Full Judgment Text
Reportable
2026 INSC 27
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.______ OF 2026
(@ SLP (Crl.) No. 18127 of 2024)
S. Nagesh … Appellant
versus
Shobha S. Aradhya … Respondent
J U D G M E N T
SANJAY KUMAR, J
1. Leave granted.
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the order dated 28.06.2024 passed by
a learned Judge of the Karnataka High Court in Criminal Petition No. 9119
of 2018. This petition was filed by S. Nagesh, the appellant before us,
under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, seeking the
quashing of the complaint in PCR No. 3144 of 2013, which was converted
as CC No. 1439 of 2014 on the file of the learned I Additional I Civil Judge
1
and Judicial Magistrate First Class at Mysore . The learned Judge
rejected the petition, holding that the delay of two days in the filing of the
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
babita pandey
Date: 2026.01.06
17:09:37 IST
Reason:
complaint was bonafide and cognizance had rightly been taken.
1
For short, ‘the learned Magistrate’
1
3. In her complaint in PCR No. 3144 of 2013, Shobha S. Aradhya, the
respondent, averred as follows: The appellant had approached her
husband and her, seeking financial assistance to purchase a house and
to meet legal necessities. They lent him a sum of ₹5,40,000/- between the
dates 27.01.2010 and 26.07.2010. He, thereafter, issued cheque dated
10.07.2013 drawn in her name for the said sum, assuring that it would be
honoured upon presentation. However, the cheque was dishonoured on
17.07.2013 for insufficiency of funds. She got issued legal notice dated
13.08.2013 calling upon the appellant to pay the cheque amount within 15
days but the same was returned as ‘unclaimed’ on 22.08.2013. However,
the copy of the notice sent through courier was not returned unserved and
the same amounted to deemed service. However, no payment was made
by the appellant. She, thereupon, filed the complaint praying that the Court
take cognisance of the offence punishable under Section 138 of the
2
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 , and punish the appellant in
accordance with law, apart from awarding her compensation.
4. The then learned Magistrate, after perusing the complaint and the
documents, noted the presence of the complainant and took cognisance,
vide order dated 09.10.2013. However, by order dated 23.05.2014, the
successor learned Magistrate noted that, though there was a delay of two
2
For short, ‘the NI Act’
2
days in the filing of the complaint, his predecessor-in-office had already
taken cognisance of the offence and granted liberty to the accused, viz.,
the appellant, to contest the delay at the time of the trial. The case was
directed to be registered against the appellant for the offence punishable
under Section 138 of the NI Act and summons were directed to be issued
to him to appear on the next date of hearing. It was reiterated that liberty
was granted to the appellant to contest the delay at the time of the trial.
5. Thereafter, by order dated 04.02.2016, the learned Magistrate noted
that an application had been filed for condonation of the delay of two days
in the presentation of the complaint and opined that the same required to
be considered before the case went to trial on merits. Having considered
the objections on the said application, the learned Magistrate passed
order dated 30.10.2018 allowing it. Therein, it was noted that the
complainant had stated in the condone delay application that she was
suffering from viral fever and was, therefore, unable to present the
complaint within time. The learned Magistrate also took note of the
medical certificate produced by her, wherein it was stated that she was
suffering from viral fever and was under treatment from 04.10.2013 to
07.10.2013. Opining that the delay of two days in the presentation of the
complaint was purely bonafide , the learned Magistrate allowed the
application; condoned the delay in the filing of the complaint; and directed
issuance of a non-bailable warrant against the appellant.
3
6. Aggrieved by this turn of events, the appellant approached the High
Court by way of Criminal Petition No. 9119 of 2018. This petition was filed
on 06.12.2018. Therein, the appellant contended that there was a delay
of sixteen days in the filing of the complaint and not just two days. He
pointed out that the respondent had filed the complaint on 09.10.2013 and
cognisance was taken by the learned Magistrate on the very same day.
He contended that this procedure was totally opposed to the scheme of
the NI Act. He further contended that the condonation of the delay of two
days by the learned Magistrate, vide order dated 30.10.2018, was equally
without jurisdiction and contrary to the statutory provisions. His specific
argument was that the learned Magistrate did not have the jurisdiction to
take cognisance before the delay was condoned and the steps taken to
the contrary were in violation of the prescribed procedure. He also
contested the matter on merits, denying his liability, and prayed for
quashing of the complaint.
