INCOME TAX OFFICER AND ANR. vs. V.MOHAN AND ANR.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 14-12-2021

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 8592­8593 OF 2010 THE INCOME TAX OFFICER, CIRCLE I (2), KUMBAKONAM & ANR.   …APPELLANTS VERSUS V. MOHAN & ANR.  …RESPONDENTS J U D G M E N T A.M. KHANWILKAR, J. 1. The   conundrum   in   these   appeals   is:   when   the   Competent  Authority  claims that the subject property (to be forfeited) is that of the convict (V.P. Selvarajan) and ostensibly held by the relatives of the convict (respondents herein), whether it is mandatory to serve a primary   notice   under   Section   6(1)   of   the   1976   Act   upon   such convict with copy thereof to his relatives under Section 6(2) of the Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by NEETU KHAJURIA Date: 2021.12.14 14:34:06 IST Reason:    under   the   Smugglers   and   Foreign   Exchange   Manipulators   (Forfeiture   of Property) Act, 1976 (for short, “1976 Act”) 2 1976 Act,   and non­service of such primary notice upon the convict would   vitiate   the   entire   proceedings   initiated   only   against   his relatives?  The   High   Court   of   Judicature   at   Madras   vide   impugned 2.  judgment   held that Section 6 of the 1976 Act leaves no room for doubt   that   the   primary   notice   must   be   served   on   the   convict, wherein   the   convict   is   required   to   indicate   the   sources   of   his income, earnings or assets, out of which or by means of which he had acquired the properties sought to be forfeited; and non­service of such notice upon the convict would vitiate the action initiated against his relatives, even if the forfeited properties are ostensibly held by or in the name of the relatives.  The High Court rejected the argument of the appellants herein (Competent Authority) that only the person in whose name the property is held is required to be called   upon   to   offer   explanation   regarding   the   sources   of   his income, earnings or assets, out of which or by means of which he had acquired such property including the evidence on which he   for short, “Madras High Court”   in Writ Petition Nos. 1149 & 1150 of 2001 decided on 24.3.2008 reported in 2008 SCC OnLine Mad 244 3 would rely and other relevant information and particulars.  If the property in question is ostensibly held by the relatives in his name or through any other person on his behalf, the convict or detenu is not expected to nor can offer any explanation in that regard.  The High Court also rejected the argument of the appellants herein that no prejudice is likely to be caused to the noticees (respondents herein) being the relatives of the convict, who had held the forfeited properties in their name.   The High Court opined that the action against the respondents initiated by the Competent Authority was vitiated for lack of notice to the convict and it was, thus, pleased to set aside the entire action initiated against the respondents by the Competent Authority. 3. A contra  view has   been taken  by  at least two other  High Courts.  The first is of the High Court of Kerala in  Sajitha & Ors. vs.   Competent   Authority   &   Ors.   wherein   after   analysing   the relevant provisions, it held as follows: “ Section 2(c) refers to every person who is a relative 11.  of a person referred to in clause (a) or clause (b). Section 2(e) refers to any holder of any property which was at   2005 SCC OnLine Ker 101 4 any   time   previously   held   by   a   person   referred   to   in clause (a) or clause (b).  When we read Section 6(1) and 6 (2) along with Section 2 (2)(e) it is evident that notice   contemplated   under  Section   6(2)   is   to   any other person if the property does not stand in the name of the detenu. So far as this case is concerned, property stands in the name of wife and brothers. Admittedly   notices   have   been   issued   to   them   as contemplated under Section 6(1). We are of the view, non issue of notice to the detenu will not vitiate the proceedings as against their relatives. 12.  Petitioners also have raised a contention that more than six years have elapsed and the proceedings have not been initiated within a reasonable period.  No time limit has been prescribed under the Act . The Apex Court   in   Attorney   General   for   India   v.   Amratlal Prajivandas   has dealt with the scope and ambit of the Act which requires no reiteration. However we may refer to the recent decision of the apex court in  Kesar Devi  v. Union   of   India .   The   apex   court   while   dealing   with Section 2(2)(c) of the Act has categorically held that the   burden   of   proving   that   such   property   is   not illegally acquired property will be upon the person to .   On   facts   petitioners whom   notice   has   been   issued could   not   establish   that   the   properties   were   legally acquired.   Competent   authority   and   the   Tribunal concurrently found so and this court in writ jurisdiction will not be justified in a taking a different view in the absence of any contra evidence. We therefore find no infirmity   in   the   orders   passed   by   the   competent authority. The writ petition lacks merits and the same would stand dismissed.” (emphasis supplied)   (1994) 5 SCC 54 : AIR 1994 SC 2179   (2003) 7 SCC 427 5 The   second   decision   is   of   the   Calcutta   High   Court   in   The Competent   Authority   &   Administrator   &   Anr.   vs.   Manilal Jalal & Anr. .  Even in this case, notice was issued only to the wife of the detenu and not to the detenu.  The question was specifically dealt with by the Calcutta High Court after analysing the relevant provisions in the following words: “….. A bare perusal of Section 2 of the Act would show that the Act not only applies to the detenu but also to the relations and/or associates of such detenu. Nowhere the said provision of law mandates that a proceeding   against   a   relative   of   a   detenu   can   be initiated only if such detenu is proceeded against under SAFEMA. Such right to proceed against the relative/associate   is   independent   of   any   action taken against the detenu under SAFEMA. It is wholly fallacious   to   argue   that   the   detenu   must   be proceeded   against   under   SAFEMA   as   a   condition precedent for any action against a relative of such detenu.   The   properties   and/or   assets   which   were sought to be forfeited were standing in the name of Sarbani Devi Jalan herself and therefore respondent authorities rightly issued a notice under Section 6 of the   Act   upon   her   as   “person   affected”   for   the purpose   of   initiating   a   proceeding   of   forfeiture   of such property. There is nothing in the law that the property   standing   in   the   name   of   a   relation   of   a detenu   which   is   sought   to   be   proceeded   against must require a notice to be issued upon the detenu   2013 SCC OnLine Cal 12911 6 also. To infer such a requirement when the same is not provided in law would amount to rewriting the statutory   provision   which   is   unwarranted .   This submission   of   the   appellants   being   unfounded   must therefore fail. …..” (emphasis supplied) In view of the above, these appeals not only involve question 4. regarding interpretation of Section 6 read with other provisions of the 1976 Act, but also call upon us to expound the stated question authoritatively and resolve the conflicting view taken by different High Courts. 5. Reverting to the facts of the present case, one V.P. Selvarajan (convict) — brother­in­law of respondent No.2 and paternal uncle of respondent No.1, was convicted for an offence punishable under  the   Customs   Act,   1962   on   23.11.1969.     As   a   result   of   his conviction, he came within the ambit of the expression “person” or “such person” occurring in the 1976 Act — Section 2 in particular. Respondents being the relatives of the convict in terms of Section 2(2)   read   with   Explanation   2   also   came   within   the   ambit   of   for short, “1962 Act” 7 expression   “person”   defined   in   the   1976   Act   to   whom   the   Act applies. 6. The   1976  Act  came   into  force   with  effect  from   5.11.1975, pursuant to which the Competent Authority under the Act resorted to inquiry, investigation or survey under Section 18 of the Act and on the basis of the information collated had reason to believe that certain properties are illegally acquired properties having nexus to the unlawful activities of the convict.  As a result, a notice under Section 6(1) of the 1976 Act was issued to the convict on 2.2.1980. In the present appeals, we are not concerned with the said notice or   for   that   matter   illegally   acquired   properties   of   the   convict referred to therein. 7. The   Competent   Authority,   however,   on   the   basis   of information   gathered   had   reason   to   believe   that   some   of   the properties   were   held   by   the   respondents   herein   by   themselves, which   were   illegally   acquired   properties   within   the   meaning   of Section 3(1)(c) of the 1976 Act.  Accordingly, notice under Section 6(1) of the 1976 Act dated 19.1.1994 was issued to V. Mohan, respondent No.1 herein being nephew of the convict, calling upon 8 him to disclose the sources of his income, earnings or assets, out of which or by means of which he had acquired the properties referred to in the stated notice by himself.  The description of the properties had been given in the Schedule, which reads thus:
“SCHEDULE
S. No.Description of the PropertyName of the<br>present holder<br>of property
123
1.Investment in the firm M/s V.P.V.<br>Jewellery Mart, Kumbakonam
2.Investment in the Proprietary Concern<br>M/s V.P.V. Gold Palace Kumbakonam
3.Residential Property in the form of<br>house ­ being land and building at<br>No.113, Sarangapani East Street,<br>Kumbakonam
4.Agricultural Lands ­ 1 Acre & 8 cents at<br>south pattam, Paganasam Taluk<br>1 Acre & 75 Cents at Thepperumal<br>­nallur village.”
