Thakore Umedsing Nathusing vs. State Of Gujarat

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 22-02-2024

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REPORTABLE<br>NSC 198<br>IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA<br>CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION<br>CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(s). 250 OF 20 16REPORTABLE
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(s). 250 OF 20
THAKORE UMEDSING NATHUSING              ….Appellant(s)                                 VERSUS STATE OF GUJARAT                            ….Respondent(s) WITH CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS. 218­219 OF 2016  CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.1102 OF 2024 JUDGMENT     Mehta, J.
1.These appeals take exception to the common judgment dated
11<br>ture Notth<br>VerDecember, 2015 passed by the High Court of Gujarat at<br>ified
lly signed by<br>ak Singh<br>2024.03.12
:48 IST<br>oAn: hmedabad in Criminal Appeal Nos. 949 of 1994 and 1012 of 1993.
2.The appellants being the original accused Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5
1 namely Thakore Laxmansing Halsing (hereinafter being referred to as A1), Thakore Pravinsing Rajsing(hereinafter being referred to as A2), Thakore Umedsing Nathusing (hereinafter being referred to as A3), Thakore Khemsing Halsing(hereinafter being referred to as A5) alongwith   original   accused   No.4,   namely,   Thakore   Prabhatsing Kapursing(hereinafter   being   referred   to   as   A4),   were   tried   in Sessions Case Nos. 107 and 143 of 1990 respectively by the learned Additional   Sessions   Judge,   District   Banaskantha   at   Palanpur (hereinafter   being   referred   to   as   ‘trial   Court’).   The   accused appellants   were   convicted   by   the   trial   Court   for   the   offence punishable under Section 392 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short   ‘IPC’)   and   were   sentenced   to   undergo   10   years’   rigorous imprisonment with fine of Rs. 5,000/­ and in default, to undergo further three months simple imprisonment. The learned trial Court acquitted accused appellants of the charges under Sections 302 read   with   Section   34   and   Sections   396   and   397   IPC   vide   the
judgment and final order dated 21stAugust, 1993. The original
accused No.4 was acquitted of all the charges.
3.Being aggrieved, the accused appellants preferred Criminal
Appeal No. 1012 of 1993 against the judgment and order dated 21st
August, 1993 and craving acquittal whereas, the State preferred 2 Criminal Appeal No. 949 of 1994 seeking to assail the acquittal of the accused appellants for the charged offences, i.e. Sections 302 read with Section 34 and Sections 396 and 397 of IPC.
Brief Case of Prosecution:­
4.One Vithalbhai Kachrabhai Barot PW­1 lodged a complaint
dated 1stMarch, 1990 [Exhibit­21] at Gadh Police Station, Taluka
Palanpur, Gujarat alleginginter aliathat his son Bharatbhai
(deceased) who used to drive a Jeep bearing registration No.GJ­08­ 114 had been murdered and his dead body was found lying in the field   of   one   Nizamkhan   at   village   Dangiya   on   Dantiwada   Road. Based on the said complaint, Criminal Case (FIR) No. 2914 of 1990 came to be registered at  Gadh  Police  Station,  Taluka Palanpur, Gujarat and the investigation was commenced.
5.In the early hours of 2ndMarch, 1990, PSI J.N. Chaudhary
(PW­22)   of   Sardarnagar   Police   Station   saw   a   jeep   being   rapidly driven near Charannagar, Ahmedabad.   The PSI tried to stop the jeep which was being driven away at a high speed and the same was stopped at some distance. Four persons alighted from the jeep and tried to run away. One of these persons was chased down and was apprehended and he divulged his name to be Laxmansing(A1).
6.It is alleged that A1, upon interrogation by the police disclosed
3 the names of four co­accused (A2, A3, A4 and A5) and stated that they were the ones who were travelling with him in the jeep.
7.During interrogation, A1 also confessed to the murder of the
owner of the jeep and also that the vehicle was looted in the course of the said transaction.  He also stated that the persons who had escaped from the spot were also privy to the murder.  Since the jeep bore blood stains, it was seized and A1 was taken into custody. 
