Full Judgment Text
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PETITIONER:
M/S SHENOY AND CO. REPRESENTED BY ITS PARTNER BELE SRINIVASA
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
THE COMMERCIAL TAX OFFICER , CIRCLE 11 BANGALORE AND OTHERS
DATE OF JUDGMENT10/04/1985
BENCH:
KHALID, V. (J)
BENCH:
KHALID, V. (J)
DESAI, D.A.
ERADI, V. BALAKRISHNA (J)
CITATION:
1985 AIR 621 1985 SCR (3) 659
1985 SCC (2) 512 1985 SCALE (1)779
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1986 SC1440 (13)
F 1988 SC1353 (17)
ACT:
Declarative Judgment , effect , and binding nature
of-construction of India , 1950 , Article 141 scope.
Writ of mandamus , meaning of-Several writ petitions
filed by. traders challenging the Constitutional validity of
an Act was allowed by the High Court by a common judgment
but the said judgment was set aside by the Supreme Court in
the only one State appeal preferred-Whether the said
judgment of the Supreme Court will not be binding upon the
writ petitioners on the plea Or non-filing of appeals by the
State against their writ petitions.
HEADNOTE:
That Constitutional validity of the Karnataka Tax on
Entry of Goods into Local Areas for consumption , use or
sale therein Act , 1979 , which came into force with
effect from 1 6.1979 was challenged in the Karnataka High
Court by a large number of traders though a batch of 1590
writ petitions including writ petition No. 7039/79 by M/s.
Hansa corporation Bangalore.A Division Bench of the Court,
by a common judgment dated 24.8.79 reported in ILR 1980 (1)
Karnataka 165 allowed all the writ petitions and issued
writs of mandamus against the State Government forbearing it
from taking any proceedings under the Act. The State took
the matter in appeal in this Court. However , only one
appeal was filed , numbered as 3049 of 1979 against writ
petition No. 170 39 of 1979 filed by M/s Hansa Corporation ,
impleading this Corporation alone as respondent. This Court
by its judgment dated 25.9.80 which is reported in 1981 (1)
SCR 823 , allowed the appeal , set aside the judgment of
the Karnataka High Court and upheld the validity of the Act.
During the pendency of the civil appeal No- 3049 of
1979 Governor of Karnataka enacted the Karnataka Tax on
Entry of Goods into a Local Area
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for Consumption , use or sale therein (Act 21) , Act 1980
with retrospective effect from 8.6.80 removing the
infirmities in the 1979 Act. After the judgment of the
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Supreme Court in the Hansa Corporation’s case the Governor
of Karnataka promulgated another ordinance , Ordinance No.
11 of 1980 on 25.10.1980 repealing the Entry Tax Act , 1980
from its inception with certain other directions regarding
adjustment of tax if any paid. This was followed by
Karnataka Tax on Entry of Goods into Local Areas , Use or
Sale therein Act , of 1981 , and Karnataka Act No. 10 of
1981 , repealing the 1980 Act. however , did not repeal
ordinance No. 11 of 1980. In the meantime , Karnataka
Ordinance No. 3 of 1981 came into force which was followed
by Karnataka Act 12 of 1981 I which repealed Ordnance No. II
of 1980. As a result of the combined operation of ordinance
No. 3 of 1981 and Act No 12 of 1981 , the 1979 Act was made
to be Operative but only from 1.10.80 and not from 1.6.79 as
originally enacted
After the judgment of the Hansa Corporation’s case
upholding the validity of the 1979 Act , the authorities
appointed under the Act , issued notices under the Act to
all the dealers including those who had filed writ petition
earlier , calling upon them to register themselves under
the Act , to file returns and to pay the amounts of tax due
by them under the original Act of 1979. Aggrieved by the
said notices , the original writ petitioners again filed
writ petitions before the High Court of Karnataka contending
that the notices issued to them were bad in as much as the
writ of mandamus issued in their favour by the High Court in
the earlier judgment survived and was effective since no
state appeals were performed against them and that the
judgment of the Supreme Court could rescue the State from
taking proceedings only against the Hansa Corporation and
not against them. The Statement this contention with the
plea that the judgment of the Supreme Court was binding on
all and no one could escape from it. The writ petitions were
dismissed by a single judge holding among other things ,
that section 3 of the Act No 10 of 1981 revived the 1979 Act
and that action taken against the petitioners in the writ
petitions was , therefore , valid. Appeals were filed
against the judgment and a Division Bench of the Karnataka
High Court dismissed the appellants holding that section 3
of the re pealing Act of 1981 re-enacted the 1979 Act and
that , therefore , the appeals were not well founded i 1
their challenge against the action taken by the State. Hence
the appeals by special leave and also writ petitions under
Article 32 of the Constitution.
