JAIPUR ZILA DUGDH UTPADAK SAHKARI SANGH LIMITED vs. M/S AJAY SALES AND SUPPLIERS

Case Type: Special Leave To Petition Civil

Date of Judgment: 09-09-2021

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1 [REPORTABLE] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.13520 OF 2021 Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak  Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors. …Petitioner(s) Versus M/s Ajay Sales & Suppliers …Respondent(s) With Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13543 of 2021 Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak  Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors.  …Petitioner(s) Versus M/s Anuj Associates …Respondent(s) With Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13663 of 2021 Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak  Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors.  …Petitioner(s) Versus Signature Not Verified M/s Parth Tours & Logistics Solutions …Respondent(s) Digitally signed by R Natarajan Date: 2021.09.15 14:14:33 IST Reason: With 2 Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13632 of 2021 Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak  Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors.  …Petitioner(s) Versus M/s Ajay Sales & Suppliers …Respondent(s) With Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.13870 of 2021 Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak  Sahkari Sangh Limited & Ors.  …Petitioner(s) Versus M/s Anuj Associates …Respondent(s) J U D G M E N T 1. Feeling   aggrieved   and   dissatisfied   with   the   impugned orders passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur   allowing   the   applications   under   Section   11   of   the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the   Act’)   and   appointing   an   Arbitrator,   Jaipur   Zila   Dugdh Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Ltd, Jaipur (hereinafter referred to as 3 Sahkari Sangh) and others have preferred the present Special Leave Petitions. 2. For the sake of convenience, the facts in SLP (C) No.13520 of 2021 are narrated and SLP (C) No.13520 of 2021 be treated as a lead matter. 3. On   31.03.2015,   the   respondent   herein   and   the   Sahkari Sangh   entered   into   Distributorship   Agreement   for   the distribution of milk and butter milk in certain zones in Jaipur, which was for a period of two years.  The dispute arose between the parties.  Clause 13 of the distributorship agreement provided for resolution of disputes.   Clause 13 contains an arbitration clause and it provides that all disputes and differences arising out of or in any way touching  or concerning  the agreement, whatsoever   shall   be   referred   to   the   sole   Arbitrator,   the Chairman, Jaipur Zila Dugdh Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Ltd. and his   decision   shall   be   final   and   binding   for   the   parties.     On 18.08.2018, the respondent made representation pointing out his   grievance/dispute.   Vide   letter   dated   22.08.2018,   the respondent   herein   –   original   applicant   was   advised   to   raise 4 dispute   before   the   Sole   Arbitrator/Chairman.     That   on 19.10.2019, the respondent firm/original applicant approached the Sole Arbitrator as per Clause 13 of the Agreement dated 31.03.2015   i.e.   the   Chairman,   Jaipur   Zila   Dugdh   Utpadak Sahkari   Sangh   Ltd.   for   settlement   of   a   commercial   dispute between the parties.  That during the pendency of the arbitration proceedings   before   the   Chairman   –   Sole   Arbitrator,   the respondent   herein   –   firm   approached   the   High   Court   for appointment of an arbitrator in exercise of powers under Section 11 of the Act and invoking the arbitration contained in clause 13 of the Agreement dated 31.03.2015.   The said application was opposed by the petitioners herein.   It was submitted that once the   respondent   –   firm   approached   the   Chairman   –   Sole Arbitrator for resolving the dispute between the parties invoking Clause   13   of   the   Agreement   dated   31.03.2015   and   having participated in the arbitration proceedings thereafter it is not open for it to approach the High Court to appoint an arbitrator under Section 11 of the Act.  It was also submitted on behalf of the petitioners that the Agreement dated 31.03.2015 was prior 5 to the amendment of Section 12/insertion of Section 12 (5) of the Act and the contract was entered into between the parties before insertion of Sub­section (5) of Section 12 by amendment of Act, 2015 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act, Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act shall not be   applicable   and   the   Chairman   continues   to   be   the   sole arbitrator as per Clause 13.   