  8.   Similarly,   a   notice   dated   28.2.1994   was   issued   to Smt. V. Padmavathy, respondent No.2 herein being the relative of the convict in respect of properties referred to in the said notice purportedly illegally acquired properties.  The Schedule reads thus:
“SCHEDULE
S. No.Description of the PropertyName of the
9
present holder<br>of property
123
1.Residential house which includes land<br>and building at No.123. Big Street,<br>Kumbakonam.V. Padmavathy
2.Agricultural lands at Thepprumalnallur<br>Village at Kumbakonam as specified<br>below.­do­
3.Investment in the firm of M/s V.P.V.<br>Prema Jewellery, Kumbakonam.­do­
4.Jewellery disclosed under Voluntary<br>Disclosure Scheme (i.e.) 518 gms of gold<br>and 28 ets. of diamond.”­do­
9. The   Competent   Authority   after   giving   opportunity   to   the respondent(s)   eventually   passed   separate   forfeiture   order(s)   on 30.4.1998 against Smt. V. Padmavathy, respondent No.2 and on 28.5.1998 against V. Mohan, respondent No.1 in exercise of powers under   Section   7(1)   of   the   1976   Act.     It   held   that   an   order   of forfeiture of the stated properties had become inevitable as the respondent(s)   had   failed   to   produce   any   credible   evidence   or explanation to discharge the burden of proving that the properties referred to in the impugned notice were legally acquired properties by them. 10 10. Being aggrieved, the respondents took the matter in appeal bearing   Nos.   F.P.A.No.31/MDS/98   (of   respondent   No.2)   and F.P.A.No.32/MDS/98   (of   respondent   No.1)   before   the   Appellate  Tribunal  for   Forfeited   Property,   New  Delhi­II,   Camp:   Bangalore . These appeals came to be dismissed by the Appellate Tribunal vide common   order   dated   15.11.2000.     Resultantly,   the   order   of forfeiture of subject properties passed by the Competent Authority was upheld. The respondents then carried the matter before the Madras 11. High Court by way of Writ Petition No.1149 of 2001 (of respondent No.1) and Writ Petition No.1150 of 2001 (of respondent No.2).  Both these writ petitions came to be allowed by common judgment and order dated 24.3.2008 passed by the Division Bench of the Madras High Court taking the view that the action initiated against the respondents had vitiated owing to lack of notice to V.P. Selvarajan (convict),   which   in   its   view   was   mandatory   requirement   under Section 6 of the 1976 Act.   for short, “Appellate Tribunal” 11 12. The appellants, being aggrieved by the said decision, have approached this Court by way of present appeals.  According to the appellants,   the   view   taken   by   the   Madras   High   Court   vide impugned judgment on the interpretation of Section 6 of the 1976 Act is untenable.  Whereas, the issue has been rightly concluded in favour of the appellants by two other High Courts, namely, High Court of Kerala and Calcutta High Court. 13. It is urged that notice under Section 6 of the Act is required to be given to the person to whom the 1976 Act applies in respect of properties held by him, either by himself or through any other person on his behalf, being illegally acquired property within the meaning of the Act and proposed to be forfeited by the Central Government under the Act.   It does not require issuing notice to the convict or detenu, as the case may be, if the properties are not held by him or in his name.  Indeed, if the properties in question are held in the name of any other person on his behalf, the notice is   required   to   be   given   to   such   person.     To   buttress   this submission,   reliance   has   been   placed   on   Section   2   of   the   Act providing   for   application  of   the   Act  to   the   persons   specified in 12 Section 2(2).  The spouse of the brother of the convict as well as the son of the brother of the convict are plainly covered within the expression “relative” as clarified in  Explanation 2  of Section 2 of the 1976 Act and for which reason, the Act applies to the respondents as well.  Emphasis is placed on the expression “held” occurring in Section 6 of the 1976 Act in particular which in terms of definition  in P. Ramanatha Aiyar’s The Major Law Lexicon   would cover (i) those entitled to possession of property; and (ii) those in possession thereof. 14. It   is   urged   that   respondents   were   admittedly   holding   the properties in their name and thus, they were entitled to possession of   such   property   and   in   fact   they   were   in   physical   possession thereof.   Therefore, they alone were expected to offer explanation and discharge the burden of proving that the properties are their legally acquired properties.  They were, in fact, the persons directly affected by the proposed action of forfeiture and,  hence, notice under  Section  6   was   required  to   be   issued   to  the   respondents alone.  There is no mandate in Section 6 that a primary notice be th   4  Edition, Vol. 3 at pages 3050­51 13 served on the convict to require him to indicate his sources of income as noted by the Madras High Court.  More so, the convict is not expected to offer explanation with regard to the properties held by his relatives and not by him.   As regards the purport of Section 6(2) of the 1976 Act, it is 15. urged that the plain and literal interpretation does not mandate issuing notice to the convict even if the property proposed to be forfeited is not held by him at the relevant time.  It is a different matter that the convict can also be issued notice, but it is not a mandatory   requirement   when   the   properties   proposed   to   be forfeited were held by the relatives of the convict at the relevant time when the action is initiated. 16. The appellants have placed reliance on the decisions of the High Court of Kerala and Calcutta High Court referred to earlier. In addition, reliance has also been placed on the   dictum   of the Constitution Bench of this Court in  which Amratlal Prajivandas has decoded the intent of the legislation and all relevant provisions while rejecting the argument regarding constitutional validity of the   Supra at Footnote No. 5  14 enactment.     It   held   that   the   burden   of   establishing   that   the properties mentioned in Section 6 notice held on that date by a relative or an associate of the convict or detenu are not illegally acquired properties, lies upon such relative or associate.  Further, the Act is intended to frustrate all attempts at screening properties irrespective   of   how   the   relatives/associates   hold   the   property (whether   benami  or   as   name­lender   or   through   transferee)  and wherein   the   said   relative/associate   cannot   disclose   that   the properties   have   not   been   acquired   with   the   monies   or   assets belonging   to  a  detenu/convict,  but  the  failure  to  discharge  the burden would justify their forfeiture there being a prohibition on any person to whom the Act applies from holding illegally acquired properties. 17. Reliance   has   also   been   placed   on   the   dictum   in   Shobha Suresh Jumani vs. Appellate Tribunal, Forfeited Property & Anr. , wherein a show­cause notice under Section 6 was issued to the   detenu   Suresh   Manoharlal   Jumani   and   his   wife   Shobha Suresh Jumani.   Right to file appeal by Shobha Suresh Jumani   (2001) 5 SCC 755 15 was questioned  by  the competent  authority.   Nevertheless,  this Court upheld the action initiated against the relative (wife) of the detenu as the properties were held by her.  It is submitted that the impugned judgment be set aside and the contra view taken by the High Court of Kerala and Calcutta High Court be affirmed. 18. Per   contra,   learned   counsel   for   the   respondents   has supported   the   view   taken   by   the   Madras   High   Court   in   the impugned judgment and would urge that the appellants had all throughout proceeded against the respondents on the assumption that the respondents are only ostensible owners and the properties in   question,   in   fact,   belonged   to   the   convict.     Further,   the respondents were holding the subject properties on behalf of the convict.   In that context, the Madras High Court examined the purport of Section 6 and the interplay of two sub­sections therein to conclude that primary notice to the convict was a mandatory requirement, in such a fact situation.  Now, in the present appeals, the appellants have taken a completely different position, namely, that   the   respondents   are,   in   fact,   the   recorded   owners   of   the 16 subject properties and, therefore, no notice is required to be given to the convict. 19. The respondents have invited our attention to the definition of “persons” and  Explanation 2  in Section 2 of the 1976 Act.  It is also urged   that   the   properties   referred   to   in   the   impugned   notices issued to the respondents were not made subject matter of notice under Section 6 issued to the convict on 2.2.1980.  In other words, no notice had ever been given to the convict in respect of properties referred to in the impugned notices issued to the respondents as being his illegally acquired properties held through other person on his behalf. 20. As a matter of fact, it is urged by the respondents that Section 6(1) posits that when a notice is issued to a relative, it is imperative upon the Department to allege and establish a nexus between the properties of the relative sought to be forfeited and the convict or detenu.  In that, the forfeited properties must be traceable to the illegal   sources   of   income,   earnings   or   assets   of   the   convict   or detenu.   The personal properties of  relative or  associate of  the 17 convict or detenu having no connection with the convict or detenu, cannot be made subject matter of forfeiture under the 1976 Act as held in  Amratlal Prajivandas ; Kesar Devi ; Fatima Mohd. Amin (Dead) through LRs. vs. Union of India & Anr. ;   and   Aslam Mohammad Merchant vs. Competent Authority & Ors. 21. It is then urged that the subject properties cannot be forfeited without substantiating the link or nexus between the properties of the relatives with the activity of the convict or detenu and more so when the relatives are not his immediate relatives such as parents or children or spouse.   For lack of nexus between the properties sought   to   be   forfeited   being   that   of   the   convict,   the   statutory presumption is not attracted; and it must follow that Section 8 requiring burden of proof to be discharged by the noticee being the relative of the convict, would not come into play.   