­12),   8/2/1   (3­3),   9/1   (0­18),   24//6/2/1   (5­15), 7/1/2/1 (2­5), 14/2 (0­11), 15/1 (4­18), 25//8 (0­10), 9 (5­0), 10­2­1 (5­19), 11/1 (4­18), 12/2 (4­18), 13/1 (0­17), 13//11 (7­11), 12 (7­11), 13/1 (4­7), 13/18/2 (4­12), 19 (8­0), i.e. 1/6th share of 205 Kanals 9 Marlas situated   in   Village   Mehandipur,   H.B.   No.   46,   Tehsil Dasuya, District Hoshiarpur as per Jamabandi for the year 1983­84 and also as per Jamabandi for the year 1994­95   is   illegal,     void   without   consideration   and executed in absence of the plaintiff by producing other lady by the defendant no. 1 in collusion with defendant no. 11 and his wife and the plaintiff is not bound by the same and is owner in possession of the said land. iii. That the sale deed in favour of defendant no. 7 dated 20.05.1996 registered on 22.05.1996 in respect of the land   measuring   2   Kanal   10   Marlas   out   of   land measuring 14 Kanals 18 Marlas bearing Khewat No. 107, Khatauni No. 148, Khasra No. 13//1 (6­18), 14­ R/5 (8­0), now Khewat No. 123 and Khatauni No. 140 and the same khasra number as per Jamabandi for the year 1997­98 executed by defendant no. 11 situated in Village  Sareenpur,  H.B.  No.  139,  is  illegal,  void  and without the consent of the plaintiff and the same is executed in the absence of plaintiff by playing fraud on the   plaintiff   and   the   plaintiff   is   owner   of   the   said property. iv. That the sale deed dated 18.03.1996 in favour of defendant   no.   9   executed   by   defendant   no.   11   in respect of plot bearing no. 373­R to the extent of 1/12 share in front of which there is a road behind house no. 378­Land other side 373­L owned by Mangat Singh and Avtar Singh and other side is H.No. 372­L owned by Mool   Chand   Bhandari   situated   in   Model   Town, Jalandhar, as per site plan attached with the plaint is illegal, void and without the consent of the plaintiff. v. That the sale deed dated 18.03.1996 registered on 21.03.1996 in favour of defendant no. 10 executed by defendant no. 11 in respect of 1/12 share as Mukhtar by  defendant no. 11 is illegal and void and without 9 consideration and without the consent of the plaintiff, house bounded as: Front : Road; Behind : Property of H.No. 378­L; One   side   present   No.   372­L   owned   by   Mool   Chand Bhandari; One   side   373­L   owned   by   Mangat   Singh   and   Avtar Singh; situated in Model Town, Jalandhar, shown red in the site plan attached. IN THE ALTERNATIVE suit for joint possession of the properties as detailed in the heading (i) to (iii) and also declaring that the plaintiff and defendant no. 9 and 10 are in joint possession as co­sharers of the property Nos. (iv) and (v).” Both   the   suits   were   resisted   by   defendant   No.   1   and 12. defendant Nos. 3 to 6. The subsequent purchasers also contested the suits by filing their written statement in C.S. No. 173/2002. On the basis of rival pleadings, the trial Court framed issues in the aforementioned suits as follows: Issues in C.S. No. 11/2001­ “1.   Whether   the   Plaintiff   is   entitled   for   a   decree   of declaration as prayed for? OPD 2. Whether the suit is not maintainable in the present form? OPD 3. Whether the suit is within limitation? OPP 4. Relief.” Issues in C.S. No. 173/2002­ “1. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to declaration as prayed for? OPP 2. Whether the sale deeds alleged by the plaintiff are null and void? OPP 10 3. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to joint possession as alternative relief as prayed for? OPP 4. Whether the suit of the plaintiff is not maintainable? OPD 5.   Whether   the   suit   of   the   plaintiff   is   barred   by limitation? OPD 6. Relief.” 13. The aforementioned suits came to be clubbed and evidence was recorded in the leading suit being C.S. No. 11/2001. After analyzing the evidence on record, the trial Court dismissed both the suits of the plaintiff vide a common judgment and decree dated 03.01.2009.  14. Aggrieved   by   this   decision,   the   plaintiff   preferred   Civil Appeal Nos. 3 and 4 both of 2009 against C.S. No. 11/2001 and C.S.   No.   173/2002   respectively   before   the   Additional   District 6 Judge (Ad­hoc), Fast Track Court – I, Hoshiarpur . During the pendency  of   the   appeals,  the   plaintiff   expired  and   since  then came to be represented by her legal representative Nirmal Gill (respondent No. 1 herein). The first appellate Court once again appreciated the evidence on record and after elaborate analysis, whilst   upholding   the   findings   of   the   trial   Court   on   material issues, vide its judgment and decree dated 30.11.2011, partly modified the decision of the trial Court in C.S. No. 11/2001. The 6 for short, “the first appellate Court” 11 first appellate Court was pleased to reverse the conclusion of the trial Court limited to subject land admeasuring 9 marlas on the finding that the jamabandi reflects plaintiff’s name recorded as co­owner in possession of the  said property. Finally, the first appellate Court concluded as under: “48.  In   view   of   my   above   discussion   the   appeal   is partly accepted to the extent that the appellant­plaintiff is owner in possession of land measuring 9 marlas out of the land measuring 4 Kanals 13 Mis. As fully detailed in the sub head note (ii) of the plaint. Therefore, the findings of the learned trial Court with regard to this effect only are reversed and set aside. However, there is nothing on record calling interference of this court in the remaining findings arrived at by the Ld. Trial Court which are based on the correct appreciation of facts and evidence on the file. No order as to costs. Decree sheet be prepared. The learned lower court record be returned   and   appeal  file   be   consigned   to  the   record room.” The first appellate Court vide another judgment of even date, however, upheld the judgment of the trial Court in reference to C.S. No. 172/2002 in toto. 15. Nirmal Gill (respondent No. 1) filed second appeals before the   High   Court   being   R.S.A.   No.   2901/2012   and   R.S.A.   No. 3881/2012 against Civil Appeal No. 3/2009 and Civil Appeal No. 4/2009 respectively. While admitting the second appeal, the High Court formulated two questions as substantial questions of law. The same read thus: 12 “1.  Whether the findings of the learned Courts below are sustainable in view of the fact that the question of fraud was apparent? 2. Whether the findings of the learned courts below are in accordance with the settled provisions of law and the  questions   of  law   and  the  question  of   fraud  and limitation   had   been   wrongly   decided   by   the   courts below?” 16. After reappreciating the factual matrix and the evidence on record, the High Court opined that the trial Court as well as the first appellate Court committed manifest error and misapplied the settled legal position. On this finding, the High Court went on to reverse the concurrent opinion of two Courts. 17. Being   aggrieved,   the   defendant   Nos.   1,   4   to   6   and   the subsequent purchasers approached this Court by way of present appeals. The former set of appeals [arising out of SLP(C) Nos. 21326­21327/2019] had been preferred by defendant Nos. 1, 4 to 6 and the latter [arising out of SLP(C) Nos. 29775­29776/2019] by the subsequent purchasers. According to the defendant Nos. 1, 4 to 6, interference by 18. the High Court in the present matter was unwarranted as the same did  not involve  any   substantial  question  of   law.  It  was urged that judgments  of  the  trial Court,  as  well as,  the  first appellate Court have been passed after proper appreciation of 13 evidence, therefore, the High Court ought not to have interfered with   the   concurrent   findings   of   facts   –   as   re­appreciation   of evidence is not permissible in second appeal.  It was then argued that the plea of fraud was not taken in plaint in terms of Order 6 7 Rule 4 of the Civil Procedure Code  and thus, the same cannot be considered. On merits, the aforesaid defendants contended that the evidence of the plaintiff was self­contradictory, as she first claimed that her signatures were taken on blank papers and then denied her signatures occurring on the 1990 GPA. The plea that the signatures were taken on blank papers was not substantiated as the 1990 GPA was executed on stamp papers. Further, the High Court observed that there was no need of the 1990 GPA when the 1963 GPA was in existence, without noting that the 1963 GPA was jointly executed by all the legal heirs of Harbans Singh;   while   the   1990   GPA   was   exclusively   executed   by   the plaintiff in reference to her share in the suit property. The High Court then noted that the defendant No. 1 did not lead evidence to avoid being cross examined whilst ignoring the fact that she was residing abroad at the relevant time. The signatures of the plaintiff as well as the attesting witness Teja Singh Lamberdar 7 For short, “the CPC” 14 were examined by expert Arvind Sood (DW7) and he had opined that the same are genuine. As regards the address of the plaintiff wrongly mentioned in the 1990 GPA as 775 instead of 875, it was argued that the plaintiff denied her address only to support her case.   The   defendant   No.   4   had   categorically   deposed   in   his evidence that the plaintiff had been living at 775 from 1987 to 1995. Further, the plaintiff’s witness ­ PW4 had read over the recitals   of   the   1990   GPA   to   the   plaintiff,   who   appended   her signatures upon being satisfied about its correctness. The High Court exceeded its jurisdiction in observing that PW4 was not declared hostile due to reasons best known to plaintiff’s counsel; and disregarding his evidence merely because he went to school with the defendant No. 4.  