8.The usual investigation was conducted;panchnamawas
prepared; the remaining four accused were apprehended. At the instance  of   A2,  a  blood  stained   knife  was   recovered   which  was alleged to be the weapon of offence.  This recovery was alleged to be
from anala. A3 and A4 were arrested. Blood stained clothes of A3
were recovered. A4 was arrested on 4thApril, 1990 and a knife was
produced   on   his   information   by   one   Shobhnaben   wife   of   Kanji Chhara.   The   Investigating   Officer   concluded   that   the   accused persons had taken the jeep taxi of Bharatbhai (deceased) on hire and thereafter they murdered the victim and looted the jeep.
9.Two separate charge­sheets came to be filed against the
accused in the Court of Judicial Magistrate IstClass (JMFC)
concerned for the offences punishable under Sections 302 read with Section 34 and Sections 396 and 397 of the IPC. The offences being 4 exclusively triable by the Court of Sessions, both sets of charge­ sheeted   accused   were   committed   to   the   Sessions   Court, Banaskantha, at Palanpur from where the cases were made over to the Court of Additional Sessions Judge, Banaskantha at Palanpur for   trial.   Charges   were   framed   against   A1,   A2,   A3   and   A4   in Sessions Case No. 107 of 1990 for the offences punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC and Sections 396 and 397 of the IPC. Identical charges came to be framed against A5 in Sessions Case No. 143 of 1990. The accused pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried.   Though charges were framed separately, the trial of both sets of accused was conducted jointly.
10.Twenty five (25) witnesses were examined and twenty three(23)
documents were exhibited by the prosecution in order to prove its case. Upon being questioned under Section 313 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter being referred to as ‘CrPC’) and when confronted with the circumstances portrayed by the prosecution against   the   accused,   they   denied   the   same   and   claimed   to   be innocent.
11.After hearing the arguments advanced by the learned Public
Prosecutor   and   the   defence   counsel   and   upon   appreciating   the evidence available on record, the learned trial Court, proceeded to 5 acquit accused No. 4 in entirety. While recording acquittal of A1, A2, A3 and A5 from the charges for the offences punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 and Sections 396 and 397 of the
IPC,theywere held guilty and convicted for the offence punishable
under Section 392 of the IPC and were sentenced to undergo 10 years’ rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 5,000/­, in default to further undergo 3 months simple imprisonment.   Being aggrieved by   their   conviction,   the   accused   A1,   A2,   A3   and   A5   preferred Criminal   Appeal   No.   1012   of   1993   whereas   the   State   preferred Criminal Appeal No. 949 of 1994 for assailing acquittal of A1, A2, A3 and A5 before the Gujarat High Court.
12.The appeal preferred by the State being Criminal Appeal No.
949 of 1994 was allowed by the Division Bench of the High Court of
Gujarat vide judgment dated 11thDecember, 2015 whereas the
appeal   preferred   by   the   accused   appellants   was   dismissed.   The High Court reversed the  acquittal of  the  accused and convicted them for the offences punishable under Sections 302 and 396 IPC and sentenced them to undergo life imprisonment and the fine and default sentence imposed by learned trial Court was maintained.
13.The aforesaid judgment dated 11thDecember, 2015 is assailed
in these appeals preferred on behalf of the accused appellants. 6 Submissions on behalf of accused appellants:­
14.Learned counsel for the accused appellants contended that the
prosecution did not prove any document whatsoever to establish that the jeep bearing registration No.GJ­08­114 was owned by or was   in   possession   of   the   deceased.   The   incriminating   articles allegedly recovered at the instance of the accused were never got examined through the Forensic Sciences Laboratories (FSL). Only the   blood   samples   of   two   accused   were   sent   to   the   FSL   for serological examination. 
15.The prosecution miserably failed to prove the fact that A1 was
found present in the Jeep bearing registration No.GJ­08­114, when the same was stopped by the PSI J.N. Chaudhary (PW­22) of the Kubernagar Police Station. In this regard, attention of the Court was drawn to the communication i.e. Exhibit­96 forwarded by PSI J.N. Chaudhary (PW­22) to the officer in­charge of the Sardarnagar Police Station wherein the registration number of the jeep is not mentioned.  Learned counsel urged that this omission is fatal to the prosecution case.