Moreover, the notice contains a bald unreasoned averment — that the properties in question were acquired during the time when the convict was   supra at Footnote No. 5 (para 44)   supra at Footnote No. 6 (paras 11 and 12)   (2003) 7 SCC 436 (paras 7 to 9)   (2008) 14 SCC 186 (para 45) 18 engaged in gold smuggling, the only inescapable conclusion is that the said properties were acquired by the funds of such convict.  As a matter of fact, the respondents had furnished copious materials before the Authorities to establish that the properties in question are, in fact, personal properties purchased by them out of their business earnings, gifts, etc.  The plea so taken by the respondents has been completely discarded.   22. It   is   urged   that   neither   the   Competent   Authority   nor   the Appellate Tribunal took into account that no reasons have been recorded on the basis of which it was believed that the properties of the respondents were illegally acquired.  Relying on the  dictum  in and   Nazir   Ahmad   vs.   Emperor   Chandra   Kishore   Jha   vs. Mahavir Prasad & Ors. it is urged that when a statute provides something to be done in a particular manner it ought to be done in that   manner   alone   and   in   no   other   manner.     Whereas,   the Competent Authority failed to record proper reasons to believe as stipulated in Section 6 of the 1976 Act.   AIR 1936 PC 253   (1999) 8 SCC 266 19 23. It is then contended that on account of inordinate and undue delay, the proceedings suffer from the vice of arbitrariness and irrationality.  In that, the convict was convicted on 23.11.1969 for an   offence   punishable   under   the   1962   Act.     The   properties   in question belonging to the respondents were acquired between 1959 till   1980.     Whereas,   the   impugned   notices   were   issued   on 19.1.1994   and   28.2.1994.     Further,   as   aforesaid,   the   stated properties have not been referred to in the criminal proceedings against the convict nor in the notice issued to him on 2.2.1980.  No explanation has been offered or forthcoming from the Competent Authority about the delay in issuing notice after 25 years, calling upon the respondents to explain and account for the sources of funds from which the properties in question have been acquired by them.   This is not only unjustified, but also impractical and not meet the test of a reasonable period of time.  Now, further period of 25 years has lapsed.  Thus, to reopen and re­adjudicate the entire proceedings   afresh   at   this   distance   of   time   would   not   only   be iniquitous, but also result in serious irreparable harm and injury to the respondents and persons claiming through them. 20 24. It is urged that this Court may lean in favour of closure of the proceedings inasmuch as even the appellants succeed, the parties may have to be relegated to the High Court for consideration of all other aspects raised by the respondents in the writ petitions and not dealt with by the High Court being of the view that initiation of the action against the respondents without primary notice to the convict vitiated the entire proceedings.   As a matter of fact, the High Court in paragraph 21 of the impugned judgment had left it open to the Authorities to initiate fresh proceedings in accordance with law, which the appellants have not chosen to initiate despite the fact that there was no interim stay given by this Court in that regard. 25. We have heard Mr. Aman Lekhi, learned Additional Solicitor General of India, Mr. A.K. Srivastava, learned senior counsel for the appellants and Mr. Atul Shankar Vinod, learned counsel for the respondents.  26. Before   we   proceed   to   examine   the   different   viewpoints   in reference to the provisions of the 1976 Act, it is essential to notice 21 the   legislative   intent   for   enacting   the   1976   Act.     That   can   be discerned from the Preamble of the Act and also exhaustively dealt with   by   the   nine­Judges   Constitution   Bench   of   this   Court,   in . Amratlal Prajivandas 27. The Preamble of the 1976 Act reads thus: “An   Act   to   provide   for   the   forfeiture   of   illegally acquired properties of smugglers and foreign exchange manipulators and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. WHEREAS for the effective prevention of smuggling activities and foreign exchange manipulations which are having a deleterious effect on the national economy it is necessary to deprive persons engaged in such activities and manipulations of their ill­gotten gains; AND WHEREAS such persons have been augmenting such gains by violations of wealth­tax, income­tax or other laws or by other means and have thereby been increasing their resources for operating in clandestine manner; AND WHEREAS such persons have in many cases been   holding   the   properties   acquired   by   them through such gains in the names of their relatives, associates and confidants ;” (emphasis supplied) 28. This Court dealt with the legislative intent in  extenso .  It also analysed   the   relevant   provisions   of   the   1976   Act   which   would   Supra at Footnote No. 5 22 reinforce the legislative intent.  While dealing with the definition of “illegally acquired properties” (re: question No.4 in paragraph 43), it had noticed that the stated expression is quite expansive.   It not only takes within its ambit the property acquired after the Act, but also the property acquired before the Act, “whatever be the length of time”.  Secondly, it takes in the property which may have been acquired partly from out of illegal activity — in which case, of course, the provision of Section 9 would be attracted.   Further, illegal activity is not confined to violation of the laws mentioned in Section 2 of the 1976 Act but all laws which Parliament has power to make, such as if a smuggler has acquired some properties by evading   tax   laws   or   by   committing   theft,   robbery,   dacoity, misappropriation   or   any   other   illegal   activity   prohibited   by   the Indian Penal Code or any other law in force.   All that would be liable to be forfeited. 29. The   Constitution   Bench   negatived   the   challenge   to   the expansive definition of expression “illegally acquired property” on the grounds of unreasonableness, arbitrariness or for that matter 23 on any of the grounds relatable to Part III of the Constitution as not being available.  The Constitution Bench then noted as follows: “Question No.4 43 .   …..We   can   take   note   of   the   fact   that   persons engaged   in   smuggling   and   foreign   exchange manipulations do not keep regular and proper accounts with respect  to such activity or its income or  of the assets acquired therefrom. If such person indulges in other illegal activity, the position would be no different. The violation of foreign exchange laws and laws relating to export and import necessarily involves violation of tax laws.   Indeed, it is a well­known fact that over the last   few   decades,   smuggling,   foreign   exchange violations, tax evasion, drugs and crime have all got mixed­up.   Evasion   of   taxes   is   integral   to   such activity. It would be difficult for any authority to say, in the absence of any accounts or other relevant material  that  among  the  properties acquired  by a smuggler, which of them or which portions of them are attributable to smuggling and foreign exchange violations and which properties or which portions thereof   are  attributable   to  violation  of   other  laws (which   Parliament   has   the   power   to   make).   It   is probably for this reason that the burden of proving that   the   properties   specified   in   the   show­cause notice are not illegally acquired properties is placed upon the person concerned. May be this is a case where   a   dangerous   disease   requires   a   radical . In treatment. Bitter medicine is not bad medicine law   it   is   not   possible   to   say   that   the   definition   is arbitrary   or   is   couched   in   unreasonably   wide   terms. Further,  in view  of  clear  and unambiguous language employed in clause ( c ) of Section 3, it is not possible or permissible to resort to the device of reading down. The said device is usually resorted to save a provision from being declared unconstitutional, incompetent and ultra vires. We are, therefore, of the opinion that neither the constitutional   validity   of   the   said   definition   can   be 24 questioned nor is there any warrant for reading down the clear and unambiguous words in the clause. So far as justification of such a provision is concerned, there is enough   and   more.   After   all,   all   these   illegally acquired properties are earned and acquired in ways illegal and corrupt — at the cost of the people and the   State.   The   State   is   deprived   of   its   legitimate revenue to that extent. These properties must justly go back where they belong — to the State . …..” (emphasis supplied) 30. After having said that while dealing with the ambit of Section 2(2) of the Act, the Court observed thus: “Question No. 5 44.  It is contended by the counsel for the petitioners that   extending   the   provisions   of   SAFEMA   to   the relatives, associates and other ‘holders’ is again a case of overreaching or of over­breadth, as it may be called — a case of excessive regulation. It is submitted that the relatives or associates of a person falling under clause ( a ) or clause ( b ) of Section 2(2) of SAFEMA may have acquired   properties   of   their   own,   may   be   by   illegal means but there is no reason why those properties be forfeited under SAFEMA just because they are related to or are associates of the detenu or convict, as the case may be. It is pointed out that the definition of ‘relative’ in Explanation (2) and of ‘associates’ in Explanation (3) are so wide as to bring in a person even distantly related or associated with the convict/detenu, within the net of SAFEMA,  and  once  he  comes  within  the net, all his illegally acquired properties can be forfeited under the Act.   In   our   opinion,   the   said   contention   is   based upon a misconception. SAFEMA is directed towards forfeiture   of   “illegally   acquired   properties”   of   a person   falling   under   clause   ( a )   or   clause   ( b )   of Section   2(2).   