The aforesaid defendants then urged that the payment of consideration received in lieu of sales made through   the   attorney   was   duly   passed   on   to   the   plaintiff. Regarding the aspect of payment of Rs.5 lakhs to son of the plaintiff, Charanjit Singh, the same was not raised before the trial Court. Further, if he had carried the said cash with him from Delhi to Punjab, then there was no reason why he could not carry it back. As regards rights of the subsequent purchasers, it was 15 urged   that   there   was   no   dispute   till  2001   and   therefore,   the aforesaid purchasers could not have doubted before purchasing. 19. The   subsequent   purchasers   would   submit   that   before purchasing   the   plot   at   Jalandhar,   they   duly   verified   the   title deeds as also the correctness and genuineness of the 1990 GPA. The 1990 GPA is a registered document and enquiries were made by verifying the same in the Sub­Registrar’s office and only after being   satisfied,   the   said   plot   was   purchased   bonafide   for consideration. 20. The argument put forth by Nirmal Gill (respondent No. 1 ­ plaintiff)   was   that   the   High   Court   had   rightly   reversed   the decisions of the trial Court and the first appellate Court, which were contrary  to  evidence   brought  on record  and   against  the settled principles of law. It was submitted that after the death of Harbans   Singh,   defendant   Nos.   3   and   4   were   taking   up   the cultivation of the joint land with permission of the plaintiff, which shows that they enjoyed active confidence of the plaintiff. It was submitted that the plaintiff had never executed any GPA or sale deed in favour of the defendants. It was urged that the 1990 GPA was   laden   with   many   discrepancies   which   prove   it   being   a 16 product of fraud and forgery. The address of the plaintiff had wrongly been mentioned as 775 instead of 875 in the 1990 GPA as well as in the stamp vendor’s record. Further, the scribe (PW4) who   claimed   to   have   prepared   it   on   the   instructions   of   the plaintiff had failed to identify the plaintiff. Moreover, the PW4 was admittedly known to the defendant No. 4 since their school days. There appeared to be an alteration to the date of execution of the 1990 GPA  and   the   serial  number   of  the   stamp   paper,   which showed that the same was done to suit the defendants. In regard to the documents registered  on 29.06.1990, it was submitted that PW4 in his register had entered the 1990 GPA at Serial No. 390 after entering sale deed at Serial No. 388 and Special Power of Attorney in favour of defendant No. 1 at Serial No. 389, which defies reason that plaintiff first sold land to the defendant Nos. 3 and 4 and then executed GPA in respect of the said land in favour of defendant No. 1.  21. It was   then   contended   that   the   attesting   witnesses   were defendants’ men and were not known to the plaintiff. The reason for execution of the 1990 GPA stated in its recitals was that the plaintiff was unable to look after the properties being a woman and then it was in turn executed in favour of another woman, 17 defendant   No.   1.   The   plaintiff’s   photograph   and   thumb impression   were   also   not   affixed   on   the   GPA   and   the   same appears to have been registered by impersonating plaintiff. The handwriting   expert   Jassy   Anand   (PW10)   had   opined   that   the signatures were a result of copied forgery. With regard to the sale deeds,   it   was   urged   that   the   proof   that   the   sale   deeds   were fabricated is that the consideration of the alleged sales had never been passed on to the  plaintiff.   It was pointed out that the defendants had mortgaged the joint lands several times without plaintiff’s consent as they were in need of money, to highlight the fact that they did not possess the means to purchase the lands for   consideration.   It   was   submitted   that   the   defendants attempted   to   show   that   the   consideration   was   paid   out   of proceeds   received   by   sale   of   their   mother’s   property,   however there was no evidence on record as to existence of any such property. Moreover, the attesting witness of the sale deeds could not identify the plaintiff. Similarly, the subsequent purchasers also   could   not   identify   the   plaintiff.   They   had   also   failed   to showcase   that   attempts   were   made   in   order   to   ascertain   the genuineness  of the  1990  GPA or to contact  the plaintiff. The consideration of her step brothers/defendants was paid in their 18 own names while the share of consideration of plaintiff was paid in the name of defendant No. 1. The defendant No. 4 also tried to pass   off   Charanjit   Singh’s   money   returned   to   him   as   sale consideration received by him on behalf of the plaintiff in respect of sales executed by defendant No. 1. Further, it was submitted that the Special Power of Attorney dated 29.06.1990 could not be challenged as the same was not available in the Sub­Registrar’s office and was not produced by the defendants on record. The 1963 GPA could not be challenged, being a document more than thirty years old. The plaintiff and the defendant Nos. 3 to 6 were on cordial terms and hence they were in a fiduciary relationship with the plaintiff, therefore, the burden of proving that there was no presence of any fraud would lie on the defendants, which they failed to discharge. 22.  We have heard Mr. T.S. Doabia, learned Senior counsel and Mr. Jagjit Singh Chhabra, learned counsel for defendant Nos. 1 and 3 to 6, Mr. Subhashish Bhowmik, learned counsel for the subsequent purchasers and Nirmal Gill, who appeared in person, as the legal representative of the plaintiff. 19 23. The questions that arise for our consideration in the present appeals are: 1. Whether   the   suits   filed   by   the   plaintiff   were   within limitation? 2. Whether   the   1990   GPA   and   sale   deeds   dated 29.06.1990   and   03.07.1990   purported   to   have   been executed by the plaintiff is a result of fraud and forgery or whether   the   same   had   been   executed   by   the   plaintiff herself? 24. Before venturing into the question of limitation, we deem it appropriate to examine the issue of fraud and its knowledge, which will go to the root of the case. I. FRAUD 25. The fraud in the present  lis   is allegedly committed in respect of   the   1990   GPA   executed   on   28.06.1990   and   registered   on 29.06.1990,   and   the   Sale   deeds   executed   and   registered   on 29.06.1990 and on 03.07.1990 respectively. We may examine the findings in respect of these documents separately. Fraud   in   respect   of   the   1990   GPA   and   sale   deed   dated 29.06.1990 20 26. The plaintiff had pleaded that defendant No. 3 had come to Delhi to call her to village for the purpose of mutation of their father’s   estate   and   accordingly,   she   had   visited   the   village whereat the defendants obtained her signatures on blank papers on the pretext of preparing documents for mutation. When she learnt about the existence of the 1990 GPA and the sale deed, she verily believed that the said blank papers had been misused. However, upon production of the original GPA by the defendants during trial, she claimed that the said document is not scribed upon  the   blank   signed   papers   and   was   instead   a   product   of forgery and that the registration was done by impersonation. In order to prove that the 1990 GPA was not executed by 27. her, the plaintiff pointed out the discrepancies with respect to the address and alteration of the date of execution. Further, it was contended that if the reason for execution was that plaintiff is a woman, it defied logic to execute the same in favour of another woman.    Reliance   was   placed   on   the   testimony   of   the   scribe (PW4), wherein he had stated that he would enter the documents in his register in order of execution, whereas the 1990 GPA which was allegedly executed on 28.09.1990 but had been entered in 21 his register after the sale deed of 29.09.1990.  The plaintiff also claimed that the attesting witnesses were not known to her. 28. Per contra, the defendants relying upon the testimony of the scribe (plaintiff’s witness ­ PW4), would urge that he (PW4) had prepared the aforesaid documents as per the instructions of the plaintiff.   The   defendants   got   the   admitted   signatures   of   Teja Singh Lamberdar, one of the attesting witnesses of the aforesaid documents,   compared   by   the   handwriting   expert   (DW7)   and relied upon his opinion. The defendants had further relied upon the testimonies of Kultar Singh (DW2) and Avtar Singh (DW4), who identified the signatures of Teja Singh Lamberdar. 29. The trial Court while dealing with the aforesaid issue had found that the plaintiff was present in the village at the time of execution of the 1990 GPA and the sale deed dated 29.06.1990. Further,   the   stated   documents   scribed   on   the   stamp   papers purchased   in   name   of   the   plaintiff,   bear   her   signatures   and endorsements   made   by   the   Sub­Registrar,   evidencing   its registration. Therefore, it was for the plaintiff to bring on record facts and circumstances under which fraud had been played. It was observed that had the plaintiff signed on blank papers for 22 mutation, she would have enquired regarding the status thereof. The trial Court also noted that the signatures of the attesting witnesses   were   identified   and   proved.   