Dismissing the appeals and the writ petition , the
Court
^
HELD: 1.1 The judgment of the Supreme Court in Hansa
Corporations’ case reported in [1981] 1 SCR 823 is binding
on all concerned whether they were parties to the judgment
or not To contend that the conclusion therein applies only
to the partly before the Supreme Court is to destroy the
efficacy and integrity of the judgment and to make the
mandate of Article 141 illusory. By setting aside the common
judgment of the High Court , the mandamus issued by the
High Court is rendered ineffective not only in one case but
in all cases.[675; 673-H]
1.2 In the instant case , though a large number of
writ petitions were filed challenging the Act , all those
writ petitions were grouped together , heard
661
together and were disposed of by the High Court by a common
judgment. No petitioner advanced any contention peculiar or
individual to his petition , not common to others. To be
precise , the dispute in the cause or controversy between
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the State and each petitioner had no personal or individual
element in it or anything personal or peculiar to each
petitioner. The challenge to the Constitutional validity of
1979 Act proceeded on identical grounds common to all
petitioners. This challenge was accepted by the High Court
by a common judgment that was the subject matter of appeal
before Supreme Court in Hansa Corporations’ case. When the
Supreme Court repealed the challenge and held the Act
constitutionally valid it in terms disposed of not the
appeal in Hansa Corporation’s case alone , but all
petitioners in which the High Court issued mandamus on the
non existent ground that the 1979 Act was constitutionally
invalid. Therefore , to contend that the law laid down by
Supreme Court in that judgment would bind only the Hansa
Corporation and not the other petitioners against whom the
State of Karnataka had not filed any appeal , is to ignore
the binding nature of a judgment of Supreme Court under
Article 141 of the Constitution. [673B-C)
1.3 A mere reading of Article 141 bring into sharp
focus its expanse and its all pervasive nature. In cases
like this , where numerous petitions are disposed of by a
common judgment and only one appeal is filed , the parties
to the common judgment could very well have and should have
intervened and could have requested the court to hear them
also. They cannot be heard to say that the decision was
taken by the Supreme Court behind their back or profess
ignorance of the fact that an appeal had been filed by the
State against the common judgment.[673B-C]
2. There is no inconsistency in the finding of the
Supreme Court in Joginder’s case and Makhanlal Waza’s case
the ratio Is the same and the appellants cannot take
advantage of certain decisions made by this Court in the
earlier case. Both the decisions in Joginder’s and Makhanlal
Waza’s case lay down identical principles and there is
nothing to distinguish between the two. in the earlier case,
the Supreme Court , on its facts , overruled the
preliminary objection that absence of appeals against the
three petitioners let out. would not render the appeal
before the Supreme Court incompetent , holding thereby that
the effect of decision in that appeal would be binding on
the appellant therein. In the latter case , the Supreme
Court in unmistakable terms laid down that the law laid down
in the earlier case , namely , Triloknath’s case,
applied even to those who were not parties to the case.
These two decisions were given by two Constitution Benches
of the Supreme Court , the fact that Joginder Singh’s case
was not noted by the Bench that decided Makhanlal Waza’s
case does not create any difficulty. The two decisions , on
the principles laid down by them , speak the same voice,
that is the law laid down by the Supreme Court is binding on
all , notwithstanding the fact that it is against the State
or a private party and that it is binding on even those who
were not parties before the court ,
State of Punjab v. Joginder Singh. [1963] 2 Suppl. SCR
169- Makhanlal Waza v. J & K. State. [1971] 3 SCR 832
discussed and followed.
662
OBSERVATION:
In the fitness of things , it would be desirable that
the State Government also took out publication in such cases
to alert parties bound by the judgment , of the fact that
an appeal had been preferred before Supreme Court by them.
