CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION vs. NAROTTAM DHAKAD

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 25-08-2023

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2023INSC770 Reportable IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2592 OF 2023 (@ Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018) Central Bureau of Investigation               … Appellant versus Narottam Dhakad & Anr. … Respondents with  CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2593 OF 2023 (@ Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.10680 of 2022) Central Bureau of Investigation               … Appellant versus Sunil Singh & Anr. … Respondents J U D G M E N T ABHAY S. OKA, J. Leave granted. 1. FACTUAL ASPECTS 2. Under Section 272 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short ‘CrPC’), the State Government has the power Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Anita Malhotra Date: 2023.08.25 16:12:20 IST Reason: to determine what shall be, for the purposes of CrPC, the language of each Court within a particular State other than SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 1 of 19 the High Court.  As provided in Section 6 of CrPC, there are various Courts in a State.  The said Courts are the Courts of the   Session,   Judicial   Magistrates   of   the   First   Class, Metropolitan Magistrates, Judicial Magistrates of the Second Class, and Executive Magistrates.  3.  In these two appeals, we are dealing with charge sheets filed by the appellant ­ Central Bureau of Investigation, in relation to offences arising out of the VYAPAM Scam in the State of Madhya Pradesh. Charge sheets have been filed for various offences under Sections 419, 420, 468, 467 and 471 of IPC and under Sections 3 and 4 of the Madhya Pradesh Examinations Act, 1937.   The first respondent in Criminal Appeal arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 5525 of 2018 filed an application before the learned Judicial Magistrate seeking a direction to supply a Hindi translation of the charge sheet filed by the appellant in English language. The contention of the   first   respondent   accused   was   that   he   was   unable   to understand the charge sheet filed in English language. The learned Judicial Magistrate held that the first respondent was an educated person, having knowledge of English.   Learned Judge pointed out that the offence related to fraud in the examination.  The allegation is that after the first respondent received admit card, some other person took the examination by impersonating him. The learned Magistrate observed that the vakalatnama filed by the first respondent was in English and the first respondent has also signed in English.  It was further   held   that   the   Advocate   representing   the   first SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 2 of 19 respondent had sound knowledge of the English language. Therefore,   the   learned   Magistrate   proceeded   to   reject   the prayer made by the first respondent.  The order of the learned Magistrate   has   been   confirmed   by   the   Sessions   Court   in revision.  However, the High Court interfered by holding that Hindi was the only language of the Criminal Courts in the State and therefore, the first respondent was entitled to seek a translation of the charge sheet into the language of the Court. The first respondent in Criminal Appeal, arising out of 4. SLP (Crl.) No. 10680 of 2022, is also an accused in the same case.  He also made a similar application before the learned Magistrate   which   was   rejected.     The   first   respondent challenged the said order before the High Court.  A Division Bench of the High Court by the impugned judgment held that when a charge sheet was filed in the language unknown to the accused, he was entitled to translation of the charge sheet in the language which he understands.  5. The appellant ­ the Central Bureau of Investigation has challenged both the impugned orders.   SUBMISSIONS The submission of the appellant in both cases is that 6. the accused were highly educated and had knowledge of the English language.   Therefore, there is  no  prejudice  to  the accused if the charge sheet was in English language.  It was SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 3 of 19 also pointed out by the learned counsel appearing for the appellant that the charge sheets in VYAPAM Scam cases are very bulky and translation of the charge sheets into Hindi is a very time­consuming and costly process. 7. The submission of the learned counsel appearing for the accused is that in the exercise of powers under Section 272 of CrPC, the State Government has declared Hindi as the only language   of   the   Criminal   Courts   in   the   State.   Their submission is that the language Hindi is for the purposes of the Code and therefore, charge sheets filed under Section 173 of   CrPC   ought   to   be   filed   in   the   language   of   the   Court. Therefore, both the accused supported the view taken by the High Court. The learned counsel appearing for the accused also submitted  that in  a  given case if the  accused  is not conversant with the language in which the charge sheet has been filed, he will not be able to defend himself properly as he will   not   be   in   a   position   to   understand   the   statements recorded by the police and other documents collected during investigation. OUR VIEW 8. The   Government   of   Madhya   Pradesh   in   exercise   of power under Section 272 of CrPC issued a notification dated th 28  March 1974, declared Hindi to be the language of each Court in the State except the High Court.  