The   trial   Court   then analysed the testimony of the scribe (PW4) that he had prepared the documents upon instructions of the plaintiff and read them over to her, and the plaintiff after admitting correctness of the documents had appended her signatures.  The trial Court went on to observe that the scribe was plaintiff’s own witness and had not been declared hostile.  Further, the plaintiff made no attempt to seek explanation from her witness (PW4) as to the sequence of the entries in his register and also as to the discrepancies in the 1990 GPA, in absence whereof, the testimony of PW4 militated against the plaintiff. The trial Court then noted that the signature of Teja Singh was proved to be genuine by DW2, DW4 and DW7 and thus concluded that the 1990 GPA and the sale deed stood proved. The relevant extracts of the judgment of the trial Court are reproduced below: “48.  Further, in my opinion, if as per the plaintiff, she gave her signatures on blank papers in the year 1990 for   the   purposes   of   sanctioning   of   mutation   of inheritance,   then   whether   she   asked   from   her   step brothers about those proceedings afterwards. Plaintiff is an   educated   lady.   She   knows   the   things   very   well. There is no such thing on the file that after giving her signatures on blank papers as alleged by her, she ever 23 made any effort to ask her step brothers about those mutation proceedings. It does not appeal to reason that plaintiff would remain mum for such long period and would not ask anything about those proceedings from the defendants till as per the contention of the plaintiff, she   came   to   know   about   the   execution   of   power   of attorney in the year 2001 in some family function. xxx xxx xxx 51.  ...   The   original   power   of   attorney   was   put   to Joginder Kaur during her cross­examination but she stated that it does not bear her signatures anywhere and she also replied that she need not see the original for this purpose because her signatures were obtained on blank papers at the instance of some person who said he would made said writing on it. 52.  Here   at   this   juncture   I   would   like   to   make reference of statement of PW4 Balkar Singh because his reference would clinch the matter in controversy. PW­4 Balkar   Singh   is   a   deed   writer   at   Tehsil   Complex Dasuya. This witness in his examination in chief stated that he personally knows Joginder Kaur plaintiff and Rattan Singh. ... 53.  The   cross­examination   of   this   witness   is   also relevant to be discussed. In his cross­examination, he has categorically stated that he scribed the document as   the   instance   of   Joginder   Kaur,   after   scribing   the power of attorney at his seat, he read over it to the parties, and then parties after admitting it to be correct put their signatures in the presence of the attesting witnesses. He categorically stated that Joginder Kaur plaintiff   in   his   presence   put   her   signatures   in English. ... xxx xxx xxx 64.  Further   the   Learned   Counsel   for   the   plaintiff raised   the   point   that   when   the   plaintiff   had   not admitted   the   execution   of   power   of   attorney   dated 28.06.1990   registered   on   29.06.1990,   then   the defendant   was   required   to   examine   the   attesting witnesses of this document and in case of failure of non­examining of any of the attesting witnesses, the adverse   inference   should   be   taken   against   the defendants. Then at this juncture the Learned Defence Counsel raised the point that original attorney dated 28.06.90 was witnessed by Teja Singh Lambardar and Gurcharan Singh son of Gian Singh resident of Village Ludiani. He raised the point that Teja Singh Lambardar 24 had since died. The defendant examined DW.2 Kultar Singh who deposed to this effect that  the sale deed dated 25.01.1984 Ex. DW3/A was executed and Teja Singh Lambardar was one of the attesting witness of the same. Similarly, Kultar Singh DW.2 who was one of the   executants   of   the   sale   deed   Ex.   DW3/A   has identified his signature as well as signatures of Teja Singh Lambardar on the sale deed dated Ex. DW3/A and DW.4 Avatar Singh had identified the signatures of Teja   Singh   Lambardar   on   the   sale   deed   dated 24.12.1981 Ex. DW2/A in Urdu script. DW.5 Gurdial Singh deposed that he purchased the land measuring 15 Kanals 7 Marlas from Teja Singh son of Bhag Singh and that Teja Singh vendor was Lambardar of Village Kalyanpur and he identified his signatures on the sale deed dated 15.06.1983 Ex. D5 and he further raised the   point   that   DW.7   Arvind   Sood   the   Hand   writing Expert of the defendants got compared the signatures of Teja Singh appearing on the power of attorney dated 28.06.1990   with   these   signatures   appearing   on   the above referred documents and in his report Ex. DW7/A stated that the questioned signatures as well as the disputed signatures are of one of the same person...” 30. The first appellate Court concurred with the trial Court’s findings and had held that a bare perusal of the evidence reveals that the 1990 GPA was executed by the plaintiff. Further, the haphazard entries made by the scribe will be of no avail, much less it would not disprove the registered documents. Further, the defendants cannot be burdened with the actions of the scribe, who was the plaintiff’s witness.  31. While reversing the findings of the trial Court and the first appellate Court, the High Court had observed that if the plaintiff could   be   available   for   execution   of   the   sale   deeds,   it   is 25 unfathomable   that   the   plaintiff   would   have   ever   executed   the GPA. It further held that the testimony of PW4 cannot be believed as he was known to defendant No. 4 since his school days. It was observed that the 1990 GPA appears to have been executed by fraud, in the following words: “In   the   present   case,   it   is   relevant   to  note   that   the General Power of Attorney dated 28.06.1990 contains a recital that it is being executed by the plaintiff as she is unable to look after the affairs regarding the land being a   woman.   In   such   a   situation,   it   is   opposed   to   all probabilities and common sense that the General Power of   Attorney   would   have   been   executed   in   favour   of another woman Harcharan Kaur, who is none other but the   wife   of   Rattan   Singh,   the   step   brother   of   the plaintiff.   In   case,   the   power   of   attorney   had   to   be executed, it would have been in favour of the brother himself. It is not difficult to appreciate that the plaintiff ­ Joginder Kaur being the child of Harbans Singh from his first marriage would have looked to her four step brothers being her parental family. It is natural that she would always look to them to keep alive that link to her father through her step brothers, especially as she was treated with love and affection, obviously showered upon   her   by   them   for   considerations,   which   are apparent   from   the   record.   This   is   particularly understandable keeping in view the societal norms and values especially prevalent at that time. The defendants have   admitted   that   the   plaintiff   maintained   contact with her step brothers and would often visit and stay with them. The fraudulent intention and dishonest plan of the said defendants is apparent and can easily be inferred from the evidence on record. At  this  stage,   it   is  necessary   to  make   a  mention  of another   General   Power   of   Attorney   08.10.1963, purportedly executed by the plaintiff in favour of her brother Gurdial Singh. In case, such power of attorney by   the   plaintiff   alongwith   others,   already   stood executed,   there   was   no   requirement   whatsoever   for having executed another power of attorney in the year 1990. Address of plaintiff ­ Joginder Kaur was wrongly 26 mentioned   in   the   power   of   attorney   as   775,   Vikas Kunj/Vikas Puri, Delhi whereas there is no palpable reason for having mentioned an incorrect address in the power of attorney. There is merit in the argument that a fictitious address was deliberately inserted so that a third person may not be able to even contact the plaintiff. Furthermore, reliance by the learned courts below on the   testimony   of   Balkar   Singh   PW   4,   to   accept   the veracity of the General Power of Attorney and two of the sale deeds is clearly misplaced. This is so for the reason that it is a matter of record that PW 4 Balkar Singh was well known to the defendant Rattan Singh. PW 4 has testified   that   he   knew   Rattan   Singh   since   school. Sequence of the entries in the register of PW 4, do raise a suspicion regarding the execution of the documents in question. PW 4 has testified that whenever he scribes a document, he carries out the necessary entry in his register and the documents are entered in the order in which he scribes them. It is a matter of record that the entry regarding sale deed dated 29.06.1990 is scribed at serial No. 388 i.e. prior to the entry at No. 390 in respect  to the General  Power  of  Attorney   claimed to have   been   scribed   on   28.06.1990.   There   is   another special power of attorney purported to be executed by the plaintiff in favour of Harcharan Kaur wife of Rattan Singh.   