That thereafter by the impugned order and considering the Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act, the High Court has allowed the said application and has appointed the former District and Sessions Judge to act as an arbitrator.   Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned order passed by the High Court appointing a fresh Arbitrator in exercise of powers under Section 11   of   the   Arbitration   Act,   Sahkari   Sangh   has   preferred   the present petitions. 4. Shri Gunjan Pathak, Learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners has vehemently submitted that the High Court has materially erred in appointing the arbitrator other than the 6 arbitrator   mentioned   in   Clause   13   of   the   Agreement   dated 31.03.2015. 4.1 It is submitted that first of all Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act shall not be applicable to the   facts   of   the   case   on   hand   more   particularly   when   the agreement between the parties was prior to insertion of Sub­ section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act. It is further submitted that even otherwise the ‘Chairman’ being an elected member shall not come within Seventh Schedule to the Act.  It is submitted that ‘Chairman’ is not included within disqualified/ineligible   person   to   be   appointed   in   Seventh Schedule of the Act. 4.2 It is further submitted that the High Court has erred in relying upon Seventh Schedule to the Act of 2015 for the reason as   the   Learned   Sole   Arbitrator/Chairman   who   is   an   elected member and is a part of management by virtue of election as a director   or   has   no   similar   influence,   can   be   said   to   be disqualified as per the Clause (5) of Seventh Schedule of the Amendment Act, 2015. 7 4.3 It   is   further   submitted   that   even   otherwise   considering Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001, the dispute between the parties was required to be resolved by the Registrar and the decision of the Registrar shall be final.   It is submitted that non­obstante clause as contained in Section 58 of   the   Rajasthan   Cooperative   Societies   Act,   2001   supersedes Sub­section (5) of Section 12 of the Amendment Act, 2015 and therefore no court of law shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of such dispute.   It is submitted that as per Clause 30 of the Bye Laws of Sahkari Sangh all disputes of the society shall be dealt with as per Rajasthan Co­ operative Societies Act, 2001.  It is submitted that therefore also the impugned order passed by the High Court deserves to be quashed and set aside.   4.4 It is further submitted that the Learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioner that as held by this Court in the .,  (2005) 8 SCC S.B.P. & Co vs Patel Engineering Ltd. & Anr 618, once the matter reaches the arbitration tribunal or the sole arbitrator, the High Court would not interfere with the orders 8 passed   by   the   Arbitrator   or   the   arbitral   tribunal   during   the course of arbitral proceedings and the party aggrieved by any order   of   the   arbitral   tribunal,   unless   has   a   right   of   appeal
underSection 37of the Act, has to wait until the award is
passed   by   the   Tribunal.   It   is   submitted   therefore   once   the arbitral tribunal has initiated the proceedings, the High Court ought not to have interfered in such matters. It is submitted that therefore, also the impugned order passed by the High Court
appointing an arbitrator is unsustainable.
5.We have heard Learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the
petitioners at length.
6.It is not in dispute that distributorship agreement between
the parties was dated 31.03.2015 i.e. prior to the insertion of Sub­section (5) of Section 12 and Seventh Schedule to the Act w.e.f. 23.10.2015.  It also cannot be disputed that Clause 13 of the   Agreement   dated   31.03.2015   contained   the   arbitration clause and as per Clause 13, any dispute and differences arising out   of   or   in   any   way   touching   or   concerning   distributorship agreement shall be resolved through arbitration.  As per Clause 9 13 such a dispute shall be referred to the sole Arbitrator – the Chairman, Sahkari Sangh.
6.1By the impugned order the High Court has allowed the
application under Section 11 of the Act and has appointed the arbitrator other than the Chairman.
6.2The submissions of the petitioners are observed and
narrated hereinabove.
