JARNAIL SINGH vs. LACHHMI NARAIN GUPTA .

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.30621 OF 2011 JARNAIL SINGH & OTHERS … PETITIONERS VERSUS LACHHMI NARAIN GUPTA & OTHERS …RESPONDENTS WITH SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.31735 OF 2011 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.35000 OF 2011 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.4831 OF 2012 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.2839 OF 2012 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.5860 OF 2012 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.5859 OF 2012 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.30841 OF 2012 Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by CHETAN KUMAR Date: 2018.09.26 13:36:52 IST Reason: SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.8327 OF 2014 1 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.6915 OF 2014 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.16710-16711 OF 2014 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.33163 OF 2014 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.23344 OF 2014 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.23339-23340 OF 2014 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.21343 OF 2015 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.4562-4564 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.25191 OF 2015 CIVIL APPEAL NO.4880 OF 2017 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.4878-4879 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.31191 OF 2015 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.4876-4877 OF 2017 CIVIL APPEAL NO.4881 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.33688 OF 2015 CIVIL APPEAL NO.4882 OF 2017 CONTEMPT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.314 OF 2016 IN SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.4831 OF 2012 CIVIL APPEAL NO.5247 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NO.11817 OF 2016 2 CIVIL APPEAL NO.11816 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NO.11820 OF 2016 TRANSFER PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.608-609 OF 2017 CIVIL APPEAL NO.4833 OF 2017 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.701-704 OF 2017 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.11822-11825 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.11837-11840 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.11842-11845 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.11829-11832 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NOS.11847-11850 OF 2016 CIVIL APPEAL NO.11828 OF 2016 CONTEMPT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.11 OF 2017 IN SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.19765 OF 2015 @ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.19765-19767 OF 2015 CONTEMPT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.13 OF 2017 IN SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.19767 OF 2015 @ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.19765-19767 OF 2015 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.10638 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO……. CC NO.6821 OF 2017 3 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.17491 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.18844 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.19422-19423 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.24681 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.28776 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.29066 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.30189 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.31145 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOS.28446-28447 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.28306 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.33481 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.33481 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.30942 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.33488 OF 2017 4 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.34271 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.34520 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.35324 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.35577 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.35818 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.36305 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.36377 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.31288 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.38895 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.42413 OF 2017 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.619 OF 2018 5 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.969 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.971 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.1042 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.1046 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.1584 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.2677 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.7243 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.16469 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.18925 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2018 DIARY NO.22349 OF 2018 SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.22985 OF 2018 6 J U D G M E N T R.F. Nariman, J. 1. The present group of cases arises out of two reference orders – the first by a two-Judge Bench referred to in a second reference order, dated 15.11.2017, which is by a three-Judge Bench, which has referred the correctness of the decision in M. Nagaraj v. Union of India , (2006) 8 SCC 212, ( “Nagaraj” ), to a Constitution Bench. 2. The controversy in these matters revolves around the interpretation of the following Articles of the Constitution of India:

xxx xxx xxx

(4-B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4-A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be 7