There   is   a   cutting   in   date   on   the   power   of attorney insofar as the date '28' is concerned. ... The said   witness   was   not   declared   hostile   as   per   the appellant due to reasons best known to their counsel. ... In case, the plaintiff could be available for execution of the said sale deeds, it does not stand to reason, as to why she would have ever executed the General Power of Attorney in favour of Harcharan Kaur. Vide the said sale deeds, land in question was transferred to her step brothers Gurdial Singh and Rattan Singh. ..... …     The   attesting   witnesses   of   the   sale   deed   dated 29.06.1990 were not examined. It bears reiteration that the above said facts have been discussed only to bring out the fraud perpetuated on the plaintiff ­ Joginder Kaur. …” 27 32. To appreciate the findings arrived at by the Courts below, we must first see on whom the onus of proof lies. The record reveals   that   the   disputed   documents   are   registered.   We   are, therefore, guided by the settled legal principle that a document is presumed to be genuine if the same is registered, as held by this 8 Court in  Prem Singh and Ors. v. Birbal and Ors. .   The relevant portion of the said decision reads as below: “27.  There   is   a   presumption   that   a   registered document is validly executed. A registered document, therefore,  prima facie  would be valid in law. The onus of proof, thus, would be on a person who leads evidence to rebut the presumption. In the instant case, Respondent 1 has not been able to rebut the said presumption.” (emphasis supplied) In view thereof, in the present cases, the initial onus was on the plaintiff, who had challenged the stated registered document.  Be that as it may, before examining whether the plaintiff 33. discharged that onus and thus shifted it on the defendants, we may take note of procedure prescribed for proof of execution of document. In this regard, we refer to Section 68 of the Indian 9 Evidence Act, 1872 .  The same is reproduced hereunder: “68.­ Proof   of   execution   of   document   required   by . ­  If a document is required by law law to be attested to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until one 8 (2006) 5 SCC 353 9 For short, “the 1872 Act” 28 attesting   witness   at   least   has   been   called   for   the purpose of proving its execution, if there be an attesting witness alive, and subject to the process of the Court and capable of giving evidence: Provided that it shall not be necessary to call an attesting witness in proof of the execution of any document ,   not   being   a   will,   which   has   been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), unless its execution by the person by whom it purports to have been executed is specifically denied. ” (emphasis supplied) 34. As the execution of the 1990 GPA and the sale deeds in the present cases is denied by the plaintiff, it became necessary for the plaintiff to examine the attesting witnesses of the disputed documents to establish her allegation about its non­execution. For, the documents had been registered on 29.06.1990 and came to be attested by Teja Singh Lamberdar and Gurcharan Singh. However,   both   the   attesting   witnesses   were   not   examined. Indeed, Teja Singh had since died but there is nothing on record regarding availability of Gurcharan Singh. Thus, we must now advert to Section 69 of the 1872 Act which provides for proof when no attesting witness is found. The same is extracted below: “69.­ .­ If no Proof where no attesting witness found such attesting witness can be found, or if the document purports to have been executed in the United Kingdom, it must be proved that the attestation of one attesting witness  at  least  is  in  his  handwriting,  and that   the signature of the person executing the document is in the hand writing of that person.” 29 35. The   fact   that   the   subject   documents   were   executed   by plaintiff and attested by Teja Singh has been established from record in the shape of evidence of PW4 as well as defendant No. 4. The signatures of Teja Singh were identified by DW2, who deposed that he was conversant with Urdu language and could identify the signature of Teja Singh, which was in Urdu language. Further, DW4 deposed that he used to pay land revenue to Teja Singh and received receipts from him. Moreover, the handwriting expert (DW7) had also compared the admitted signatures of Teja Singh with those on the disputed documents and opined that it was signed by him, while the expert produced by the plaintiff as PW10 had not examined the admitted signatures of Teja Singh. Therefore, the signatures of Teja Singh stood proved as per the opinion  of  expert (DW7) and   stood  corroborated  by  DW2  and DW4, independent witnesses. 36. We may now usefully advert to Section 71 of the said Act, which reads: “71.­ Proof   when   attesting   witness   denies   the execution .­ If the attesting witness denies or does not recollect the execution of the document, its execution may be proved by other evidence.” 30 37. Here, the evidence of plaintiff’s witness­PW4 comes to aid of the defendants as the same unveils that the stated documents were prepared on the basis of instructions of the plaintiff and had been   duly   executed   by   her   in   the   presence   of   the   attesting witnesses. At this stage, it may be noted that the trial Court and the 38. first appellate Court had relied upon the evidence of PW4. The High   Court,   however,   proceeded   on   surmises   and   conjectures and took a view which is perverse and tenuous.   In that, the ground on which the High Court rejected the evidence of PW4 is that he was known to the defendant No. 4 since his school days. We   do   not   find   it   to   be   a   correct   approach   to   disregard   the credible testimony of the witness examined by the plaintiff herself (without declaring him as a hostile witness) and especially when it had come on record that the said scribe is a regular deed writer at   the   Tehsil   complex,   Dasuya.     Notably,   PW4   had   not   been declared hostile at the instance of the plaintiff and as such, this part of his testimony would be staring at the plaintiff.  The plaintiff had then contended that the burden of proving 39. that there is no involvement of fraud would be on the defendants 31 as they enjoyed active confidence of the plaintiff. To establish the presence   of   active   confidence,   the   plaintiff   relied   upon   the testimony   of   DW2   and   DW4   whilst   pointing   out   that   the defendants   were   cultivating   the   joint   lands.   The   plaintiff   also contended that the same was with her permission. The fact that she was on visiting terms with the defendants also shows the existence of trust and hunky­dory between the parties.  The trial Court had justly placed the initial burden of proof 40. upon the plaintiff as it was her case that the subject documents were   forged   or   product   of   fraud   and   moreso   because   the documents bore her signature. The first appellate Court did not elaborate on that aspect. Even assuming that the burden had shifted upon the defendants, the witness identifying signatures of the   dead   attesting   witness   was   examined   by   the   defendants. Therefore, the documents stood proved and the burden was duly discharged by the defendants. 41. The   High   Court,   however,   went   on   to   observe   that defendants had abused their position of active confidence, in the following words:  “….. 32 The   entire   exercise   indeed   smacks   of   connivance, misrepresentation   and   fraud.   This   Court   would   be failing   in   its   duty,   if   the   necessary   inference   is   not drawn from the evidence on record. Present is a clear­ cut case of an unsuspecting sister being defrauded by her own step brothers/bhabi in whom she had reposed implicit trust. It is a clear case of misuse and abuse of the position of confidence held by the step brothers of the plaintiff. …” The requirement regarding shifting of burden onto the defendants had   been   succinctly   discussed   in   Anil   Rishi   v.   Gurbaksh 10 , wherein this Court had held that for shifting the burden Singh   of proof, it would require more than merely pleading that the relationship   is   a   fiduciary   one   and   it   must   be   proved   by producing   tangible   evidence.   The   relevant   extract   of   the   said decision is reproduced as thus: “8.  The   initial   burden   of   proof   would   be   on   the plaintiff in view  of Section 101 of the Evidence Act, which reads as under: “101.  Burden of proof. —Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or   liability   dependent   on   the   existence   of facts   which   he   asserts,   must   prove   that those facts exist. When   a   person   is   bound   to   prove   the existence   of   any   fact,   it   is   said   that   the burden of proof lies on that person.” 9. In   terms   of   the   said   provision,   the   burden   of proving the fact rests on the party who substantially asserts the affirmative issues and not the party who denies it. The said rule may not be universal in its application and there may be an exception thereto. The learned trial court and the High Court proceeded on the basis that the defendant was in a dominating position 10 (2006) 5 SCC 558 33 and there had been a fiduciary relationship between the parties. The appellant in his written statement denied and disputed the said averments made in the plaint. 10.  