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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8818 OF 2022
(Arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 11570 of 2021)
M/s. Meenakshi Solar Power Pvt. Ltd. … APPELLANT
Vs.
M/s. Abhyudaya Green Economic
Zones Pvt. Ltd. and Ors. ... RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
NAGARATHNA, J.
Leave granted.
2. This Civil Appeal has been filed by assailing the impugned
judgment and order dated 12.02.2021 passed by the High Court of
Judicature for the State of Telangana at Hyderabad in Arbitration
Application No. 55 of 2020 whereby the High Court dismissed the
application filed under Section 11(6) of the Arbitration and
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
satish kumar yadav
Date: 2022.11.23
16:26:50 IST
Reason:
Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Act of 1996’, for the
sake of convenience) filed by the appellant herein.
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3. The appellant herein M/s. Meenakshi Solar Power Pvt. Ltd. is
engaged in the business of producing power through running and
operating thermal/solar/hydro power plants. The respondent No.1 –
M/s. Abhyudaya Green Economic Zones Pvt. Ltd. is the owner of
4.128 MW Solar PV Power Project located in 20 acres at Kummera
Village, Chevella Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Telangana.
Respondent Nos. 2 and 3 are promoters and 100% shareholders of
respondent No.1 Company. Respondent No. 4 M/s. Meenakshi Power
Pvt. Ltd. is an affiliate of the appellant herein and is a proforma
respondent in the present case while the other three respondents are
the contesting respondents.
4. Succinctly stated, the facts of the case are that the power
project of respondent No.1 herein is generating power and has a
twentyyear Power Purchase Agreement with Telangana State
Southern Power Distribution Company Limited. The power project
was partly financed by Corporation Bank, Film Nagar Branch,
Hyderabad in the form of a Term Loan vide Account No.
560821000017646 and partly financed by M/s. IFCI Venture Capital
Funds Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘IFCI Venture Capital’) in the
form of 14,68,000 Optionally Convertible Debentures of Rs.100/
each at par aggregating to Rs.14,68,00,000/ (Rupees Fourteen Crore
SixtyEight Lakhs Only) under a Venture Capital Fund for Schedule
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Castes. Since it was difficult for respondent No.1 to service the debt
availed from the financial institutions, respondent Nos. 2 and 3 its
promoters, decided to sell the said power project. The appellant
herein showed interest in buying the said power project and therefore
entered into a Share Purchase Agreement dated 24.09.2018 with
respondent Nos.1 to 3 wherein respondent Nos. 2 and 3 agreed to sell
100% ownership of respondent No.1 Company comprising all of its
assets including land, buildings, plant, equipment along with
continuity of the Power Purchase Agreement signed with Telangana
State Southern Power Distribution Company Limited as a going
business entity, for an irrevocably frozen Purchase Price of Rs. 29
Crores (Rupees TwentyNine Crores). The appellant herein agreed to
purchase 100% Equity Shares and 100% Preference Shares of
respondent No.1 Company by way of taking over the loans of
respondent No.1 Company and paying the balance amount to the
sellers i.e., respondent Nos. 2 and 3 towards net equity value.
5. Subsequently, a Tripartite Agreement was entered into by the
appellant herein through its affiliate i.e., respondent No.4 (party of
the third part) with respondent Nos. 2 and 3 (party of the second part)
and IFCI Venture Capital (party of the first part) on 03.04.2019
recording the execution of the Share Purchase Agreement dated
24.09.2018 and payment of Rs. 50 lakhs (Rupees Fifty Lakhs) to
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respondent Nos. 2 and 3 in terms of the said Share Purchase
Agreement.
6. Thereafter, an addendum to the Share Purchase Agreement was
signed on 10.04.2019 between respondent Nos.1 to 3 and respondent
No.4 wherein the latter agreed to remit an amount of Rs. 1.65 Crores
to respondent Nos. 1 to 3 to regularize the loan with the Corporation
Bank and facilitate the transfer of the project company.
7. Disputes arose between the appellant and the respondents and
the appellant herein filed an application before the Commercial Court,
City Civil Court, Hyderabad vide COP No.27 of 2020 under Section 9
of the Act of 1996, seeking to restrain the respondents from alienating
their shares in the Company. The Commercial Court was pleased to
grant an adinterim injunction restraining the respondents from
alienating their shares vide order dated 19.06.2020.
8. The appellant herein sent a letter dated 22.06.2020 invoking the
arbitration clause as a means of dispute resolution in terms of Clause
10 of the Share Purchase Agreement and called upon respondent Nos.
