1
[REPORTABLE]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.13520 OF 2021
Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak
Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors. …Petitioner(s)
Versus
M/s Ajay Sales & Suppliers …Respondent(s)
With
Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13543 of 2021
Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak
Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors. …Petitioner(s)
Versus
M/s Anuj Associates …Respondent(s)
With
Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13663 of 2021
Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak
Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors. …Petitioner(s)
Versus
Signature Not Verified
M/s Parth Tours & Logistics Solutions …Respondent(s)
Digitally signed by R
Natarajan
Date: 2021.09.15
14:14:33 IST
Reason:
With
2
Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13632 of 2021
Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak
Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors. …Petitioner(s)
Versus
M/s Ajay Sales & Suppliers …Respondent(s)
With
Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13870 of 2021
Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak
Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors. …Petitioner(s)
Versus
M/s Anuj Associates …Respondent(s)
J U D G M E N T
1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned
orders passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at
Jaipur allowing the applications under Section 11 of the
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as
‘the Act’) and appointing an Arbitrator, Jaipur Zila Dugdh
Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Ltd, Jaipur (hereinafter referred to as
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Sahkari Sangh) and others have preferred the present Special
Leave Petitions.
2. For the sake of convenience, the facts in SLP (C) No.13520
of 2021 are narrated and SLP (C) No.13520 of 2021 be treated as
a lead matter.
3. On 31.03.2015, the respondent herein and the Sahkari
Sangh entered into Distributorship Agreement for the
distribution of milk and butter milk in certain zones in Jaipur,
which was for a period of two years. The dispute arose between
the parties. Clause 13 of the distributorship agreement provided
for resolution of disputes. Clause 13 contains an arbitration
clause and it provides that all disputes and differences arising
out of or in any way touching or concerning the agreement,
whatsoever shall be referred to the sole Arbitrator, the
Chairman, Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Ltd. and
his decision shall be final and binding for the parties. On
18.08.2018, the respondent made representation pointing out
his grievance/dispute. Vide letter dated 22.08.2018, the
respondent herein – original applicant was advised to raise
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dispute before the Sole Arbitrator/Chairman. That on
19.10.2019, the respondent firm/original applicant approached
the Sole Arbitrator as per Clause 13 of the Agreement dated
31.03.2015 i.e. the Chairman, Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak
Sahkari Sangh Ltd. for settlement of a commercial dispute
between the parties. That during the pendency of the arbitration
proceedings before the Chairman – Sole Arbitrator, the
respondent herein – firm approached the High Court for
appointment of an arbitrator in exercise of powers under Section
11 of the Act and invoking the arbitration contained in clause 13
of the Agreement dated 31.03.2015. The said application was
opposed by the petitioners herein. It was submitted that once
the respondent – firm approached the Chairman – Sole
Arbitrator for resolving the dispute between the parties invoking
Clause 13 of the Agreement dated 31.03.2015 and having
participated in the arbitration proceedings thereafter it is not
open for it to approach the High Court to appoint an arbitrator
under Section 11 of the Act. It was also submitted on behalf of
the petitioners that the Agreement dated 31.03.2015 was prior
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to the amendment of Section 12/insertion of Section 12 (5) of
the Act and the contract was entered into between the parties
before insertion of Subsection (5) of Section 12 by amendment
of Act, 2015 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act, Subsection
(5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act shall not
be applicable and the Chairman continues to be the sole
arbitrator as per Clause 13. That thereafter by the impugned
order and considering the Subsection (5) of Section 12 read
with Seventh Schedule to the Act, the High Court has allowed
the said application and has appointed the former District and
Sessions Judge to act as an arbitrator. Feeling aggrieved and
dissatisfied with the impugned order passed by the High Court
appointing a fresh Arbitrator in exercise of powers under Section
11 of the Arbitration Act, Sahkari Sangh has preferred the
present petitions.
4. Shri Gunjan Pathak, Learned Counsel appearing on behalf
of the petitioners has vehemently submitted that the High Court
has materially erred in appointing the arbitrator other than the
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arbitrator mentioned in Clause 13 of the Agreement dated
31.03.2015.
4.1 It is submitted that first of all Subsection (5) of Section 12
read with Seventh Schedule to the Act shall not be applicable to
the facts of the case on hand more particularly when the
agreement between the parties was prior to insertion of Sub
section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act.