16.It was thus urged that there is no reliable and tangible
evidence establishing guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt so as to justify conviction of the accused­appellants as directed by 7 the Division Bench of the Gujarat High Court while reversing the findings of acquittal recorded by the trial Court.
17.It was further contended that A2, A3 and A5 have been
convicted solely on the basis of the confessional statement of A1 recorded by the Police Inspector PW­22. Learned counsel submitted that the said disclosure being in the form of a confession recorded by the Police Officer, is totally inadmissible in evidence as being hit by Sections 25 and 26 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872(hereinafter being referred to as ‘Evidence Act’).
18.It was further submitted that the High Court, while reversing
the acquittal of the accused as recorded by the trial Court, has not recorded any such finding that the view taken by the trial Court was perverse or two views i.e. one favouring the accused and the other favouring the prosecution were not possible from the evidence as available on record. It was contended that the findings recorded by the High Court in the impugned judgments are not based on any tangible   evidence   and   are   drawn   sheerly   on   conjectures   and surmises. They, therefore, submitted that the accused are entitled to   an   acquittal   and   the   impugned   judgment   deserves   to   be   set aside. Submissions on behalf of Respondent­State:­ 8
19.Per contra, Ms. Archana Pathak Dave, learned senior counsel
appearing   for   the   respondent­State   vehemently   opposed   the submissions   advanced   by   the   learned   counsel   representing   the accused­appellants.   She   submitted   that   the   High   Court,   after thorough   and   apropos   appreciation   of   the   substantial   and convincing   circumstantial   evidence   led   by   the   prosecution   has recorded unimpeachable findings holding the accused guilty of the offences. She thus implored the Court to dismiss the appeals and affirm the judgment of the High Court. :­   Discussion  
20.We have given our thoughtful consideration to the
submissions   advanced   at   bar   and   thoroughly   perused   the impugned judgment minutely and the evidence available on record. 21. Two   fundamental   issues   are   presented   for   adjudication   in these appeals:­ (i) The   scope   of   interference   by   High   Court   in   an appeal challenging acquittal of the accused by the trial Court; (ii) The   standard   of   proof   required   to   bring   home charges   in   a   case   based   purely   on   circumstantial evidence.
22.It is not in dispute that the prosecution did not lead any direct
9 evidence so as to bring home the charges against the accused and the entire case of prosecution is based on circumstantial evidence.   23. The principles required to bring home the charges in a case based purely on circumstantial evidence have been crystalized by this Court in the case of  Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of   . The following five golden rules Maharashtra, (1984) 4 SCC 116 were laid down in the above judgment: ­ “(1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn must or should be and not merely “may be”, fully established.  (2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty,  (3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency, (4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved, and  (5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.” 24. The principles that govern the scope of interference by the High Court in exercise of appellate jurisdiction while dealing with an   appeal   against   acquittal   under   Section   378(1)(b)   CrPC   were reiterated by this Court recently in the case of  H.D. Sundara and 10    as follows:  Others v. State of Karnataka, (2023) 9 SCC 581 “(a) The acquittal of the accused further strengthens the presumption of innocence; (b) The appellate Court, while hearing an appeal against acquittal,   is   entitled   to   re­appreciate   the   oral   and documentary evidence; (c) The appellate Court, while deciding an appeal against acquittal, after re­appreciating the evidence, is required to consider whether the view taken by the Trial Court is a possible view which could have been taken on the basis of the evidence on record; (d) If the view taken is a possible view, the appellate Court cannot overturn the order of acquittal on the ground that another view was also possible; and (e)   The   appellate   Court   can   interfere   with   the   order   of acquittal   only   if   it   comes   to   a   finding   that   the   only conclusion   which   can   be   recorded   on   the   basis   of   the evidence on record was that the guilt of the accused was proved   beyond   a   reasonable   doubt   and   no   other conclusion was possible.”