1 to 3 to settle the disputes through arbitration. The appellant herein
appointed one Dr. P.V. Amarnadha Prasad, Engineer and Techno
Legal Consultant, Hyderabad as its arbitrator and vide such letter
requested respondent Nos. 1 to 3 to appoint their nominee arbitrator
and to constitute an Arbitral Tribunal of three members to adjudicate
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upon the dispute between the parties. On receiving no response to the
aforesaid notice, the aggrieved appellant herein filed an application
under Section 11(6) of the Act of 1996 which came to be dismissed
vide impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court.
9. Aggrieved by the dismissal of the aforesaid application, the
appellant has approached this Court by way of the present appeal.
10.
We have heard Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel
duly instructed by her instructing counsel, appearing for the
appellant herein and Sri D. Narendra Naik, learned counsel for the
respondent Nos.1 to 3 and perused the material on record.
11. Learned Senior Counsel for the appellant stated that the High
Court has grossly erred in dismissing the application under Section
11(6) of the Act of 1996 and that the judgment and order passed by
the High Court needs consideration by this Court. The submissions of
learned Senior Counsel for the appellant are summarised as under:
11.1
That the High Court erred in giving a finding of
implied/deemed novation while adjudicating on an application
under Section 11 of the Act of 1996 and failed to comprehend
the nature of limited judicial intervention under the said
provision.
11.2 That the High Court erred in venturing to examine complicated
questions of facts and documents and has essentially
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performed the function of an Arbitral Tribunal before whom
novation ought to have been pleaded and proved as a
preliminary issue in case the same arose.
11.3
That the High Court has failed to examine the ingredients for
novation and has given an erroneous finding in that regard by
superficially dealing with the said issue. The High Court failed
to comprehend that the Tripartite Agreement was entered into
with the sole purpose and intent to act as a recovery
mechanism for IFCI Venture Capital and cannot by any stretch
of imagination be called as an act to substitute and novate the
Share Purchase Agreement dated 24.09.2018.
11.4 That the High Court failed to consider that the Tripartite
Agreement and the Addendum to the Share Purchase
Agreement was for a limited purpose of satisfying IFCI Venture
Capital as regards the dues payable and the same cannot be
said to have substituted the Share Purchase Agreement. Both
the Tripartite Agreement and the Addendum make no mention
to novate or substitute the Share Purchase Agreement dated
24.09.2018. There are clauses being substituted or subsequent
modification of clauses between the Share Purchase Agreement
when viewed alongside with the Tripartite Agreement.
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11.5 It is reiterated that the Tripartite Agreement with the IFCI
Venture Capital was meant only to protect the interests of the
financier so that it does not act coercively against respondent
No.1. The Tripartite Agreement had no clauses in it to deal
with the interse rights and obligations of appellant herein and
its affiliate respondent No.4 and respondent Nos. 1 to 3 and
was therefore incapable of substituting the Share Purchase
Agreement dated 24.09.2018.
11.6 That the High Court erred in not attempting to appreciate the
composite intention of both the parties, the nature and
purpose of the commercial transaction, the documents and
material on record, the conduct and correspondence of the
parties.
12. , learned counsel appearing for respondent Nos.1 to 3
Per contra
supported the judgment and order passed by the High Court and
contended that no interference of this Court is required. The
submissions of the learned counsel for the respondent No.1 to 3 are
epitomized as under:
12.1
That the appellant herein failed miserably in making complete
payment of the purchase of shares from respondent Nos. 2 and
3 and in fulfilling its obligation before the expiry of the Share
Purchase Agreement i.e., as on 10.11.2018, when the Share
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Purchase Agreement lapsed and stood terminated by operation
of Clause 8 of the Share Purchase Agreement.
12.2 That a fresh Tripartite Agreement was entered into, after four
months from the date when the Share Purchase Agreement
stood terminated, with an intention to help the appellant to
recover an amount of Rs.50 lakhs paid by it to the
respondents. Pursuant to the Tripartite Agreement, an
Addendum was entered into between the parties wherein it was
agreed that the consideration for sale of the power project shall
be remitted within timelines stipulated under the terms and
conditions of the Tripartite Agreement. The Addendum makes
no mention of the compliance with any term of the Share
Purchase Agreement dated 24.09.2018 and rightly so since the
Tripartite Agreement executed on 03.04.2019 had novated the
same.
12.3
That the Share Purchase Agreement and the Tripartite
Agreement are two distinct and independent agreements
executed between completely different parties with different
terms and conditions, however the subject matter i.e., the sale
consideration and the number of shares being transferred are
the same in both the agreements. The Tripartite Agreement has
superseded the Share Purchase Agreement. The substantial
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shift from terms, conditions and timelines in the Share
Purchase Agreement show that the parties departed from the
same to the Tripartite Agreement and the Share Purchase
Agreement stood novated.