If we consider the scheme of CrPC, it regulates not only the procedure before the Criminal Courts but also the procedure to be followed by the SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 4 of 19 police and other investigating agencies.  Chapter V deals with the arrest of persons.  Chapter VI deals with processes to be issued for compelling the appearance of the accused before the Court.  Chapter VII deals with processes to be issued to compel the production of things before the Court.   Chapter VIII   contains   provisions   regarding   security   for   keeping   the peace and for good behaviour.   The powers under the said Chapter are to be exercised by the Courts under the CrPC or an Executive Magistrate, as the case may be.   Chapter X contains the steps to be taken for the maintenance of public order and tranquillity. Chapter IX contains Section 125 which confers powers on the Courts of the Judicial Magistrate, First Class to order payment of maintenance to wives, children and parents.   Chapter XI deals with the preventive action of the police.  Chapter XII  contains  elaborate provisions  regarding the   registration   of   First   Information   Reports,   and   the investigation   of   offences   in   cognizable   or   non­cognizable cases.  9. Section 173 forms part of Chapter XII which contains provisions regarding a police report which is popularly known as a charge sheet.  We are, therefore, reproducing Section 173 of CrPC which reads thus:
completion of investigation.­­(1) Every
investigation under this Chapter shall be
completed without unnecessary delay.
(1A) The investigation in relation toan
offence under sections 376, 376A, 376AB,
SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 5 of 19
376B, 376C, 376D, 376DA, 376DB or 376E
of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) shall
be completed within two months from the
date on which the information was recorded
by the officer in charge of the police station.
(2) (i) As soon as it is completed, the officer
in charge of the police station shall forward
to a Magistrate empowered to take
cognizance of the offence on a police report,
a report in the form prescribed by the State
Government, stating­­
(a) the names of the parties; (b) the nature of the information;
(c) the names of the persons who appear to
be acquainted with the circumstances of the
case;
(d) whether any offence appears to have
been committed and, if so, by whom;
(e) whether the accused has been arrested;
(f) whether he has been released on his bond
and, if so, whether with or without sureties;
(g) whether he has been forwarded in
custody under section 170.
(h) whether the report of medical
examination of the woman has been
attached where investigation relates to an
offence undersections 376, 376A, 376AB,
376B, 376C, 376D, 376DA, 376DB] or
section 376E of the Indian Penal Code (45 of
1860).
(ii)   The   officer   shall   also   communicate,   in such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government, the action taken by him, SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 6 of 19
to the person, if any, by whom the
information relating to the commission of
the offence was first given.
(3) Where a superior officer of police has
been appointed under section 158, the
report shall, in any case in which the State
Government by general or special order so
directs, be submitted through that officer,
and he may, pending the orders of the
Magistrate, direct the officer in charge of the
police station to make further investigation.
(4) Whenever it appears from a report
forwarded under this section that the
accused has been released on his bond, the
Magistrate shall make such order for the
discharge of such bond or otherwise as he
thinks fit.
(5) When such report is in respect of a
case to which section 170 applies, the
police officer shall forward to the
Magistrate along with the report­­
(a) all documents or relevant extracts
thereof on which the prosecution
proposes to rely other than those already
sent to the Magistrate during
investigation;
(b) the statements recorded under section
161 of all the persons whom the
prosecution proposes to examine as its
witnesses.
(6) If the police officer is of opinion that any part of any such statement is not relevant to the subject­matter of the proceedings or that its disclosure to the accused is not essential in the interests of justice and is inexpedient SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 7 of 19
in the public interest, he shall indicate that
part of the statement and append a note
requesting the Magistrate to exclude that
part from the copies to be granted to the
accused and stating his reasons for making
such request.
(7) Where the police officer investigating the
case finds it convenient so to do, he may
furnish to the accused copies of all or any of
the documents referred to in sub­section(5).