Here the State Government cannot be find fault with for
having filed only one appeal. It is , of course , an
economising procedure. [673C-D]
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3.1 A writ or an order in the nature of mandamus has
always been understood to mean a command issuing from the
Court , competent to do the same , to a Public servant
amongst others , to perform which leads to the initiation
of action.
3.2 In this case , the petitioners-appellants assert
that the mandamus in their case was issued by the High Court
commanding the authority to desist or forbear from enforcing
the provisions of an Act which was not validity enacted. In
other words , a writ of mandamus was predicated upon the
view that the High Court took that the 1979 Act was
constitutionally invalid. Consequently the Court directed
the authorities under the said Act to forbear from enforcing
the provisions of the Act qua the petitioners; The Act was
subsequently declared constitutionally valid by the Supreme
Court. The Act , therefore , was under an eclipse , for a
short duration; but with the declaration of the law by the
Supreme Court , the temporary shadow cast on it by the
mandamus disappeared and the Act revived with its full the
constitutional invalidity held by the High Court having been
removed by the judgment of the Supreme Court. If the law so
declared invalid is held constitutionally valid , effective
and binding by the Supreme Court , the mandamus forbearing
the authorities from enforcing its provisions would become
ineffective and the authorities cannot be compelled to
perform a negative duty. The declaration of the law is
binding on everyone. And therefore , the mandamus would not
survive in favour of those parties against whom appeals were
not filed. [774B-E]
3.3 Further , assuming that the mandamus in favour of
the appellants survived not withstanding the judgment of
this Court , the normal procedure to enforce the mandamus
is to move the court in contempt when the parties against
whom mandamus is issued disrespect it and if contempt
petitions are filed and notices are issued to the State,
the States’ obvious answer will be a reference to Article
141 and taking protection thereunder. No Court can punish a
party for contempt under these circumstances , because the
mandamus issued by the High Court becomes ineffective and
unenforceable when the basis on which it has issued falls,
by the declaration by the Supreme Court of the validity of
1979 Act. [674E; G-H]
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2263 to
2268 of 1984.
From the Judgment and Order dated 2nd April , 1982, of
the High Court of Karnatka in Writ Appeal Nos. 662 to 667 of
1982.
663
Writ Petition Nos. 394-405 of 1984. (under Article 32
of the constitution).
K. Srinivasan , Raghvendra Rao , V. Kumar for the
Appellants. in the C.A. Nos. 2263-68 of 1984.
R.P. Bhatt , Swaraj Kaushal for the Respondents in
C.A. Nos. 2263-68 of 1984. B
Krishnamani , Lalit Kumar Gupta , Subash Dutt , K.K
Pargal and Pankaj Kalra , for the Petitioner in W.P. No.
391-405/84.
K.L. Sharma , S.L. Benadikar and M. Veerappa for the
Respondents in W.P. No. 394-405/84. C
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
KHALID , J. The above appeals , by special leave,
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are directed against the common Judgment rendered by a
Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in writ appeal
Nos. 662-668 of 1982. In the writ petitions , the prayer is
to strike down Section 7 of Karnataka Act No. 13 of 1982,
Sections 2 and 3 of Karnataka Act No. 10 of 1984 and for a
writ of mandamus to restrain the State of Karnataka from
enforcing the said provisions against the Petitioners in the
writ petitions. This Judgment will dispose of the appeals
and the writ petitions.
2. The facts , in brief , necessary to understand the
genesis of the cases are as follows:
Consequent upon the abolition of octroi by the State of
Karnataka , which was the main source of revenue for the
local bodies , the said State enacted the Karnataka Tax on
Entry of Goods into local areas for Consumption , use or
salt therein Act , 1979 (for short the 1979 Act) in order
to augment the resources of the local bodies. This Act came
into force with effect from 1.6.1979 on which date it was
gazetted.