It is further submitted that even otherwise the ‘Chairman’ being
an elected member shall not come within Seventh Schedule to
the Act. It is submitted that ‘Chairman’ is not included within
disqualified/ineligible person to be appointed in Seventh
Schedule of the Act.
4.2 It is further submitted that the High Court has erred in
relying upon Seventh Schedule to the Act of 2015 for the reason
as the Learned Sole Arbitrator/Chairman who is an elected
member and is a part of management by virtue of election as a
director or has no similar influence, can be said to be
disqualified as per the Clause (5) of Seventh Schedule of the
Amendment Act, 2015.
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4.3 It is further submitted that even otherwise considering
Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001, the
dispute between the parties was required to be resolved by the
Registrar and the decision of the Registrar shall be final. It is
submitted that nonobstante clause as contained in Section 58
of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001 supersedes
Subsection (5) of Section 12 of the Amendment Act, 2015 and
therefore no court of law shall have jurisdiction to entertain any
suit or proceeding in respect of such dispute. It is submitted
that as per Clause 30 of the Bye Laws of Sahkari Sangh all
disputes of the society shall be dealt with as per Rajasthan Co
operative Societies Act, 2001. It is submitted that therefore also
the impugned order passed by the High Court deserves to be
quashed and set aside.
4.4 It is further submitted that the Learned Counsel appearing
on behalf of the petitioner that as held by this Court in the
., (2005) 8 SCC
S.B.P. & Co vs Patel Engineering Ltd. & Anr
618, once the matter reaches the arbitration tribunal or the sole
arbitrator, the High Court would not interfere with the orders
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passed by the Arbitrator or the arbitral tribunal during the
course of arbitral proceedings and the party aggrieved by any
order of the arbitral tribunal, unless has a right of appeal
| under | | Section 37 | | of the Act, has to wait until the award is |
|---|
passed by the Tribunal. It is submitted therefore once the
arbitral tribunal has initiated the proceedings, the High Court
ought not to have interfered in such matters. It is submitted that
therefore, also the impugned order passed by the High Court
| appointing an arbitrator is unsustainable | . |
|---|
| 5. | | We have heard Learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the |
|---|
petitioners at length.
| 6. | | It is not in dispute that distributorship agreement between |
|---|
the parties was dated 31.03.2015 i.e. prior to the insertion of
Subsection (5) of Section 12 and Seventh Schedule to the Act
w.e.f. 23.10.2015. It also cannot be disputed that Clause 13 of
the Agreement dated 31.03.2015 contained the arbitration
clause and as per Clause 13, any dispute and differences arising
out of or in any way touching or concerning distributorship
agreement shall be resolved through arbitration. As per Clause
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13 such a dispute shall be referred to the sole Arbitrator – the
Chairman, Sahkari Sangh.
| 6.1 | | By the impugned order the High Court has allowed the |
|---|
application under Section 11 of the Act and has appointed the
arbitrator other than the Chairman.
| 6.2 | | The submissions of the petitioners are observed and |
|---|
narrated hereinabove.
| 6.3 | | So far as the submission on behalf of the petitioners that |
|---|
the agreement was prior to the insertion of Subsection (5) of
Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act and therefore
the disqualification under Subsection (5) of Section 12 read
with Seventh Schedule to the Act shall not be applicable and
that once an arbitrator – Chairman started the arbitration
proceedings thereafter the High Court is not justified in
appointing an arbitrator are concerned the aforesaid has no
substance and can to be accepted in view of the decision of this
| Court in | Trf Ltd vs Energo Engineering Projects Ltd, | (2017) 8 |
|---|
| SCC 377 | ; | Bharat | Broadband Network Limited vs United |
|---|
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| Telecoms Limited | , | (2019) 5 SCC 755; | Voestalpine Schienen |
|---|
| GMBH vs. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited | , (2017) 4 |
|---|
SCC 665. In the aforesaid decisions this Court had an occasion
to consider in detail the object and purpose of insertion of Sub
section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act.
| In the case of | Voestalpine Schienen GMBH | (Supra) | it is |
|---|
observed and held by this Court that the main purpose for
amending the provision was to provide for ‘neutrality of
arbitrators’. It is further observed that in order to achieve this,
Subsection (5) of Section 12 lays down that notwithstanding
any prior agreement to the contrary, any person whose
relationship with the parties or counsel or the subjectmatter of
the dispute falls under any of the categories specified in the
Seventh Schedule, he shall be ineligible to be appointed as an
arbitrator. It is further observed that in such an eventuality i.e.