The   relatives   and   associates   are brought in only for the purpose of ensuring that the illegally   acquired   properties   of   the   convict   or 25 detenu,   acquired   or   kept   in   their   names,   do   not escape the net of the Act. It is a well­known fact that persons indulging in illegal activities screen the properties acquired from such illegal activity in the names of their relatives and associates. Sometimes they transfer such properties to them, may be, with an intent to transfer the ownership and title. In fact, it is immaterial how such relative or associate holds the   properties   of   convict/detenu   —   whether   as   a benami or as a mere name­lender or as a bona fide transferee   for   value   or   in   any   other   manner.   He cannot claim those properties and must surrender them   to   the   State   under   the   Act.   Since   he   is   a relative   or   associate,   as   defined   by   the   Act,   he cannot put forward any defence once it is proved that that property was acquired by the detenu — whether   in   his   own   name   or   in   the   name   of   his relatives   and   associates.   It   is   to   counteract   the several   devices   that   are   or   may   be   adopted   by persons mentioned in clauses ( a ) and ( b ) of Section 2(2) that their relatives and associates mentioned in clauses ( c ) and ( d ) of the said sub­section are also brought within the purview of the Act. The fact of their   holding   or   possessing   the   properties   of convict/detenu   furnishes   the   link   between   the convict/detenu   and   his   relatives   and   associates. Only   the   properties   of   the   convict/detenu   are sought to be forfeited, wherever they are. The idea is to reach his properties in whosoever's name they are kept   or   by   whosoever   they   are   held.   The independent   properties   of   relatives   and   friends, which are not traceable to the convict/detenu, are not sought to be forfeited nor are they within the purview   of   SAFEMA .   We   may   proceed   to   explain     That this was the object of the Act  is evident  from para  4 of  the preamble which states: “And whereas such persons have in many cases been holding the properties acquired by them through such gains in the names of their relatives, associates and confidants.” We are not saying that the preamble can be utilised for restricting the scope of the Act, we are only referring to it to ascertain the object of the enactment and to reassure ourselves that the construction placed by us accords with the 26 what   we   say.   Clause   ( c )   speaks   of   a   relative   of   a person referred to in clause ( a ) or clause ( b ) (which speak of a convict or a detenu). Similarly, clause ( d ) speaks of associates of such convict or detenu. If we look   to   Explanation   (3)   which   specifies   who   the associates referred to in clause ( d ) are, the matter .   ‘Associates’   means   —   ( i )   any becomes   clearer individual who had been or is residing in the residential premises (including  outhouses) of such person [‘such person’ refers to the convict or detenu, as the case may be,   referred   to   in   clause   ( a )   or   clause   ( b )];   ( ii )   any individual who had been or is managing the affairs or keeping the accounts of such convict/detenu; ( iii ) any association of persons, body of individuals, partnership firm or private company of which such convict/detenu had been or is a member, partner or director; ( iv ) any individual who had been or is a member, partner or director   of   an   association   of   persons,   body   of individuals,   partnership   firm   or   private   company referred to in clause ( iii ) at any time when such person had been or is a member, partner or director of such association of persons, body of individuals, partnership firm or private company; ( v ) any person who had been or is managing the affairs or keeping the accounts of any association of persons, body of individuals, partnership firm or private company referred to in clause ( iii ); ( vi ) the trustee of any trust where ( a ) the trust has been created by such convict/detenu; or ( b ) the value of the assets contributed   by   such   convict/detenu   to   the   trust amounts, on the date of contribution not less than 20% of the value of the assets of the trust on that date; and ( vii ) where the competent authority, for reasons to be recorded   in   writing,   considers   that   any   properties   of such convict/detenu are held on his behalf by any other person, such other person. It would thus be clear that the connecting link or the nexus, as it may be called, is the holding of property or assets of the convict/detenu or   traceable   to   such   detenu/convict.   Section   4   is equally relevant in this context. It declares that “as from the commencement of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any person to whom this Act applies to said object. (emphasis supplied) 27 hold   any   illegally   acquired   property   either   by himself or through any other person on his behalf”. All   such   property   is   liable   to   be   forfeited.   The language of this section is indicative of the ambit of the Act. Clauses ( c ) and ( d ) in Section 2(2) and the Explanations (2) and (3) occurring therein shall have to be construed and understood in the light of the overall scheme and purpose of the enactment. The idea is to forfeit the illegally acquired properties of the convict/detenu irrespective of the fact that such properties are held by or kept in the name of or screened in the name of any relative or associate as defined in the said two Explanations. The idea is not to   forfeit   the   independent   properties   of   such relatives   or   associates   which   they   may   have acquired illegally but only to reach the properties of the convict/detenu or properties traceable to him, wherever they are, ignoring all the transactions with respect to those properties. By way of illustration, take   a   case   where   a   convict/detenu   purchases   a property in the name of his relative or associate — it does not matter whether he intends such a person to be a mere name­lender or whether he really intends that   such   person   shall   be   the   real   owner   and/or possessor   thereof   —   or   gifts   away   or   otherwise transfers   his   properties   in   favour   of   any   of   his relatives or associates, or purports to sell them to any of his relatives or associates — in all such cases, all   the   said   transactions   will   be   ignored   and   the properties forfeited unless the convict/detenu or his relative/associate, as the case may be, establishes that such property or properties are not “illegally acquired properties” within the meaning of Section 3( c ). In this view of the matter, there is no basis for the apprehension  that the  independently  acquired properties of such relatives and associates will also be forfeited even if they are in no way connected . So far as the holders (not with the convict/detenu being relatives and associates) mentioned in Section 2(2) ( e )  are  concerned,   they   are  dealt   with   on  a  separate footing. If such person proves that he is a transferee in 28
good faith for consideration, his property — even though<br>purchased from a convict/detenu — is not liable to be<br>forfeited. It is equally necessary to reiterate that the<br>burden of establishing that the properties mentioned<br>in the show­cause notice issued under Section 6,<br>and which are held on that date by a relative or an<br>associate of the convict/detenu, are not the illegally<br>acquired properties of the convict/detenu, lies upon<br>such relative/associate. He must establish that the<br>said property has not been acquired with the monies<br>or assets provided by the detenu/convict or that<br>they in fact did not or do not belong to such<br>detenu/convict. We do not think that Parliament ever<br>intended to say that the properties of all the relatives<br>and associates, may be illegally acquired, will be<br>forfeited just because they happen to be the relatives or<br>associates of the convict/detenu. There ought to be<br>the connecting link between those properties and<br>the convict/detenu, the burden of disproving which,<br>as mentioned above, is upon the relative/associate.<br>In this view of the matter, the apprehension and<br>contention of the petitioners in this behalf must be<br>held to be based upon a mistaken premise. The<br>bringing in of the relatives and associates or of the<br>persons mentioned in clause (e) of Section 2(2) is thus<br>neither discriminatory nor incompetent apart from the<br>protection of Article 31­B.”
(emphasis supplied)
31. While examining the contention whether clauses (c) to (e) of Section 2(2) is a case of overreach or overbreadth, it held that this argument of excessive regulation was based on a misconception as the  Act  is   only  directed   towards   forfeiture   of  “illegally  acquired properties of the person falling under clause (a) or clause (b) of Section 2(2)”. The relative and associates are brought in only to 29 ensure that the ‘illegally acquired properties’ of the convict or the detenu, acquired or kept in the names of relatives or associates do not escape the net of the Act. There could be cases where the persons mentioned in clauses (a) and (b) could transfer ‘illegally acquired   properties’   to   their   relatives   and   associates   “and   even further”,   with   the   intent   to   transfer   the   ownership   and   title. Therefore, it is immaterial how such relative or associate holds the illegally acquired property of the convict/detenu – whether as a benami, or as a mere name­lender or through transferee or in any other manner. The objective and purpose of the Act is to counteract devices   that   are   or   may   be   adopted   by   persons   mentioned   in clauses (a) or (b) of Section 2(2), hence, their relatives or associates mentioned in clauses (c) or (d) of the said sub­section are also brought within the purview of the Act. The relatives or associates holding   or   possessing   the   illegally   acquired   property   of   the convict/detenu is the link between the convict/detenu. The idea is to forfeit the properties of the convict/detenu wherever they are, and to reach properties in whosoever’s name they are kept or held. 30 32. In the backdrop of the  dictum  of the Constitution Bench and the subsequent decisions of this Court, we may hasten to add that pivot of the 1976 Act is to reach the “illegally acquired properties” of the specified convict/detenu in whosoever’s name they are kept or by whosoever they are held, whatever be the length of time. 33. Concededly, the dispensation under the 1976 Act applies only  to persons specified in Section 2(2) .
