Full Judgment Text
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PETITIONER:
ASSAM SILLIMANITE LTD. AND ANR.
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.
DATE OF JUDGMENT16/03/1990
BENCH:
RANGNATHAN, S.
BENCH:
RANGNATHAN, S.
AHMADI, A.M. (J)
CITATION:
1990 AIR 1417 1990 SCR (1) 983
1990 SCC (3) 182 JT 1990 (2) 248
1990 SCALE (1)545
ACT:
Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act,
1951: Section 4A--Termination of mining lease--Necessity for
giving of opportunity to holder.
HEADNOTE:
The petitioner company had obtained three mining leases
from the Government of Assam to extract sillimanite in the
Khasi and Jaintia Hills District, for a period of 15 years.
Negotiations between the Union of India and the peti-
tioner for having the mining leases transferred to the
public sector companies, Hindustan Steel Ltd. and Bokaro
Steel Ltd., having failed, the Government of Meghalaya, on
the request of the Central Government, passed an order dated
7th December, 1972 prematurely terminating the mining leases
in terms of section 4-A(1) of the Mines and Minerals (Regu-
lation & Development) Act, 1957 as amended by the Mines &
Minerals (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 1972.
Thereupon, the petitioner company filed the present petition
under Article 32 of the Constitution.
On behalf of the petitioner it was inter alia contended
that since no notice had been issued by the State Government
before terminating the leases prematurely, it amounted to
denial of natural justice thus vitiating the order of termi-
nation.
State of Haryana v. Ram Kishan & Ors., [1988] 3 S.C.C.
416, relied upon.
It was further submitted that having regard to the
comparatively long periods of leases and the lapse of time,
the petitioner would not pray for being put back in posses-
sion of the leased premises but would be content with an
award for compensation for wrongful premature termination,
to be determined by any arbitrator appointed by the Court.
On behalf of the respondents it was submitted that the
decision of
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this Court in Ram Kishan’s case was distinguishable; that
the rules of natural justice could be statutorily excluded
either expressly or by necessary implication; that grant of
an opportunity to the lessee would be totally meaningless
and futile; that the object and purpose of the statute
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clearly excluded the provision of an opportunity to the
lessee before termination of the leases; that amendment of
section 4-A of 1986 specifically providing for an opportuni-
ty of hearing became necessary because the grounds for
premature termination set out in the new subsection (1) of
section 4-A were made wider and more comprehensive; that in
the writ petition the only prayer made was for quashing the
order of premature termination; and that it was open to the
petitioner to file a suit or take other appropriate remedies
for obtaining compensation in respect of the unlawful termi-
nation.
The Barium Chemicals Ltd. and Anr. v. Company Law Board
and Others, [1966] Supp. S.C.R. 311 and R.S. Dass v. Union
of India and Others, [1985] Supp. S.C.C. 617, referred to,
Disposing of the writ petition, this Court,
HELD: (1) The order dated 7.12.1972 passed under section
4A of the Act whereby the leases were terminated prematurely
was null and void as it violated the principles of natural
justice and was passed without giving an opportunity to the
lessee of being heard.
State of Haryana v. Ram Kishan & Ors., [1988] 3 SCC 416,
followed.
Dharam Veer v. Union of India, AIR (1989) Delhi 227, re-
ferred to.
(2) Though it is true that the scope of section 4-A (1)
has been widened, the insertion of sub-section 4-A(3) clear-
ly reflects a statutory intention that an opportunity of
hearing must be given before the order of termination is
passed, presumably as such an order widely effects the
rights of the lessees. [992A]
(3) It is difficult to accept the contention that be-
cause an order under section 4-A is to be passed in order to
give effect to a policy of the Government, it is not neces-
sary or useful to provide the lessees, whose leases are
about to be terminated, an opportunity of hearing. [992D]
(4) It is true that the petitioner could have filed a suit
or taken
985
other appropriate remedies for obtaining compensation in
respect of the unlawful termination. But, in the facts and
circumstances of this case, it is not fair to ask the peti-
tioner to go hack and file a suit for compensation or dam-
ages which may be barred by limitation. The writ petition
was filed by the petitioner company in 1973 and has been
pending in this Court for about 17 years. After a lapse of
such a long time the proper course is to adopt some method
for deciding the quantum of compensation and damages, which
can at once be simple and expeditious and which will avoid
further unnecessary litigation. [992G-H; 993A]
(5) The request made on behalf of the petitioner that
the matter may be referred to arbitration is a fair one and
indeed this course is also not seriously resisted by the
respondents. The issue of compensation/ damages is accord-
ingly referred to Arbitration. [993B]
(6) Having regard to the circumstances of the case, the
compensation/damages should be restricted to a period of
five years from the date of termination of the leases or
upto the date of expiry of the original lease deeds whichev-
er is less and not for the entire unexpired period of all
the leases. [993C]
JUDGMENT:
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition No. 105 of 1973.