3.A batch of 1590 writ petitions were field in the
Karnataka High Court by a large number of traders
challenging the constitutional validity of this Act. Writ
Petition No , 7039 of 1979 was one of them which was by
Messrs Hansa Corporation , Bangalore. These writ petitions,
on reference by a learned Single Judge , were heard by a
Division Bench , which by a common
664
Judgment dated 24.8.1979(T) struck down the Act , allowed
the writ petition and issued writs of mandamus against the
State Government forbearing it from taking any proceeding
under the Act. The State took the matter in appeal to this
Court. However only one appeal was filed , numbered as 3049
of 1979 against writ petition No. 7039 of 1979 filed by
Messrs Hansa Corporation , in , pleading this Corporation
alone as respondent , This Court by its Judgment dated
25.9.1980 allowed the appeal , set aside the Judgment of
the Karnataka High Court and upheld the validity of the Act.
This decision is reported in 1981 (1) S.C.R. 823.
4. While Civil appeal No. 3049 of 1979 was pending
before this Court , the Governor of Karnataka promulgated
the Karnataka Tax on Entry of Goods into a Local Area for
Consumption , use or Sale therein Ordinance of 1980
(Karnataka Ordinance No. 5 of 1980) on 8.6.1980 providing
for levy of entry tax on registered dealers , removing the
infirmities in the 1979 Act , that were pointed out by the
High Court in its Judgment while striking down the Act. This
ordinance was replaced by Act No. 21 of 1980 giving it
retrospective effect from 8-6.1980 , the date of the
ordinance .
5. After this Court rendered its Judgment in the Hansa
Corporation case , the Governor of Karnataka promulgated
another ordinance , Ordinance No. 11 of 1980 on 25.10.l980
re pealing the Entry Tax Act , 1980 , from its inception
with certain other directions regarding adjustment of tax if
any paid. This was followed by Karnataka Tax on Entry of
Goods into Local Areas , Use or Sale therein (repeal) Act,
of 1981 , and Karnataka Act No. 10 of 1981 , repealing the
1980 Act. This Act , however , did not repeal ordinance
No. 11 of 1980. In the meantime , Karnataka Ordinance No. 3
of 1981 , came into force which was followed by Karnataka
Act 12 of 1981 which repealed Ordinance No. 11 of 1980. As a
result of the combined operation of ordinance No. 3 of 1981
and Act No. 12 of 1981. the 1979 Act was made to be
operative but only from 1-10.1980 and not from 1.6.1979 a
originally enacted.
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6 After the Judgment of this Court in the Hansa
Corporation ease , upholding the validity of the 1979 Act,
the authorities appointed under the Act , issued notices
under the Act
(1)- I.T.R. 1980 (1) Karnataka 165
665
to all the dealers including those who had filed writ
petitions earlier , calling upon them to register
themselves under the Act , to file returns and to pay the
amounts of tax due by them under the original Act of 1979.
Aggrieved by the said notices , the original writ
petitioners again filed writ petitions before the High Court
of Karnataka contending that the notices issued to them were
bad inasmuch as the writ of mandamus issued in their favour
by the High Court in the earlier Judgment survived and Was
effective since the State had not filed appeals against them
, and that the Judgment of this Court could rescue the
State from taking proceedings only against the Hansa
Corporation and not against them. The State met this
contention with the plea that the Judgment of this Court was
binding on all and no one could escape from it. The writ
petitions were heard by a learned Single Judge. He dismissed
them holding , among other things , that Section 3 of the
Act No. 10 of 1981 revived the 1979 Act and that action
taken against the petitioners in the writ petitions , was
therefore , valid.
7. Appeals were filed against this Judgment.A Division
Bench of the Karnataka High Court dismissed the appeals
holding that Section 3 of the repealing Act of 1981 re-
enacted the 1979 Act and that , therefore , the appellants
were not well founded in their challenge against the action
taken by the State.
8. The learned Single Judge and the Division Bench had
to consider the effect of the two decisions of this Court
for deciding the questions argued before them. The decisions
are the State of Punjab v. Joginder Sinnh(1) and Makhanlal
Waza v. J & K’ State.(2) Strong reliance was placed by the
petitioners on Joginder Singh , s case and equally strong
reliance by the State on Makhanlal’s case. The learned
Single Judge and the Division Bench understood the principle
enunciated in the two decisions differently. They were under
the impression that the action taken by the State would have
been invalid , but for the saving provision contained in
the repealing Act , notwithstanding the Judgment in Hansa
Corporation’ case.