6.3So far as the submission on behalf of the petitioners that
the agreement was prior to the insertion of Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act and therefore the  disqualification  under   Sub­section   (5) of   Section  12   read with Seventh Schedule to the Act shall not be applicable and that   once   an   arbitrator   –   Chairman   started   the   arbitration proceedings   thereafter   the   High   Court   is   not   justified   in appointing   an   arbitrator   are   concerned   the   aforesaid   has   no substance and can to be accepted in view of the decision of this
Court inTrf Ltd vs Energo Engineering Projects Ltd,(2017) 8
SCC 377;BharatBroadband Network Limited vs United
10
Telecoms Limited,(2019) 5 SCC 755;Voestalpine Schienen
GMBH vs. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited, (2017) 4
SCC 665.  In the aforesaid decisions this Court had an occasion to consider in detail the object and purpose of insertion of Sub­ section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act.
In the case ofVoestalpine Schienen GMBH(Supra)it is
observed   and   held   by   this   Court   that   the   main   purpose   for amending   the   provision   was   to   provide   for   ‘neutrality   of arbitrators’.  It is further observed that in order to achieve this, Sub­section (5) of Section 12 lays down that notwithstanding any   prior   agreement   to   the   contrary,   any   person   whose relationship with the parties or counsel or the subject­matter of the dispute falls under any of the categories specified in the Seventh Schedule, he shall be ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator.  It is further observed that in such an eventuality i.e. when   the   arbitration   clause   finds   foul   with   the   amended provisions   (Sub­section   (5)   of   Section   12   read   with   Seventh Schedule) the  appointment of an arbitrator would  be beyond pale   of   the   arbitration   agreement,   empowering   the   court   to 11 appoint such arbitrator as may be permissible.   It is further observed that, that would be the effect of non obstante clause contained in sub­section (5) of Section 12 and the other party cannot insist on appointment of the arbitrator in terms of the arbitration agreement.
6.4It is further observed and held by this Court in the
aforesaid   decision   that   independence   and   impartiality   of   the arbitrator   are   the   hallmarks   of   any   arbitration   proceedings. Rule against bias is one of the fundamental principles of natural justice which apply to all judicial and quasi­judicial proceedings. It   is   further   observed   that   it   is   for   this   reason   that notwithstanding the fact that relationship between the parties, to the arbitration and the arbitrators themselves are contractual in   nature   and   the   source   of   an   arbitrator’s   appointment   is deduced from the agreement entered into between the parties, notwithstanding   the   same   non­independence   and   non­ impartiality  of  such  arbitrator  would  render him  ineligible to conduct the arbitration.  It is further observed that the genesis behind this rational is that even when an arbitrator is appointed 12 in terms of contract and by the parties to the contract, he is independent of the parties.  In paragraphs 16 to 18 it is observed and held as under: “16.   Apart   from   other   amendments,   Section   12 was   also   amended   and   the   amended   provision   has already been reproduced above. This amendment is also based on the recommendation of the Law Commission which specifically dealt with the issue of 'neutrality of arbitrators' and a discussion in this behalf is contained in paras 53 to 60 and we would like to reproduce the entire discussion hereinbelow:  “NEUTRALITY OF ARBITRATORS  53.   It   is   universally   accepted   that   any   quasi­ judicial process, including the arbitration process, must be in accordance with principles of natural justice. In the context of arbitration, neutrality of arbitrators, viz. their independence and impartiality, is critical to the entire process.  54. In the Act, the test for neutrality is set out in Section 12(3) which provides –  ‘12. (3)  “An arbitrator may be challenged only if –  (a) circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to his independence or impartiality...”  55. The Act does not lay down any other conditions to   identify   the   “circumstances”   which   give   rise   to “justifiable   doubts”,   and   it   is   clear   that   there   can   be many such circumstances and situations. The test is not whether, given the circumstances,  there is any actual bias for that is setting the bar too high; but, whether the circumstances   in   question   give   rise   to   any   justifiable apprehensions of bias.  56. The limits of this provision has been tested in the Indian Supreme Court in the context of contracts with   State   entities   naming   particular 13 persons/designations (associated with that entity) as a potential arbitrator. It appears to be settled by a series of decisions of the Supreme Court (See Executive Engineer, Irrigation Division, Puri v. Gangaram Chhapolia, 1984 (3) SCC   627;   Secretary   to   Government   Transport Department,   Madras   v.   