(8) Nothing in this section shall be deemed
to preclude further investigation in respect
of an offence after a report under sub­
section(2)has been forwarded to the
Magistrate and, where upon such
investigation, the officer in charge of the
police station obtains further evidence, oral
or documentary, he shall forward to the
Magistrate a further report or reports
regarding such evidence in the form
prescribed; and the provisions of sub­
sections(2)to(6)shall, as far as may be,
apply in relation to such report or reports as
they apply in relation to a report forwarded
under sub­section(2).
(emphasis supplied) 10. As can be seen from sub­section (2) of Section 173, after completion of the investigation,   the officer in charge of the police station is under an obligation to submit a report to the learned   Magistrate   in   the   form   prescribed   by   the   State Government, giving particulars as mentioned in sub­section (2).  Sub­section (5) is applicable in a case governing Section 170. It applies when it appears to the officer in charge of the SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 8 of 19 police station that there is sufficient evidence or reasonable ground justifying the forwarding of the accused to the learned Magistrate.  In such a case, along with the report, the officer in charge of the police station is bound to forward copies of the statements recorded under Section 161 of all the persons whom the prosecution proposes to examine as its witnesses. It also enjoins the officer in charge of the police station to forward   all   the   documents   or   relevant   extracts   thereof   on which the prosecution proposes to rely upon other than those already sent to the Magistrate during the investigation.  Sub­ section   (6)   of   Section   173   confers   power   on   the   learned Magistrate to exclude certain parts of the material produced along with the charge sheet while supplying copies thereof to the accused.  11. Section 173 will have to be read with Section 207 which mandates that after cognizance is taken of the offence by the learned Magistrate on a case instituted on a police report, it is the obligation of the learned Magistrate to furnish free of cost, without any delay, copies of the police report, first information report, statements recorded under sub­section (3) of Section 161 of CrPC except the portion in respect of which there is an order passed by the learned Magistrate by invoking powers under   sub­section   (6)   of   Section   173,   confessions   and statements   recorded   under   Section   164   and   copies   of   the documents   or   relevant   extracts   forwarded   along   with   the police report in accordance with sub­section (5) of Section 173.   When the statements of the witnesses or documents SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 9 of 19 covered by sub­section (5) of Section 173 are very bulky, the learned Magistrate has the discretion to allow the accused and his advocate to inspect the said documents instead of providing copies thereof. It is pertinent to note that there is no provision either in Chapter XII or Chapter XVI of CrPC which makes   it   obligatory   to   file   charge   sheets/reports   in   the language of the Court.  12. Interestingly,   the   provision   regarding   the   language   of Courts in the form of Section 272 finds a place in Chapter XXIII having the heading “Evidence in inquiries and Trials”. The provision is incorporated under the sub­heading “ A.— Mode of taking and recording evidence”.   Section 272 reads thus: “272.   Language   of   Courts .—The   State Government may determine what shall be, for purposes of this Code, the language of each Court  within  the   State  other   than   the   High Court.” Thus, the power of the State Government is to determine for the purposes of CrPC what shall be the language of the Courts within the State other than the High Court.  The power under Section 272 is not a power to decide which language shall be used   by   the   investigating   agencies   or   the   police   for   the purposes of maintaining the record of the investigation.   At the highest, for that purpose, the provisions regarding the law governing the Official Language of the State may apply subject to the provisions contained in such enactment. In a given case, while prescribing a form as required by Sub­section (2) SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 10 of 19 of Section 173, the State Government may provide that the charge sheet must be filed in the official language of the State. Therefore, Section 272 deals with only the language of the Courts under CrPC. 13. It   is   interesting   to   note   that   wherever   legislature intended, specific provisions have been made incorporating the requirement using the language of the Court.   Some of these provisions also deal with situations when the accused is unable to understand the language of the Court 14. We are giving a summary of the relevant provisions of CrPC which have some bearing on the issue of the language of the Court:   a. Sub­section   (6)   of   Section   211   provides   that   the charge shall be written in the language of the Court. However, Section 215 provides that no error in the charge shall be regarded at any stage of the case as material unless the accused was in fact misled due to error or omission and it has occasioned a failure of   justice.   Therefore,   in   a   given   case,   even   if   the charge is not framed in the language of the Court, the omission to frame the charge in the language of the Court shall not be material unless it is shown that   the   accused   was   misled   and   it   resulted   in failure of justice.  SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 11 of 19 b. Section 228 forms part of Chapter XVIII, which deals with trial before a Court of Sessions.  Sub­section (2) of Section 228 mandates that the Court must read over   and   explain   the   charge   to   the   accused.     