9. What falls for decision in these appeals is the
resolution of the conflict between the approach made by the
learned Single
(l) [1963] 2 Suppl. S.C.R. 169.
(2) [l971] 3 S.C.R. 832.
666
Judge and the Division Bench to the two cases referred to
above and to examine the ratio of the two decisions , since
, in our opinion , these appeals can be disposed of on the
short ground whether the Hansa Corporation Judgment
validated the action taken by the State We will now briefly
set out the facts of the two cases:
In Juginder Singh’s case , four employees who were
absorbed in Government service filed four separate writ
petitions before the High Court of Punjab challenging
certain executive powers and rules as being violative of
Article 14 of the Constitution. All the four petitions were
allowed by the High Court by a common order by which the
rules challenged were struck down. The State of Punjab filed
only one appeal before this Court against this common order
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and that against Joginder Singh. At the hearing of the
appeal , a preliminary objection was raised on his behalf
that the appeal was incompetent since the State had not
filed appeals against the three other petitioners and that,
therefore , any variation by this Court of the Judgment in
the appeal would result in inconsistent decisions in respect
of the same matter.
In Makhanlal’s case , an order made by the Government
of Jammu and Kashmir providing for reservation of posts for
certain communities was challenged before this Court as
violative of Article 16 of the Constitution. This Court
accepted the challenge and invalidated the promotions of
respondents 3 to 83 in that case. By its Judgment , this
Court directed the State Government to devise a scheme
consistent with the constitutional guarantee for reservation
of appointment to posts and to pass appropriate orders. The
State Government instead of complying with the directions
given by this Court , attempted to circumvent the same by
continuing those whose promotions were invalidated , giving
the posts a different name. The same petitioners again moved
this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution questioning
the action of the State Government. The State Government
justified its action contending that there were many persons
who were not parties to the earlier writ petitions and who
had been promoted prior to and/or subsequent to this Court’s
decision and that they were not bound by the earlier
Judgment. This contention was repelled by this Court. It was
held that the law declared by this Court was binding on the
respondent State and its
667
Officers irrespective of the fact whether those who would be
affected by its pronouncement were parties to the Judgment A
or not.
10. Now we will see how the learned Single Judge and
the Division Bench understood the two Judgments of this
Court.
The learned Single Judge extracted the relevant
portions from Joginder Singh’s case and observed that the
said Judgment , according to him , settled two firm
propositions which in his words are as follows:
"(i) An appeal filed against only one person, though
his writ petition was disposed of by common order along
with other cases filed by others notwithstanding the
fact that appeals arc not filed against some cases ,
would be competent: and
(ii) an order made by the Supreme Court in such an a
appeal would bind the parties to appeal and would not
affect the validity of the order made in the other
cases."
He , then , distinguished that case from the case
before him by R stating thus:
"But that is not the position in these cases. The
precise question that arises for determination in these
cases is whether an Act of Legislature struck down by
the High Court on certain grounds is reversed by the
Supreme Court and the Act declared to be
constitutionally valid , thereafter a validation Act
is also passed rendering the Judgment of the High Court
in the other cases as ineffective , (sic). On that ,
the enunciation made in Joginder Singh’s case does not
bear on the point and assist the Petitioner.. " ,
11. After considering the facts of the Makhan Lal’s
case , the learned Single Judge observed thus
"This later enunciation by a larger Bench however,
without noticing the earlier decision in Joginder
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Singh’s
668
case , in unmistakable terms , has ruled that
the declaration made by it or enunciation made by it ,
is binding on all authorities courts and persons
whether they are parties or not.
Shri Srinivasan urged that the above enunciation
in Makhanlal Waza’s case was made by the Supreme Court
in the context of a binding order made against
Government and not against those who were not parties
to its earlier order and, therefore , the principles
stated in that case has no principles stated in that
case has no application to the question that arises for
determination.
In my view the attempt made by Shri Srinivasan to
distinguish the enunciation made in Makhanlal Waza’s
case is without a d difference and has no merit at all.
The enunciation made is not based on any such
distinction and difference.