25.Viewed in the light of these well settled legal principles, we
now   proceed   to   evaluate   the   impugned   judgment   whereby   the conviction of the accused has been recorded reversing the acquittal by trial Court. Relevant findings from the impugned judgment dated th 11   December 2015 are reproduced hereinbelow for the sake of ready reference: ­ “[6.1]. At the outset it is required to be noted and it is not in dispute that the dead body of the deceased Bharatbhai was found on 01.03.1990 in the agricultural field of one Nizamkhan at village Dangiya on Dantiwada road within the   jurisdiction   of   the   Gadh   Police   Station,   Taluka Palanpur. It is not in dispute that that original accused No. 1   Laxmansingh   was   apprehended   by   the   PSI   Shri. 11 Chaudhary of Sardarnagar Police Station on 02.03.1990 in the early morning. That on 02.03.1990, in early morning at   Ahmedabad   near   Chharanagar,   PSI   of   Sardarnagar Police station saw one jeep (muddamal jeep) coming in speed and he tried to stop the same. That four persons other than the original accused No. 1 were successful in running away from jeep, however the original accused No. 1   was   arrested   and   interrogated.   That   the   original accused No. 1 tried to explain his presence in the jeep in his further statement recorded under section 313 of the CrPC. According to original accused No. 1, as he wanted to go to Palanpur from Gitamandir Bus stand and one jeep was taking passengers to Palanpur, he was offered to sit in the same on payment of charges and therefore, he along with other passengers sat in the jeep and on the road near Sardarnagar   Police   tried   to   stop   the   jeep   which   was stopped at some distance and therefore, the passengers and the driver ran away and when he alighted from the jeep, the police arrested him. However, by giving cogent reasons   the   learned   trial   Court   has   not   accepted   the defence of the original accused No. 1. It is required to be noted that to go to Palanpur from Gitamandir Bus stand, Chharanagar from where the original accused No. 1 was apprehended from jeep, was not the route at all. To got to Palanpur   from   Gitamandir   Bus   stand,   one   was   not required to go to Chharanagar/Sardarnagar at all. Under the circumstances, as such the original accused No. 1 gave the   false   explanation/defence   in   his   further   statement recorded under section 313 of the CrPC. At this stage it is required to be noted that the design of the tyres of the jeep tallies with the tyre marks found at the place of incident from where the dead body of the deceased Bharatbhai was found. Even the design of the slippers of the original accused No. 1 tallies with the design of slipper found at the place of incident. [6.2] In the present case there is recovery of the knife used in   committing   the   offence,   at   the   instance   of   original accused No. 2 Pravinsingh which was recovered from the place which could have been known to the said accused alone   i.e.   from   Nala   near   Palanpur­Siddhpur   Highway road.   The   recovery   of   the   knife   at   the   instance   of   the original accused No. 2 has been established and proved by examining the panch witnesses. [6.3] In the present case even there is a recovery of the knife at the instance of the original accused Nos. 3 and 5 and   the   knife   used   in   committing   the   offence   was 12 recovered from the place which was known to the said accused   alone.   Even   the   trousers/pant   of   the   original accused Nos. 3 and 5 were recovered at their instance from   the   house   of   one   Kanjibhai   ­   friend   of   the   said accused. The said pants were having blood stains. The original accused Nos. 3 and 5 have failed to explain the blood   stains   on   their   trousers.   The   recovery   of   the trouser/pants  and  the  knife  at  the  instance  of  original accused Nos. 3 and 5 have been established and proved by   examining   Kanjibhai   at   Exh.77   and   his   wife Shobhnaben. [6.4]. It is further submitted that therefore when there are recoveries of the weapons used in committing the offence and even recovery of trousers/pants of original accused Nos. 3 and 5 having blood stains, at the instance of the original   accused   Nos.   2,   3   and   5   and   when   original accused No. 1 was as such found/apprehended/arrested with the muddamal jeep and his defence/explanation is found   to   be   false   and   when   the   prosecution   has   been successful   in   establishing   and/or   proving   the   complete chain of events with respect to the involvement of the jeep which was driven by the original accused No. 1, it cannot be said that the trial Court has committed any error in convicting the accused Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 for the offence punishable under section 392 of the IPC. It is required to be noted that even the blood stains were found on the hood of the jeep and even on the knife. [6.5]. Now, that takes us to the appeal preferred by the State   against   the   impugned   judgment   and   order   of acquittal passed by the learned trial Court acquitting the original   accused   for   the   offences   punishable   under sections 302 and 396 of the IPC.   