7. Perusal of the impugned order dated 28.06.2024 passed by the High
Court reflects that the solitary issue focused upon by the appellant before
the learned Judge was that the learned Magistrate could not have taken
cognisance without first condoning the delay in the filing of the complaint.
The learned Judge concurred with the view taken by the learned
Magistrate that the delay in the filing of the complaint was actually two
days and not more and that it was bonafide, justifying its condonation.
4
Further, the learned Judge noted that the proviso to Section 142(1)(b) of
the NI Act empowered the Court concerned to take cognisance of a
complaint made even after the prescribed period of one month from the
date on which the cause of action arose under clause (c) of the proviso to
Section 138 of the NI Act, if the complainant satisfied the Court that he
had sufficient cause for not making the complaint within that period. The
learned Judge, therefore, observed that the legislature had conferred
express power on the Court to take cognisance even in respect of a
belated complaint, if sufficient cause for such belated presentation was
established by the complainant.
8. Per the learned Judge, whether the Court condoned the delay after
taking cognisance or whether it first condoned the delay and then took
cognisance did not, in any way, vitiate the taking of cognisance as what
was of consequence was whether the Court had condoned the delay in
the presentation of the complaint. The learned Judge held that, if
cognisance is taken without the delay in the presentation of the complaint
being condoned, it would only be a curable irregularity. According to the
learned Judge, it is only when the Court failed to condone the delay
altogether, during the pendency of the proceedings, and went on to
adjudicate the matter on merits that the proceedings would stand vitiated.
9. On facts, the learned Judge observed that the learned Magistrate
had taken cognisance on 09.10.2013 without noticing that the complaint
5
had been filed with delay, perhaps being misled by the erroneous
averment in the complaint that it was filed within time. However, upon
noticing the delay of two days in the presentation of the complaint, the
learned Magistrate had observed that his predecessor-in-office had taken
cognisance without noticing the delay and kept the said issue alive. The
learned Judge held that, as the complaint was of the year 2013 and the
matter had been pending for more than 11 years, there was no justification
in considering the delay of two days in the filing of the complaint as of
consequence. The learned Judge affirmed the condonation of that delay
by the learned Magistrate and upheld the cognisance taken, though it was
irregular, observing that the said irregularity stood cured on the delay
being condoned. The appellant’s petition was, accordingly, dismissed.
10. The learned counsel for the appellant would argue that cognizance
could not have been taken by the learned Magistrate of the belated
complaint filed by the respondent without first considering and condoning
the delay in the presentation of the complaint, provided sufficient cause
was shown for such delay by her. He would contend that, in the light of
the law laid down by a 3-Judge Bench of this Court in Dashrath Rupsingh
3
Rathod vs. State of Maharashtra and another , the learned Judge of
the High Court was in error in rejecting the quash petition of the appellant.
3
(2014) 9 SCC 129
6
11. Despite service of notice, the respondent did not choose to enter
appearance before this Court till after the judgment in this case was
reserved on 02.12.2025. However, a mention was made on 05.12.2025
by the learned counsel who was instructed to appear for the respondent.
He was, accordingly, permitted to file his written submissions after
entering appearance for the respondent. In his written submissions, the
learned counsel admitted that the respondent’s complaint was filed on
09.10.2013 and cognisance was taken on the very same day. Though the
learned counsel stressed upon the order dated 23.05.2014 passed by the
learned Magistrate remaining unchallenged, we may note that it was only
on 30.10.2018 that the learned Magistrate condoned the delay of two
days, thereby validating the cognisance taken by his predecessor-in-office
even before an application for condonation of delay was filed. Therefore,
the failure of the appellant to challenge the earlier orders is of no
consequence. More so, as the learned Magistrate had, in fact, reserved
the right of the appellant to raise the issue of delay during the trial but,
having stated so, the learned Magistrate, thereafter, took upon himself the
task of deciding the limitation issue and condoned the delay by the later
order dated 30.10.2018.
12. At this stage, we may note that, in Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod
( supra ), it was held that cognisance under Section 142 of the NI Act of an
offence under Section 138 thereof is forbidden except upon a complaint,
7
in writing, made by the payee or holder of the cheque in due course within
one month from the date the cause of action accrues to such payee or
holder under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138. It was observed that
the proviso to Section 138 simply postpones institution of criminal
proceedings and taking of cognisance by the Court till such time the cause
of action in terms of clause (c) of the proviso accrues to the complainant.