On the application of the principles enunciated in
Makhanlal Waza’s. case it follows that the declaration
made by the Supreme Court in Messrs Hansa Carporation’s
case upholding the validity of the Act is binding on
all Courts, authorities and persons in the State of
Karnataka notwithstanding the fact that the State had
filed only one appeal and had not filed appeals in the
other cases.. "
From the above discussion , it would appear that the
learned Single Judge felt that Joginder Singh’s case
indicated a different view.
12. Now we will see how the Division Bench
understood the above propositions. After considering the
facts of the case and extracting the relevant portions of
this Court‘s Judgments , the Division Bench observed as
follows:
"In our opinion , there is no conflict between
the aforesaid two decisions of the Supreme Court. As
rightly pointed out by Shri Srinivasan , in Makhanlal
Waza’s case, the decision. turned on the fact that the
direction in the earlier Judgment of the
669
Supreme Court was made against the State Government and not
against promotees who were not parties in the earlier writ
petition. The State Government which was a party in the
earlier writ petition , was bound by the Judgment of the
Supreme Court therein and could not disregard the direction
of the Supreme Court on the ground that the promotees were
not parties in the earlier writ petition. Thus , the
decision of the Supreme Court in Makhanlal Waza’s case is
distinguishable on facts. As the material facts of the
present cases are similar to those in Joginder Singh’s case,
the law laid down by the Supreme Court in that case , is
squarely applicable to these cases."
From the above conclusion , it appears that the
Division Bench felt that the law laid down in Joginder
Singh’s case applied to the appeals before it and that the
decision of the Supreme Court in Makhanlal ’s case was
distinguishable on facts. As indicated above , the appeals
were dismissed relying upon 1 Section 3 of the repealing Act
of 1981.
13. We will now consider the submissions made before us
with reference to the above two decisions of this Court and
examine the correctness of the findings entered by the
learned Single Judge and the Division Bench.
The main thrust of the submission made by the learned
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counsel for appellants in these appeals is that the writ of
mandamus issued by the High Court in their favour was
effective since the Judgment in their favour was not
challenged by filing appeals before this court. It is
submitted that the law laid down by this Court would apply
only against the Hansa Corporation , against whom alone the
State had filed an appeal- In support of this contention the
following passage at page 177 in Joginder Singh’s case was
relied upon:
"All the four petitions were delt with together
and were disposed of by a common Judgment so that
relief according to Joginder Singh , the respondent
before us , in Writ application No. 1559 of 1960 was
also granted to the other three petitioners. The State
, however , has preferred no appeal against the
orders in the other three
670
petitions , and Mr. Agarwal , learned counsel for the
respondent , raises the contention that as the orders in
the other three petitions have become final , any order
passed in this appeal at variance with the relief granted in
the other three petitions would create inconsistent degree
in respect of the same matter and so we should dismiss the
present appeal as incompetent. We , however , consider
that this would not be the legal effect of any order passed
by this Court in this appeal and that there is no merit in
this objection as a bar to the hearing of the appeal. In our
opinion , the true position arising , if the present
appeal by the State Government should succeed , would be
that the finality of the orders passed in the other three
writ petitions by the Punjab High Court would not be
disturbed and that those three successful petitioners would
be entitled to retain the advantages which they had secured
by the decisions in their favour , not being challenged by
an appeal being filed. That however , would not help the
present respondent , The respondent would be bound by our
Judgment in this appeal and besides , so far as the general
law is concerned as applicable to everyone other than the
three writ petitioners (who would be entitled to the benefit
of the decisions in their favour having attained finality),
the law will be as laid down by this Court. We , therefore,
overrule the preliminary objection. "
14. In our opinion , reliance on this passage by the
appellants in support of their contention is not justified.
The only question that fell to be decided in Joginder
Singh’s case was whether the appeal filed by the State was
competent in the adsence of appeals against the other
petitioners. This was answered by the Court in the
affirmative as follows:
".. We , however , consider that this would not
be the legal effect of any order passed by the Court in
this appeal and that there is no merit in this
objection as a bar to the hearing of the appeal."
