Full Judgment Text
1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 8072-8073 OF 2009
GENERAL MOTORS (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED ..... APPELLANT
VERSUS
ASHOK RAMNIK LAL TOLAT & ANR. ..... RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.
1. These appeals have been preferred against the order
th
dated 16 December, 2008 of the National Consumer Disputes
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Redressal Commission (for short “the National Commission”) in
Revision Petition Nos.3349 of 2006 and 2858 of 2008.
2. The main question raised in these appeals is whether in the
absence of any prayer made in the complaint and without
evidence of any loss suffered, the award of punitive damages
was permissible. Apart from the said main question, the
appellant has also called in question the refund ordered and
other relief granted in favour of the respondent-complainant.
3. In the complaint, filed before the District Forum,
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Ahmedabad (Rural) (for short “the District Forum”), the prayer of
the respondent-complainant was as follows :
“The complainant, therefore, most respectfully
prays :
(a) That this Hon’ble Forum be pleased to
hold that the opposite parties (joint and
severally) to have practiced unfair trade
practice, towards the complainant and
direct them (jointly and severally) to
remove unfair trade practice, practiced by
them against the complainant;
(b) This Hon’ble Forum be pleased to direct the
opposite parties (jointly and severally) to
remove the deficiencies in their services
and negligence towards the complainant.
(c) This Hon’ble Forum be pleased to direct
the opposite parties (jointly and severally)
to refund the complainant a sum of
Rs.14,00,000/- (Rupees Fourteen Lakh) and
Rs.1,91,295/- to the complainant along with
the 18% interest, from the date of payment
to the complainant and the Hon’ble Forum
be pleased to direct the opposite parties to
forthwith to take back the said vehicle from
the complainant, after refunding the
complainant’s money with interest, as
prayed;
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(d) This Hon’ble Forum be pleased to direct the
opposite parties (jointly and severally) to
pay compensation for physical and mental
pain, shock, suffering, agonies, hardships,
inconveniences and expenses suffered by
the complainant, to the tune of Rs.50,000/-
(Rupees Fifty Thousand) or as thought fit in
the interest of justice, by this Hon’ble
Forum;
(e) The Hon’ble Forum be pleased to direct
the opposite parties (jointly and serverally)
to pay Rs.25,000/- to the complainant, as
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cost of this complaint.”
4. The case of the complainant is that he had passion for
driving and dream to visit Leh Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir and
Nepal by driving a motor car. By surfing the internet, he read
advertisement given by the appellant as follows :
“Introducing a world without borders, an SUV to
end all SUVs. That’s the new Chevrolet Forester.
With the Power of 120 horses under its borne
unique All-Wheels (AWD), it literally puts the four
corners of the earth within your easy reach. It
won’t just get you there. But get you there. But
get you there in unmatched comfort and luxury
by-road, off-road or no-road.”
5. Relying upon the same, he visited the agents of the
appellant and was given a book titled “ for a special journey
called life ”. He was assured that the vehicle offered for sale
will realise his dream. The brochure also assured that “ the
vehicle in question is an SUV to end all SUVs. And
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…………… it will put the four corners of the earth within
your each and ……….. it won’t just get you their every
time. But get you’re there in unmatched comfort, by
road, off-road or no road”. He was also shown visual
presentation of the vehicle and was also given a copy of the
st
VCD. Accordingly, he purchased the vehicle on 1 May, 2004 for
Rs.14 Lakhs and got accessories worth Rs.1,91,295/- fitted and
also got the vehicle insured and registered.
6. Thereafter he realised that the vehicle was not fit for “ off-
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road, no road and dirt road” driving as represented and had
defects. Accordingly, he approached the appellant and its
dealers who referred to the owner’s manual at pages 8-6 column
1 & 3 printed by the Company to the effect :
“off-road driving ………… But please keep in
mind that AWD Chevrolet is a passenger car and
is neither a conventional off-road vehicle nor an
all terrain vehicle …….. If the driving through
water such as when crossing shallow streams,
first check the depth of the water and the water
stream bed for firmness and ensure that the bed
of stream is flat ………… the water should be
shallow enough that it does not reach under
carriage.”