13. We may note that the proviso to Section 142(1)(b) of the NI Act was
inserted by Act 55 of 2002, with effect from 06.02.2003. Section 142(1)(b),
to the extent relevant, reads as under: -
142. Cognizance of offences.— (1) Notwithstanding anything
contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) —
(a) ………;
(b) such complaint is made within one month of the date on which the
cause of action arises under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138:
Provided that the cognizance of a complaint may be taken by the
Court after the prescribed period, if the complainant satisfies the Court
that he had sufficient cause for not making a complaint within such period.
14. It is manifest from the clear and unambiguous language of the above
proviso
that the power conferred upon the Court to take cognisance of a
belated complaint is subject to the complainant first satisfying the Court
that he had sufficient cause for not making the complaint within time. The
satisfaction in that regard, resulting in condonation of the delay, must
therefore precede the act of taking cognizance. Ordinarily, a proceeding
instituted with limitation-linked delay before a Court of law does not
actually figure as a regular matter on its file until that delay is condoned.
8
For example, Order XLI Rules 3A and 5(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, make this position amply clear in the context of belated presentation
of civil appeals. Therefore, the approach of the High Court in treating this
crucial aspect as a mere interchangeable exercise, i.e., either to first
condone the delay or to first take cognisance, is not in keeping with the
mandate of the aforestated proviso . We may note that the respondent was
herself responsible for this imbroglio as she had made a categorical
statement in her complaint that it was filed within time, when it was not.
15. On the above analysis, we have no hesitation in holding that the
learned Magistrate erred in taking cognisance of the respondent’s
complaint under Section 138 of the NI Act, even before the delay of two
days in its presentation was condoned. The order passed by the High
Court refusing to quash the same is, thus, set aside.
The appeal is accordingly allowed. In consequence, the complaint
in PCR No. 3144 of 2013, which was converted as CC No. 1439 of 2014
on the file of the learned I Additional I Civil Judge and Judicial Magistrate
First Class, Mysore, shall stand quashed.
..............................., J.
[SANJAY KUMAR]
..............................., J.
[ALOK ARADHE]
January 6, 2026
New Delhi.
9
2026 INSC 27
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.______ OF 2026
(@ SLP (Crl.) No. 18127 of 2024)
S. Nagesh … Appellant
versus
Shobha S. Aradhya … Respondent
J U D G M E N T
SANJAY KUMAR, J
1. Leave granted.
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the order dated 28.06.2024 passed by
a learned Judge of the Karnataka High Court in Criminal Petition No. 9119
of 2018. This petition was filed by S. Nagesh, the appellant before us,
under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, seeking the
quashing of the complaint in PCR No. 3144 of 2013, which was converted
as CC No. 1439 of 2014 on the file of the learned I Additional I Civil Judge
1
and Judicial Magistrate First Class at Mysore . The learned Judge
rejected the petition, holding that the delay of two days in the filing of the
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
babita pandey
Date: 2026.01.06
17:09:37 IST
Reason:
complaint was bonafide and cognizance had rightly been taken.
1
For short, ‘the learned Magistrate’
1
3. In her complaint in PCR No. 3144 of 2013, Shobha S. Aradhya, the
respondent, averred as follows: The appellant had approached her
husband and her, seeking financial assistance to purchase a house and
to meet legal necessities. They lent him a sum of ₹5,40,000/- between the
dates 27.01.2010 and 26.07.2010. He, thereafter, issued cheque dated
10.07.2013 drawn in her name for the said sum, assuring that it would be
honoured upon presentation. However, the cheque was dishonoured on
17.07.2013 for insufficiency of funds. She got issued legal notice dated
13.08.2013 calling upon the appellant to pay the cheque amount within 15
days but the same was returned as ‘unclaimed’ on 22.08.2013. However,
the copy of the notice sent through courier was not returned unserved and
the same amounted to deemed service. However, no payment was made
by the appellant. She, thereupon, filed the complaint praying that the Court
take cognisance of the offence punishable under Section 138 of the
2
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 , and punish the appellant in
accordance with law, apart from awarding her compensation.