12.4 That the High Court has acted completely within its
jurisdiction under Section 11 of the Act of 1996 and has not
stepped into the role of an Arbitral Tribunal. Reference to
Vidya Drolia vs. Durga Trading Corporation (2021) 2 SCC
1 was made in this regard. The respondents further relied on
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. vs. NCC Ltd. 2022 SCC OnLine
to hold that there is no bar under the Act of 1996 for a
SC 896
Court to look beyond the bare existence of the arbitration
clause to cut the deadwood. The High Court in the present
case was well within its jurisdiction in examining the existence
of the Arbitration agreement and by arriving at a conclusion
that the Share Purchase Agreement was novated and
superseded by the Tripartite Agreement.
12.5 That the arbitration clause being a part/component of Share
Purchase Agreement falls within it and perishes along with it
and the Tripartite Agreement provides for no provision for
arbitration. The High Court was right in holding that owing to
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novation, the invocation of arbitration under Share Purchase
Agreement was untenable. This Court has clearly set out the
principle that an agreement will be novated with the
introduction of new parties by mutual agreement. The
respondents relied on the case of Union of India vs.
Kishorilal Gupta and Bros. (1960) 1 SCR 493 , Young
Achievers vs. IMS Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd. (2013) 10
SCC 535 and M.B.S Impex Pvt. Ltd. vs. Minerals and
Metals Trading Corporation (2020) 5 ALD 185 .
12.6 That the High Court has rightly comprehended the intention
behind the two agreements and the contention of the appellant
that the Tripartite Agreement was a recovery mechanism is
untrue and thus unsustainable. Moreover, the Tripartite
Agreement governing the transaction makes no mention of the
lapsed Share Purchase Agreement intentionally. The appellant
was replaced by respondent No.4 in the Tripartite Agreement
and IFCI Capital Venture was added as a party and was also
given a right to invoke the agreement. Thus, the Tripartite
Agreement is a completely different and new agreement
between different parties containing different terms and
conditions and does not have an arbitration clause.
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13. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the respective
parties, the following points would arise for our consideration:
(a) Whether the judgment and order of the High Court calls for
any interference or modification by this Court?
(b)
What order?
14. The plea taken by the respondent herein is that owing to
novation of share purchase agreement, the arbitration clause no
longer existed so as to resolve the dispute between the parties
through arbitration. On the other hand, the plea of the appellant is
that there was no such novation of the share purchase agreement
and the arbitration clause was very much available and hence, the
High Court ought to have referred the matter to arbitration. In this
regard, it would be useful to refer to the following dicta of this Court:
a) In
National Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Boghara Polyfab Pvt.
Ltd. (2009) 1 SCC 267 , a Bench of this Court elucidating on
SBP & Co. vs. Patel Engineering Ltd. (2005) 8 SCC 618
has identified and segregated the issues that could be considered
in an application filed under Section 11(6) of the Act of 1996 into
three categories. They are enumerated as under:
(i) issues which the Chief Justice or his designate is bound to
decide;
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(ii) issues which he can also decide, that is, issues which he
may choose to decide or leave it to the Arbitral Tribunal to
decide; and
(iii) issues which would be left to the Arbitral Tribunal to
decide, and thereafter had enumerated them as under:
| “22.1. The issues (first category) which the<br>Chief Justice/his designate will have to<br>decide are: | |
|---|
| |
| (a) Whether the party making the<br>application has approached the<br>appropriate High Court. | |
| |
| (b) Whether there is an arbitration<br>agreement and whether the party who<br>has applied under Section 11 of the<br>Act, is a party to such an agreement. | |
. The issues (second category) which
22.2
the Chief Justice/his designate may choose
to decide (or leave them to the decision of
the Arbitral Tribunal) are:
( a ) Whether the claim is a dead (long
barred) claim or a live claim.
( b ) Whether the parties have concluded
the contract/transaction by recording
satisfaction of their mutual rights and
obligation or by receiving the final
payment without objection.
22.3 . The issues (third category) which the
Chief Justice/his designate should leave
exclusively to the Arbitral Tribunal are:
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( i ) Whether a claim made falls within the
arbitration clause (as for example, a
matter which is reserved for final
decision of a departmental authority
and excepted or excluded from
arbitration).
( ii ) Merits or any claim involved in the
arbitration.”