 2. Application.— (1) The provisions of this Act shall apply only to the<br>persons specified in sub­section (2).
(2) The persons referred to in sub­section (1) are the following, namely:—
(a) every person—
(i) who has been convicted under the Sea Customs<br>Act, 1878 (8 of 1878), or the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of<br>1962), of an offence in relation to goods of a value<br>exceeding one lakh of rupees; or<br>(ii) who has been convicted under the Foreign<br>Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (7 of 1947), or the<br>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (46 of 1973), of<br>an offence, the amount or value involved in which<br>exceeds one lakh of rupees; or<br>(iii) who having been convicted under the Sea<br>Customs Act, 1878 (8 of 1878), or the Customs Act,<br>1962 (52 of 1962), has been convicted subsequently<br>under either of those Acts; or<br>(iv) who having been convicted under the Foreign<br>Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (7 of 1947), or the<br>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (46 of 1973),<br>has been convicted subsequently under either of those<br>Acts;<br>(b) every person in respect of whom an order of<br>detention has been made under the Conservation of Foreign<br>Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974:(i) who has been convicted under the Sea Customs<br>Act, 1878 (8 of 1878), or the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of<br>1962), of an offence in relation to goods of a value<br>exceeding one lakh of rupees; or
(ii) who has been convicted under the Foreign<br>Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (7 of 1947), or the<br>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (46 of 1973), of<br>an offence, the amount or value involved in which<br>exceeds one lakh of rupees; or
(iii) who having been convicted under the Sea<br>Customs Act, 1878 (8 of 1878), or the Customs Act,<br>1962 (52 of 1962), has been convicted subsequently<br>under either of those Acts; or
(iv) who having been convicted under the Foreign<br>Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (7 of 1947), or the<br>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (46 of 1973),<br>has been convicted subsequently under either of those<br>Acts;
(b) every person in respect of whom an order of<br>detention has been made under the Conservation of Foreign<br>Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974:
31 34. Broadly   stated,   Section   2(2)(a)   refers   to   the   category   of persons   who   are   convicted   under   the   specified   enactments. Whereas,   Section   2(2)(b)   refers   to   persons   detained   under   the specified detention law.  The expression “person” to whom the 1976 Provided that— (i)   such   order   of   detention,   being   an   order   to which the provisions of section 9 or section 12A of the said Act do not  apply, has not  been revoked on the report of the Advisory Board under section 8 of the said Act or before the receipt of the report of the Advisory Board   or   before   making   a   reference   to   the   Advisory Board; or (ii)   such   order   of   detention,   being   an   order   to which the provisions of section 9 of the said Act apply, has not been revoked before the expiry of the time for, or on   the   basis   of,   the   review   under   sub­section (3) of section 9, or on the report of the Advisory Board under section 8, read with sub­section (2) of section 9, of the said Act; or (iii)   such   order   of   detention,   being   an   order   to which   the   provisions   of   section   12A   of   the   said   Act apply, has not been revoked before the expiry of the time for, or on the basis of, the first review under sub­ section (3) of that section, or on the basis of the report of the Advisory Board under section 8, read with sub­ section (6) of section 12A, of that Act; or (iv) such order of detention has not been set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction; (c) every person who is a relative of a person referred to in clause (a) or clause (b); (d) every associate of a person referred to in clause (a) or clause (b); (e) any holder (hereafter in this clause referred to as the present   holder)   of   any   property   which   was   at   any   time previously   held   by   a   person   referred   to   in   clause (a) or clause (b) unless the present holder or, as the case may be, 32 Act applies, has been broadened by including every person who is a relative of a person referred to in clause (a) being convict under the specified laws or clause (b) being detenu under the Conservation of Foreign   Exchange   and   Prevention   of   Smuggling   Activities   Act,
any one who held such property after such person and before<br>the present holder, is or was a transferee in good faith for<br>adequate consideration.
Explanation 1.— For the purposes of sub­clause (i) of clause (a), the<br>value of any goods in relation to which a person has been convicted of an<br>offence shall be the wholesale price of the goods in the ordinary course of<br>trade in India as on the date of the commission of the offence.
Explanation 2.— For the purposes of clause (c), "relative" in relation to a<br>person, means—
(i) spouse of the person;
(ii) brother or sister of the person;
(iii) brother or sister of the spouse of person;
(iv) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the person;
(v) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the spouse of<br>the person;
(vi) spouse of a person referred to in clause (ii),<br>clause (iii), clause (iv) or clause (v);
(vii) any lineal descendant of a person referred to in<br>clause (ii) or clause (iii).
Explanation 3.—For the purposes of clause (d), "associate", in relation to<br>a person, means—
(i) any individual who had been or is residing in the<br>residential premises (including out houses) of such person;
(ii) any individual who had been or is managing the<br>affairs or keeping the accounts of such person;
(iii) any association of persons, body of individuals,<br>partnership firms, or private company within the meaning of<br>the Companies Act, 1956, of which such person had been or is<br>a member, partner or director;
33 1974.   The expression “relative” has been further elaborated in Explanation 2,   of Section 2,   so as to expand the scope of taking corrective   measures   for   reaching   up   to   the   illegally   acquired properties of a convict or detenu, as the case may be.
(iv) any individual who had been or is a member,<br>partner or director of an association of persons, body of<br>individuals, partnership firm, or private company referred to<br>in clause (iii) at any time when such person had been or is a<br>member, partner or director of such association, body,<br>partnership firm or private company;
(v) any person who had been or is managing the affairs,<br>or keeping the accounts, of any association of persons, body of<br>individuals, partnership firm or private company referred to in<br>clause (iii);
(vi) the trustee of any trust, where,—
(a) the trust has been created by such person; or<br>(b) the value of the assets contributed by such<br>person (including the value of the assets, if any,<br>contributed by him earlier) to the trust amounts, on the<br>date on which the contribution is made, to not less than<br>twenty per cent. of the value of the assets of the trust on<br>that date;<br>(vii) where the competent authority, for reasons to be<br>recorded in writing considers that any properties of such<br>person are held on his behalf by any other person, such other<br>person.(a) the trust has been created by such person; or
(b) the value of the assets contributed by such<br>person (including the value of the assets, if any,<br>contributed by him earlier) to the trust amounts, on the<br>date on which the contribution is made, to not less than<br>twenty per cent. of the value of the assets of the trust on<br>that date;
(vii) where the competent authority, for reasons to be<br>recorded in writing considers that any properties of such<br>person are held on his behalf by any other person, such other<br>person.
Explanation 4.—  For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby provided that the question whether any person is a person to whom the provisions of   this   Act   apply   may   be   determined   with   reference   to   any   facts, circumstances or events (including any conviction or detention) which occurred or took place before the commencement of this Act. (emphasis supplied) 34 35. As regards the respondents herein, it is obvious that they are covered under the ambit of relative — being son and wife of the brother of the convict, to whom the 1976 Act applied. 36. Section 2(2)(d) further expands the sweep so as to include associate of a convict or detenu, as the case may be; and Section 2(2)(e) takes within its ambit any holder (the present holder) of any property,   which   was   at   any   time   previously   held   by   a   person referred to in clause (a) or clause (b), namely, convict or detenu, as the case may be. 37. The objective and purpose of the enactment is reinforced in the   encircling   Explanation   4   as   reproduced   hereinbefore. Obviously, the intent is to ensure that the convict/detenu cannot get   away   by   adopting   camouflage   or   screening,   including   legal transfer of properties in the name of his relative, associate or any other person covered under clause (e) to Section 2(2) of the Act. 38. This expanded ambit of clauses (c) to (e) is to be interpreted in the context of the object and purpose of the Act, but the scope of the Act does not extend to include every property held by a relative 35 or an associate unless the link and the connection with the illegal activities of the convict/detenu is established.  For, the Act is only directed to forfeiture of ‘illegally acquired properties’ of a person falling under clause (a) or clause (b) of Section 2(2) including their specified properties held by third party.  Independent properties of the   relatives   and   friends   which   are   not   traceable   to   the   illegal activities of the convict/detenu are neither sought to be forfeited nor are they within the purview of the Act. 39. Section 3 is the definition clause.   The expression “illegally acquired property” has been expounded in clause (c) of sub­Section  (1) thereof .
 3. Definitions.— (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,
(a) and (b)….