Pleading is not evidence, far less proof. Issues are raised on the basis of the pleadings. The defendant­ appellant   having   not   admitted   or   acknowledged   the fiduciary relationship between the parties, indisputably, the relationship between the parties itself would be an issue. The suit will fail if both the parties do not adduce any evidence, in view of Section 102 of the Evidence Act. Thus, ordinarily, the burden of proof would be on the party who asserts the affirmative of the issue and it rests,   after   evidence   is   gone   into,   upon   the   party against   whom,   at   the   time   the   question   arises, judgment would be given, if no further evidence were to be adduced by either side. 11.  The fact that the defendant was in a dominant position must, thus, be proved by the plaintiff at the first instance.        xxx xxx xxx 14.  But   before   such   a   finding   is   arrived   at,   the averments   as   regards   alleged   fiduciary   relationship must   be   established   before   a   presumption   of   undue influence   against   a   person   in   position   of   active confidence is drawn. The factum of active confidence should also be established. 15.  Section 111 of the Evidence Act will apply when the bona fides of a transaction is in question but not when the real nature thereof is in question. The words “active   confidence”   indicate   that   the   relationship between the parties must be such that one is bound to protect the interests of the other. 16.  Thus, point for determination of binding interests or which are the cases which come within the rule of active confidence would vary from case to case. If the plaintiff   fails   to   prove   the   existence   of   the   fiduciary relationship or the position of active confidence held by the defendant­appellant, the burden would lie on him as he had alleged fraud. The trial court and the High Court, therefore, in our opinion, cannot be said to be correct in holding that without anything further, the burden of proof would be on the defendant.” (emphasis supplied) 34 42. Let us now examine if the above requirement is satisfied in the   fact   situation   of   the   present   case   and   if   the   defendants enjoyed   active   confidence   of   the   plaintiff.   It   is   an   admitted position   that   the   plaintiff   and   defendants   always   had   cordial relationship and the plaintiff was on visiting terms. Further, the fact that the defendant Nos. 3 and 4 were cultivating the joint lands is also not disputed. The defendant Nos. 3 and 4 were cultivating the lands along with their father Harbans Singh and continued to do so even after his death. The principle underlying the reported decision must come to the aid of defendants as the plaintiff had failed to prove the fact of misuse of trust by the defendants as such.  43. Further, the plaintiff attempted to project the 1990 GPA as a doubtful document stating that the same had discrepancies with respect to the address and the alteration of the date of execution. In absence of the attesting witness and in view of the evidence of PW4 scribe, it was for the plaintiff to get PW4 declared hostile and cross examine him in order to prove that he had deposed falsely, which the plaintiff had failed to do. 35 44. Emphasis was laid on the entries made in the PW4 scribe’s register showing the 1990 GPA to have been executed prior to the sale deed and it was submitted that there is no logic in first giving   GPA   and   then   executing   sale   deed   if   the   plaintiff   was available to execute the aforesaid documents. However, the same is of no avail to the plaintiff as the 1990 GPA was in respect of all her land holdings, whereas the sale was made only in respect of land situate at Kalyanpur village.  45. The other reason weighed with the High Court that 1990 GPA was allegedly executed by the plaintiff as she being a woman is   also   of   no   consequence   as   the   words   ‘being   a   lady’   were preceded by ‘I am old and weak’.  Thus, the primary reason for executing the 1990 GPA was that the plaintiff was not residing in Punjab at the relevant point of time and that she was old and weak,   and   thus   unable   to   look   after   her   property   situate   at Punjab.   The   stress   laid   upon   the   fact   that   a   woman   was appointed in her place is, therefore, a matter of surmises and conjectures. Suffice it to observe that the contention that the registration 46. of the 1990 GPA as well as the sale deeds, had been effected by 36 impersonating the plaintiff has not been proved.  No credible and tangible evidence has been led in that regard. It is merely a bald plea set up by the plaintiff. 47. The plaintiff’s denial of being acquainted with the attesting witnesses,   is,   also   a   ruse   and   not   genuine.   For,   one   of   the attesting witnesses Teja Singh was a lamberdar of the village. A lamberdar’s job is to collect revenue in respect of the lands and issue   receipts   and   as   a   practice,   the   lamberdar   is   called   for attesting documents. Thus, when the plaintiff admittedly used to visit village frequently, her denial in knowing Teja Singh is far­ fetched. This is what two Courts had opined and being a possible view, no interference by the High Court was warranted in that regard. That is beyond the scope of second appeal, as held by this Court in   Satya Gupta (Smt.) alias Madhu Gupta v. Brijesh 11 . The relevant paragraph of the said decision is extracted Kumar hereunder:  “16. At the outset, we would like to point out that the findings on facts by the lower appellate court as a final court of facts, are based on appreciation of evidence and the same cannot be treated as perverse or based on no evidence. That being the position, we are of the view that the High Court, after reappreciating the evidence and without finding that the conclusions reached by the   lower   appellate   court   were   not   based   on   the 11 (1998) 6 SCC 423 37 evidence,   reversed   the   conclusions   on   facts   on   the ground that the view taken by it was also a possible view on the facts. The High Court, it is well settled, while exercising  jurisdiction under Section 100 CPC, cannot reverse the findings of the lower appellate court on facts merely on the ground that on the facts found by the lower appellate court another view was possible.” Fraud in respect of sale deed dated 03.07.1990 48. Even with regard to the sale deed dated 03.07.1990, the plaintiff had asserted that the same was not executed by her. It was then contended that the sale consideration had not been passed on to her which makes it evident that the sale deed was never executed by her. The plaintiff relied upon the testimony of defendant   No.   4,   wherein   he   had   stated   that   the   defendants needed money and had taken loans on the joint lands, to prove that   the   defendants   did   not   possess   means   to   pay   the   sale consideration. Further, it was contended that the testimony of attesting witness, Anoop Singh (DW3) cannot be considered as he failed to identify the plaintiff. In   contrast,   the   defendants   had   claimed   that   the   sale 49. consideration   had   been   duly   paid   out   of   the   sale   proceeds received by selling another land belonging to their mother. The 38 defendants placed reliance on the testimonies of the scribe (PW4) and DW3. 50. The trial Court analysed the testimony of DW3 and noted that   he   had   clearly   stated   the   plaintiff   was   known   to   him personally. He had deposed that sale deed was executed by the plaintiff in  his  presence  and  the  same  was  for  a sum of  Rs. 86,000/­. It was further held that though the witness failed to identify the photographs of the plaintiff, adverse inference cannot be drawn as the sale deed was executed in the year 1990 whereas the evidence was given in the year 2007. 51. The first appellate Court also agreed with the view taken by the trial Court whilst observing that the plaintiff would not have executed   the   sale   deed   had   she   not   received   the   sale consideration.  52. The High Court yet again deviated from the approach of the trial Court and the first appellate Court and held that testimony of DW3 was of no avail to the defendants to prove the said sale deed. Because, he had no clue regarding passing of consideration to the plaintiff.  Further, the defendants had failed to prove the fact of handing over consideration amount to the plaintiff. Also, 39 defendant   No.   4   and   DW3   denied   each  other’s   presence.   The relevant portion of the High Court’s judgment reads as under:  “......  …  Testimony of DW 3 Anoop Singh, who is one of the attesting witnesses of the sale deed dated 03.07.1990, is   extremely   telling   of   the   facts   of   the   case.   DW   3 though stated that the sale deed in question was read over   to   Joginder   Kaur   in   his   presence   and   in   the presence of other witness Teja Singh, Lambardar, could not even identify the plaintiff. Therefore, it is apparent that his testimony is not useful to the defendants for proving sale deed dated 03.07.1990. He did not have a clue regarding the passing of consideration in this case. DW 6 Rattan Singh has asserted that Gurcharan Singh of Ludhiana was present. DW 3 and DW 6 have denied each others presence at the time of execution of the sale deed. …” 53. Before analysing the evidence of DW3, it may be noted that since   the   sale   deed   requires   attestation   by   two   witnesses,   as discussed above, the same has to be proved as per procedure laid down under Section 68 of the 1872 Act.  54. The   sale   deed   of   03.07.1990   had   been   attested   by   Teja Singh Lamberdar and Anoop Singh (DW3). The attesting witness (DW3) was examined and he had deposed that the said sale deed was   executed   by   the   plaintiff   in   his   presence,   as   well   as   in presence   of   Teja   Singh   and   defendant   No.   3.   