4. The then learned Magistrate, after perusing the complaint and the
documents, noted the presence of the complainant and took cognisance,
vide order dated 09.10.2013. However, by order dated 23.05.2014, the
successor learned Magistrate noted that, though there was a delay of two
2
For short, ‘the NI Act’
2
days in the filing of the complaint, his predecessor-in-office had already
taken cognisance of the offence and granted liberty to the accused, viz.,
the appellant, to contest the delay at the time of the trial. The case was
directed to be registered against the appellant for the offence punishable
under Section 138 of the NI Act and summons were directed to be issued
to him to appear on the next date of hearing. It was reiterated that liberty
was granted to the appellant to contest the delay at the time of the trial.
5. Thereafter, by order dated 04.02.2016, the learned Magistrate noted
that an application had been filed for condonation of the delay of two days
in the presentation of the complaint and opined that the same required to
be considered before the case went to trial on merits. Having considered
the objections on the said application, the learned Magistrate passed
order dated 30.10.2018 allowing it. Therein, it was noted that the
complainant had stated in the condone delay application that she was
suffering from viral fever and was, therefore, unable to present the
complaint within time. The learned Magistrate also took note of the
medical certificate produced by her, wherein it was stated that she was
suffering from viral fever and was under treatment from 04.10.2013 to
07.10.2013. Opining that the delay of two days in the presentation of the
complaint was purely bonafide , the learned Magistrate allowed the
application; condoned the delay in the filing of the complaint; and directed
issuance of a non-bailable warrant against the appellant.
3
6. Aggrieved by this turn of events, the appellant approached the High
Court by way of Criminal Petition No. 9119 of 2018. This petition was filed
on 06.12.2018. Therein, the appellant contended that there was a delay
of sixteen days in the filing of the complaint and not just two days. He
pointed out that the respondent had filed the complaint on 09.10.2013 and
cognisance was taken by the learned Magistrate on the very same day.
He contended that this procedure was totally opposed to the scheme of
the NI Act. He further contended that the condonation of the delay of two
days by the learned Magistrate, vide order dated 30.10.2018, was equally
without jurisdiction and contrary to the statutory provisions. His specific
argument was that the learned Magistrate did not have the jurisdiction to
take cognisance before the delay was condoned and the steps taken to
the contrary were in violation of the prescribed procedure. He also
contested the matter on merits, denying his liability, and prayed for
quashing of the complaint.
7. Perusal of the impugned order dated 28.06.2024 passed by the High
Court reflects that the solitary issue focused upon by the appellant before
the learned Judge was that the learned Magistrate could not have taken
cognisance without first condoning the delay in the filing of the complaint.
The learned Judge concurred with the view taken by the learned
Magistrate that the delay in the filing of the complaint was actually two
days and not more and that it was bonafide, justifying its condonation.
4
Further, the learned Judge noted that the proviso to Section 142(1)(b) of
the NI Act empowered the Court concerned to take cognisance of a
complaint made even after the prescribed period of one month from the
date on which the cause of action arose under clause (c) of the proviso to
Section 138 of the NI Act, if the complainant satisfied the Court that he
had sufficient cause for not making the complaint within that period. The
learned Judge, therefore, observed that the legislature had conferred
express power on the Court to take cognisance even in respect of a
belated complaint, if sufficient cause for such belated presentation was
established by the complainant.
8. Per the learned Judge, whether the Court condoned the delay after
taking cognisance or whether it first condoned the delay and then took
cognisance did not, in any way, vitiate the taking of cognisance as what
was of consequence was whether the Court had condoned the delay in
the presentation of the complaint. The learned Judge held that, if
cognisance is taken without the delay in the presentation of the complaint
being condoned, it would only be a curable irregularity. According to the
learned Judge, it is only when the Court failed to condone the delay
altogether, during the pendency of the proceedings, and went on to
adjudicate the matter on merits that the proceedings would stand vitiated.
9. On facts, the learned Judge observed that the learned Magistrate
had taken cognisance on 09.10.2013 without noticing that the complaint
5
had been filed with delay, perhaps being misled by the erroneous
averment in the complaint that it was filed within time. However, upon
noticing the delay of two days in the presentation of the complaint, the
learned Magistrate had observed that his predecessor-in-office had taken
cognisance without noticing the delay and kept the said issue alive. The
learned Judge held that, as the complaint was of the year 2013 and the
matter had been pending for more than 11 years, there was no justification
in considering the delay of two days in the filing of the complaint as of
consequence. The learned Judge affirmed the condonation of that delay
by the learned Magistrate and upheld the cognisance taken, though it was
irregular, observing that the said irregularity stood cured on the delay
being condoned. The appellant’s petition was, accordingly, dismissed.