(c) "illegally acquired property", in relation to any person to whom this<br>Act applies, means,—
(i) any property acquired by such person, whether before<br>or after the commencement of this Act, wholly or partly out of<br>or by means of any income, earnings or assets derived or<br>obtained from or attributable to any activity prohibited by or<br>under any law for the time being in force relating to any<br>matter in respect of which Parliament has power to make<br>laws; or
(ii) any property acquired by such person, whether<br>before or after the commencement of this Act, wholly or partly<br>out of or by means of any income, earnings or assets in<br>respect of which any such law has been contravened; or
36 The other relevant definition clause is expression “property” in  Section 3(1)(e) . 40. As   aforementioned,   in   Amratlal   Prajivandas ,   whilst interpreting the definition of “illegally acquired properties” in clause (c) of Section 3(1) of the Act, it was held that the definition is very wide   as   to   include   not   only   the   property   acquired   after   the
(iii) any property acquired by such person, whether<br>before or after the commencement of this Act, wholly or partly<br>out of or by means of any income, earnings or assets the<br>source of which cannot be proved and which cannot be shown<br>to be attributable to any act or thing done in respect of any<br>matter in relation to which Parliament has no power to make<br>laws; or
(iv) any property acquired by such person, whether<br>before or after the commencement of this Act, for a<br>consideration, or by any means, wholly or partly traceable to<br>any property referred to in sub­clauses (i) to (iii) or the income<br>or earnings from such property;
and includes—
(A) any property held by such person which would have<br>been, in relation to any previous holder thereof, illegally<br>acquired property under this clause if such previous holder<br>had not ceased to hold it, unless such person or any other<br>person who held the property at any time after such previous<br>holder or, where there are two or more such previous holders,<br>the last of such previous holders is or was a transferee in good<br>faith for adequate consideration;
(B)   any   property   acquired   by   such   person,   whether before   or   after   the   commencement   of   this   Act,   for   a consideration, or by any means, wholly or partly traceable to any property falling under item (A), or the income or earnings therefrom;    (e) "property" includes any interest in property, movable or immovable;   Supra at Footnote No. 5 37 enactment of the Act but also property acquired before the Act, whatever be the length of time, and further the illegal activity is not confined to the laws mentioned in Section 2 of the Act but also other laws  which  the Parliament  is  competent to make.  At the same­time it is clarified that the definition of ‘illegally acquired properties’   does   not   include   the   properties   of   the   relatives   or associates covered under clauses (c) and (d) of Section 2(2) even if they have acquired the properties by illegal activities or in violation of the laws made by the Parliament.   For, the Act applies only to ‘illegally acquired properties’ of the convict/detenu held by or in the name of the relative or associate or holder. 41. While answering Question No.5, the Constitution Bench held: “44... Section   4   is   equally   relevant   in   this   context.   It declares that “as from the commencement of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any person to whom this Act applies to hold any illegally acquired property either by himself or through any other person on his behalf”. All such property is liable to be forfeited. The language of this section is indicative of the ambit of the Act. Clauses ( c ) and ( d ) in Section 2(2) and the Explanations (2) and (3) occurring  therein shall have to be construed and understood   in   the   light   of   the   overall   scheme   and purpose   of   the   enactment.   The   idea   is   to   forfeit   the illegally   acquired   properties   of   the   convict/detenu irrespective of the fact that such properties are held by or kept in the name of or screened in the name of any 38 relative   or   associate   as   defined   in   the   said   two Explanations. The idea is not to forfeit the independent properties   of   such   relatives   or   associates   which   they may   have   acquired   illegally   but   only   to   reach   the properties of the convict/detenu or properties traceable to him, wherever they are, ignoring all the transactions with respect to those properties...” On the issue of the applicability of the Act to holders mentioned in Section 2(2)(e) of the Act, this Court held that they fall in a different class from relatives and associates who are dealt with on a separate footing. If a person covered under clause (e) to Section 2(2) proves that he is a transferee in good faith without notice, for adequate consideration,   his   property   —   even   though   purchased   from   a . convict/detenu — is not liable to be forfeited 42. In the present judgment, it is not necessary for us to dilate on the   definition   of   “illegally   acquired   property”   as   the   sole   issue involved   is:   whether   it   is   mandatory   to   issue   a   primary   notice under Section 6 of the 1976 Act to the convict and not merely to the relatives of the convict who hold the properties proposed to be 39  forfeited?  Nevertheless, it may be useful to advert to Section 4  of the 1976 Act which prohibits holding of illegally acquired property. 43. On the literal construction of this provision, it must follow that it shall not be lawful for any person (as defined in Section 2(2) of the 1976 Act) to whom the Act applies to hold any illegally acquired property (as defined in Section 3(1)(c) of the 1976 Act) either by himself or through any other person on his behalf.  It is well settled that when penalty (such as forfeiture of such property) is imposed by statute for the purpose of preventing something from being done on some ground of public policy, the thing prohibited, if done, will be treated as void, even though the penalty if imposed is not enforceable.   Such acts of commission and omission become void   even   without   express   declaration   regarding   its   voidness,  because   such   penalty   implies   a   prohibition .     Be   it   noted   that    4.    Prohibition of holding illegally acquired property.—   (1) As from the commencement of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any person to whom this Act applies to hold any illegally acquired property either by himself or through any other person on his behalf. (2)   Where   any   person   holds   any   illegally   acquired   property   in contravention of the provisions of sub­section (1), such property shall be liable to be forfeited to the Central Government in accordance with the provisions of this Act.   see Mannalal Khetan & Ors. vs. Kedar Nath Khetan & Ors., (1977) 2 SCC 424 (paras 18 to 22) and Asha John Divianathan vs. Vikram Malhotra & Ors., 40 Section 4 of the Act posits a clear mandate that the person to whom the Act applies shall not hold any illegally acquired property and there is a corresponding duty on the Competent Authority to initiate process after due inquiry under Section 18 of the 1976 Act for   forfeiture   of   such   property   —   whether   acquired   before   the commencement of the Act or thereafter. 44. That process has to be initiated by the Competent Authority  by issuing notice under Section 6  of the 1976 Act to such person who holds the properties proposed to be forfeited being illegally 2021 SCC OnLine SC 147  6. Notice of forfeiture.—  (1) If, having regard to the value of the properties , either by  held by any person to whom this Act applies himself or through , his known sources of income, earnings or any other person on his behalf assets, and any other information or material available to it as a result of action taken under     or otherwise, the competent authority has section 18 reason to believe (the reasons for such belief to be recorded in writing) that all or any of such properties are illegally acquired properties, it may serve a notice upon  such person (hereinafter referred to as the person affected)  calling upon him within such time as may be specified in the notice, which shall not be ordinarily less than thirty days, to indicate the sources of his income, earnings or assets, out of which or by means of which he has acquired such property, the evidence on which he relies and other relevant information and particulars, and to show cause why all or any of such properties, as the case may be, should not be declared to be illegally acquired properties and forfeited to the Central Government under this Act. (2) Where a notice under sub­section (1) to   any person   specifies any property as being held on behalf of  such person  by any other person, a copy of the notice shall also be served upon  such other person . (emphasis supplied) 41 acquired properties.  That person may hold the property either by himself or through any other person on his behalf.  If the property is held by person concerned, the notice under Section 6(1) needs to be issued to such person to whom the Act applies calling upon him to disclose the sources of his income, earnings or assets out of which or by means of which he has acquired such property, the evidence on which he relies and other relevant information and particulars. 45. Before we proceed to analyse Section 6 of the 1976 Act, it  would be apposite to reproduce Section 18   of the Act, which is referred to in Section 6(1), being the preceding procedural steps to  18.  Power of competent authority to require certain officers to exercise certain powers.—  (1) For the purposes of any proceedings under this Act or the initiation of any such proceedings, the competent authority shall have power to cause to be conducted any inquiry, investigation or survey in respect of any person, place, property, assets, documents, books of account or any other relevant matters. (2)   For   the   purposes   referred   to   in   sub­section (1),   the   competent authority may, having regard to the nature of the inquiry, investigation or survey, require an officer of the Income­tax Department to conduct or cause to be conducted such inquiry, investigation or survey. (3) Any officer of the Income­tax Department who is conducting or is causing to be conducted any inquiry, investigation or survey required to be conducted   under   sub­section (2)   may,   for   the   purpose   of   such   inquiry, investigation or survey, exercise any power (including the power to authorise the exercise of any power) which may be exercised by him for any purpose under the Income­tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), and the provisions of the said Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly. 42 be taken by the Competent Authority before issuing notice under Section 6(1), upon having reason to believe that the concerned properties   are   illegally   acquired   properties   held   by   the   noticee, either by himself or through any other person on his behalf. At this stage, we may also refer to the other relevant provision 46.  being Section 8  of the 1976 Act provisioning for burden of proving that   the   property   referred   to   in   the   notice   is   legally   acquired property of the noticee.   