when the arbitration clause finds foul with the amended
provisions (Subsection (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh
Schedule) the appointment of an arbitrator would be beyond
pale of the arbitration agreement, empowering the court to
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appoint such arbitrator as may be permissible. It is further
observed that, that would be the effect of non obstante clause
contained in subsection (5) of Section 12 and the other party
cannot insist on appointment of the arbitrator in terms of the
arbitration agreement.
| 6.4 | | It is further observed and held by this Court in the |
|---|
aforesaid decision that independence and impartiality of the
arbitrator are the hallmarks of any arbitration proceedings.
Rule against bias is one of the fundamental principles of natural
justice which apply to all judicial and quasijudicial proceedings.
It is further observed that it is for this reason that
notwithstanding the fact that relationship between the parties,
to the arbitration and the arbitrators themselves are contractual
in nature and the source of an arbitrator’s appointment is
deduced from the agreement entered into between the parties,
notwithstanding the same nonindependence and non
impartiality of such arbitrator would render him ineligible to
conduct the arbitration. It is further observed that the genesis
behind this rational is that even when an arbitrator is appointed
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in terms of contract and by the parties to the contract, he is
independent of the parties. In paragraphs 16 to 18 it is observed
and held as under:
“16. Apart from other amendments, Section 12
was also amended and the amended provision has
already been reproduced above. This amendment is also
based on the recommendation of the Law Commission
which specifically dealt with the issue of 'neutrality of
arbitrators' and a discussion in this behalf is contained
in paras 53 to 60 and we would like to reproduce the
entire discussion hereinbelow:
“NEUTRALITY OF ARBITRATORS
53. It is universally accepted that any quasi
judicial process, including the arbitration process, must
be in accordance with principles of natural justice. In the
context of arbitration, neutrality of arbitrators, viz. their
independence and impartiality, is critical to the entire
process.
54. In the Act, the test for neutrality is set out in
Section 12(3) which provides –
‘12. (3) “An arbitrator may be challenged only if –
(a) circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable
doubts as to his independence or impartiality...”
55. The Act does not lay down any other conditions
to identify the “circumstances” which give rise to
“justifiable doubts”, and it is clear that there can be
many such circumstances and situations. The test is not
whether, given the circumstances, there is any actual
bias for that is setting the bar too high; but, whether the
circumstances in question give rise to any justifiable
apprehensions of bias.
56. The limits of this provision has been tested in
the Indian Supreme Court in the context of contracts
with State entities naming particular
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persons/designations (associated with that entity) as a
potential arbitrator. It appears to be settled by a series of
decisions of the Supreme Court (See Executive Engineer,
Irrigation Division, Puri v. Gangaram Chhapolia, 1984 (3)
SCC 627; Secretary to Government Transport
Department, Madras v. Munusamy Mudaliar, 1988
(Supp) SCC 651; International Authority of India v. K.D.
Bali and Anr, 1988 (2) SCC 360; S. Rajan v. State of
Kerala, 1992 (3) SCC 608; M/s. Indian Drugs &
Pharmaceuticals v. M/s. IndoSwiss Synthetics Germ
Manufacturing Co.Ltd., 1996 (1) SCC 54; Union of India
v. M.P. Gupta, (2004) 10 SCC 504; Ace Pipeline Contract
Pvt. Ltd. v. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., 2007 (5)
SCC 304) that arbitration agreements in government
contracts which provide for arbitration by a serving
employee of the department, are valid and enforceable.
While the Supreme Court, in Indian Oil Corp. Ltd. v. Raja
Transport (P) Ltd., 2009 8 SCC 520 carved out a minor
exception in situations when the arbitrator
“was the controlling or dealing authority in regard to the
subject contract or if he is a direct subordinate (as
contrasted from an officer of an inferior rank in some
other department) to the officer whose decision is the
subject matter of the dispute” (SCC p. 533, para 34) and
this exception was used by the Supreme Court in Denel
(Proprietary) Ltd. v. Govt. of India, Ministry of Defence,
AIR 2012 SC 817 and Bipromasz Bipron Trading SA v.
Bharat Electronics Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 384, to appoint an
independent arbitrator under section 11, this is not
enough.