15. As far as the issues in the first category are concerned, the
Chief Justice or his designate is bound to decide. With regard to the
issues falling under the second category, when they are raised in an
application under Section 11 of the Arbitration Act, the Chief Justice
or his designate may decide them or may leave it open with a
direction to the Arbitral Tribunal to decide the same. But if the Chief
Justice or his designate chooses to examine the issue and decides it,
the Arbitral Tribunal cannot reexamine the same issue. As far as the
issues which arise in the third category are concerned, they have to
be dealt with exclusively by the Arbitral Tribunal such as excepted or
excluded matters. It would also include merits of any claim involved
in arbitration.
| 16. | | In | Vidya Drolia (supra), | | it has been further observed in | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
| relation to the aforesaid three categories in | | | | | | | Boghara Polyfab Pvt. |
| | | | | | | |
| Ltd. (supra). | | | | The first category of issues, namely, whether the party | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| has approached the appropriate High Court, whether there is an | | | | | | | |
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| arbitration agreement and whether the party who has applied for | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
| reference is party to such agreement would be subject to a more | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| thorough examination in comparison to the second and third | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| categories/issues which are presumptively, save in exceptional cases, | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| for the arbitrator to decide. In the first category, the question or | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| issues are relating to whether the cause of action relates to action | | | | | | | in |
| | | | | | | |
| personam | or | rem | ; whether the subjectmatter of the dispute affects | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| thirdparty rights, have | | | | | erga omnes | effect, requires centralised | |
| | | | | | | |
| adjudication; whether the subjectmatter relates to inalienable | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| sovereign and public interest functions or by necessary implication | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| nonarbitrable as per mandatory statutes. On the other hand, issues | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| relating to contract formation, existence, validity and nonarbitrability | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| would be connected and intertwined with the issues underlying the | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| merits of the respective disputes/claims. They would be factual and | | | | | | | |
| disputed and for the Arbitral Tribunal to decide. | | | | | | | |
| disputed and for the Arbitral Tribunal to decide. | | | | | | | |
can interfere only when it is manifest that the claims are ex facie
timebarred and dead, or there is no subsisting dispute. In the
context of issue of limitation period, it should be referred to the
Arbitral Tribunal for decision on merits. Similar would be the position
in case of disputed “noclaim certificate” or defence on the plea of
novation and “accord and satisfaction”.
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| in | Damodar Valley Corporation | vs. | | K.K. Kar | | (1974) 1 SCC 141 |
|---|
wherein it has been observed as under:
| (1) | | an arbitration clause is a collateral term of a contract as |
|---|
distinguished from its substantive terms; but nonetheless it is
an integral part of it;
| (2) | | however comprehensive the terms of an arbitration clause may |
|---|
be, the existence of the contract is a necessary condition for its
operation; it perishes with the contract;
| (3) | | the contract may be | | non est | in the sense that it never came |
|---|
| legally into existence or it was | void ab initio | ; |
|---|
| (4) | | though the contract was validly executed, the parties may put |
|---|
an end to it as if it had never existed and substitute a new
contract for it solely governing their rights and liabilities
thereunder;
| (5) | | in the former case, if the original contract has no legal existence, |
|---|
the arbitration clause also cannot operate, for along with the
original contract, it is also void; in the latter case, as the original
contract is extinguished by the substituted one, the arbitration
clause of the original contract perishes with it; and
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| (6) | | between the two falls many categories “of disputes in connection |
|---|
with a contract, such as the question of repudiation, frustration,
breach, etc. In those cases, it is the performance of the contract
that has come to an end, but the contract is still in existence for
certain purposes in respect of disputes arising under it or in
connection with it. As the contract subsists for certain purposes,
the arbitration clause operates in respect of these purposes.
| Even if | the performance of the contract has come to an end, the |
|---|
contract can still be in existence for certain purposes in respect of
disputes arising under it or in connection with it.
19. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we find that High Court was
not right in dismissing the petition under Section 11(6) of the Act of
1996 filed by the appellant herein by giving a finding on novation of
the Share Purchase Agreement between the parties as the said aspect
would have a bearing on the merits of the controversy between the
parties. Therefore, it must be left to the Arbitrator to decide on the
said issue also. Hence, the impugned judgment and order passed by
the High Court has to be setaside.
20. In the result, the appeal filed by the appellant is allowed and the
impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court is hereby
quashed and set aside.
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21. As requested before this Court for appointment of a sole
Arbitrator, Hon. Sri Justice R. Subhash Reddy, Former Judge,
Supreme Court of India, [email id – rsubhashreddy5157@gmail.com ]
is appointed as the sole Arbitrator to arbitrate the dispute between
the parties. The Registry is directed to send a copy of this order to
the learned sole Arbitrator.
22.
All contentions of both sides are left open to be raised by the
respective parties before the Arbitral Tribunal in accordance with law.
23. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of in the
above terms.
..………….……………J.
(B.R. GAVAI)
..………….……………J.
(B.V. NAGARATHNA)
NEW DELHI;
NOVEMBER 23, 2022.