He   had   denied presence   of   any   other   person.   He   stated   that   the   sale 40 consideration was paid at home directly and not in his presence. Indeed, he had failed to identify plaintiff in photographs. 55. We may here refer to a decision of this Court in  Damodar v. 12 State   of   Rajasthan ,   wherein   it   has   been   held   that   a hypersensitive approach ought not be taken in cases where there has been a delay in recording evidence. The relevant portion of the decision is extracted below: “7. In   order   to   consider   the   correctness   of conclusions arrived at by the two courts below, it has to be seen whether evidence of PW 15 has been rightly accepted to be truthful and reliable. So far as PW 15 is concerned,   it   has   to   be   noted   that   at   the   time   of occurrence he was about 13 years of age and was a student.  The incident is of October 1990. PW 15 was examined   in   August   1997   i.e.   nearly   after   seven years. It cannot be lost sight of that long passage of time   sometimes   erases   the   memory   and   minute details are lost sight of. In this background, it has been stated that if a case is proved perfectly it is argued that it is artificial. If a case has some flaws inevitably because human beings are prone to err, it is argued that it is too imperfect. While, therefore, assessing the evidence one has to keep realities in view and not adopt a hypersensitive approach.  The so­called   discrepancies   pointed   out   by   the   learned counsel for the appellants like the vehicle from which the witness saw the approaching bus or with which part of the offending vehicle the cycle was hit are too trifle   to   affect   the   credibility   of   PW   15's   evidence. Filtering out these minor discrepancies, cream of the evidence   remains   on   which   the   credibility   of   the evidence lies. That being so, the conclusions arrived at by the two courts below on evaluation of evidence do not need any interference.” (emphasis supplied) 12 (2004) 12 SCC 336 41 In the present cases, the disputed documents were executed in the year 1990 and the evidence of DW3 was recorded in the year 2007, after a passage of 17 long years. Thus, as discussed in the preceding paragraphs, the High Court erroneously doubted the evidence   of   DW3   merely   because   he   could   not   identify photographs of plaintiff and because the defendant No. 4 and DW3   did   not   mention   each   other’s   presence   at   the   time   of execution. 56. Be that as it may, with reference to the said sale deed, the defendant   No.   4   deposed   that   he   was   present   at   the   time   of execution of the sale deed on 03.07.1990 which was executed by the plaintiff in favour of defendants No. 3 and himself. He stated that Teja Singh and Gurcharan Singh were also present.  57. To examine the correctness of opinion of the High Court in disregarding the testimony of DW3 (on the ground that he could not identify the plaintiff and that the defendant No. 4 and DW3 denied each other’s presence), we may refer to the definition of ‘attested’ under Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 which is reproduced below: “3.­  Interpretation Clause.­   In this Act, unless there is something repugnant in the subject or context,­ 42 … "attested", in relation to an   instrument, means and shall be deemed always to have meant attested by two or more witnesses each of whom has seen the executant sign or affix his mark to the instrument , or has seen some other person sign the instrument in the presence and by the direction of the executant, or has   received   from   the   executant   a   personal acknowledgement of his signature or mark, or of the signature of such other person,  and each of whom has signed   the   instrument   in   the   presence   of   the executant ; but it shall not be necessary that more than one of such witnesses shall have been present at the same time, and no particular form of attestation shall be necessary.” (emphasis supplied) 58. The  disputed  sale  deed  dated  03.07.1990  was  signed  by plaintiff as vendor and defendant No. 3 as vendee and in the presence   of  DW3   and   the  other  attesting   witness  Teja Singh. DW3   as   an   attesting   witness   had   seen   both   plaintiff   and defendant No. 3 signing the deed and he then attested the sale deed.  The High Court also failed to note that the other attesting witness being dead and his signature having been identified by DW2   and   DW4,   and   with   the   testimony   of   PW4   scribe,   the evidence of the DW3 witness stood corroborated and therefore, the same could not be disregarded.  43 59. In  Jagdish Chand Sharma v. Narain Singh Saini (dead) 13 this   Court   held   as through   legal   representatives   &   Ors. ,   under: “57.1.   Viewed in premise, Section 71 of the 1872 Act   has   to   be   necessarily   accorded   a   strict interpretation.   The   two   contingencies   permitting the play of this provision, namely, denial or failure to recollect the execution by the attesting witness produced,   thus   a   fortiori   has   to   be   extended   a meaning to ensure that the limited liberty granted by   Section   71   of   the   1872   Act   does   not   in   any manner   efface   or   emasculate   the   essence   and efficacy of Section 63 of the Act and Section 68 of the 1872 Act.   The distinction between failure on the part of an attesting witness to prove the execution and attestation of a will and his or her denial of the said event   or   failure   to   recollect   the   same,   has   to   be essentially   maintained.   Any   unwarranted   indulgence, permitting   extra   liberal   flexibility   to   these   two stipulations, would render the predication of Section 63 of the Act and Section 68 of the 1872 Act, otiose.  The propounder   can   be   initiated   to   the   benefit   of Section 71 of the 1872 Act only if the  attesting witness/witnesses,   who   is/are   alive   and   is/are produced and in clear terms either denies/deny the execution of the document or cannot recollect the said   incident.   Not   only,   this   witness/witnesses has/have   to   be   credible   and   impartial,   the   evidence adduced ought to demonstrate unhesitant denial of the execution   of   the   document   or   authenticate   real forgetfulness of such fact. If the testimony evinces a casual account of the execution and attestation of the document   disregardful   of   truth,   and   thereby   fails   to prove these two essentials as per law, the propounder cannot be permitted to adduce other evidence under cover of Section 71 of the 1872 Act. Such a sanction would   not   only   be   incompatible   with   the   scheme   of Section 63 of the Act read with Section 68 of the 1872 Act but also would be extinctive of the paramountcy and   sacrosanctity   thereof,   a   consequence,   not 13 (2015) 8 SCC 615 44 legislatively intended.  If the evidence of the witnesses produced by the propounder is inherently worthless and lacking in credibility, Section 71 of the 1872 Act cannot be invoked to bail him (the propounder) out of the situation to facilitate a roving pursuit.  In absence of any touch of truthfulness and genuineness in the overall approach, this provision, which is not a substitute of Section 63( c ) of the Act and Section 68 of the 1872 Act, cannot be invoked to supplement such failed speculative endeavour.” (emphasis supplied) 60. It is noteworthy that defendant No. 4 had not signed the sale deed despite being a vendee. In  Aloka Bose v. Parmatma 14 , it has been held that signature of the vendee is Devi and Ors. not mandatory in a sale deed. The relevant portion of the said decision is extracted hereunder: “18. In any agreement of sale, the terms are always negotiated and thereafter   reduced in the form  of  an agreement of sale and signed by both parties or the vendor   alone   (unless   it   is   by   a   series   of   offers   and counter­offers by letters or other modes of recognised communication). In India, an agreement of sale signed by the vendor alone and delivered to the purchaser, and accepted by the purchaser, has always been considered to be a valid contract. In the event of breach by the vendor, it can be specifically enforced by the purchaser. There   is,   however,   no   practice   of   purchaser   alone signing an agreement of sale. 19. The defendant next contended that the agreement of sale in this case (Ext. 2) was clearly in a form which required signatures of both the vendor and purchaser. It   is   pointed   out   that   the   agreement   begins   as: “Agreement   for   sale   between   Kanika   Bose   and Parmatma   Devi”   and   not   an   “Agreement   of   sale executed by Kanika Bose in favour of Parmatma Devi”. Our attention is also drawn to the testimonium clause (the provision at the end of the instrument stating when 14 (2009) 2 SCC 582 45 and by whom it was signed) of the agreement, which reads thus: “In   witnesses   whereof,   the   parties   hereto have   hereunto   set   and   subscribed   their respective   hands   and   seals   on   these presents.” It is therefore contended that the agreement specifically contemplated execution by both parties; and as it was not so executed, it was incomplete and unenforceable.