Munusamy   Mudaliar,   1988 (Supp) SCC 651; International Authority of India v. K.D. Bali and Anr, 1988 (2) SCC 360; S. Rajan v. State of Kerala,   1992   (3)   SCC   608;   M/s.   Indian   Drugs   & Pharmaceuticals   v.   M/s.   Indo­Swiss   Synthetics   Germ Manufacturing Co.Ltd., 1996 (1) SCC 54; Union of India v. M.P. Gupta, (2004) 10 SCC 504; Ace Pipeline Contract Pvt. Ltd. v. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., 2007 (5) SCC   304)   that   arbitration   agreements   in   government contracts   which   provide   for   arbitration   by   a   serving employee of the department, are valid and enforceable. While the Supreme Court, in Indian Oil Corp. Ltd. v. Raja Transport (P) Ltd., 2009 8 SCC 520 carved out a minor exception in situations when the arbitrator  “was the controlling or dealing authority in regard to the subject   contract   or   if   he   is   a   direct   subordinate   (as contrasted from an officer of an inferior rank in some other department) to the officer whose decision is the subject matter of the dispute” (SCC p. 533, para 34) and this exception was used by the Supreme Court in Denel (Proprietary) Ltd. v. Govt. of India, Ministry of Defence, AIR 2012 SC 817 and Bipromasz Bipron Trading SA v. Bharat Electronics Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 384, to appoint an independent   arbitrator   under   section   11,   this   is   not enough.  57. The balance between procedural fairness and binding nature of these contracts, appears to have been tilted in favour of the latter by the Supreme Court, and the Commission believes the present position of law is far from 18 satisfactory. Since the principles of impartiality and independence cannot be discarded at any stage of the proceedings, specifically at the stage of constitution of the arbitral tribunal, it would be incongruous to say that   party   autonomy   can   be   exercised   in   complete disregard of these principles – even if the same has been agreed prior to the disputes having arisen between the 14 parties.   There   are   certain   minimum   levels   of independence and impartiality that should be required of the arbitral process regardless of the parties’ apparent agreement. A sensible law cannot, for instance, permit appointment of an arbitrator who is himself a party to the   dispute,   or   who   is   employed   by   (or   similarly dependent on) one party, even if this is what the parties agreed.   The   Commission   hastens   to   add   that   Mr.   PK Malhotra, the ex officio member of the Law Commission suggested having an exception for the State, and allow State   parties   to   appoint   employee   arbitrators.   The Commission is of the opinion that, on this issue, there cannot be any distinction between State and non­State parties.   The   concept   of   party   autonomy   cannot   be stretched to a point where it negates the very basis of having   impartial   and   independent   adjudicators   for resolution of disputes. In fact, when the party appointing an   adjudicator   is   the   State,   the   duty   to   appoint   an impartial   and   independent   adjudicator   is   that   much more onerous – and the right to natural justice cannot be said to have been waived only on the basis of a “prior” agreement between the parties at the time of the contract and before arising of the disputes.  58. Large­scale amendments have been suggested to   address   this   fundamental   issue   of   neutrality   of arbitrators, which the Commission believes is critical to the functioning  of the arbitration process  in India. In particular, amendments have been proposed to sections 11, 12 and 14 of the Act.  59. The Commission has proposed the requirement of having specific disclosures by the arbitrator, at the stage of his possible appointment, regarding existence of any relationship or interest of any kind which is likely to give rise to justifiable doubts. The Commission has proposed   the   incorporation   of   the   Fourth   Schedule, which has drawn from the red and orange lists of the IBA Guidelines   on   Conflicts   of   Interest   in   International Arbitration, and which would be treated as a “guide” to determine whether circumstances exist which give rise to such justifiable doubts. On the other hand, in terms of the   proposed   section   12   (5)   of   the   Act   and   the   Fifth 15 Schedule which incorporates the categories from the red list of the IBA Guidelines (as above), the person proposed to be appointed as an arbitrator shall be ineligible to be so   appointed,   notwithstanding   any   prior   agreement   to the contrary. In the event such an ineligible person is purported to be appointed as an arbitrator, he shall be de jure deemed to be unable to perform his functions, in terms   of   the   proposed   explanation   to   section   14. Therefore, while the disclosure is required with respect to a broader list of categories (as set out in the Fourth Schedule, and as based on the Red and Orange lists of the IBA Guidelines), the ineligibility to be appointed as an arbitrator (and the consequent de jure inability to so act) follows from a smaller and more serious sub­set of situations (as set out in the Fifth Schedule, and as based on the Red list of the IBA Guidelines).  