57. The balance between procedural fairness and
binding nature of these contracts, appears to have been
tilted in favour of the latter by the Supreme Court, and
the Commission believes the present position of law is far
from 18 satisfactory. Since the principles of impartiality
and independence cannot be discarded at any stage of
the proceedings, specifically at the stage of constitution
of the arbitral tribunal, it would be incongruous to say
that party autonomy can be exercised in complete
disregard of these principles – even if the same has been
agreed prior to the disputes having arisen between the
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parties. There are certain minimum levels of
independence and impartiality that should be required of
the arbitral process regardless of the parties’ apparent
agreement. A sensible law cannot, for instance, permit
appointment of an arbitrator who is himself a party to
the dispute, or who is employed by (or similarly
dependent on) one party, even if this is what the parties
agreed. The Commission hastens to add that Mr. PK
Malhotra, the ex officio member of the Law Commission
suggested having an exception for the State, and allow
State parties to appoint employee arbitrators. The
Commission is of the opinion that, on this issue, there
cannot be any distinction between State and nonState
parties. The concept of party autonomy cannot be
stretched to a point where it negates the very basis of
having impartial and independent adjudicators for
resolution of disputes. In fact, when the party appointing
an adjudicator is the State, the duty to appoint an
impartial and independent adjudicator is that much
more onerous – and the right to natural justice cannot be
said to have been waived only on the basis of a “prior”
agreement between the parties at the time of the contract
and before arising of the disputes.
58. Largescale amendments have been suggested
to address this fundamental issue of neutrality of
arbitrators, which the Commission believes is critical to
the functioning of the arbitration process in India. In
particular, amendments have been proposed to sections
11, 12 and 14 of the Act.
59. The Commission has proposed the requirement
of having specific disclosures by the arbitrator, at the
stage of his possible appointment, regarding existence
of any relationship or interest of any kind which is likely
to give rise to justifiable doubts. The Commission has
proposed the incorporation of the Fourth Schedule,
which has drawn from the red and orange lists of the IBA
Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International
Arbitration, and which would be treated as a “guide” to
determine whether circumstances exist which give rise to
such justifiable doubts. On the other hand, in terms of
the proposed section 12 (5) of the Act and the Fifth
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Schedule which incorporates the categories from the red
list of the IBA Guidelines (as above), the person proposed
to be appointed as an arbitrator shall be ineligible to be
so appointed, notwithstanding any prior agreement to
the contrary. In the event such an ineligible person is
purported to be appointed as an arbitrator, he shall be
de jure deemed to be unable to perform his functions, in
terms of the proposed explanation to section 14.
Therefore, while the disclosure is required with respect
to a broader list of categories (as set out in the Fourth
Schedule, and as based on the Red and Orange lists of
the IBA Guidelines), the ineligibility to be appointed as
an arbitrator (and the consequent de jure inability to so
act) follows from a smaller and more serious subset of
situations (as set out in the Fifth Schedule, and as based
on the Red list of the IBA Guidelines).
60. The Commission, however, feels that real and
genuine party autonomy must be respected, and, in
certain situations, parties should be allowed to waive
even the categories of ineligibility as set in the proposed
Fifth Schedule. This could be in situations of family
arbitrations or other arbitrations where a person
commands the blind faith and trust of the parties to the
dispute, despite the existence of objective “justifiable
doubts” regarding his independence and impartiality. To
deal with such situations, the Commission has proposed
the proviso to section 12 (5), where parties may,
subsequent to disputes having arisen between them,
waive the applicability of the proposed section 12 (5) by
an express agreement in writing. In all other cases, the
general rule in the proposed section 12 (5) must be
followed. In the event the High Court is approached in
connection with appointment of an arbitrator, the
Commission has proposed seeking the disclosure in
terms of section 12 (1) and in which context the High
Court or the designate is to have “due regard” to the
contents of such disclosure in appointing the arbitrator.”
(emphasis supplied)
17. We may put a note of clarification here.
Though, the Law Commission discussed the aforesaid
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aspect under the heading “Neutrality of Arbitrators”, the
focus of discussion was on impartiality and
independence of the arbitrators which has relation to or
bias towards one of the parties. In the field of
international arbitration, neutrality is generally related to
the nationality of the arbitrator. In international sphere,
the “appearance of neutrality” is considered equally
important, which means that an arbitrator is neutral if
his nationality is different from that of the parties.
However, that is not the aspect which is being considered
and the term “neutrality” used is relatable to impartiality
and independence of the arbitrators, without any bias
towards any of the parties. In fact, the term “neutrality of
arbitrators” is commonly used in this context as well.