It follows that if the accused does not understand the language in which the charge is framed, the Court will   have   to   explain   the   charge   to   him   in   the language which he understands.  Section   240   which   forms   part   of   Chapter   XVIII c. dealing with the trial of warrant cases by Magistrates provides that the charge shall be framed in writing and   the   learned   Magistrate   shall   read   over   and explain   the   charge   to   the   accused.   Though   the Section does not make it mandatory, normally, the charge will be framed in the language of the Court determined in accordance with Section 272 of CrPC. Therefore, if the accused is not conversant with the language in which the charge is framed, it is the duty of the Magistrate to explain the charge to the accused in a language which he understands.  d. If we compare provisions of Chapters XVIII, XIX, XX, and   XXI   which   deal   with   sessions   triable   cases, warrant triable cases, summons triable cases, and summary   trials,   either   there   is   a   requirement   of explaining the charge to the accused, or there is a requirement of stating the particulars of the offence SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 12 of 19 to the accused. These requirements can be fulfilled only by explaining to the accused in the language which he understands.   e. Only in the case of summary trials under Chapter XXI, there is a specific provision under Section 265 that the record of the case shall be in the language of the Court. f. Section 277 (b) permits a witness to give evidence in any other language which is not the language of the Court.     It   lays   down   the   procedure   for   recording such evidence. There is a salutatory provision in the form of Section g. 279 under Chapter XXIII dealing with evidence in inquiries and trials.  Section 279 reads thus:  “279.   Interpretation   of   evidence   to accused or his pleader .—(1) Whenever any evidence is given in a language not understood by the accused, and he is present in Court in person, it shall be interpreted to him in open Court in a language understood by him.  (2)   If   he   appears   by   pleader   and   the evidence is given in a language other than the language of the Court, and not understood by the pleader, it shall be interpreted   to   such   pleader   in   that language.  SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 13 of 19 (3)   When   documents   are   put   for   the purpose of formal proof, it shall be in the discretion of the Court to interpret as much thereof as appears necessary.” Thus, where evidence is recorded in the language of the Court which is not understood by the accused or his pleader, there is   an   obligation   on   the   part   of   the   Court   to   explain   the evidence to the accused or his lawyer, as the case may be.  h. Section 281 provides that if the examination of the accused made by the Court is reduced into writing in   a   language   which   the   accused   does   not understand,   the   statement   is   required   to   be interpreted   to   him   in   a   language   which   he understands and after such interpretation is made, the accused has the liberty to explain and add to his answers. Under Section 354, it is provided that judgment in i. every trial of a Criminal Court must be written in the language of the Court.  Either in Section 353 or 354, there is no provision which requires the Court to interpret the judgment to the accused even if the accused does not understand the language of the Court.  SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 14 of 19 15. The conclusion which can be drawn from the provisions of CrPC and in particular the provisions referred to above is that   wherever   the   legislature   intended,   there   is   a   specific provision incorporated requiring the Court to mandatorily use the language of the Court in the proceedings.   There is no such requirement laid down in respect of the report/charge sheet under Section 173 of CrPC.  16. There are two provisions in CrPC which deal with the effect of error, omission, or irregularity in the proceedings of the trial of a criminal case.   The first is Section 464 which deals with the effect of omission to frame, or absence of, or error in, charge.  It lays down that only on the ground of such omission, absence, or error, the ultimate finding, sentence or order will not be invalid unless a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned thereby.  Section 465 incorporates the same test   of   the   failure   of   justice   while   dealing   with   any   error, omission, or irregularity in the proceedings.   While deciding whether there is a failure of justice occasioned due to error, omission, or irregularity in the trial, the Court is required to consider the fact whether the objection could and should have been raised at an earlier stage in the proceedings. There is a specific   provision   to   that   effect   under   sub­section   (2)   of Section 465.  17. Therefore,   in   a   given   case,   if   something   which   CrPC specifically requires to be done in the language of the Court is done in any other language,  per se , the proceedings will not SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 15 of 19 be   vitiated   unless   it   is   established   that   the   omission   has resulted   in   failure   of   justice.   While   deciding   the   issue   of whether there is a failure of justice, the Court will have to consider   whether   the   objection   was   raised   at   the   earliest available opportunity.  18. Now, coming to the issue of the language of the final report/charge sheet under Section 173, there is no specific provision   in   CrPC   which   requires   the   investigating agency/officer   to   file   it   in   the   language   of   the   Court determined in accordance with Section 272 of CrPC.  Even if such   a   requirement   is   read   into   Section   173,   per   se ,   the proceedings will not be vitiated if the report is not in the language of the Court. The test of failure of justice will have to be applied in such a case as laid down in Section 465 of CrPC.