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(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India)
Kapil Sibal, A.K. Sen, P.C. Jain, Ranbir Chandra, A.
Minocha and Ms. Indu Goswami for the Petitioners.
Kuldip Singh, Additional Solicitor General, M.M. Abdul
Khadar, L.N. Sinha, V.C. Mahajan, R.B. Dattar, A.K. Gangu|i,
R.B. Misra, Ms. A. Subhashini, D.N. Mukharjee, R.P. Gupta,
T.V.S.N. Chart, Mrs. Binu Tamta, Mrs. B. Sunita Rao, Ms.
Manjula Gupta and Badrinath for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
RANGANATHAN, J. The petitioner company obtained mining
leases from the Government of Assam to extract sillimanite
in the Khasi and Jaintia Hills District. In pursuance there-
of, three lease deeds were executed by the State Government
in favour of the petitioner. The first was a lease deed
dated 25.4.1952 for a period of 15 years in respect of an
area of 129.60 hectares at Lalmati. The second, dated
10.4.1963, was for a period of 15 years in respect of an
area of
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777.60 hectares at Nongmawait. The third one dated 8.6.1967
was for a period of 15 years and covered an area of 363
hectares at Wamsophi. The three lease deeds were to expire
on 26.5.77, 9.4.78 and 7.6.82 respectively but there was a
clause for further renewal.
The petitioner company had also established a refractory
Plant in 1961 near Ramgarh in District Hazaribagh. It ap-
pears, however, that petitioner faced a number of difficul-
ties in operating the refractory plant and was explaining
its difficulties to the State of Maghalaya which was formed
in 1970.
Between 1970 to 1972, the Union of India, through its
public sector companies, Hindustan Steel Ltd. and Bokaro
Steel Ltd. negotiated with the petitioner for the purchase
of its refractory plant and also for having the mining
leases transferred to them. Though the refractory plant was
not functioning properly and was on the verge of closure,
the petitioner was not willing to transfer its mining leases
to the public sector companies but was willing to supply the
required quantity of sillimanite to the Bakaro Steel Plant.
It is also stated that some negotiations took place as a
result of which the petitioner was planning to re-open the
factory on 6.11. 1972. However, in the meantime on the 2nd
of November, 1972, the Central Government took over the
management of the-refractory plant under section 18-AA of
the Industries Development & Regulation Act, 1951. Posses-
sion of the plant as well as its management was also taken
over by the Hindustan Steel Ltd. on the same day. This take
over was challenged by the petitioner company but its chal-
lenge was repelled by the Delhi High Court and a Special
Leave Petition was filed, which is pending in this Court. We
are not concerned with this issue in the present case.
On 12.9.1972, the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and
Development) Act, 1951, was amended by Act No. 56 of 1972.
By this amendment, section 4-A was introduced in the Act,
which reads as follows:
"(1) Where the Central Government, after consultation with
the State Government is of opinion that it is expedient in
the interest of regulation of mines and mineral development
so to do it may request the State Government to make a
premature termination of a Mining Lease in respect of any
mineral other than a minor mineral, and, on receipt of such
request, the State Government shall make an order making a
premature termination of such mining lease and
987
granting a fresh mining lease in favour of such Government
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Company or Corporation owned or controlled by Government as
it may think fit.
(2) Where the State Government, after consultation with the
Central Government, is of opinion that it is expedient in
the interest of regulation of mines and mineral development
so to do, it may, be an order, make premature termination of
a mining lease in respect of any minor mineral and grant a
fresh lease in respect of such mineral in favour of such
Government Company or Co-operation owned or controlled by
Government as it may think fit."
This amendment came into effect in September 1972.