18. Keeping in mind the aforequoted
recommendation of the Law Commission, with which
spirit, Section 12 has been amended by the Amendment
Act, 2015, it is manifest that the main purpose for
amending the provision was to provide for neutrality of
arbitrators. In order to achieve this, subsection (5) of
Section 12 lays down that notwithstanding any prior
agreement to the contrary, any person whose
relationship with the parties or counsel or the subject
matter of the dispute falls under any of the categories
specified in the Seventh Schedule, he shall be ineligible
to be appointed as an arbitrator. In such an eventuality
i.e. when the arbitration clause finds foul with the
amended provisions extracted above, the appointment of
an arbitrator would be beyond pale of the arbitration
agreement, empowering the court to appoint such
arbitrator(s) as may be permissible. That would be the
effect of non obstante clause contained in subsection (5)
of Section 12 and the other party cannot insist on
appointment of the arbitrator in terms of arbitration
agreement.”
7. In the case of Bharat Broadband Network Limited
| (Supra), | it is observed that Subsection (5) of Section 12 read |
|---|
with Seventh Schedule made it clear that if the arbitrator falls in
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any one of the categories specified in the Seventh Schedule, he
becomes ‘ineligible’ to act as an arbitrator. It is further observed
that once he becomes ‘ineligible’, it is clear that he then become
dejure unable to perform his functions inasmuch as in law, he is
regarded as ‘ineligible’. It further is observed in the said decision
that where a person becomes ineligible to be appointed as an
arbitrator there is no question of challenge to such arbitrator
before such arbitrator in such a case i.e. a case which falls
under Section 14(1)(a) of the Act gets attracted inasmuch as the
arbitrator becomes, as a matter of law (i.e., de jure), unable to
| perform his functions under | | Section12(5) | , being ineligible to be |
|---|
appointed as an arbitrator and this being so, his mandate
automatically terminates, and he shall then be substituted by
another arbitrator.
| 7.1 | | Now so far as the submission on behalf of the petitioners |
|---|
that in view of Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies
Act, 2001, the dispute between the parties is to be resolved by
the Registrar only and as per Bye Laws 30 of Rajasthan
Cooperative Societies Act, 2001 shall be applicable and therefore
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no court shall have jurisdiction and therefore the dispute
referred to the former District Judge is unsustainable has no
substance. It cannot be disputed that Arbitration Act is a
special Act. Even Subsection (5) of Section 12 also states with
non obstante clause. In the distributorship agreement dated
31.03.2015, there is a provision to resolve dispute through
arbitration. Despite Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative
Societies Act, 2001, there is an agreement between the parties to
resolve the dispute through arbitrator – Chairman. Parties are
bound by the agreement and the arbitration clause contained in
the Agreement dated 31.03.2015. Therefore, neither Section 58
of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001 shall not be
applicable at all nor the same shall come in the way of
appointing the arbitrator under the Arbitration Act.
8. Now the next question which is required to consider is
whether the Chairman who is an elected member of the
petitioner Sahkari Sangh can be said to be ‘ineligible’ under
Subsection (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the
Act or not. It is the case on behalf of the petitioner that in the
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Seventh Schedule to the Act ‘Chairman’ is not mentioned and
only Manager, Director or part of the Management can be said to
be ineligible. The aforesaid has no substance at all.
Disqualification/ineligible under Subsection (5) of Section 12
read with Seventh Schedule to the Act is to be read as a whole
and considering the object and purpose for which Subsection
(5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act came to
be inserted. Subsection (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh
Schedule has been inserted bearing in mind the ‘impartiality and
independence’ of the arbitrators. It has been inserted with the
purpose of ‘neutrality of arbitrators’. Independence and
impartiality of the arbitrators are the hallmarks of any
arbitration proceedings as observed in the case of Voestalpine
(Supra). Rule against bias is one of the fundamental
Schienen
principles of natural justice which apply to all judicial
proceedings and quasijudicial proceedings and it is for this
reason that despite the contractually agreed upon, the persons
mentioned in Subsection (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh
Schedule to the Act would render himself ineligible to conduct
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the arbitration. In paragraphs 20 to 22 in the case of
Voestalpine Schienen (Supra) it is observed and held as under:
“20. Independence and impartiality of the arbitrator are
the hallmarks of any arbitration proceedings. Rule
against bias is one of the fundamental principles of
natural justice which applied to all judicial and quasi
judicial proceedings. It is for this reason that
notwithstanding the fact that relationship between the
parties to the arbitration and the arbitrators themselves
are contractual in nature and the source of an
arbitrator's appointment is deduced from the agreement
entered into between the parties, notwithstanding the
same nonindependence and nonimpartiality of such
arbitrator (though contractually agreed upon) would
render him ineligible to conduct the arbitration. The
genesis behind this rational is that even when an
arbitrator is appointed in terms of contract and by the
parties to the contract, he is independent of the parties.