60. The Commission, however, feels that real and genuine party autonomy must be respected, and, in certain   situations,   parties   should   be   allowed   to   waive even the categories of ineligibility as set in the proposed Fifth   Schedule.   This   could   be   in   situations   of   family arbitrations   or   other   arbitrations   where   a   person commands the blind faith and trust of the parties to the dispute,   despite   the   existence   of   objective   “justifiable doubts” regarding his independence and impartiality. To deal with such situations, the Commission has proposed the   proviso   to   section   12   (5),   where   parties   may, subsequent   to   disputes   having   arisen   between   them, waive the applicability of the proposed section 12 (5) by an express agreement in writing. In all other cases, the general   rule   in   the   proposed   section   12   (5)   must   be followed. In the event the High Court is approached in connection   with   appointment   of   an   arbitrator,   the Commission   has   proposed   seeking   the   disclosure   in terms of section 12 (1) and in which context the High Court or the designate is to have “due regard” to the contents of such disclosure in appointing the arbitrator.” (emphasis supplied) 17.   We   may   put   a   note   of   clarification   here. Though,  the   Law   Commission   discussed   the  aforesaid 16 aspect under the heading “Neutrality of Arbitrators”, the focus   of   discussion   was   on   impartiality   and independence of the arbitrators which has relation to or bias   towards   one   of   the   parties.   In   the   field   of international arbitration, neutrality is generally related to the nationality of the arbitrator. In international sphere, the   “appearance   of   neutrality”   is   considered   equally important, which means that an arbitrator is neutral if his   nationality   is   different   from   that   of   the   parties. However, that is not the aspect which is being considered and the term “neutrality” used is relatable to impartiality and independence of the arbitrators, without any bias towards any of the parties. In fact, the term “neutrality of arbitrators” is commonly used in this context as well. 18.   Keeping   in   mind   the   aforequoted recommendation   of   the   Law   Commission,   with   which spirit, Section 12 has been amended by the Amendment Act,   2015,   it   is   manifest   that   the   main   purpose   for amending the provision was to provide for neutrality of arbitrators. In order to achieve this, sub­section (5) of Section   12   lays   down   that   notwithstanding   any   prior agreement   to   the   contrary,   any   person   whose relationship with the parties or counsel or the subject matter of the dispute falls under any of the categories specified in the Seventh Schedule, he shall be ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator. In such an eventuality i.e.   when   the   arbitration   clause   finds   foul   with   the amended provisions extracted above, the appointment of an arbitrator  would be  beyond  pale of  the arbitration agreement,   empowering   the   court   to   appoint   such arbitrator(s) as may be permissible. That would be the effect of non obstante clause contained in sub­section (5) of   Section   12   and   the   other   party   cannot   insist   on appointment   of   the   arbitrator   in   terms   of   arbitration agreement.” 7. In   the   case   of   Bharat   Broadband   Network   Limited
(Supra),it is observed that Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read
with Seventh Schedule made it clear that if the arbitrator falls in 17 any one of the categories specified in the Seventh Schedule, he becomes ‘ineligible’ to act as an arbitrator.  It is further observed that once he becomes ‘ineligible’, it is clear that he then become dejure unable to perform his functions inasmuch as in law, he is regarded as ‘ineligible’.  It further is observed in the said decision that where a person becomes ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator there is no question of challenge to such arbitrator before such arbitrator in such a case i.e. a case which falls under Section 14(1)(a) of the Act gets attracted inasmuch as the arbitrator becomes, as a matter of law (i.e., de jure), unable to
perform his functions underSection12(5), being ineligible to be
appointed   as   an   arbitrator   and   this   being   so,   his   mandate automatically terminates, and he shall then be substituted by another arbitrator.  