It is this observation that disposes of the preliminary
objec-
671
tion and the finding of the Court on this objection is
contained in the above passage. The sentences that followed
, relating to the effect of the orders passed by the High
Court in the other three writ petitions can only be treated
as obiter and therefore cannot be relied upon by the
appellants to press a case that the law declared by this
Court in Hansa Corporation’s case did not bind them. B
15. The same principle is laid down in Makhanlal Waza’s
case. In that case , the State of Jammu and Kashmir
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attempted to circumvent the law declared by this Court in
Trilok Nath and another v. State of Jammu Kashmir and
others(1) by which the State policy of reservation to
certain communities was declared bad by this Court with the
plea that the vice of that Judgment operated only so far as
the parties to the Judgment was concerned and not against
those who were not parties thereto. This Court repelled the
contention and held as follows:
".. As regards the other respondent teachers who
did not figure in the earlier petition , they were all
promoted to the gazetted cadre prior and subsequent to
the previous decision in complete defiance of the law
laid down by this Court. Such a course has been sought
to be justified on the tenuous ground that they were
not parties to the previous petition and therefore
their cases would not be governed by the decision given
in that petition. It may be observed immediately that
such a position is wholly untenable and misconceived.
The Judgment which was delivered did not merely declare
the promotions granted to the respondents in the
petition filed at the previous Stage as
unconstitutional but also laid down in clear and
unequivocal terms that the distribution of appointments
, posts or promotions made in implementation of the
communal policy was contrary to the constitutional
guarantee of Articie 16. The law so declared by this
Court was binding on the respondent State and its
officers and they were bound to follow it whether a
majority of the present respondents were parties or not
to the previous petition."
16. In our opinion , both these decisions lay
down identical
(1) [1969] I S.C.R. 103.
672
principles and there is nothing to distinguish between the
two. In the earlier case , this Court , on its facts ,
overruled the preliminary objection that absence of appeals
against the three petitioners left out , would not render
the appeal before this Court incompetent , holding thereby
that the effect of the decision in that appeal would be
binding on the appellant therein. In the latter case , this
Court in unmistakable terms laid down that the law laid down
in the earlier case , namely , Triloknath’s case ,
applied even to those who were not parties to the case.
These two decision were given by two Constitution Benches of
this Court. We find that Joginder Singh’s case was not noted
by the Bench that decided Makhanlal Waza’s case. This does
not create any difficulty. As we have already held , the
two decisions , on the principles laid down by them ,
speak the same voice , i.e. that the law laid down by the
Supreme Court is binding on all , notwithstanding the fact
that it is against the State or a private party and that it
is binding on even those who were not parties before the
Court. Since it is necessary to make the position of law
clear and free from ambiguity , we would set out our
reasons for our conclusion clearly.
17. Though a large number of writ petitions were filed
challenging the Act , all those writ petitions were grouped
together , heard together and were disposed of by the High
Court by a common Judgment. No petitioner advanced any
contention peculiar or individual to his petition , not
common to others. To be precise , the dispute in the cause
or controversy between the State and each petitioner had no
personal or individual element in it or anything personal on
peculiar to each petitioner. The challenge to the
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constitutional validity of 1979 Act proceeded on identical
grounds common to all petitioners. This challenge was
accepted by the High Court by a common Judgment and it was
this common Judgment that was the subject matter of appeal
before this Court in Hansa Corporation’s case. When the
Supreme Court repelled the challenge and held the Act
constitutionally valid , it in terms disposed of not the
appeal in Hansa Corporation’s case alone , but all
petitions in which the High Court issued mandamus on the
none existent ground that the 1979 Act was constitutionally
invalid. It is , therefore , idle to contend that the law
laid down by this Court in that Judgment would bind only the
Hansa Corporation and not the other petitioners against whom
the State of Karnataka had not filed any appeal. To do so is
to ignore the binding nature of a Judgment of this Court
under Article 141 of the Constitution.
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Article 141 reads as follows: A
"The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be
binding on all courts within the territory of India "
A mere reading of this Article brings into sharp focus
its expanse and its all pervasive nature. In cases like this
, where numerous petitions are disposed of by a common
Judgment and only one appeal is filed , the parties to the
common Judgment could very well have and should have
intervened and could have requested the Court to hear them
also. They cannot be heard to say that the decision was
taken by this Court behind their back or profess a ignorance
of the fact that an appeal had been filed by the State
against the common Judgment. We would like to observe that ,
in the fitness of things , it would be desirable that the
State Government also took out publication in such cases to
alert parties bound by the Judgment , of the fact that an
appeal had been preferred before this Court by them. We do
not find fault with the State for having filed only one
appeal. It is , of course , an economizing procedure.