So   far   as   the   impugned   judgment   and   order   of acquittal passed by the learned trial Court acquitting the accused for the offence punishable under section 396 of the IPC is concerned, it appears that by the impugned judgment and order, the learned trial Court has acquitted the accused for the offence punishable under section 306 of the IPC on the ground that as original accused No. 4 has been   acquitted   and   the   number   of   remaining   convicted accused would be only four, the learned trial Court has acquitted the remaining accused for the offence punishable under section 396 of the IPC. However, it is required to be noted that from the very beginning there were allegations of involvement of five persons in committing the offence. It is true that out of five accused, original accused No. 4 has 13 been acquitted for want of sufficient evidence. However, on   that   ground   alone   the   remaining   accused   could   not have   been   acquitted   for   the   offence   punishable   under section   396   of   the   IPC.   As   observed   by   the   Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Manoj Giri (Supra), in a given case it may happen that there can be five or more persons and   the   factum   of   five   or   more   persons   either   is   not disputed or is clearly established, but the Court may not be able to record a finding as to identity of all the persons said to have committed dacoity and may not be able to convict   them   and   order   their   acquittal,   observing   that thereafter identity is  not  established, or that  otherwise there is insufficient evidence to convict them, in such case there can be a conviction of less than five persons or even one for dacoity. Similar is the view taken by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Saktu (Supra). Under the circumstances and in the facts and circumstances of the case, learned trial Court has materially erred in acquitting the remaining original accused Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 for the offences punishable under section 396 of the IPC. [6.6] Similarly, the learned trial Court has committed grave error   in   acquitting   the   original   accused   for   the   offence punishable under section 302 of the IPC. From the findings recorded by the learned trial Court as such the learned trial Court has specifically observed and given a finding that original accused Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 have committed the murder/loot and dacoity and there is ample material / evidence against them connecting them with respect to the murder of the deceased Bharatbhai. Therefore, as such the learned trial Court has already convicted the accused for the offence punishable under section 392 of the IPC. As observed hereinabove, original accused Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 are also held to be guilty for the offence punishable under section 396 of the IPC. Once the accused are convicted for the offence punishable under section 396 of the IPC i.e. dacoity   with   murder   and   the   death   of   the   deceased Bharatbhai was homicidal death, the learned trial Court ought   to   have   convicted   the   accused   for   the   offence punishable under section 302 of the IPC also. As observed hereinabove,   the   prosecution   has   been   successful   in proving and establishing the complete chain of events by leading cogent evidence and therefore, accused persons were   liable   to   be   convicted   for   the   offence   punishable under section 302 of the IPC. [6.7]. Now, so far as the reliance placed upon the decisions of   the   Hon'ble   Supreme   Court   in   the   cases   of   Rakesh 14 (Supra);   Vijay   Kumar   (Supra)   and   Kanhaiyalal   (Supra) relied upon by the learned advocate appearing on behalf of the original accused is concerned, it is required to be noted   that   on   facts   and   the   findings   recorded   by   this Court, none of the aforesaid decisions shall be applicable and/or of any assistance to the accused. [6.8]. Now, so far as the reliance placed upon the decision of   the   Hon'ble   Supreme   Court   in   the   case   of   Rakesh (Supra) by the learned advocate appearing on behalf of the accused is concerned, it is required to be noted that in the present case there is recovery of knife/s at the instance of original accused No. 2 and original accused Nos. 3 and 5 and that there is discovery of clothes of original accused Nos. 3 and 4 with blood stains which are not explained by the original accused Nos. 2, 3 and 5. Similarly, in the case before   the   Hon'ble   Supreme   Court   in   the   case   of Kanhaiyalal (Supra), except last seen together, there was no   other   evidence   connecting   the   accused.   Under   the circumstances, none of the aforesaid decisions shall be applicable to the facts of the case on hand and/or shall be of any assistance to the accused. [7.0].  In  view  of  the  above  and  for the  reasons  stated above, Criminal Appeal No. 1012/1993 preferred by the original accused against  their conviction for the offence punishable   under   section   392   of   the   IPC   is   hereby dismissed.”