7.1Now so far as the submission on behalf of the petitioners
that in view of Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001, the dispute between the parties is to be resolved by the   Registrar   only   and   as   per   Bye   Laws   30   of   Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001 shall be applicable and therefore 18 no   court   shall   have   jurisdiction   and   therefore   the   dispute referred to the former District Judge is unsustainable has no substance.     It   cannot   be   disputed   that   Arbitration   Act   is   a special Act.  Even Sub­section (5) of Section 12 also states with non obstante clause.   In the  distributorship agreement dated 31.03.2015,   there   is   a   provision   to   resolve   dispute   through arbitration.   Despite Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001, there is an agreement between the parties to resolve the dispute through arbitrator – Chairman.  Parties are bound by the agreement and the arbitration clause contained in the Agreement dated 31.03.2015.  Therefore, neither Section 58 of the Rajasthan Cooperative Societies Act, 2001 shall not be applicable   at   all   nor   the   same   shall   come   in   the   way   of appointing the arbitrator under the Arbitration Act. 8. Now  the   next  question   which   is   required   to  consider   is whether   the   Chairman   who   is   an   elected   member   of   the petitioner  Sahkari  Sangh  can be said  to be  ‘ineligible’  under Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act or not.  It is the case on behalf of the petitioner that in the 19 Seventh Schedule to the Act ‘Chairman’ is not mentioned and only Manager, Director or part of the Management can be said to be   ineligible.     The   aforesaid   has   no   substance   at   all. Disqualification/ineligible under Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act is to be read as a whole and considering the object and purpose for which Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act came to be inserted.   Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule has been inserted bearing in mind the ‘impartiality and independence’ of the arbitrators.  It has been inserted with the purpose   of   ‘neutrality   of   arbitrators’.     Independence   and impartiality   of   the   arbitrators   are   the   hallmarks   of   any arbitration proceedings as observed in the case of  Voestalpine  (Supra).  Rule against bias is one of the fundamental Schienen principles   of   natural   justice   which   apply   to   all   judicial proceedings   and   quasi­judicial   proceedings   and   it   is   for   this reason that despite the contractually agreed upon, the persons mentioned in Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act would render himself ineligible to conduct 20 the   arbitration.     In   paragraphs   20   to   22   in   the   case   of Voestalpine Schienen  (Supra) it is observed and held as under: “20.  Independence and impartiality of the arbitrator are the   hallmarks   of   any   arbitration   proceedings.   Rule against   bias   is   one   of   the   fundamental   principles   of natural justice which applied to all judicial and quasi judicial   proceedings.   It   is   for   this   reason   that notwithstanding the fact that relationship between the parties to the arbitration and the arbitrators themselves are   contractual   in   nature   and   the   source   of   an arbitrator's appointment is deduced from the agreement entered   into   between   the   parties,   notwithstanding   the same   non­independence   and   non­impartiality   of   such arbitrator   (though   contractually   agreed   upon)   would render   him   ineligible   to   conduct   the   arbitration.   The genesis   behind   this   rational   is   that   even   when   an arbitrator is appointed in terms of contract and by the parties to the contract, he is independent of the parties. Functions   and   duties   require   him   to   rise   above   the partisan interest of the parties and not to act in, or so as to further, the particular interest of either parties. After all, the arbitrator has adjudicatory role to perform and, therefore, he must be independent of parties as well as impartial.   The   United   Kingdom   Supreme   Court   has beautifully highlighted this aspect in Hashwani v. Jivraj in the following words: (WLR p. 1889, para 45) “45 .. ...the dominant purpose of appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators is the impartial resolution of the dispute between the parties in accordance with the terms of the agreement   and,   although   the   contract   between   the parties and the arbitrators would be a contract for the provision  of personal  services,  they were not personal services under the direction of the parties.”   