19.
Judicial Magistrate to supply a copy of the report and other documents as provided in Section 207 to the accused.  In a case triable by the Court of Sessions, Section 208 provides for the learned Magistrate to provide copies of the statements and documents   to   the   accused   including   the   statements   and confessions recorded under Section 164 of CrPC.   When a copy of the report and the documents are supplied to the accused   under   Section   207   and/or   Section   208,   an opportunity is available for the accused to contend that he does not understand the language in which the final report or SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 16 of 19 the statements or documents are written.  But he must raise this objection at the earliest.  In such a case, if the accused is appearing   in   person   and   wants   to   defend   himself   without opting for legal aid, perhaps there may be a requirement of supplying   a   translated   version   of   the   charge   sheet   and documents or the relevant part thereof concerning the said accused   to   him.     It   is,   however,   subject   to   the   accused satisfying   the   Court   that   he   is   unable   to   understand   the language in which the charge sheet is submitted.  When the accused is represented by an advocate who fully understands the language of the final report or charge sheet, there will not be any requirement of furnishing translations to the accused as the advocate can explain the contents of the charge sheet to the accused. If both the accused and his advocate are not conversant with the language in which the charge sheet has been  filed,  then  the   question  of  providing  translation  may arise.   The   reason   is   that   the   accused   must   get   a   fair opportunity to defend himself. He must know and understand the material against him in the charge  sheet. That  is the essence of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. With the availability of various software and Artificial Intelligence tools for   making   translations,   providing   translations   will   not   be that   difficult   now.     In   the   cases   mentioned   aforesaid,   the Courts   can   always   direct   the   prosecution   to   provide   a translated version of the charge sheet.  But we must hasten to add that a charge sheet filed within the period provided either under Section 167 of CrPC or any other relevant statute in a SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 17 of 19 language   other   than   the   language   of   the   Court   or   the language   which   the   accused   does   not   understand,   is   not illegal and no one can claim a default bail on that ground. 
20.There is one more aspect of the matter. There are
central   agencies   like   the   National   Investigation   Agency, Central   Bureau   of   Investigation,   etc.   These   agencies investigate   serious   offences   or   offences   having   wide ramifications. Obviously, such central agencies, in every case will not be in a position to file the final report in the language of the concerned Court as determined by Section 272 of CrPC.
21.Now, coming to the facts of the case, in Criminal Appeal
arising out of SLP (Crl.) 5525 of 2018, a finding of fact was recorded by the trial court that the respondent is an educated person. The offence relates to an examination for which one of the   eligibility   conditions   was   having   a   knowledge   of   the English language.  Moreover, it was found that the advocate engaged by him also knows the English language.  Coming to the Criminal Appeal arising out of SLP (Crl.) 10680 of 2022, the   trial   court   has   recorded   a   finding   that   the   first respondent­accused was a science graduate having knowledge of   the   English   language.   Moreover,   his   advocate   was conversant with the English language. 
22.Hence, in the facts of the cases in hand, it cannot be
said that a non­supply of translation of the charge sheet and other documents to the accused in both appeals will occasion a failure of justice. SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 18 of 19
23.Hence, the appeals succeed and subject to what is held
in the earlier part of the judgment, the impugned orders are set aside. There will be no order as to costs. The Trial Court shall expeditiously proceed with the trial.  ….…………………….J.          (Abhay S. Oka) …..…………………...J.          (Rajesh Bindal) New Delhi; August 25, 2023. SLP (Crl.) No.5525 of 2018 etc . Page 19 of 19