Functions and duties require him to rise above the
partisan interest of the parties and not to act in, or so as
to further, the particular interest of either parties. After
all, the arbitrator has adjudicatory role to perform and,
therefore, he must be independent of parties as well as
impartial. The United Kingdom Supreme Court has
beautifully highlighted this aspect in Hashwani v. Jivraj
in the following words: (WLR p. 1889, para 45)
“45 .. ...the dominant purpose of appointing an arbitrator
or arbitrators is the impartial resolution of the dispute
between the parties in accordance with the terms of the
agreement and, although the contract between the
parties and the arbitrators would be a contract for the
provision of personal services, they were not personal
services under the direction of the parties.”
Similarly, Cour de Cassation, France, in a
21.
judgment delivered in 1972 in Consorts Ury, underlined
that:
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“an independent mind is indispensable in the
exercise of judicial power, whatever the source of that
power may be, and it is one of the essential qualities of
an arbitrator.”
22. Independence and impartiality are two
different concepts. An arbitrator may be independent and
yet, lack impartiality, or vice versa. Impartiality, as is
well accepted, is a more subjective concept as compared
to independence. Independence, which is more an
objective concept, may, thus, be more straightforwardly
ascertained by the parties at the outset of the arbitration
proceedings in light of the circumstances disclosed by
the arbitrator, while partiality will more likely surface
during the arbitration proceedings.”
9. Applying the law laid down by this Court in the aforesaid
decisions and considering the object and purpose of insertion of
Subsection (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the
Act, the Chairman of the petitioner Sangh can certainly be held
to be ‘ineligible’ to continue as an arbitrator. Though in the
Seventh Schedule the word ‘Chairman’ is specifically not
mentioned but at the same time it would fall in the category of
Clause 1; Clause 2; Clause 5; Clause 12 which read as under:
“1. The arbitrator is an employee, consultant,
advisor or has any other past or present
business relationship with a party.
2. The arbitrator currently represents or advises
one of the parties or an affiliate of one of the
parties.
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5. The arbitrator is a manager, director or part of
the management, or has a similar controlling
influence, in an affiliate of one of the parties if
the affiliate is directly involved in the matters in
dispute in the arbitration.
12. The arbitrator is a manager, director or part
of the management, or has a similar controlling
influence in one of the parties.”
9.1 In that view of the matter, the Chairman who is elected
member/Director of the Sangh, can certainly be said to be
‘ineligible’ to become an arbitrator as per Subsection (5) of
Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act.
10. Now so far as the submission on behalf of the petitioners
that the respondents participated in the arbitration proceedings
before the sole arbitrator – Chairman and therefore he ought not
to have approached the High Court for appointment of arbitrator
under Section 11 is concerned, the same has also no substance.