Similarly,   Cour   de   Cassation,   France,   in   a 21. judgment delivered in 1972 in Consorts Ury, underlined that: 21   “an   independent   mind   is   indispensable   in   the exercise of judicial power, whatever the source of that power may be, and it is one of the essential qualities of an arbitrator.” 22.   Independence   and   impartiality   are   two different concepts. An arbitrator may be independent and yet, lack impartiality, or vice versa. Impartiality, as is well accepted, is a more subjective concept as compared to   independence.   Independence,   which   is   more   an objective concept, may, thus, be more straightforwardly ascertained by the parties at the outset of the arbitration proceedings in light of the circumstances disclosed by the arbitrator, while partiality  will more likely   surface during the arbitration proceedings.” 9. Applying the law laid down by this Court in the aforesaid decisions and considering the object and purpose of insertion of Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act, the Chairman of the petitioner Sangh can certainly be held to be ‘ineligible’ to continue as an arbitrator.   Though in the Seventh   Schedule   the   word   ‘Chairman’   is   specifically   not mentioned but at the same time it would fall in the category of Clause 1; Clause 2; Clause 5; Clause 12 which read as under: “1.   The   arbitrator   is   an   employee,   consultant, advisor   or   has   any   other   past   or   present business relationship with a party.  2. The arbitrator currently represents or advises one of the parties or an affiliate of one of the parties.  22 5. The arbitrator is a manager, director or part of the   management,   or   has   a   similar   controlling influence, in an affiliate of one of the parties if the affiliate is directly involved in the matters in dispute in the arbitration.  12. The arbitrator is a manager, director or part of the management, or has a similar controlling influence in one of the parties.” 9.1 In that view of the matter, the Chairman who is elected member/Director   of   the   Sangh,   can   certainly   be   said   to   be ‘ineligible’   to   become   an   arbitrator   as   per   Sub­section   (5)   of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act.   10. Now so far as the submission on behalf of the petitioners that the respondents participated in the arbitration proceedings before the sole arbitrator – Chairman and therefore he ought not to have approached the High Court for appointment of arbitrator under Section 11 is concerned, the same has also no substance. As   held   by   this   Court   in   the   case   of   Bharat   Broadband
Network Limited(Supra) there must be an ‘express agreement’
in writing to satisfy the requirements of Section 12(5) proviso.  In paragraphs 15 & 20 it is observed and held as under: 23
15.Section 12(5), on the other hand, is a new provision
which relates to the de jure inability of an arbitrator to
act as such. Under this provision, any prior agreement to
the contrary is wiped out by the non­ obstante clause
inSection 12(5)the moment any person whose
relationship with the parties or the counsel or the subject
matter of the dispute falls under the Seventh Schedule.
The sub­section then declares that such person shall be
“ineligible” to be appointed as arbitrator. The only way in
which this ineligibility can be removed is by the proviso,
which again is a special provision which states that
parties may, subsequent to disputes having arisen
between them, waive the applicability ofSection 12(5)by
an express agreement in writing. What is clear, therefore,
is that where, under any agreement between the parties,
a person falls within any of the categories set out in the
Seventh Schedule, he is, as a matter of law, ineligible to
be appointed as an arbitrator. The only way in which this
ineligibility can be removed,again, in law, is that parties
may after disputes have arisen between them, waive the
applicability of this sub­section by an “express
agreement in writing”. Obviously, the “express agreement
in writing” has reference to a person who is interdicted
by the Seventh Schedule, but who is stated by parties
(after the disputes have arisen between them) to be a
person in whom they have faith notwithstanding the fact
that such person is interdicted by the Seventh Schedule.