At this juncture it may be mentioned that Act 37 of 1986
has further amended the 1951 Act and substituted section 4A
by the following section, which insofar as it is relevant
for our present purposes reads as follows:
"4A (1) Where the Central Government, after consultation
with the State Government, is of opinion that it is expedi-
ent in the interest of regulation of mines and mineral
development, preservation of natural environment, control of
floods, prevention ’of pollution, or to avoid danger to
public health or communications or to ensure safety of
buildings, monuments or other structures or for conservation
of mineral resources or for maintaining safety in the mines
or for such other purposes, as the Central Government may
deem fit, it may request the State Government to make a
premature termination of a prospecting licence or mining
lease in respect of any mineral other than a minor mineral
in any area or part thereof, and, on receipt of such re-
quest, the State Government shall make an order making a
premature termination of such prospecting licence or mining
lease with respect to the area or any part thereof.
(2) Where the State Government, after consultation with the
Central Government, is of opinion that it is expedient in
the interest of regulation of mines and mineral development,
preservation of natural environment, control of floods,
prevention of pollution or to avoid danger to public health
or communications or to ensure safety’of buildings,
988
monuments or other structures or for such other purposes, as
the State Government may deem fit, it may, by an order, in
respect of any minor mineral, make premature termination of
a prospecting licence or mining lease with respect to the
area or any part thereof covered by such licence or lease:
Provided that the State Government may, after the
premature termination of a prospecting licence or mining
lease under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), as the case
may be, grant a prospecting licenee or mining lease in
favour of such Government company or corporation owned or
controlled by Government as it may think fit.
’(3) No order making a premature termination of a prospect-
ing licence or mining lease shall be made except after
giving the holder of the licence or lease a reasonable
opportunity of being heard.
In pursuance of the 1972 amendment, the State Government
passed an order terminating the mining leases granted to the
petitioner and granted fresh leases over the same areas in
favour of M/s. Hindustan Steel Ltd., a Government company,
fully owned by the Central Government. The order, made in
the name of the Governor, reads as follows:
Dated, Shillong 7th Dec., 1972.
No. MG. 133/72: Whereas the Central Govt., having consulted
the Govt. of Meghalaya, is of opinion that it is expedient
in the interest of mineral regulation and development that
the mining leases of sillimanite mentioned below held by
M/s. Assam Sillimanite Ltd. (having its Registered Office at
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13 A.T. Road, Gauhati) in Meghalaya are terminated forth-
with;
And, whereas, in terms of Sec. 4A of the Mines and
Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957, as amended by
the Mines and Minerals (Regulation & Development) Amended
Act, 1972, the Central Govt. has requested the Govt. of
Meghalaya to make a premature . termination of the said
mining leases held by M/s. Assam Sillimanite Ltd.;
989
Now, therefore, the Govt. of Meghalaya in exercise
of the powers conferred by Sec. 4A(1) of the Mines and
Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957, as amended by
the Mines & Minerals (Regulation & Development) Amendment
Act, 1972 hereby terminates prematurely the mining leases of
sillimanite mentioned below held by M/s. Assam Sillimanite
Ltd. with immediate effect and grants fresh mining leases
over the same areas in favour of M/s. Hindustan Steel Ltd.,
a Government Company, fully owned by the Central Government.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Lease Locality Area in Period of Date of
No. hecteres Lease expiry
-----------------------------------------------------------
5. Lalmati 129.60 15 years 24.4.1977
6. Nongmawait 777.60 -do- 9.4.1978
7. Wamsophi 363.00 -do- 7.6.1982"
The petitioner filed a writ petition in the Gauhati High
Court against the order dated 7.12. 1972 but it was not able
to obtain any ex ’parte interim orders. The petition was
withdrawn from the Gauhati High Court and the present peti-
tion under Article 32 has been filed in this Court. On 5.3.
1973, this Court issued rule nisi and also directed the
maintenance of the status quo pending notice. It, however,
appears that Hindustan Steel Ltd. had taken possession of
the properties in question and the interim stay was also
vacated on 20th of January, 1987. The present position,
therefore, is that the mining leases have been granted to
the Hindustan Steel Ltd. and they have also been operating
the mines for the past several years.
Though several objections have been raised to the action
of the State Government in the writ petition, including a
challenge to the validity of section 4A, the arguments
before us were restricted by Shri P.C. Jain to only two
aspects. He submitted that, admittedly, no notice had been
issued by the State Government before terminating the leases
prematurely. This, according to him, amounts to denial of
natural justice and vitiates the order dated 7.12. 1972. The
second contention is that the order does not fulfil the
requirements specified in section 4-A justifying the prema-
ture termination of leases in pursuance thereof.