10. The learned counsel for the appellant would argue that cognizance
could not have been taken by the learned Magistrate of the belated
complaint filed by the respondent without first considering and condoning
the delay in the presentation of the complaint, provided sufficient cause
was shown for such delay by her. He would contend that, in the light of
the law laid down by a 3-Judge Bench of this Court in Dashrath Rupsingh
3
Rathod vs. State of Maharashtra and another , the learned Judge of
the High Court was in error in rejecting the quash petition of the appellant.
3
(2014) 9 SCC 129
6
11. Despite service of notice, the respondent did not choose to enter
appearance before this Court till after the judgment in this case was
reserved on 02.12.2025. However, a mention was made on 05.12.2025
by the learned counsel who was instructed to appear for the respondent.
He was, accordingly, permitted to file his written submissions after
entering appearance for the respondent. In his written submissions, the
learned counsel admitted that the respondent’s complaint was filed on
09.10.2013 and cognisance was taken on the very same day. Though the
learned counsel stressed upon the order dated 23.05.2014 passed by the
learned Magistrate remaining unchallenged, we may note that it was only
on 30.10.2018 that the learned Magistrate condoned the delay of two
days, thereby validating the cognisance taken by his predecessor-in-office
even before an application for condonation of delay was filed. Therefore,
the failure of the appellant to challenge the earlier orders is of no
consequence. More so, as the learned Magistrate had, in fact, reserved
the right of the appellant to raise the issue of delay during the trial but,
having stated so, the learned Magistrate, thereafter, took upon himself the
task of deciding the limitation issue and condoned the delay by the later
order dated 30.10.2018.
12. At this stage, we may note that, in Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod
( supra ), it was held that cognisance under Section 142 of the NI Act of an
offence under Section 138 thereof is forbidden except upon a complaint,
7
in writing, made by the payee or holder of the cheque in due course within
one month from the date the cause of action accrues to such payee or
holder under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138. It was observed that
the proviso to Section 138 simply postpones institution of criminal
proceedings and taking of cognisance by the Court till such time the cause
of action in terms of clause (c) of the proviso accrues to the complainant.
13. We may note that the proviso to Section 142(1)(b) of the NI Act was
inserted by Act 55 of 2002, with effect from 06.02.2003. Section 142(1)(b),
to the extent relevant, reads as under: -
142. Cognizance of offences.— (1) Notwithstanding anything
contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) —
(a) ………;
(b) such complaint is made within one month of the date on which the
cause of action arises under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138:
Provided that the cognizance of a complaint may be taken by the
Court after the prescribed period, if the complainant satisfies the Court
that he had sufficient cause for not making a complaint within such period.
14. It is manifest from the clear and unambiguous language of the above
proviso
that the power conferred upon the Court to take cognisance of a
belated complaint is subject to the complainant first satisfying the Court
that he had sufficient cause for not making the complaint within time. The
satisfaction in that regard, resulting in condonation of the delay, must
therefore precede the act of taking cognizance. Ordinarily, a proceeding
instituted with limitation-linked delay before a Court of law does not
actually figure as a regular matter on its file until that delay is condoned.
8
For example, Order XLI Rules 3A and 5(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, make this position amply clear in the context of belated presentation
of civil appeals. Therefore, the approach of the High Court in treating this
crucial aspect as a mere interchangeable exercise, i.e., either to first
condone the delay or to first take cognisance, is not in keeping with the
mandate of the aforestated proviso . We may note that the respondent was
herself responsible for this imbroglio as she had made a categorical
statement in her complaint that it was filed within time, when it was not.
15. On the above analysis, we have no hesitation in holding that the
learned Magistrate erred in taking cognisance of the respondent’s
complaint under Section 138 of the NI Act, even before the delay of two
days in its presentation was condoned. The order passed by the High
Court refusing to quash the same is, thus, set aside.
The appeal is accordingly allowed. In consequence, the complaint
in PCR No. 3144 of 2013, which was converted as CC No. 1439 of 2014
on the file of the learned I Additional I Civil Judge and Judicial Magistrate
First Class, Mysore, shall stand quashed.
..............................., J.
[SANJAY KUMAR]
..............................., J.
[ALOK ARADHE]
January 6, 2026
New Delhi.
9