18. The Judgment in the Hansa Corporation case rendered
by one of us (Desai , J.) concludes as follows
"As we are not able to uphold l the contentions
which found favour with the High Court in striking down
the impugned Act and the notification issued thereunder
and as we find no merit in other contentions canvassed
on behalf of the respondent for sustaining the Judgment
of the High Court , this appeal must succeed.
Accordingly , this appeal is allowed and the Judgment
of the High Court is quashed and set aside and the
petition filed by the respondent in the High Court is
dismissed with costs throughout."
To contend that this conclusion applies only to the
party before this Court is to destroy the efficacy and
integrity of the Judgment and to make the mandate of Article
141 illusory. By setting aside the common Judgment of the
High Court , the mandamus issued by the High Court is
rendered ineffective not only in one case but in all cases.
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19.A writ or an order in the nature of mandamus has
always been understood to mean a command issuing from the
Court , competent to do the same , to a public servant
amongst others , to perform a duty attaching to the office
, failure to perform which leads to the initiation of
action. In this case , the petitioners-appellants assert
that the mandamus in their case was issued by the High Court
commanding the authority to desist or forbear from enforcing
the provisions of an Act which was not validly enacted. In
other words , a writ of mandamus was predicated upon the
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view that the High Court took that the 1979 Act was
constitutionally invalid. Consequently the court directed
the authorities under the said Act to forbear from enforcing
the provisions of the Act qua the petitioners. The Act was
subsequently declared constitutionally valid by this Court.
The Act , therefore , was under an eclipse , for a short
duration; but with the declaration of the law by this Court
, the temporary shadow cast on it by the mandamus
disappeared and the Act revived with its full figure , the
constitutional invalidity held by the High Court having been
removed by the Judgment of this Court. If the law so
declared invalid is held constitutionally valid , effective
and binding by the Supreme Court , the mandamus for bearing
the authorities from enforcing its provisions would become
ineffective and the authorities cannot be compelled to
perform a negative duty. The declaration of the law is
binding on everyone and it is therefore , futile to contend
that the mandamus would survive in favour of those parties
against whom appeals were not filed.
20. The fallacy of the argument can be better
illustrated by looking at the submissions made from a
slightly different angle. Assume for arguments sake that the
mandamus in favour of the appellants survived
notwithstanding the Judgment of this Court. How do they
enforce the mandamus ? The normal procedure is to move the
Court in contempt when the parties against whom man damus is
issued disrespect it. Supposing contempt petitions are filed
and notices are issued to the State. The State’s answer to
the Court will be: "Can I be punished for disrespecting the
mandamus , when the law of the land has been laid down by
the Supreme Court against the mandamus issued , which law
is equally binding on me and on you ?". Which Court can
punish a party for contempt under these circumstances ? The
answer can be only in the negative because the mandamus
issued by the High Court becomes ineffective
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and unenforceable when the basis on which it was issued
falls , by the declaration by the Supreme Court , of the
validity of 1979 Act.
21. In view of this conclusion of ours , we do not
think it necessary to refer to the other arguments raised
before the High Court and which the learned counsel for the
appellants attempted to raise before us also. The appeals
can be disposed of on this short point stated above. The
Judgment of this Court in the Hansa Corporation’s case is
binding on all concerned whether they were parties to the
Judgment or not. We would like to make it clear that there
is no inconsistency in the finding of this Court in Joginder
Singh’s case and Makhanlal Waza’s case. The ratio is the
same and the appellants cannot take advantage of certain
observations made by this Court in Joginder Singh’s case for
the reasons indicated above.
22. In the writ petitions the challenge is against
Section 7 of Act No. 10 of 1981 and they contain certain
other prayers also. We do not think it necessary to deal
with the contentions raised in them since it would be an
unnecessary exercise , in view of the revival of the parent
Act of 1979 by the Judgment of this Court.
23. In the result , the appeals and the writ petitions
are dismissed with costs; cost quantified at Rs. 2,000 in
each case.
S.R. Appeals & Petitions dismissed.
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