990
This writ petition came up for hearing on earlier occa-
sions but it was adjourned from time to time as the same
issue was pending decision in this Court in the case of
State of Haryana v. Ram Kishan & Ors., Civil Appeals Nos.
1472-77 of 1987. Our task in the present writ petition has
been considerably simplified because the above civil appeals
have been disposed of by this Court by its judgment dated
6th May, 1988, which is reported in [1988] 3 S.C.C. 416.
Shri P.C. Jain, learned counsel for the petitioner company
submits that the first point raised by him has been squarely
decided in his favour in the above case and that, therefore,
he is entitled to succeed in the present writ petition.
Learned counsel also referred to a decision of the Delhi
High Court reported in Dharam Veer v. Union of India, AIR
1989 Delhi 227, which has followed the decision in Ram
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Kishan’s case. In that case, a similar order of premature
termination was set aside by the High Court and the lessees
were directed to be put back in possession of the leased
premises which had been taken away from them in pursuance of
their unlawful order. Learned counsel submits that, in the
present case, having regard to the comparatively long peri-
ods of leases and the lapse of time, be would not pray for
the petitioner being put back in possession of the leased
premises but he contends that the least that could be done
is to award compensation to the petitioner company for,
(what has now to be held to be), the wrongful premature
termination of the leases. He submits that the petitioner is
willing to have this aspect of the matter referred to arbi-
tration by any arbitrator appointed by this Court.
On the other hand, Shri R.B. Datar, learned counsel for
the Union of India submits that, in the State of Haryana v.
Ram Kishan and Others, [1988] 3 S.C.C. 416, the Central
Government had expressed its willingness to reconsider the
matter after hearing the parties concerned and that, there-
fore, the decision of this Court in that case is distin-
guishable. He sought to contend, on the strength of observa-
tions made by this Court in The Barium Chemicals Ltd. and
Anr. v. Company Law Board and Others, [1966] Suppl. S.C.R.
311 as well as the decision in R.S. Dass v. Union of India
and Others, [1985] Suppl. S.C.C. 617 that rules of natural
justice can be statutorily excluded either expressly or by
necessary implication. In the present case, he submits that
it became expedient in the interest of regulation of mines
and mineral development, to have the mining operations in
respect of raw materials necessary for the production of
iron and steel entrusted to public sector companies and a
policy decision to this effect had been taken by the Govern-
ment. In this context, he submits, the grant of an opportu-
nity to the lessee would be totally meaningless and futile.
He
991
says that the object and purpose of the statute clearly
excludes the provision of an opportunity to the lessees
before termination of the leases. If at all, he submits, it
will be open to a lessee, whose lease is prematurely termi-
nated under section 4-A, to challenge the order of premature
termination, after it was passed, on the ground that it did
not satisfy the conditions set out in section 4-A but that
the section should not be construed as envisaging a hearing
of the lessees before an order of premature termination is
made. Referring to the amendment of section 4-A in 1986,
which specifically provides for an opportunity of hearing
under sub-section (3), Shri Datar says that this provision
became necessary because the grounds for premature termina-
tion set out in the new sub-section (1) of section 4-A were
made wider and made more comprehensive. Under the new sub-
section, premature termination of leases was permissible in
various other circumstances, such as: preservation of natu-
ral environment, control of floods, prevention of pollution,
avoidance of danger to public health or communications,
ensuring of safety of buildings, monuments and other struc-
tures, conservation of mineral resources, maintenance of
safety in mines and such other purposes as the Central
Government may deem fit. These were purposes in respect of
which an opportunity of hearing to the lessee would be
really needed and helpful but that, in the context of earli-
er sub-section, which was much narrower, no such opportunity
of hearing was at all contemplated.
We do not propose to reconsider this matter as, in our
opinion, the contention raised by Shri P.C. Jain is directly
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and squarely concluded by the decision in Ram Kishan’s case
(supra). It is no doubt true that in that case the Central
Government appears to have been willing to reheat the par-
ties but the court did not proceed on the basis of any
concession. The court discussed the provisions of section
4-A at great length and held that there was no suggestion in
the section to deny the right of the affected persons to be
heard and that the section must be interpreted to imply that
the person who may be affected by such a decision should be
afforded an opportunity to prove that the proposed step
would not advance the interest of mines and mineral develop-
ment. Not to do so, it was held, would be violative of the
principles of natural justice. The court concluded that the
lessee-respondents were entitled to be heard before a deci-
sion to prematurely terminate their leases was taken and
that, since it was not done, the High Court was right in
quashing the order passed under section 4-A.