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20. This then brings us to the applicability of the proviso to  Section 12(5)  on the facts of this case. Unlike  Section 4  of the Act which deals with deemed waiver of the right to   object   by   conduct,   the   proviso   to  Section   12(5)  will only   apply   if   subsequent   to   disputes   having   arisen between the parties, the parties waive the applicability of sub­   section    (5) of  Section 12  by an express agreement in writing.   For   this   reason,   the   argument   based   on   the analogy   of  Section   7  of   the   Act   must   also   be rejected.  Section 7  deals with arbitration agreements that must   be   in   writing,   and   then   explains   that   such agreements   may   be   contained   in   documents   which 24 provide   a   record   of   such   agreements.   On   the   other hand,  Section 12(5)  refers to an “express agreement in writing”. The expression “express agreement in writing” refers to an agreement made in words as opposed to an agreement   which   is   to   be   inferred   by   conduct. Here,  Section 9  of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 becomes important. It states: “9. Promises, express and implied.—In so far as a proposal or acceptance of any promise is made in words, the  promise   is   said  to  be  express.   In  so  far   as  such proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words, the promise is said to be implied.” It is thus necessary that there be an “express” agreement in writing. This agreement must be an agreement by which both parties, with full knowledge of the fact that Shri Khan is ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator, still go ahead and say that they have full faith and confidence in him to continue as such. The facts of the present case disclose no such express agreement. The appointment letter   which   is   relied   upon   by   the   High   Court   as indicating an express agreement on the facts of the case is dated 17.01.2017. On this date, the Managing Director of the appellant was certainly not aware that Shri Khan could not be appointed by him as  Section 12(5)  read with the Seventh Schedule only went to the invalidity of the appointment   of   the   Managing   Director   himself   as   an arbitrator. Shri Khan’s invalid appointment only became clear after the declaration of the law by the Supreme Court   in   TRF   Ltd.   (supra)   which,   as   we   have   seen hereinabove, was only on 03.07.2017. After this date, far from   there   being   an   express   agreement   between   the parties as to the validity of Shri Khan’s appointment, the appellant filed an application on 07.10.2017 before the sole arbitrator, bringing the arbitrator’s attention to the judgment in TRF Ltd. (supra) and asking him to declare that he has become de jure incapable of acting as an arbitrator. Equally, the fact that a statement of claim may   have   been   filed   before   the   arbitrator,   would   not mean that there is an express agreement in words which would make it clear that both parties wish Shri Khan to continue as arbitrator despite being ineligible to act as such. This being the case, the impugned judgment is not correct   when   it   applies  Section   4 ,  Section   7 ,  Section 12(4) ,  Section 13(2) , and  Section 16(2)  of the Act to the 25 facts of the present case, and goes on to state that the appellant   cannot   be   allowed   to   raise   the   issue   of eligibility   of   an   arbitrator,   having   itself   appointed   the arbitrator. The judgment under appeal is also in correct in stating that there is an express waiver in writing from the fact that an appointment letter has been issued by the appellant, and a statement of claim has been filed by the respondent  before the arbitrator. The moment the appellant came to know that Shri Khan’s appointment itself would be invalid, it filed an application before the sole arbitrator for termination of his mandate.” 11. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above once the   sole   arbitrator   –   Chairman   is   ‘ineligible’   to   act   as   an arbitrator to resolve the dispute between the parties in view of Sub­section (5) of Section 12 read with Seventh Schedule to the Act he loses mandate to continue as a sole arbitrator.  Therefore, it cannot be said that the High Court has committed any error in appointing   the   arbitrator   other   than   the   sole   arbitrator   – Chairman   as   per   Clause   13   of   the   Agreement   in   exercise  of powers, under Section 11 read with Section 14 of the Act. 26 12. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above all these applications deserve to be dismissed. The special leave petitions are dismissed accordingly. ………………………………….J. (M.R. SHAH) ………………………………….J. (ANIRUDDHA BOSE) NEW DELHI; 09.09.2021