26.On going through the record, we find that the prosecution
relied upon the circumstantial evidence comprising of disclosures, recoveries   and   discoveries   for   bringing   home   the   guilt   of   the accused. 
27.The most important recovery is alleged to be of the jeep
bearing registration No.GJ­08­114.
28.We may note that the said recovery is attributed to A1, who
was allegedly apprehended by PSI J.N. Chaudhary (PW­22) on 02nd
15 March, 1990. He forwarded a report/communication (Exhibit­96)
dated 2ndMarch, 1990 to the officer in­charge of the Sardarnagar
Police Station wherein, the confession made by the A1 implicating himself and the other accused is recorded.
29.It is trite that confession of an accused in custody recorded by
a police officer is inadmissible in evidence as the same would be hit by Section 25 of the Evidence Act. Thus, that part of the statement of   A1   as   recorded   in   the   report/communication   (Exhibit­96), wherein he allegedly confessed to the crime of murder of the jeep driver and looting the jeep and named the other accused persons as particeps   criminis   is   totally   inadmissible   and   cannot   be   read   in evidence  except  to  the   extent  provided   under   Section  27  of   the Evidence Act.
30.After A1 had been apprehended, PSI J.N. Chaudhary (PW­22)
prepared twopanchnamasi.e. Exhibit­88 and Exhibit­89. The
panchnama(Exhibit­89) was prepared at 08:30 hours on 2ndMarch,
1990 wherein, there is no mention that A1 had disclosed the names of the other accused. This omission is very striking and goes to the root of the matter. It creates a grave doubt on the truthfulness of the evidence of PSI J.N. Choudhary (PW­22).  As a consequence, the so called disclosure statement made by A1(Exhibit­96) on which the 16 prosecution   banked   upon   and   the   High   Court   relied   upon   by treating it to be an incriminating circumstance against the accused persons is totally inadmissible and unworthy of reliance. 
31.One of thepanchwitnesses Pratap Tolaram Makhija was
examined as PW­21 and in his deposition, he did not utter a single word   regarding   the   accused   having   made   any confessional/disclosure  statement to  PSI  J.N.   Choudhary(PW­22) when the memos (Exhibits­88 and 89) were prepared.
32.When PSI J.N. Chaudhary (PW­22) was examined, the
prosecution did not even make an attempt to prove the confessional part   of   the   communication   (Exhibit­96)   and   rightly   so   in   our opinion.
33.Even if it is assumed for the sake of arguments that A1 was
present in the jeep owned by Bharatbhai (deceased), this fact in isolation cannot lead to an inference about culpability of the said accused for the offences of murder and dacoity. As per the admitted case of the prosecution, more than one person was present in the jeep, when the same was flagged down by PSI J.N. Chaudhary (PW­
22).Thus, the possibility of the A1 (Laxmansing) travelling in the
jeep   as   an   innocent   passenger   cannot   be   ruled   out.  No   other circumstance except for presence in the jeep was portrayed in the 17 prosecution case so as to bring home the guilt of A1. 