As held by this Court in the case of
Bharat Broadband
| Network Limited | (Supra) there must be an ‘express agreement’ |
|---|
in writing to satisfy the requirements of Section 12(5) proviso. In
paragraphs 15 & 20 it is observed and held as under:
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| “ | 15. | | | | Section 12(5) | | , on the other hand, is a new provision | | | | | | | |
|---|
| which relates to the de jure inability of an arbitrator to | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| act as such. Under this provision, any prior agreement to | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| the contrary is wiped out by the non obstante clause | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| in | | | Section 12(5) | | | | | the moment any person whose | | | | | | |
| relationship with the parties or the counsel or the subject | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| matter of the dispute falls under the Seventh Schedule. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| The subsection then declares that such person shall be | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| “ineligible” to be appointed as arbitrator. The only way in | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| which this ineligibility can be removed is by the proviso, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| which again is a special provision which states that | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| parties may, subsequent to disputes having arisen | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| between them, waive the applicability of | | | | | | | | | | | | Section 12(5) | | by |
| an express agreement in writing. What is clear, therefore, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| is that where, under any agreement between the parties, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| a person falls within any of the categories set out in the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Seventh Schedule, he is, as a matter of law, ineligible to | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| be appointed as an arbitrator. The only way in which this | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ineligibility can be removed, | | | | | | | | | | again, in law, is that parties | | | | |
| may after disputes have arisen between them, waive the | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| applicability of this subsection by an “express | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| agreement in writing”. Obviously, the “express agreement | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| in writing” has reference to a person who is interdicted | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| by the Seventh Schedule, but who is stated by parties | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (after the disputes have arisen between them) to be a | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| person in whom they have faith notwithstanding the fact | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| that such person is interdicted by the Seventh Schedule. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
20. This then brings us to the applicability of the proviso
to Section 12(5) on the facts of this case. Unlike Section
4 of the Act which deals with deemed waiver of the right
to object by conduct, the proviso to Section 12(5) will
only apply if subsequent to disputes having arisen
between the parties, the parties waive the applicability of
sub section (5) of Section 12 by an express agreement in
writing. For this reason, the argument based on the
analogy of Section 7 of the Act must also be
rejected. Section 7 deals with arbitration agreements that
must be in writing, and then explains that such
agreements may be contained in documents which
24
provide a record of such agreements. On the other
hand, Section 12(5) refers to an “express agreement in
writing”. The expression “express agreement in writing”
refers to an agreement made in words as opposed to an
agreement which is to be inferred by conduct.
Here, Section 9 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 becomes
important. It states:
“9. Promises, express and implied.—In so far as a
proposal or acceptance of any promise is made in words,
the promise is said to be express. In so far as such
proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words,
the promise is said to be implied.” It is thus necessary
that there be an “express” agreement in writing.
This agreement must be an agreement by which
both parties, with full knowledge of the fact that Shri
Khan is ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator, still
go ahead and say that they have full faith and confidence
in him to continue as such. The facts of the present case
disclose no such express agreement. The appointment
letter which is relied upon by the High Court as
indicating an express agreement on the facts of the case
is dated 17.01.2017. On this date, the Managing Director
of the appellant was certainly not aware that Shri Khan
could not be appointed by him as Section 12(5) read with
the Seventh Schedule only went to the invalidity of the
appointment of the Managing Director himself as an
arbitrator. Shri Khan’s invalid appointment only became
clear after the declaration of the law by the Supreme
Court in TRF Ltd. (supra) which, as we have seen
hereinabove, was only on 03.07.2017. After this date, far
from there being an express agreement between the
parties as to the validity of Shri Khan’s appointment, the
appellant filed an application on 07.10.2017 before the
sole arbitrator, bringing the arbitrator’s attention to the
judgment in TRF Ltd. (supra) and asking him to declare
that he has become de jure incapable of acting as an
arbitrator. Equally, the fact that a statement of claim
may have been filed before the arbitrator, would not
mean that there is an express agreement in words which
would make it clear that both parties wish Shri Khan to
continue as arbitrator despite being ineligible to act as
such. This being the case, the impugned judgment is not
correct when it applies Section 4 , Section 7 , Section
12(4) , Section 13(2) , and Section 16(2) of the Act to the
25
facts of the present case, and goes on to state that the
appellant cannot be allowed to raise the issue of
eligibility of an arbitrator, having itself appointed the
arbitrator. The judgment under appeal is also in correct
in stating that there is an express waiver in writing from
the fact that an appointment letter has been issued by
the appellant, and a statement of claim has been filed by
the respondent before the arbitrator. The moment the
appellant came to know that Shri Khan’s appointment
itself would be invalid, it filed an application before the
sole arbitrator for termination of his mandate.”
11. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above once
the sole arbitrator – Chairman is ‘ineligible’ to act as an
arbitrator to resolve the dispute between the parties in view of
Subsection (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the
Act he loses mandate to continue as a sole arbitrator. Therefore,
it cannot be said that the High Court has committed any error in
appointing the arbitrator other than the sole arbitrator –
Chairman as per Clause 13 of the Agreement in exercise of
powers, under Section 11 read with Section 14 of the Act.
26
12. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above all
these applications deserve to be dismissed.
The special leave petitions are dismissed accordingly.
………………………………….J.
(M.R. SHAH)
………………………………….J.
(ANIRUDDHA BOSE)
NEW DELHI;
09.09.2021