20.We have carefully examined the agreement (Ext.
2), a photocopy of which is produced. The testimonium
portion in the agreement is in an archaic form which
has lost its meaning. Parties no longer “subscribe their
respective hands and seals”. It is true that the format
obviously contemplates signature by both parties. But
it is clear that the intention of the parties was that it
should be complete on signature by only the vendor.
This is evident from the fact that the document is
signed by the vendor and duly witnessed by four
witnesses and was delivered to the purchaser. Apart
from a separate endorsement made on the date of the
agreement itself (7­9­1979) by the vendor
acknowledging the receipt of Rs 2001 as advance, it
also contains a second endorsement (which is also duly
witnessed) made on 10­10­1979 by the vendor,
acknowledging the receipt of a further sum of Rs 2000
and confirming that the total earnest money received
was Rs 4001. This shows that the purchaser accepted
and acted in terms of the agreement which was signed,
witnessed and delivered to her as a complete
instrument and that she then obtained an endorsement
thereon by the vendor, in regard to second payment. If
the agreement was not complete, the vendor would not
have received a further amount and endorsed an
acknowledgment thereon on 10­10­1979.
21.Apart from the above, the evidence of the
witnesses also shows that there was a concluded
contract. Therefore, even though the draftsman who
prepared the agreement might have used a format
intended for execution by both vendor and
purchaser, the manner in which the parties had
proceeded, clearly demonstrated that it was
intended to be executed only by the vendor alone.
22.Thus we hold that the agreement of sale (Ext. 2)
signed only by the vendor was valid and enforceable
by the purchaser.”
(emphasis supplied) 61. Since the defendant No. 4 has not signed the sale deed as a vendee, his evidence cannot be discarded. In any case, the weight of   evidence   of   DW3   remains   unassailable.   Therefore,   the testimony of DW3 satisfies the requirements of the conditions required for a valid attestation. 62. The plaintiff also asserted that she had not received the consideration in relation to the stated transactions and that the defendants had no means to pay the consideration. It has come on record  that  the  defendants  had  mortgaged  the  joint  lands several   times   as   they   were   in   need   of   money.   Further,   the defendant No. 4 after admitting to have mortgaged the land had said   that   he   used   that   money   to   install   tubewells   and   buy tractors. The said fact does not conclusively prove that they did not   possess   funds   as   the   said   loans   were   obtained   to   make investments on the joint lands and not on the personal property of   the   defendant   No.   4.     Further,   the   defendant   No.   4   had deposed   that   the   sale   consideration   was   paid   from   the   sale proceeds received by selling the land of their mother in the village 47 Ashrafpur.  Since the attesting witness had proved the execution of the sale deeds, the primary onus upon the plaintiff had not shifted unto the defendants.  Further, the plaintiff was obliged to rebut the positive evidence produced by the defendants regarding payment of consideration amount to the plaintiff; but also ought to   have   independently   proved   her   case   of   non­receipt   of   the consideration amount.  A priori, we hold that t he  diverse grounds urged by the 63. plaintiff in disputing the 1990 GPA and the sale deeds dated 29.06.1990   and   03.07.1990   are,   as   observed   hitherto, unsubstantiated and untenable.  Expert Opinion 64. The plaintiff got her admitted signatures compared with the signatures on the disputed documents by a handwriting expert, Jassy Anand (PW10)  who had  come  to  a conclusion  that the disputed   signatures   were   a   result   of   copied   forgery.   On   the contrary,   the   defendants   had   also   got   the   same   document examined   by   their   expert,   Arvind   Sood   (DW7),   who   had determined   the   disputed   signatures   to   have   been   signed   by plaintiff herself. 48 65. The   trial   Court   and   the   first   appellate   Court   had   not considered the contrary opinions of the experts and chose to form their opinion based on other evidence that has come on record. In our opinion, the expert evidence produced by the plaintiff in reference to the signature of the plaintiff is of no avail, in view of divergent opinions. The ground that the documents were a result of copied forgery cannot be substantiated only on the basis of the opinion of expert (PW10). Even otherwise, the expert opinions are not a binding piece of evidence and have to be corroborated with other pieces of evidence. Suffice it to say that the plaintiff failed to prove that her signatures on the subject documents are forged. 1963 GPA not challenged 66. Further, the 1963 GPA is claimed to have been discovered during   the   enquiries   made   by   the   plaintiff   subsequent   to attaining knowledge of the fraud. However, the said GPA was never   challenged   by   the   plaintiff.   The   reason   cited   for   not challenging the said GPA is that the document being a 30­year old document could not be challenged.  49 67. The trial Court had observed that the plaintiff in her cross examination, gave evasive replies when confronted with the 1963 GPA, which bears her signature. She had also admitted that she was   taken   to   Tehsil   office   in   1963   after   her   father’s   death. Therefore,   it   could   be   safely   accepted   that   the   plaintiff   had executed the 1963 GPA and further she had knowledge of the sanction of mutation in pursuance of that GPA.  Paragraph 45 of the judgment of the trial Court is extracted below: “45. Further, another fact which reveals that plaintiff was   having   knowledge   regarding   sanctioning   of mutation of inheritance, is that, prior to sanctioning of mutation   of   inheritance   of   deceased   Harbans   Singh, she   executed   power   of   attorney   along   with   other defendants   dated   08.10.1963   Ex.   D19   in   favour   of Gurdial Singh regarding the management of land and she admitted this thing in her cross­examination that after the death of Harbans Singh, she was taken to Tehsil Office and when she was shown that power of attorney which bears her signatures on different points, she gave evasive reply." 68. The first appellate Court and the High Court had not made any observation in that regard. Since the 1963 GPA is a document which is more than 30 69. years old, we may advert to Section 90 of the 1872 Act, which provides   for   the   presumption   in   favour   of   a   30­year   old document. The same is extracted below: 50 “90.­ Presumption   as   to   documents   thirty   years .­  Where any document, purporting or proved to be old thirty years old, is produced from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court  may presume  that the signature and every other part of such document, which purports to be in the handwriting of any particular person, is in that persons handwriting, and, in the case of a document executed or attested, that it was duly executed and attested by the persons by whom it purports to be executed and attested. Explanation. ­­   Documents   are   said   to   be   in   proper custody if they are in the place in which, and under the care of the person with whom, they would naturally be; but no custody is improper if it is proved to have had a legitimate   origin,   or   if   the   circumstances   of   the particular case are such as to render such an origin probable. This explanation applies also to section 81.” (emphasis supplied) 70. The aforesaid provision employs the words ‘may presume’. Thus, we may now refer to Section 4 of the 1872 Act in order to see the mode of dealing with the said presumption. The same is extracted hereunder: “4.­  May Presume” .­ Whenever it is provided by this Act that the Court may presume a fact, it may either regard   such   fact   as   proved,   unless   and   until   it   is disproved, or may call for proof of it.” The presumption in favour of a 30­year old document is, 71. therefore,   a   rebuttable   presumption.     Nothing   prevented   the plaintiff   to   rebut   the   presumption   by   leading   appropriate evidence in order to disprove the same. Since the plaintiff failed 51 to do so, the said document would be binding on the plaintiff. As a matter of fact, the parties had acted upon the terms of the said document without any demur since 1963 and it was, therefore, not open to resile therefrom at this distance of time. Hence, the trial Court was right in holding the 1963 GPA, to be a genuine document. II. LIMITATION 72. The   plaintiff   asserted   that   she   had   attended   a   family function in February, 2001 and in the said function, while she was interacting with one Rustam Singh, he disclosed that the defendants have sold a portion of the joint lands. Subsequently, she made enquiries in that regard.  As such, she had inspected the jamabandis of the joint lands and thereupon got knowledge about   the   existence   of   the   disputed   documents.   Immediately upon discovery of the said documents, she filed the suits. The suits   are   filed   within   3   years   from   the   date   of   acquiring knowledge and are thus within limitation.  