In our opinion, the decision in Ram Kishan’s case fully
covers the present case and should be followed by us. In
fact, we think that the
992
subsequent amendment in 1986 lends support to the plea of
the petitioners. Though it is true that the scope of section
4-A (1) has been widened, the insertion of sub-section (3)
clearly reflects a statutory intention that an opportunity
of hearing must be given before the order of termination is
passed, presumably as such an order widely affects the
rights of the lessees. We are not able to agree with Shri
Datar that under section 4-A, as it stood before 1986, no
useful purpose would have been served by the giving of such
an opportunity. Several situations and circumstances can be
conceived of where, given an opportunity of hearing, the
lessee may be able to either dissuade the Government from
terminating the leases prematurely or in persuading the
government to do it subject to certain safeguards for its
benefit. For example, the lessee may be able to show that
the public sector corporation to whom it is proposed to
entrust the working of the mines is not yet adequately
equipped to exploit the mines and that, atleast for some
more time the status quo should continue; or, again, if
there is only a short period before the leases are to expire
in the normal course, the lessee may be able to persuade the
Government that no great advantage would be derived by
premature termination of the lease. These are only illustra-
tive. Several such other situations can be thought of. It is
very difficult, therefore, to accept the contention that
because an order under section 4-A is to be passed in order
to give effect to a policy of the Government, it is not
necessary or useful to provide the lessees, whose leases are
about to be terminated, an opportunity of hearing. We,
therefore, hold, respectfully following the decision in Ram
Kishan’s case (supra), that the order passed under section
4-A dated 7.12.1972 is null and void as it violated the
principles of natural justice and was passed without giving
an opportunity to the lessees of being heard.
The next question is regarding the relief to be granted
to the petitioner. Shri Datar submits that in the writ
petition the only prayer made by the petitioners is for the
quashing of the order dated 7.12. 1972 and that no further
claim has been made in the writ petition. He submits that if
the petitioners are aggrieved because of the premature
termination of the leases, it is open to them to file a suit
or take other appropriate remedies for obtaining compensa-
tion in respect of the unlawful termination. We do not think
that this a fair course to be adopted in this case. The writ
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petition was filed by the petitioner company as early as in
February 1973 and has been pending in this Court for about
17 years. It is true that the petitioner could have filed a
suit for the same purpose with a prayer for additional
relief by way of compensation or damages. But we do not
think that it should now be
993
asked to go back to file a suit for compensation or damages
which may be barred by limitation. After the lapse of such a
long time, in our opinion, the proper course is to adopt
some method for deciding the quantum of relief that could be
granted to the petitioner by way of compensation and dam-
ages, which can at once be simple and expeditious and which
will avoid further unnecessary litigation. We think that the
request of the learned counsel that the matter may be re-
ferred to arbitration is a fair one and indeed this course
is also not seriously resisted by the respondents. The short
question that remains to be decided is whether the petition-
ers have suffered any damages as a result of the premature
termination of the three leases in their favour either in
the shape of loss of profits for the unexpired periods of
the leases or in any other material respect. We, however,
direct that, having regard to the circumstances of the case,
the compensation/damages should be restricted to a period of
five years from the date of termination of the leases or
upto the date of expiry of the original lease deeds referred
to above whichever is less and not for the entire unexpired
period of all the leases. We refer this issue to arbitra-
tion.
Shri Justice S. Natarajan, retired Judge of this Court,
is appointed as Arbitrator to decide the above issue. The
Union of India has promised to place the services of a
mining engineer/expert at the disposal of the arbitrator to
assist him on the technical aspects of the matter. The name
of the nominee should be communicated to the arbitrator
within four weeks from today. It will be open to the arbi-
trator to avail himself of the services of such nominee.
Parties may settle the terms of arbitration with the arbi-
trator. The company and Union of India should, however,
deposit Rs. 10,000 each with the arbitrator as soon as the
terms are settled to enable him to start the proceedings
without delay. The Arbitrator may enter upon the reference
within four weeks of the date of communication of this order
to him. He may make his award within a period of four months
thereafter. He will not be obliged to give reasons for his
conclusions. A copy of this order may be sent to the learned
Arbitrator by the Registry. The writ petitions disposed of
in the above terms. In the circumstances, we make no order
as to costs.
R.S.S. Petition
disposed of.
994