34.The prosecution pinned the identity of A2, A3, and A5 as the
assailants on the basis of the disclosure statement (Exhibit­96) of A1. They were primarily convicted on the basis of the recoveries of knives and clothes. On going through the entire record, we find that these   so   called   incriminating   articles   allegedly   recovered   at   the instance of the accused were never sent to the Serology expert for comparison of the blood groups existing thereupon with the blood group of the deceased.  35. We have gone through the evidence of the concerned police officials associated with the recoveries and find their testimonies to be highly doubtful. The knife which was recovered at the instance of
A3 was found from analawhich is a place open and accessible to
all. The knife attributed to A4 was presented by one Shobhnaben wife of Kanji Chhara and thus it cannot be linked to A4. Thus, these recoveries in no manner can be treated to be incriminating in
nature. In the case ofMustkeem alias Sirajudeen v. State of
Rajasthan,reported in(2011) 11 SCC 724, this Court held that
the   solitary   circumstance   of   recovery   of   blood­stained   weapons cannot constitute such evidence which can be considered sufficient to convict an accused for the charge of murder. We thus find the 18 recoveries to be highly doubtful and tainted. Even if it is assumed for a moment that such recoveries were effected, the same did not lead to any conclusive circumstance in form of Serological report establishing the presence of the same blood group as that of the deceased and hence they do not further the cause of prosecution. In addition thereto, we find that the prosecution failed to lead the link evidence   mandatorily   required   to   establish   the   factum   of   safe keeping of the  muddamal  articles and hence, the recoveries became irrelevant. 36. At the cost of repetition, it may be noted that the veracity of disclosure statement of A1 as recorded by PW­22 has already been doubted by us. In addition thereto, it is manifest that the disclosure statement   of   A1   cannot   be   read   in   evidence   against   the   other accused i.e. A2, A3 and A5. The evidentiary value of the confession of one co­accused against the other was considered by this Court in the case of  Haricharan Kurmi v. State of Bihar  reported in  AIR 1964   SC   1184   and   it   was   held   that   such   statement   is   not   a substantive piece of evidence. The said case dealt with a judicial confession made by an accused and it was held that even such confession   cannot   be   treated   as   a   substantive   evidence   against other co­accused persons. In the case at hand, the situation is even 19 worse because the High Court has relied upon the interrogation note of A1 (Exhibit­96) so as to hold A2, A3 and A5 guilty of the offence. The interrogation note of A1 being hit by Section 25 of the Evidence   Act   cannot   be   read   in   evidence   for   any   purpose whatsoever.
37.From a thorough appreciation of the evidence available on
record, we find that the prosecution miserably failed to lead reliable, tangible   and   convincing   links   forming   a   complete   chain   of incriminating circumstances so as to bring home the guilt of the accused for the charge of murder punishable under Section 302 IPC.
38.We may note from the quoted portions of the impugned
judgment that while reversing the acquittal of the accused recorded by the trial Court for the charges under Sections 302 read with Section 34 and Sections 396 and 397 IPC, the High Court did not record any such finding that the view taken by the trial Court, based on appreciation of evidence was either perverse or it was not one of the permissible views favouring the acquittal of the accused. In this background, the impugned judgment rendered by the High Court   falls   short   of   the   satisfaction   mandatorily   required   to   be recorded for reversing a judgment of acquittal and converting it to 20 one of conviction.
39.We are rather compelled to hold that the judgment of the High
Court is based sheerly on conjectures and surmises rather than being based on any substantive or reliable circumstantial evidence pointing   exclusively   to   the   guilt   of   the   accused.  Insofar   as   the conviction of the accused as recorded by the trial Court for the offence under Section 392 is concerned, the same is also based on the same set of inadmissible and unreliable links of circumstantial evidence which we have discarded in the preceding discussion. Conclusion: ­
40.As a consequence of the above discussion, the impugned
judgment dated 11thDecember, 2015 passed by the High Court of
Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Criminal Appeal No. 1012 of 1993 and Criminal Appeal No. 949 of 1994 does not stand to scrutiny and is st hereby quashed and set aside.  Further, the judgment dated 21 August, 1993 passed by the trial Court convicting and sentencing the accused for the offences punishable under Section 392 IPC is also unsustainable on the face of the record. Both the judgments are thus, quashed and set aside.
41.Resultantly, the appeals are allowed.The appellants are
acquitted   of   the   charges   and   are   directed   to   be   set   at   liberty 21 forthwith, if not required in any other case.
42.Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of.
    ….........................J.     (B.R. GAVAI)         ............................J.        (SANDEEP MEHTA) New Delhi; February 22, 2024  22