73. To support her case, the plaintiff relied upon the testimonies of DW3 and defendant No. 4, wherein it had come on record that 52 the plaintiff, Nirmal Gill (respondent No. 1) and Rustam Singh were   present   in   the   aforesaid   function.   Nirmal   Gill   in   her testimony as PW8 had deposed that there was a family gathering in December, 2000 whereat the plaintiff enquired from defendant Nos. 5 and 6 about the status of mutation, who informed that the mutation could not be effected until the encroachments on the lands   at   Jalandhar   and   Premgarh   are   cleared.   Thereafter,   in February   2001,   there   was   another   family   gathering   wherein Rustam Singh had passed on the said information to the plaintiff in her presence. 74. The trial Court, while examining the issue of limitation, had opined   that   when   the   documents   were   proved   to   have   been executed   by   the   plaintiff   in   1990,   it   ought   to   have   been challenged within 3 years of its execution. It was further observed that  when  a  specific   plea  is   taken  that   the   plaintiff   acquired knowledge about fraud recently in a family function, she was obliged to examine such person who disclosed the information and the plaintiff failed to do so. Notably, the date of the family function   had   been   wrongly   mentioned   by   the   trial   Court   as December,   2001.     Paragraphs   94   and   98   of   the   trial   Court’s judgment are reproduced below: 53 “94.  I   find   merits   in   these   arguments   advanced   by Learned Defence Counsel because when the plaintiff is taking a specific plea that in some family function in December,  2001  which  she  as  well  as  her   daughter attended, this thing came to their knowledge that the power of attorney has been forged and on the basis of that Harcharan Kaur had executed the sale deeds of the share of plaintiff, then in those circumstances the plaintiff   was   required   to   examine   that   person   who disclosed   that   information   to   the   plaintiff.   But   the plaintiff has not examined any that person. xxx xxx xxx 98.  In my opinion, when the plaintiff is specifically stating to have received the information in some family function, then she was required to examine that person from whom she received the information. But no such evidence   is   coming   forward.   Moreover,   when   the Court has come to the conclusion that the disputed documents   were   executed   by   Harcharan   Kaur (Joginder   Kaur   [sic])   on   dated   29.06.1990, 28.06.1990,   03.07.1990,   then   in   those circumstances,   if   any   fraud   etc.   has   been   played upon by the plaintiff, the plaintiff was required to file the suit within the period of three years.   So apparently the suit filed by the plaintiff is barred by limitation. Therefore, the said issues stand decided in favour of the defendants and against the plaintiff.” (emphasis supplied) 75. The   first   appellate   Court   in   its   judgment   confirmed   the findings   of   the   trial   Court   that   the   suits   were   barred   by limitation.   While   doing   so,   the   first   appellate   Court   had   also proceeded on the wrong premise that the family function was held in December, 2001.  Finally, the first appellate Court held that since the 1990 GPA had been proved to have been executed by plaintiff, the question of acquiring knowledge in the family function loses significance. 54 76. In contrast, the High Court had noted that the factum of the family function and plaintiff’s presence thereat was admitted by defendant No. 4. The High Court then went on to reverse the findings of the trial Court and the first appellate Court whilst opining the testimony of Rustam Singh cements the case of the plaintiff and it was apparent that the plaintiff had no reason to suspect her brothers at an earlier point of time and she was not even aware of the acts of the defendants. The said facts came to light  only   after   the   plaintiff   conducted   inquiries.   The   relevant portion of the High Court’s judgment is set out hereunder: “..... … Learned courts below have further erred in holding that the suits are barred by limitation. The plaintiff's case is that she came to know about the fraud being perpetuated by her own step brothers and sister­in­law after   she   settled   in   Punjab,   subsequent   to   the retirement of her husband and consequent increased frequency of her interaction with her relatives. Marriage of her paternal uncle's son (Taya's son) is admitted by DW   6   Rattan   Singh.   It   is   further   admitted   that   the plaintiff was present at the said wedding.  Testimony of Rustam Singh cements the case of the plaintiff . ...” (emphasis supplied) 77. Before analysing the correctness of the decisions arrived at, let   us   see   the   settled   legal   position   as   to   effect   of   fraud   on limitation   as   prescribed   in   Section   17   of   the   Limitation   Act, 15 1963 . The said provision reads as under: 15 for short, “the 1963 Act” 55 “17.–  Effect of fraud or mistake .­ (1) Where, in the case of any suit or application for which a period of limitation is prescribed by this Act,— (a) the   suit   or   application   is   based upon   the   fraud   of   the   defendant   or respondent or his agent; or  (b)  the knowledge of the right or title on which  a suit  or application  is founded  is concealed by the fraud of any such person as aforesaid; or (c)  the suit or application is for relief from the consequences of a mistake; or (d)  where   any   document   necessary   to establish   the   right   of   the   plaintiff   or applicant has been fraudulently concealed from him, the period of limitation shall not begin to run until the plaintiff or applicant has discovered the fraud  or the mistake or could, with reasonable diligence, have discovered it; or in the case of a concealed document, until the plaintiff or the applicant first had the means of producing   the   concealed   document   or   compelling   its production ......." (emphasis supplied) 78. Therefore,   for   invoking   Section   17   of   the   1963   Act,   two ingredients have to be pleaded and duly proved. One is existence of a fraud and the other is discovery of such fraud. In the present case, since the plaintiff failed to establish the existence of fraud, there is no occasion for its discovery. Thus, the plaintiff cannot be extended the benefit under the said provision. 79. It must be noted that the trial Court was in error to hold that   the   person   who   has   disclosed   the   information   was   not 56 examined by the plaintiff, when it had come on record through the testimony of Kultar Singh (DW2), that Rustam Singh expired before the suits came up for trial. If so, the finding of the High Court that the testimony of Rustam Singh strengthened the case of   plaintiff   is   ex­facie   erroneous   and   manifestly   wrong.   In   as much as, the said person was never examined before the Court in these proceedings.  Further, the trial Court and the first appellate Court   had   erroneously   assumed   the   date   of   function   in December, 2001 in place of February, 2001. However, that will have no bearing on the finding on the factum of non­existence of fraud.  The concurring findings recorded by the trial Court and the first appellate Court ­ that the documents were executed by the plaintiff ­ belies and demolishes the case of the plaintiff, as to having acquired knowledge of alleged fraud in 2001. Therefore, the   High   Court   committed   manifest   error   in   reversing   the concurrent   findings   of   the   trial   Court   and   the   first   appellate Court in that regard. 57 CONCLUSION 80. It is settled that the standard of proof required in a civil dispute   is   preponderance   of   probabilities   and   not   beyond reasonable doubt. In the present cases, though the discrepancies in the 1990 GPA are bound to create some doubt, however, in absence  of  any  tangible  evidence  produced  by the  plaintiff  to support the plea of fraud, it does not take the matter further. Rather, in this case the testimony of the attesting witness, scribe and other independent witnesses plainly support the case of the defendants. That evidence dispels the doubt if any; and tilt the balance in favour of the defendants.  81. Suffice   it   to   observe   that   since   the   plaintiff   could   not establish the existence of fraud, it must follow that the suits are  barred by limitation.  ex­facie 82. As to the title of the subsequent purchasers, since the 1990 GPA   had   been   proved,   there   is   no   reason   to   doubt   their bonafides.  83. In view of the foregoing discussion, we hold that the trial Court and the first appellate Court had appreciated the evidence properly and that view being a possible view, the High Court 58 ought not to have disturbed the same in the second appeal and that too on surmises and conjectures.  In   the   result,   the   present   appeals   are   allowed   and   the 84. impugned judgment and decree passed by the High Court is set aside. The judgment and decree passed by the  first appellate Court   is   hereby   restored.   No   order   as   to   costs.   Pending applications, if any, are disposed of.      ...................................., J.      (A.M. Khanwilkar)       ... ................................., J.     (Dinesh Maheshwari) New Delhi;        November 16, 2020.