On plain as well as contextual reading of Section 6, it is 47. crystal clear that the notice under Section 6(1) is required to be issued to any person to whom the Act applies.  As is evident from Section 2(2) of the 1976 Act, the Act applies not only to convict or detenu, but also to their relative, associate including holder of any property being Section 2(2)(c), 2(2)(d) and 2(2)(e) respectively.  The purpose   of   issuing   notice   is   to   enable   the   person   concerned (noticee) to discharge the burden of proof as propounded in Section  In any proceedings under this Act, the burden of 8. Burden of proof.—   proving that any property specified in the notice served under section 6 is not illegally acquired property shall be on the person affected. 43 8 of the 1976 Act.  It is then open to him to prove that the property referred to in the notice is his legally acquired property. 48. In a given case, however, if the property is held by a person owing   to   merely   being   in   legal   possession   thereof,   but   the ownership of the property at the relevant time is that of the convict or detenu or his/her relative, as the case may be, it would become necessary for the Competent Authority to not only give notice to the person in possession of the property in question but also to the person shown as owner thereof in the relevant records.  Similarly, in a case where the person shown as owner in the relevant records had purchased the subject property from the convict or detenu and is a subsequent purchaser, notice is required to be issued to both — the present owner and the erstwhile owner (convict or detenu), as the case may be.  However, if the ownership of the property in the relevant records at the relevant time is that of the person in possession (as in these cases), and not being the convict or detenu, the question of issuing notice to the latter would serve no purpose. The convict or detenu cannot be heard to claim any right in such property including proprietary rights and for the same reason, he is 44 not expected to discharge the burden of proof under Section 8 of the 1976 Act as to whether it is his legally acquired property nor can he be said to be the person affected with the proposed action of forfeiture as such. The expression “held” in Section 6 has to be understood to 49. mean that the person is entitled to possession of property being owner of the property in the relevant record or even because he is in   legal   possession   thereof.     In   other   words,   a   person   may   be holding the property also when he (at the relevant time) is in legal possession of  the stated property, even if he  is not a recorded owner thereof.   In either case, it would be a matter within the ambit of expression “held” occurring in Section 6 of the 1976 Act. 50. The third facet of Section 6(1) of the 1976 Act is the noticee may   hold   the   property   either   by   himself   or   through   any   other person on his behalf.   As noted earlier, a primary notice under Section 6(1) can be issued only against person to whom the Act applies.  If the relative of a convict or detenu has acquired property from the illegal sources of income, earnings or assets of the convict 45 or detenu, such person would be a person to whom the Act applies vide Section 2(2)(c) read with  Explanation 2.    Such person may be a recorded owner of the property — having acquired it wholly or partly out of or by means of any income, earnings or assets derived or   obtained   from   or   attributable   to   unlawful   activity   (whether indulged into before or after the commencement of the 1976 Act) of the convict or detenu which is prohibited by or under any law for the time being in force relating to any matter in respect of which Parliament has power to make laws. 51. In other words, going by the definition of “illegally acquired property” in Section 3(1)(c) and of “person” in Section 2(2) to whom the Act applies, if the property is held in the name of the relative of the convict or detenu before or after the commencement of the Act, the notice under Section 6(1) needs to be issued to such person (recorded owner as well as in possession), who alone can and is expected to discharge the burden of proof in terms of Section 8 of the 1976 Act — so as to dissuade the Competent Authority from proceeding further against such property.   Indeed, if the illegally acquired property is held in the name of the relative, but the   de 46 facto   possession thereof is with some other person, who is not covered by the expression “person” as given in Section 2(2), in such a case primary notice under Section 6 is required to be issued to the relative of the convict or detenu and copy thereof served upon “such other person” who is in  de facto  possession thereof ( albeit  for and on behalf of the relative of the convict or detenu).  Even in this situation, notice to the convict or detenu may not be necessary much   less   mandatory.     For,   the   1976   Act   applies   even   to   the relative of the convict or detenu holding illegally acquired property either by himself or through any other person on his behalf. 52. Learned counsel appearing for the parties had commended us with   the   purport   of   Section   6(2)   of   the   1976   Act.     Different interpretation   has   been   given   by   both   sides   to   the   expressions occurring therein.  Section 6(2) merely refers to the requirement of issuing notice to “such other person”.   53. The expression “such person” is found not only in Section 6(1), but in other provisions of the Act including the definition clause   i.e.,   Section   3(1)(c)   of   illegally   acquired   property.     The 47 expression “such person” and “such other person” occurring in Section 6(2) may have to be understood in the context and the setting in which it has been employed in the concerned provision. A harmonious construction thereof is imperative. In the first part of Section 6(2), the expression used is “any 54. person”.  That is a person to whom primary notice under Section 6(1) is addressed.   This person can be none other than person referred to in Section 2(2) of the 1976 Act.  He can be a convict or detenu, his relative or associate including the person who is a holder of the property in question at the relevant time.  Section 6(2) then refers to the subject property in the notice and the  factum  of the   property   being   held   by   concerned   person   (such   person)   — either   the   primary   noticee   to   whom   the   Act   applies   himself  or through “any other person” on his behalf.  The latter is described as “such other person”, in the concluding part of that sub­Section [Section 6(2)].  That, “such other person”, is also covered within the ambit   of   expression   “any   other   person”   mentioned   earlier   and holding the property in question on behalf of the primary noticee. In other words, “such other person” will be a person other than a 48 person to whom the Act applies being merely a holder of illegally acquired property on behalf of the person to whom Act applies. Thus,  he   may   be   a   person   other   than   a   person   referred   to  in Section 2(2) of the 1976 Act.  The legislative intent is to cover “such other person” so as to reach up to “illegally acquired property” of the convict/detenu and unravel/lift the veil created by the person to   whom   the   Act   applies.     We   may   usefully   recapitulate   the enunciation of the Constitution Bench, wherein it is held that the legislative intent is to reach to all illegally acquired properties in whosoever’s name they are kept or by whosoever they are held irrespective   of   the   time   period   of   such   acquisition.     This   is   to ensure that the persons to whom the Act applies referred to in Section 2(2), do not use mechanism to shield illegally acquired properties from the proposed action of forfeiture. 55. Be it noted that the expression “such person” employed in Section 6(2) is referable to the primary noticee, who is a person to whom the Act applies.   If, however, the notice mentions that the properties referred to in the notice are held by the noticee through any other person on his behalf, that may be a case of holding of 49 physical possession of the illegally acquired property by person other than the person to whom the Act applies.   In such a case, sub­section  (2)  triggers   in enabling  the   Competent  Authority to issue notice even to “such other person” — not covered by the definition of Section 2(2) of the Act.   If that person is merely in possession of the property and not its owner, he may not be able to explain or prove the fact that the property is not illegally acquired property of the primary noticee.  Indeed, if “such other person” is claiming   ownership   of   the   property   through   the   relative   of   the convict or detenu in relation to illegally acquired property, who was earlier owner thereof upon receipt of notice under Section 6(2) can certainly   impress   upon   the   Competent   Authority   that   he   is   a purchaser in good faith for adequate consideration of the stated property.     Such   a   plea   can   be   considered   by   the   Competent Authority on its own merits. Section 4 of the Act, which in sub­section (1) uses similar 56. expression – “any person to whom this Act applies to hold any 50 illegally acquired property either by himself or through any other person   on   his   behalf”   –   which   is   similar   to   the wordings/expressions used in Section 6 of the Act, reinforces the above interpretation. Notice   under   Section   6(1)   cannot   be   issued   in   respect   of 57. properties for which the Competent Authority has no evidence or material to record “reasons to believe” that the properties were acquired from the assets or money provided by the convict/detenu. The expression ‘reasons to believe’  is  a  phrase  used  in several enactments   and   interpreted   by   this   court   to   mean   not   ‘mere subjective satisfaction’ based on surmise and conjecture,   but a  belief that is ‘honest and based upon reasonable grounds’.   The satisfaction should be based upon objective material and not mere  feeling or inkling.   The requirement is deliberately legislated as a check   against   frivolous   and   rowing   inquiries   based   upon   mere  suspicion and pretence.  The reasons to believe to be valid should refer to facts that have a rational connection or relevant bearing to    Tata Chemicals Ltd.  v.  Commissioner of Customs (Preventive), Jamnagar, (2015) 11 SCC 628   Kewal Krishan v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 737   Bar Council of Maharashtra v. M. V. Dabholkar & Ors., (1976) 2 SCC 291 51 the formation of belief and should not be extraneous or irrelevant  for the purpose  of initiation of inquiry under Section 6 of the Act. 58. Recording of the reasons to believe and satisfaction of the aforesaid conditions is an important condition precedent – a   sine qua non  – and its violation would have legal consequences. It is a jurisdictional   requirement,   which,   unlike   a   procedural requirement, would affect the proceedings if not complied with. Therefore,   in   such   cases,   the   question   of   no   prejudice   is unavailable as the provision for issue of notice and satisfaction of the precondition for the issue of notice, i.e., “reasons to believe”, is mandatory and not optional or directory. th 59. G.P.   Singh,   in   Principles   of   Statutory   Interpretation ,   14 Edition,   at   page   430,   has   laid   down   principles   and   rules   for ascertaining the mandatory or directory nature of provisions, and has noted that this depends on the intent of the legislature and not necessarily   on   the   language   that   the   intent   is   clothed   in.   