(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any caste, race 8

3. We have heard wide-ranging arguments on either side for a couple of days, raising several points. However, ultimately, we have confined arguments to two points which require serious consideration. The learned Attorney General for India, Shri K.K. Venugopal, led the charge for reconsideration of Nagaraj (supra). According to the learned Attorney General, Nagaraj (supra) needs to be revisited on these two points. First, when Nagaraj (supra) states that the State has to collect 9 quantifiable data showing backwardness, such observation would be contrary to the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India , 1992 Supp (3) SCC 217, ( “Indra Sawhney (1)” ), as it has been held therein that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes are the most backward among backward classes and it is, therefore, presumed that once they are contained in the Presidential List under Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, there is no question of showing backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes all over again. Secondly, according to the learned Attorney General, the creamy layer concept has not been applied in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and Nagaraj (supra) has misread the aforesaid judgment to apply this concept to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. According to the learned Attorney General, once the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes have been set out in the Presidential List, they shall be deemed to be Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and the said List cannot be altered by anybody except Parliament under Articles 341 and 342. The learned Attorney General also argued that Nagaraj (supra) does not indicate any test for determining adequacy of representation in service. According to him, it is important that we lay down that the test be the test 10 of proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to the population in India at all stages of promotion, and for this purpose, the roster that has been referred to in R.K. Sabharwal v. State of Punjab , (1995) 2 SCC 745 can be utilized. Other counsel who argued, apart from the learned Attorney General, have, with certain nuances, reiterated the same arguments. Ms. Indira Jaising, learned senior advocate, appearing on behalf of one of the Petitioners in C.A. No. 11816 of 2016, submitted that Nagaraj (supra) needs to be revisited also on the ground that Article 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) do not flow from Article 16(4), but instead flow from Articles 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution. She further argued that claims of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes are based on a reading of Articles 14, 15, 16, 16(4-A), 16(4-B), and 335 of the Constitution. It was further submitted that a further sub-classification within Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is impermissible, as has been held in Indira Sawhney (1) (supra) and in E.V. Chinnaiah v. State of A.P. , (2005) 1 SCC 394 ( “Chinnaiah” ). She argued that the decision in Nagaraj (supra) would have the effect of amending the Presidential Order relating to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, which would violate Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, as Parliament alone can amend a Presidential Order. She concluded her argument by 11 saying that the exercise of reading down a constitutional amendment to make it valid, conducted in Nagaraj (supra), was constitutionally impermissible. Shri P.S. Patwalia, learned senior advocate, appearing on behalf of the State of Tripura, reiterated some of the submissions and added that Nagaraj (supra) and Chinnaiah (supra) cannot stand together, which is why Nagaraj (supra) is per incuriam as it does not refer to the judgment in Chinnaiah (supra) at all. 4. On the other hand, Shri Shanti Bhushan has defended Nagaraj (supra) by stating that when Nagaraj (supra) speaks about backwardness of the ―class‖, what is referred to is not Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes at all, but the class of posts. Hence, it is clear that backwardness in relation to the class of posts spoken of would require quantifiable data, and it is in that context that the aforesaid observation is made. He also argued, relying upon Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay North , (1965) 2 SCR 908, ( “Keshav Mills” ), that a Constitution Bench judgment which has stood the test of time, ought not to be revisited, and if the parameters of Keshav Mills (supra) are to be applied, it is clear that Nagaraj (supra) ought not to be revisited. Shri Rajeev Dhavan, learned senior advocate, 12 has argued before us that Nagaraj (supra) has to be understood as a judgment which has upheld the constitutional amendments adding Articles 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) on the ground that they do not violate the basic structure of the Constitution. According to him, since equality is part of the basic structure, and Nagaraj (supra) has applied the 50% cut- off criterion, creamy layer, and no indefinite extension of reservation, as facets of the equality principle to uphold the said constitutional amendments, Nagaraj (supra) ought not to be revisited. According to the learned senior counsel, ―creamy layer‖ is a matter of applying the equality principle, as unequals within the same class are sought to be weeded out as they cannot be treated as equal to the others. The whole basis for application of the creamy layer principle is that those genuinely deserving of reservation would otherwise not get the benefits of reservation and conversely, those who are undeserving, get the said benefits. According to the learned senior advocate, the creamy layer principle applies to exclude certain individuals from the class and does not deal with group rights at all. This being the case, Articles 341 and 342 are not attracted. Further, Articles 341 and 342 do not concern themselves with reservation at all. They concern themselves only with identification of those who can be called Scheduled Castes and 13 Scheduled Tribes. On the other hand, the creamy layer principle is applied by Courts to exclude certain persons from reservation made from within that class on the touchstone of Articles 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution of India. He argued that even if it be conceded that creamy layer can fall within Articles 341 and 342, yet the Court’s power to enforce fundamental rights as part of the basic structure cannot be taken away. Indeed, Nagaraj (supra) was a case pertaining to a constitutional amendment and, therefore, Articles 341 and 342 cannot stand in the way of applying the basic structure test to a constitutional amendment. 5. Shri Rakesh Dwivedi, learned senior advocate, appearing in C.A. No. 5247 of 2016, submitted that the crucial language contained in Article 16(4-A) is that the word ―which‖ would show that Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have to continue to be ―backward‖. If the expression ―the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes‖ in Article 16(4-A) would be read as ―the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes employees‖, this would become even clearer. Therefore, according to the learned senior advocate, continued social backwardness of the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes employees has necessarily to be assessed. While making promotions to higher level 14 posts, it becomes clear that a Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe employee may have cast off his backwardness when he/she reaches a fairly high stage in a service, for example, the post of Deputy Chief Engineer, at which stage, it would be open for the State to say that having regard to the absence of any backwardness of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe employee at this stage, it would be expedient not to reserve anything further in posts above this stage. Shri Naphade, Shri Gopal Sankaranarayanan and other counsel followed suit and broadly supported the arguments of Shri Dhavan and Shri Dwivedi. 6. Since we are asked to revisit a unanimous Constitution Bench judgment, it is important to bear in mind the admonition of the Constitution Bench judgment in Keshav Mills (supra). This Court said:

15 more reasonable, may incidentally tend to make law uncertain and introduce confusion which must be consistently avoided. That is not to say that if on a subsequent occasion, the Court is satisfied that its earlier decision was clearly erroneous, it should hesitate to correct the error; but before a previous decision is pronounced to be plainly erroneous, the Court must be satisfied with a fair amount of unanimity amongst its members that a revision of the said view is fully justified. It is not possible or desirable, and in any case it would be inexpedient to lay down any principles which should govern the approach of the Court in dealing with the question of reviewing and revising its earlier decisions. It would always depend upon several relevant considerations: — What is the nature of the infirmity or error on which a plea for a review and revision of the earlier view is based? On the earlier occasion, did some patent aspects of the question remain unnoticed, or was the attention of the Court not drawn to any relevant and material statutory provision, or was any previous decision of this Court bearing on the point not noticed? Is the Court hearing such plea fairly unanimous that there is such an error in the earlier view? What would be the impact of the error on the general administration of law or on public good? Has the earlier decision been followed on subsequent occasions either by this Court or by the High Courts? And, would the reversal of the earlier decision lead to public inconvenience, hardship or mischief? These and other relevant considerations must be carefully borne in mind whenever this Court is called upon to exercise its jurisdiction to review and revise its earlier decisions. These considerations become still more significant when the earlier decision happens to be a unanimous decision of a Bench of five learned Judges of this Court.‖ (at pp. 921-922) 16 7. We may begin with the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra). In this case, the lead judgment is of B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J., speaking on behalf of himself and three other learned Judges, with Pandian and Sawant, JJ., broadly concurring in the result by their separate judgments. Thommen, Kuldip Singh, and Sahai, JJ., dissented. The bone of contention in this landmark judgment was the Mandal Commission Report of 1980, which was laid before Parliament on two occasions – once in 1982, and again in 1983. However, no action was taken on the basis of this Report until 13.08.1990, when an Office Memorandum stated that after considering the said Report, 27% of the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India shall be reserved for the Socially and Economically Backward Classes. This was followed by an Office Memorandum of 25.09.1991, by which, within the 27% of vacancies, preference was to be given to candidates belonging to the poorer sections of the Socially and Economically Backward Classes; and 10% vacancies were to be reserved for Other Economically Backward Sections who were not covered by any of the existing schemes of reservation. The majority judgments upheld the reservation of 27% in favour of backward classes, and the further sub- 17 division of more backward within the backward classes who were to be given preference, but struck down the reservation of 10% in favour of Other Economically Backward categories. In arriving at this decision, the judgment of Jeevan Reddy, J., referred to and contrasted Article 16(4) with Article 15(4), and stated that when Article 16(4) refers to a backward class of citizens, it refers primarily to social backwardness ( See paragraph 774). Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, not being the subject matter before the Court, were kept aside as follows: ― 781. At the outset, we may state that for the purpose of this discussion, we keep aside the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes (since they are admittedly included within the backward classes), except to remark that backward classes contemplated by Article 16(4) do comprise some castes — for it cannot be denied that Scheduled Castes include quite a few castes.‖ In dealing with the creamy layer concept insofar as it is applicable to backward classes, the last sentence of paragraph 792 also states:

In the summary of the discussion contained in paragraphs 796-797, it is stated, ―the test or requirement of social and educational backwardness 18 cannot be applied to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, who indubitably fall within the expression ―backward class of citizens‖.‖ Jeevan Reddy, J. then went on to state that in certain posts, of specialities and super-specialities, provisions for reservation would not be advisable ( See paragraph 838). Ultimately, the judgment decided that reservation would apply at the stage of initial entry only and would not apply at the stage of promotion. 8. It is important to note that eight of the nine learned Judges in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) applied the creamy layer principle as a facet of the larger equality principle. In fact, in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India and Ors. , (2000) 1 SCC 168 ( “Indra Sawhney (2)” ), this Court neatly summarized the judgments in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra), on the aspect of creamy layer as follows: ― 13. In Indra Sawhney [1992 Supp (3) SCC 217 : 1992 SCC (L&S) Supp 1 : (1992) 22 ATC 385] on the question of exclusion of the ―creamy layer‖ from the backward classes, there was agreement among eight out of the nine learned Judges of this Court. There were five separate judgments in this behalf which required the ―creamy layer‖ to be identified and excluded. 14. The judgment of Jeevan Reddy, J. was rendered for himself and on behalf of three other learned 19 Judges, Kania, C.J. and M.N. Venkatachaliah, A.M. Ahmadi, JJ. (as they then were). The said judgment laid emphasis on the relevance of caste and also stated that upon a member of the backward class reaching an ―advanced social level or status‖, he would no longer belong to the backward class and would have to be weeded out. Similar views were expressed by Sawant, Thommen, Kuldip Singh, and Sahai, JJ. in their separate judgments. 15. It will be necessary to refer to and summarise briefly the principles laid down in these five separate judgments for that would provide the basis for decision on Points 2 to 5. 16. While considering the concept of ―means-test‖ or ―creamy layer‖, which signifies imposition of an income limit, for the purpose of excluding the persons (from the backward class) whose income is above the said limit, in para 791, the Court has noted that counsel for the States of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and other counsel for the respondents strongly opposed any such distinction and submitted that once a class is identified as a backward class after applying the relevant criteria including the economic one, it is not permissible to apply the economic criterion once again and sub-divide a backward class into two sub-categories. The Court negatived the said contention by holding that exclusion of such (creamy layer) socially advanced members will make the ―class‖ a truly backward class and would more appropriately serve the purpose and object of clause (4). 17. Jeevan Reddy, J. dealt with the ―creamy layer‖ under Question 3( d ) (paras 790, 792, 793 of SCC) and under Question 10 (paras 843, 844). This is what the learned Judge declared: there are sections among the backward classes who are highly 20

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22 (emphasis supplied) The creamy layer [see para 859, sub-para (3)( d )] can be, and must be excluded. Creamy layer has to be excluded and ―economic criterion‖ is to be adopted as an indicium or measure of social advancement [para 860, sub-para (5)]. The socially advanced persons must be excluded [para 861( b )]. That is how Jeevan Reddy, J. summarised the position. 18. Sawant, J. too accepted (p. 553 of SCC) that ―at least some individuals and families in the backward classes, — however small in number, — gain sufficient means to develop capacities to compete with others in every field. That is an undeniable fact ‖. (emphasis supplied) Social advancement is to be judged by the ―capacity to compete‖ with forward castes, achieved by the members or sections of the backward classes. Legally, therefore, these persons or sections who reached that level are not entitled any longer to be called as part of the backward class, whatever their original birthmark. Taking out these ―forwards‖ from the ―backwards‖ is ―obligatory‖ as these persons have crossed the Rubicon (pp. 553-54). On the crucial question as to what is meant by ―capacity to compete‖, the learned Judge explained (para 522) that if a person moves from Class IV service to Class III, that is no indication that he has reached such a stage of social advancement but if the person has successfully competed for at least ―higher level posts‖ or ―near those levels‖, he has reached such a state. 19. Thommen, J. (paras 287, 295, 296, 323) observed that if some members in a backward class acquire the necessary financial strength to raise themselves, the Constitution does not extend to 23 them the protection of reservation. The creamy layer has to be ―weeded out‖ and excluded, if it has attained a ―certain predetermined economic level‖. 20. Kuldip Singh, J. (para 385) referred to the ― affluent ‖ section of the backward class. Comparatively ―such ( sic rich) persons in the backward class — though they may not have acquired a higher level of education — are able to move in the society without being discriminated socially‖. These persons practise discrimination against others in that group who are comparatively less rich. It must be ensured that these persons do not ―chew up‖ the benefits meant for the true backward class. ―Economic ceiling‖ is to be fixed to cut off these persons from the benefits of reservation. In the result, the ―means-test‖ is imperative to skim off the ― affluent ‖ sections of backward classes. 21. Sahai, J. (para 629) observed that the individuals among the collectivity or the group who may have achieved a ― social status ‖ or ― economic affluence ‖, are disentitled to claim reservation. Candidates who apply for selection must be made to disclose the annual income of their parents which if it is beyond a level, they cannot be allowed to claim to be part of the backward class. What is to be the limit must be decided by the State. Income apart, provision is to be made that wards of those backward classes of persons who have achieved a particular status in society, be it political or economic higher services or if their parents are in then such individuals must be precluded from availing the benefits of reservation. Exclusion of ―creamy layer‖ achieves a social purpose. Any legislative or executive action to remove such 24 persons individually or collectively cannot be constitutionally invalid.‖ In paragraph 27 of the said judgment, the three-Judge Bench of this Court clearly held that the creamy layer principle sounds in Articles 14 and 16(1) as follows:

25 Thus, any executive or legislative action refusing to exclude the creamy layer from the benefits of reservation will be violative of Articles 14 and 16(1) and also of Article 16(4). We shall examine the validity of Sections 3, 4 and 6 in the light of the above principle. …‖ 9. The next judgment with which we are directly concerned is the judgment in Chinnaiah (supra). In this case, the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000, was challenged, and dismissed by a five-Judge Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court by a majority of 4:1. The 15% reservation that was made in favour of the Scheduled Castes was further apportioned among four groups in varying percentages – Group A to the extent of 1%; Group B to the extent of 7%; Group C to the extent of 6%; and Group D to the extent of 1%. In the lead judgment on behalf of the Constitution Bench, Hegde, J. set out three questions for consideration as follows: ― 12. From the pleadings on record and arguments addressed before us three questions arise for our consideration: 1 ( ) Whether the impugned Act is violative of Article 341(2) of the Constitution of India? ( 2 ) Whether the impugned enactment is constitutionally invalid for lack of legislative competence? 26 ( 3 ) Whether the impugned enactment creates subclassification or micro- classification of Scheduled Castes so as to violate Article 14 of the Constitution of India?‖ Article 341 was then referred to, in which the Presidential List of Scheduled Castes is to be notified. Any inclusion or exclusion from the said list thereafter can only be done by Parliament under Article 341(2) ( See paragraph 13). The Court then rejected the splitting up of Scheduled Castes on the basis of backwardness into groups, and distinguished Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) ( See paragraphs 19 to 21). It was then held: ― 26. Thus from the scheme of the Constitution, Article 341 and above opinions of this Court in the case of N.M. Thomas [(1976) 2 SCC 310 : 1976 SCC (L&S) 227] it is clear that the castes once included in the Presidential List, form a class by themselves. If they are one class under the Constitution, any division of these classes of persons based on any consideration would amount to tinkering with the Presidential List.‖ Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) was then referred to and distinguished as follows: ― 38. On behalf of the respondents, it was pointed out that in Indra Sawhney case [1992 Supp (3) SCC 217] the Court had permitted subclassification of 27

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Finally, the Court held:

In a separate concurring judgment, Sinha, J., after referring to Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) and the creamy layer concept in paragraph 95, went on to state: 29

It was then concluded:

Thus, the Court struck down the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000. 10. The judgment in Chinnaiah (supra) has been referred by a three- Judge Bench to a larger Bench by an order dated 20.08.2014. This is because, according to the three-Judge Bench, Chinnaiah (supra) is contrary to Article 338 of the Constitution of India and Indra Sawhney (1) (supra). Since the correctness of Chinnaiah (supra) does not arise 30 before us, we need say no more about this reference which will be decided on its own merits. 11. Close on the heels of this judgment is the judgment in Nagaraj (supra). In this case, the addition of Articles 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) were under challenge on the ground that they violated the basic structure of the Constitution. After referring to the arguments of counsel for both sides, the Court held that equality is the essence of democracy and accordingly, part of the basic structure of the Constitution ( See paragraph 33). The working test in the matter of application of this doctrine was then applied, referring to Chandrachud, J.’s judgment in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain & Anr. , 1975 Supp SCC 1 ( See paragraphs 37 and 38). After dealing with reservation and its extent, the Court then went into the nitty-gritty of the constitutional amendments and held as follows: ― Whether the impugned constitutional amendments violate the principle of basic structure? 101. The key question which arises in the matter of the challenge to the constitutional validity of the impugned amending Acts is — whether the constitutional limitations on the amending power of Parliament are obliterated by the impugned 31 amendments so as to violate the basic structure of the Constitution. 102. In the matter of application of the principle of basic structure, twin tests have to be satisfied, namely, the ―width test‖ and the test of ―identity‖. As stated hereinabove, the concept of the ―catch-up‖ rule and ―consequential seniority‖ are not constitutional requirements. They are not implicit in clauses (1) and (4) of Article 16. They are not constitutional limitations. They are concepts derived from service jurisprudence. They are not constitutional principles. They are not axioms like, secularism, federalism, etc. Obliteration of these concepts or insertion of these concepts does not change the equality code indicated by Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Constitution. Clause (1) of Article 16 cannot prevent the State from taking cognizance of the compelling interests of Backward Classes in the society. Clauses (1) and (4) of Article 16 are restatements of the principle of equality under Article 14. Clause (4) of Article 16 refers to affirmative action by way of reservation. Clause (4) of Article 16, however, states that the appropriate Government is free to provide for reservation in cases where it is satisfied on the basis of quantifiable data that Backward Class is inadequately represented in the services. Therefore, in every case where the State decides to provide for reservation there must exist two circumstances, namely, ―backwardness‖ and ―inadequacy of representation‖. As stated above, equity, justice and efficiency are variable factors. These factors are context-specific. There is no fixed yardstick to identify and measure these three factors, it will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. These are the limitations on the mode of the exercise of power by the State. None of these limitations have been removed by the impugned 32 amendments. If the State concerned fails to identify and measure backwardness, inadequacy and overall administrative efficiency then in that event the provision for reservation would be invalid. These amendments do not alter the structure of Articles 14, 15 and 16 (equity code). The parameters mentioned in Article 16(4) are retained. Clause (4-A) is derived from clause (4) of Article 16. Clause (4-A) is confined to SCs and STs alone. Therefore, the present case does not change the identity of the Constitution. The word ―amendment‖ connotes change. The question is—whether the impugned amendments discard the original Constitution. It was vehemently urged on behalf of the petitioners that the Statement of Objects and Reasons indicates that the impugned amendments have been promulgated by Parliament to overrule the decisions of this Court. We do not find any merit in this argument. Under Article 141 of the Constitution the pronouncement of this Court is the law of the land. The judgments of this Court in Virpal Singh [(1995) 6 SCC 684 : 1996 SCC (L&S) 1 : (1995) 31 ATC 813], Ajit Singh (I) [(1996) 2 SCC 715 : 1996 SCC (L&S) 540 : (1996) 33 ATC 239 : AIR 1996 SC 1189], Ajit Singh (II) [(1999) 7 SCC 209 : 1999 SCC (L&S) 1239] and Indra Sawhney [1992 Supp (3) SCC 217 : 1992 SCC (L&S) Supp 1 : (1992) 22 ATC 385] were judgments delivered by this Court which enunciated the law of the land. It is that law which is sought to be changed by the impugned constitutional amendments. The impugned constitutional amendments are enabling in nature. They leave it to the States to provide for reservation. It is well settled that Parliament while enacting a law does not provide content to the ―right‖. The content is provided by the judgments of the Supreme Court. If the appropriate Government enacts a law providing for reservation without keeping in mind the parameters in Article 16(4) and Article 335 then this 33 Court will certainly set aside and strike down such legislation. Applying the ―width test‖, we do not find obliteration of any of the constitutional limitations. Applying the test of ―identity‖, we do not find any alteration in the existing structure of the equality code. As stated above, none of the axioms like secularism, federalism, etc. which are overarching principles have been violated by the impugned constitutional amendments. Equality has two facets — ―formal equality‖ and ―proportional equality‖. Proportional equality is equality ―in fact‖ whereas formal equality is equality ―in law‖. Formal equality exists in the rule of law. In the case of proportional equality the State is expected to take affirmative steps in favour of disadvantaged sections of the society within the framework of liberal democracy. Egalitarian equality is proportional equality.‖ xxx xxx xxx ― 104. Applying the above tests to the present case, there is no violation of the basic structure by any of the impugned amendments, including the Constitution (Eighty-second) Amendment Act, 2000. The constitutional limitation under Article 335 is relaxed and not obliterated. As stated above, be it reservation or evaluation, excessiveness in either would result in violation of the constitutional mandate. This exercise, however, will depend on the facts of each case. In our view, the field of exercise of the amending power is retained by the impugned amendments, as the impugned amendments have introduced merely enabling provisions because, as stated above, merit, efficiency, backwardness and inadequacy cannot be identified and measured in vacuum. Moreover, Article 16(4-A) and Article 16(4-B) fall in the pattern of Article 16(4) and as long as the parameters 34

― 121. The impugned constitutional amendments by which Articles 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) have been inserted flow from Article 16(4). They do not alter the structure of Article 16(4). They retain the controlling factors or the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness and inadequacy of representation which enables the States to provide for reservation keeping in mind the overall efficiency of the State administration under Article 335. These impugned amendments are confined only to SCs and STs. They do not obliterate any of the constitutional requirements, namely, ceiling limit of 50% (quantitative limitation), the concept of creamy layer (qualitative exclusion), the sub-classification between OBCs on one hand and SCs and STs on the other hand as held in Indra Sawhney [1992 Supp (3) SCC 217 : 1992 SCC (L&S) Supp 1 : (1992) 22 ATC 385], the concept of post-based roster with inbuilt concept of replacement as held in R.K. Sabharwal [(1995) 2 SCC 745 : 1995 SCC (L&S) 548 : (1995) 29 ATC 481]. 122. We reiterate that the ceiling limit of 50%, the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse. 35

12. We now come to the Constitution Bench judgment in Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India , (2008) 6 SCC 1. In this case, Article 15(5) inserted by the Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005, was under challenge. Balakrishnan, C.J., after referring to various judgments of this Court dealing with reservation, specifically held that the 36 ―creamy layer‖ principle is inapplicable to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as it is merely a principle of identification of the backward class and not applied as a principle of equality ( See paragraphs 177 to 186). Pasayat, J., speaking for himself and Thakker, J., stated that the focus in the present case was not on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes but on Other Backward Classes ( See paragraph 293). Bhandari, J., in paragraphs 395 and 633 stated as follows:

37 to the applicability of exclusion of creamy layer to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes……‖ Raveendran, J., in a separate judgment, while referring to Nagaraj (supra), held as follows:

The Court ultimately upheld the Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005, subject to the creamy layer test to be applied to Other Backward Classes. Bhandari, J. held that the amendment was not constitutionally valid so far as ―private unaided‖ educational institutions were concerned. 38 13. At this stage, it is necessary to deal with the argument that Nagaraj (supra) needs to be revisited as it conflicts with Chinnaiah (supra). It will be noticed that though Nagaraj (supra) is a later judgment, it does not refer to Chinnaiah (supra) at all. Much was made of this by some of the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Appellants. It is important to notice that the majority judgment of Hegde, J. does not refer to the creamy layer principle at all. Chinnaiah’s judgment (supra) in essence held that the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000, which it considered, could not further sub-divide Scheduled Castes into four categories, as that would be violative of Article 341(2) of the Constitution of India for the simple reason that it is Parliament alone that can make any change in the Presidential List and not the State Legislatures. That this is the true ratio of the judgment is clear from a reading of the paragraphs that have been set out hereinabove. This being the case, as Chinnaiah (supra) does not in any manner deal with any of the aspects on which the constitutional amendments in Nagaraj’s case (supra) were upheld, we are of the view that it was not necessary for Nagaraj (supra) to refer to Chinnaiah (supra) at all. However, it was further contended that apart 39 from this ratio , Chinnaiah (supra) also decided that the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes, created by the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000, also violated Article 14 of the Constitution of India. This was stated by Chinnaiah (supra) to be violative of Article 14 as the same would amount to tinkering with the List, which, as was held, could be done only by Parliament and not by State Legislatures. In our opinion, the true ratio of the judgment flows from a construction of Article 341. It is true that the Andhra Pradesh Act in question was also found to be violative of Article 14. We may only state that Chinnaiah (supra) dealt with a completely different problem, apart from dealing with a State statute and not a constitutional amendment, as was dealt with in Nagaraj (supra). 14. This brings us to whether the judgment in Nagaraj (supra) needs to be revisited on the other grounds that have been argued before us. Insofar as the State having to show quantifiable data as far as backwardness of the class is concerned, we are afraid that we must reject Shri Shanti Bhushan’s argument. The reference to ―class‖ is to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and their inadequacy of representation in public employment. It is clear, therefore, that Nagaraj 40 (supra) has, in unmistakable terms, stated that the State has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. We are afraid that this portion of the judgment is directly contrary to the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra). Jeevan Reddy, J., speaking for himself and three other learned Judges, had clearly held, ―[t]he test or requirement of social and educational backwardness cannot be applied to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, who indubitably fall within the expression ―backward class of citizens‖.‖ ( See paragraphs 796 to 797). Equally, Dr. Justice Thommen, in his conclusion at paragraph 323(4), had held as follows: ― 323. Summary xxx xxx xxx ( 4 ) Only such classes of citizens who are socially and educationally backward are qualified to be identified as backward classes. To be accepted as backward classes for the purpose of reservation under Article 15 or Article 16, their backwardness must have been either recognised by means of a notification by the President under Article 341 or Article 342 declaring them to be Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, or, on an objective consideration, identified by the State to be socially and educationally so backward by reason of identified prior discrimination and its continuing ill effects as to be comparable to the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes. In the case of the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes, these 41

15. In fact, Chinnaiah (supra) has referred to the Scheduled Castes as being the most backward among the backward classes ( See paragraph 43). This is for the reason that the Presidential List contains only those castes or groups or parts thereof, which have been regarded as untouchables. Similarly, the Presidential List of Scheduled Tribes only refers to those tribes in remote backward areas who are socially extremely backward. Thus, it is clear that when Nagaraj (supra) requires the States to collect quantifiable data on backwardness, insofar as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are concerned, this would clearly be contrary to the Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) and would have to be declared to be bad on this ground. However, when it comes to the creamy layer principle, it is important to note that this principle sounds in Articles 14 and 16(1), as unequals within the same class are being treated equally with other members of that class. The genesis of this principle is to be found in State of Kerala & Anr. v. N.M. Thomas and Ors. , (1976) 2 SCC 310. This case was concerned with a test-relaxation rule in promotions from lower division 42 clerks to upper division clerks. By a 5:2 majority judgment, the said rule was upheld as a rule that could be justified on the basis that it became necessary as a means of generally giving a leg-up to backward classes. In paragraph 124, Krishna Iyer, J. opined:

43

The whole object of reservation is to see that backward classes of citizens move forward so that they may march hand in hand with other citizens of India on an equal basis. This will not be possible if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public sector and perpetuate themselves, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always were. This being the case, it is clear that when a Court applies the creamy layer principle to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, it does not in any manner tinker with the Presidential List under Articles 341 or 342 of the Constitution of India. The caste or 44 group or sub-group named in the said List continues exactly as before. It is only those persons within that group or sub-group, who have come out of untouchability or backwardness by virtue of belonging to the creamy layer, who are excluded from the benefit of reservation. Even these persons who are contained within the group or sub-group in the Presidential Lists continue to be within those Lists. It is only when it comes to the application of the reservation principle under Articles 14 and 16 that the creamy layer within that sub-group is not given the benefit of such reservation. 16. We do not think it necessary to go into whether Parliament may or may not exclude the creamy layer from the Presidential Lists contained under Articles 341 and 342. Even on the assumption that Articles 341 and 342 empower Parliament to exclude the creamy layer from the groups or sub-groups contained within these Lists, it is clear that Constitutional Courts, applying Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution to exclude the creamy layer cannot be said to be thwarted in this exercise by the fact that persons stated to be within a particular group or sub- group in the Presidential List may be kept out by Parliament on application of the creamy layer principle. One of the most important 45 principles that has been frequently applied in constitutional law is the doctrine of harmonious interpretation. When Articles 14 and 16 are harmoniously interpreted along with other Articles 341 and 342, it is clear that Parliament will have complete freedom to include or exclude persons from the Presidential Lists based on relevant factors. Similarly, Constitutional Courts, when applying the principle of reservation, will be well within their jurisdiction to exclude the creamy layer from such groups or sub-groups when applying the principles of equality under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. We do not agree with Balakrishnan, C.J.’s statement in Ashoka Kumar Thakur (supra) that the creamy layer principle is merely a principle of identification and not a principle of equality. 17. Therefore, when Nagaraj (supra) applied the creamy layer test to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in exercise of application of the basic structure test to uphold the constitutional amendments leading to Articles 16(4-A) and 16(4-B), it did not in any manner interfere with Parliament’s power under Article 341 or Article 342. We are, therefore, clearly of the opinion that this part of the judgment does not need to be revisited, and consequently, there is no need to refer Nagaraj (supra) to 46 a seven-Judge Bench. We may also add at this juncture that Nagaraj (supra) is a unanimous judgment of five learned Judges of this Court which has held sway since the year 2006. This judgment has been repeatedly followed and applied by a number of judgments of this Court, namely: a. Anil Chandra v. Radha Krishna Gaur , (2009) 9 SCC 454 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 17 and 18). b. Suraj Bhan Meena & Anr. v. State of Rajasthan & Ors. , (2011) 1 SCC 467 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 10, 50, and 67). c. U.P. Power Corporation v. Rajesh Kumar & Ors. , (2012) 7 SCC 1 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 61, 81(ix), and 86). d. S. Panneer Selvam & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors. , (2015) 10 SCC 292 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 18, 19, and 36). e. Chairman & Managing Director, Central Bank of India & Ors. v. Central Bank of India SC/ST Employees Welfare Association & Ors. , (2015) 12 SCC 308 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 9 and 26). f. Suresh Chand Gautam v. State of U.P. & Ors. , (2016) 11 SCC 113 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 2 and 45). g. B.K. Pavitra & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. , (2017) 4 SCC 620 (two-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 17 to 22). 47 Further, Nagaraj (supra) has been approved by larger Benches of this Court in: a. General Categories Welfare Federation v. Union of India , (2012) 7 SCC 40 (three-Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 2 and 3). b. Rohtas Bhankar v. Union of India , (2014) 8 SCC 872 (five- Judge Bench) ( See paragraphs 6 and 7). In fact, the tests laid down in Nagaraj (supra) for judging whether a constitutional amendment violates basic structure have been expressly approved by a nine-Judge Bench of this Court in I.R. Coelho (Dead) by LRs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and Ors. , (2007) 2 SCC 1 ( See paragraphs 61, 105, and 142). The entirety of the decision, far from being clearly erroneous, correctly applies the basic structure doctrine to uphold constitutional amendments on certain conditions which are based upon the equality principle as being part of basic structure. Thus, we may make it clear that quantifiable data shall be collected by the State, on the parameters as stipulated in Nagaraj (supra) on the inadequacy of representation, which can be tested by the Courts. We may further add that the data would be relatable to the concerned cadre. 48 18. Dr. Dhavan referred to the judgment in U.P. Power Corporation Ltd. (supra), and placed before us the Constitution (One Hundred Seventeeth Amendment) Bill, 2012. This Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 17.12.2012 but failed to get sufficient number of votes in the Lok Sabha and, therefore, could not become an Act. This Bill was tabled close upon the judgment in U.P. Power Corporation Ltd. (supra), and would have substituted Article 16(4-A) as follows: ―(4A) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in the Constitution, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes notified under article 341 and article 342, respectively, shall be deemed to be backward and nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotions, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes to the extent of the percentage of reservation provided to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the services of the State.‖ The Statement of Objects and Reasons for the said Bill read as follows: ―The validity of the constitutional amendments was challenged before the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court while deliberating on the issue of validity of Constitutional amendments in the case of M. Nagaraj v . UOI & Ors., observed that the concerned State will have to show in each case the existence of the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and 49 overall administrative efficiency before making provision for reservation in promotion. Relying on the judgment of the Supreme Court in M. Nagaraj case, the High Court of Rajasthan and the High Court of Allahabad have struck down the provisions for reservation in promotion in the services of the State of Rajasthan and the State of Uttar Pradesh, respectively. Subsequently, the Supreme Court has upheld the decisions of these High Courts striking down provisions for reservation in respective States. It has been observed that there is difficulty in collection of quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class in public employment. Moreover, there is uncertainty on the methodology of this exercise.‖ It will be seen that this Bill contains two things that are different from Article 16(4-A) as already enacted. First and foremost, it clarifies that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes that are notified under Articles 341 and 342 shall be deemed to be backward, which makes it clear that no quantifiable data is necessary to determine backwardness. Secondly, instead of leaving it to the States to determine on a case to case basis whether the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes are adequately represented in any class or classes of posts in the services under the State, the substituted provision does not leave this to the discretion of the State, but specifies that it shall be to the extent of the 50 percentage of reservation provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the services of the State. This amendment was necessitated because a Division Bench of this Court in U.P. Power Corporation Ltd. (supra) had struck down Section 3(7) of the Uttar Pradesh Public Services (Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes) Act, 1994 and Rule 8A of the U.P. Government Servants Seniority Rules, 1991, which read as under:

51 This Court considered Nagaraj (supra) in detail and in paragraph 81, culled out various principles which Nagaraj (supra) had laid down. We are concerned here with principles (ix) and (x) in particular, which read as under: ― (ix ) The concepts of efficiency, backwardness and inadequacy of representation are required to be identified and measured. That exercise depends on the availability of data. That exercise depends on numerous factors. It is for this reason that the enabling provisions are required to be made because each competing claim seeks to achieve certain goals. How best one should optimise these conflicting claims can only be done by the administration in the context of local prevailing conditions in public employment. ( x ) Article 16(4), therefore, creates a field which enables a State to provide for reservation provided there exists backwardness of a class and inadequacy of representation in employment. These are compelling reasons. They do not exist in Article 16(1). It is only when these reasons are satisfied that a State gets the power to provide for reservation in the matter of employment.‖ 19. We have already seen that, even without the help of the first part of Article 16(4-A) of the 2012 Amendment Bill, the providing of quantifiable data on backwardness when it comes to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, has already been held by us to be contrary to the majority in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra). So far as the second part of the 52 substituted Article 16(4-A) contained in the Bill is concerned, we may notice that the proportionality to the population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is not something that occurs in Article 16(4-A) as enacted, which must be contrasted with Article 330. We may only add that Article 46, which is a provision occurring in the Directive Principles of State Policy, has always made the distinction between the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of the people. Article 46 reads as follows:

This being the case, it is easy to see the pattern of Article 46 being followed in Article 16(4) and Article 16(4-A). Whereas ―backward classes‖ in Article 16(4) is equivalent to the ―weaker sections of the people‖ in Article 46, and is the overall genus, the species of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is separately mentioned in the latter part of Article 46 and Article 16(4-A). This is for the reason, as has been pointed 53 out by us earlier, that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes are the most backward or the weakest of the weaker sections of society, and are, therefore, presumed to be backward. Shri Dwivedi’s argument that as a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe reaches the higher posts, he/she no longer has the taint of either untouchability or backwardness, as the case may be, and that therefore, the State can judge the absence of backwardness as the posts go higher, is an argument that goes to the validity of Article 16(4-A). If we were to accept this argument, logically, we would have to strike down Article 16(4-A), as the necessity for continuing reservation for a Scheduled Caste and/or Scheduled Tribe member in the higher posts would then disappear. Since the object of Article 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) is to do away with the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) when it came to reservation in promotions in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, that object must be given effect to, and has been given effect by the judgment in Nagaraj (supra). This being the case, we cannot countenance an argument which would indirectly revisit the basis or foundation of the constitutional amendments themselves, in order that one small part of Nagaraj (supra) be upheld, namely, that there be quantifiable data for judging backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and 54 the Scheduled Tribes in promotional posts. We may hasten to add that Shri Dwivedi’s argument cannot be confused with the concept of ―creamy layer‖ which, as has been pointed out by us hereinabove, applies to persons within the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes who no longer require reservation, as opposed to posts beyond the entry stage, which may be occupied by members of the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes. 20. The learned Attorney General also requested us to lay down that the proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to the population of India should be taken to be the test for determining whether they are adequately represented in promotional posts for the purpose of Article 16(4-A). He complained that Nagaraj (supra) ought to have stated this, but has said nothing on this aspect. According to us, Nagaraj (supra) has wisely left the test for determining adequacy of representation in promotional posts to the States for the simple reason that as the post gets higher, it may be necessary, even if a proportionality test to the population as a whole is taken into account, to reduce the number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in promotional posts, as one goes upwards. This is for the simple reason 55 that efficiency of administration has to be looked at every time promotions are made. As has been pointed out by B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J.’s judgment in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra), there may be certain posts right at the top, where reservation is impermissible altogether. For this reason, we make it clear that Article 16(4-A) has been couched in language which would leave it to the States to determine adequate representation depending upon the promotional post that is in question. For this purpose, the contrast of Article 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) with Article 330 of the Constitution is important. Article 330 reads as follows: ― 330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People .—(1) Seats shall be reserved in the House of the People for— ( a ) the Scheduled Castes; b ( ) the Scheduled Tribes except the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam; and] ( c ) the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam. (2) The number of seats reserved in any State or Union territory for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes under clause (1) shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats allotted to that State or Union territory in the House of the People as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the State or Union territory or of the Scheduled Tribes in the State or Union territory or part of the State or Union 56 territory, as the case may be, in respect of which seats are so reserved, bears to the total population of the State or Union territory. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (2), the number of seats reserved in the House of the People for the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam shall bear to the total number of seats allotted to that State a proportion not less than the population of the Scheduled Tribes in the said autonomous districts bears to the total population of the State. Explanation. —In this article and in Article 332, the expression ―population‖ means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published: Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026 have been published, be construed as a reference to the 2001 census.‖ It can be seen that when seats are to be reserved in the House of the People for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the test of proportionality to the population is mandated by the Constitution. The difference in language between this provision and Article 16(4-A) is important, and we decline the invitation of the learned Attorney General to say any more in this behalf. 57 21. Thus, we conclude that the judgment in Nagaraj (supra) does not need to be referred to a seven–Judge Bench. However, the conclusion in Nagaraj (supra) that the State has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, being contrary to the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) is held to be invalid to this extent. ………………………..…CJI (Dipak Misra) ………………………..……J. (Kurian Joseph) ……………………………..J. (R.F. Nariman) ……………………………..J. (Sanjay Kishan Kaul) ……………………………..J. (Indu Malhotra) New Delhi; September 26, 2018. 58