The nature and design of the statute, the effects which would follow   S. Narayanappa & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income­tax, Bangalore, AIR 1967 SC 523 52 from   construing   it   one   way   or   the   other,   and   the   severity   or triviality   of   consequences   that   flow   therefrom   have   to   be considered.   At   times,   the   courts   examine   whether   the   statute provides for the contingency of non­compliance and whether non­ compliance  is  visited  with  some  penalty  etc.,  but this   is  not a necessary or sufficient basis for determining whether the provision is   mandatory   or   directory   in   nature.   Lastly,   if   a   provision   is mandatory, it must be obeyed and followed. This is especially so in case of jurisdictional requirements, i.e., pre­conditions that have to be fulfilled before any action is taken. In the context of the present enactment, it is unnecessary to 60. underscore that when a notice under Section 6 of the Act is issued, the consequences  entail forfeiture of  property or fine  in  lieu of forfeiture as envisaged by Sections 7 and 9, respectively, of the Act. We have not quoted Section 11, but the said provision postulates that transfer of property referred to in a notice under Section 6 is null   and   void.   Therefore,   transactions   after   issuance   of   notice under Section 6 or 10 (which applies to the procedure in respect of certain trust properties) are void and are to be ignored.  53  61. Section  8   of   the   Act   predicates   that   when   proceedings   in respect of a property are initiated by way of notice under Section 6, the burden of proving that the property is not illegally acquired shall be on the person affected. The enactment, therefore, reverses the burden of proof but only after the notice under Section 6 has been validly issued. By virtue of Section 6, the enactment requires the Competent Authority to form reasons to believe, which must be rational and based upon some material which would show that the conditions mentioned in Section 2(2) as explained and expounded by this Court in   are satisfied. Section 8 Amratlal Prajivandas   does not apply at the initial stage or when the Competent Authority decides whether or not notice under Section 6 should be issued. The Competent Authority cannot, simply by relying upon Section 8, reverse   the   burden   of   recording   of   reasons   to   believe   and mechanically issue notice under Section 6.  For, Section 8 does not apply   at   the   stage   when   the   Competent   Authority   forms   and records its reasons to issue notice.    8. Burden of proof.  In any proceedings under this Act, the burden of proving that any property specified in the notice served under section 6 is not illegally acquired property shall be on the person affected.   Supra at Footnote No. 5 54  62. Section 7  of the Act, which is titled ‘ Forfeiture of property in ’, supports the above interpretation as it envisages certain cases that the Competent Authority shall consider the  explanation, if any, to  the show­cause notice issued under Section  6 and the material before it. After giving notice to the person affected, and in case the person affected holds any property specified in the notice through any other person, then to such other person, a reasonable opportunity of being heard would be afforded to them. Thereafter, the Competent Authority may pass an order, recording findings    7. Forfeiture of property in certain cases . (1) The competent authority may, after considering the explanation, if any, to the show­ cause notice issued under section 6, and the materials available before it and after giving to the person affected (and in a case where the person affected holds any property specified in the notice through any other person, to such other person also) a reasonable opportunity of being heard, by order, record a finding whether all or any of the properties in question are illegally acquired properties.  (2) Where the competent authority is satisfied that some of the properties referred to in the show­cause notice are illegally acquired properties but is not able to identify specifically such properties then, it shall be lawful for the competent authority to specify the properties which, to the best of its judgment, are illegally acquired properties and record a finding accordingly under sub­section (1).  (3) Where the competent authority records a finding under this section to the effect that any property is illegally acquired property, it shall declare that such property shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, stand forfeited to the Central Government free from all encumbrances.  (4) where any shares in a company stand forfeited to the Central Government   under   this   Act,   then,   the   company   shall,   notwithstanding anything contained in the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), or the articles of association of the company, forthwith register the Central Government as the transferee of such shares. 55 whether   or   not   the   listed   properties   are   illegally   acquired properties. 63. In  Kesar Devi ,   this Court held that the language of Section 6(1) does not indicate any requirement of mentioning any link or nexus   between   the   convict   or   the   detenu   and   the   property ostensibly   standing   in   the   name   of   the   person   covered   under clauses (c), (d) and (e) to Section 2(2) and also referred to Section 8 which   incorporates   reverse   burden   of   proof.   However,   the   said observations   must   be   read   in   light   of   the   Constitution   Bench judgment   in   the   case   of   ,   which   is   the Amratlal   Prajivandas authoritative   and   binding   precedent.     Indeed,   Kesar   Devi’s judgment observes that in some cases where the relationship is close and direct, an inference can easily be drawn and no link or nexus has to be indicated and may itself indicate some link or nexus, which can be duly taken notice of and the reasons to believe can be recorded in writing.  That, however, may depend on facts of the case and not be true in all cases.    Supra at Footnote No. 6   Supra at Footnote No. 5   Supra at Footnote No. 6 56 64.priori,  we are of the considered opinion that Section 6(1) of the 1976 Act nowhere provides that it is “mandatory” to serve the convict or detenu with a primary notice under that provision whilst initiating action against the relative of the convict.  Indubitably, if the illegally acquired property is held by a person in his name and is also in possession thereof, being the relative of the convict and who is also a person to whom the Act applies, there is no need to issue notice to the convict or detenu much less primary notice as held by the High Court in the impugned judgment.   For, Section 6(1) posits that notice must be given to the person who is holding the tainted property and is likely to be affected by the proposed forfeiture of the property.  The person immediately and directly to be affected is the person who is the recorded owner of the property and in possession thereof himself or through some other person on his behalf.  In the latter case, the burden of proof under Section 8 is not to be discharged by the convict or detenu, but by the person who   holds   the   illegally   acquired   property   either   by   himself   or through any other person on his behalf.   57 65. The expression “such other person” in Section 6(2) is, thus, referable to a person falling in class “through any other person on his behalf”.  That is the person to whom the Act applies, as noted in the opening part of Section 6(1) of the Act.  In such a case, the convict or detenu is not expected to nor can be called upon to discharge the burden of proof under Section 8.   Accordingly, we may lean in favour of the view taken by the High Court of Kerala and   Calcutta   High   Court   reproduced   above,   for   independent reasons delineated hitherto.   The view taken by the Madras High Court in the impugned judgment, therefore, does not commend to us and is reversed. 66. The parties had invited our attention to other judgments of this Court.   However, those judgments have not dealt with the question that arise for consideration in the present appeals. 67. Having said this, we need to set aside the impugned judgment and relegate the parties before the High Court by restoring the writ petitions to the file to its original number for being heard afresh on all other issues and contentions as may be available to both sides 58 including the argument that there is an inordinate, undue and unexplained delay in initiating the action against the respondents (writ petitioners) and as a result of which it would be iniquitous to call upon the respondents to offer explanation by reopening the adjudication of the entire proceedings.  We do not wish to dilate on any   other   plea   in   these   appeals.     Further,   we   may   not   be understood to have expressed any opinion either way on any other contention available to the parties.   We say so because even the impugned judgment makes it amply clear that the writ petitions filed by the respondents were being allowed on the sole ground that the   action   against   the   respondents   sans   primary   notice   to   the convict is vitiated.   That view having been reversed, the matter needs to go back before the High Court for consideration of all other aspects on its own merits. 68. During the course of the hearing, an issue arose whether the convict, i.e., V.P. Selvarajan had expired before the issuance of th notice under Section 6 on 19  January 1994. The counsel, at the time of argument, were not aware of the factual position. However, in   the   written   submissions,   the   appellant   and   the   respondents 59 have accepted that the convict V.P. Selvarajan had expired before th impugned notices under Section 6 dated 19   January 1994 were issued. Be   that   as   it   may,   in   the   present   case,   the   properties   in 69. question and subject matter of notice under Section 6 are in the name of and held by the two respondents. No entitlement or right has been claimed in these properties by the heirs of the deceased convict V. P. Selvarajan. If the properties were in the name of the deceased detenu or convict, then different considerations may have applied.   In the context of the present case as the convict V.P. Selvarajan had expired before the issuance of notice under Section th 6 on 19   January 1994, therefore, the need and requirement to serve notice on him would not arise.  70. Accordingly, these appeals succeed.  The common impugned judgment and order dated 24.3.2008 passed by the Madras High Court in Writ Petition Nos.1149 and 1150 of 2001 is set aside. Instead, the writ petitions are restored to the file to its original number   for   being   considered   afresh   on   its   own   merits   in 60 accordance with law on all other issues and contentions available to   both   sides   except   the   question   answered   in   this   judgment. Thus, all other contentions available to both parties are left open. We   request   the   High   Court   to   expeditiously   dispose   of   the remanded writ petitions.  No order as to costs. Pending applications, if any, stand disposed of. ..……………………………J.        (A.M. Khanwilkar) ………………………………J.        (Sanjiv Khanna) New Delhi; December 14, 2021.