Thus he found that the owner’s manual was contrary to the
assurance in the brochure, internet and the book titled “ for a
special journey called life ”. He also realised that the vehicle
was not SUV but a mere passenger car, not fit for “ off-road, no
road and dirt road ” driving. He could not realise his dream to
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drive it to Leh Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir and Nepal. The action
of the appellant was thus, “ unfair trade practice” . He sought
permission to remove “ unfair trade practice” and deficiencies
in service and also to refund a sum of Rs.14 Lakhs the price of
the vehicle and Rs.1,91,295/- the price of accessories with 18%
interest from the date of purchase till the date of payment and
also to pay compensation for physical and mental pain shock,
suffering, agonies, hardships, inconvenience and expenses
suffered by the complainant, to the tune of Rs.50,000/- or as
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thought fit in the interest of justice and the costs. The District
Forum directed refund of Rs.14 Lakhs plus Rs.1,91,295/- towards
cost of accessories with interest @ 9% per annum from the date
of complaint to the date of payment subject to the return of the
vehicle, apart from compensation of Rs.5,000/- for mental agony
and Rs.2,000/- as costs of litigation.
7. The said order of the District Forum was challenged by the
appellant before the Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission,
Gujarat State, Ahmedabad (for short “the State Commission”).
The State Commission held that the vehicle had no mechanical
or manufacturing defect but the advertisement that car was SUV
amounted to “ unfair trade practice”. Accordingly, in
substitution of the order of the District Forum, the complainant
was held entitled to Rs.50,000/- as compensation which
included costs of litigation. But at the same time, the
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complainant was required to pay Rs.5,000/- towards costs for
undeserving claim. The appellant was directed not to describe
the vehicle in question as SUV in any form of advertisement,
website, literature etc. and to make the correction that it is a
passenger car as mentioned in the manual.
8. Accordingly, the appellant complied with the said direction
by issuing a disclaimer.
9. The respondent preferred a revision petition against the
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Order of the State Commission while the appellant filed a cross
revision petition.
10. The National Commission held that the appellant could not
be allowed to contest the finding of committing “ unfair trade
practice” in view of its conduct in voluntarily complying with
the order of the State Commission and filing cross revision
without any justification and belatedly . Referring to the material
on record, particularly, the undisputed correspondence, the said
finding was also affirmed on merits. After referring to the
definition of “unfair trade practice” under Section 2(1) (r) of
the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (for short “the Act”), it was
concluded :
“Keeping in view the above definition of unfair
trade practice and the material obtaining on
record more particularly the representations
made and held out by the respondent in their
brochures relating to the vehicle in question, the
owner’s manual as also the clarification rendered
by the manufacturer of the vehicle, there can be
hardly any doubt that the motor vehicle
Chevrolet forester AWD model was not a vehicle
of the said description in as much as it was not a
SUV vehicle. Therefore, the petitioner must have
been misled on that score to believe that the
vehicle offered for sale was a SUV. This act of
the respondent would clearly fall within the
mischief of unfair trade practice as envisaged in
section 2(r) (supra). We therefore, affirm the
findings of the State Commission in this behalf.”
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11. After recording the above finding the National Commission
proceeded to consider the relief to be given. It was held that
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the State Commission was not justified in reversing the direction
of the District Forum once the commission of “ unfair trade
practice” was established, even as per finding of the State
Commission. Accordingly, the National Commission restored the
relief given by the District Forum with slight modification as
follows :
“Once it is found that respondent has indulged in
unfair trade practice which had misled the
petitioner to purchase the vehicle in question, in
our view, the most appropriate relief to the
petitioner would be to reinstate the petitioner to
his original position before the purchase of the
vehicle viz., refund of the price of the vehicle
along with some compensation in that behalf.
Keeping in view that the vehicle was used by the
petitioner for a period of about one year and it
has run approximately 14,000 kms, we consider it
appropriate that the respondent should refund a
sum of Rs.12,50,000 (Rupees twelve lacs fifty
thousand only) to the petitioner subject to the
condition that the vehicle in question, without the
accessories, which the petitioner got fixed at a
cost of Rs.1,91,295/-, is returned to the
respondent.”
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12. The above was not the end of the journey, though the
above relief met the claim of the complainant in his complaint.
The National Commission proceeded to consider the issue of
punitive damages for “ unfair trade practice” in selling the
said vehicles to about 260 consumers. It was held that though
the consumers had not approached the National Commission and
a period of four years had passed, the appellant should pay
punitive damages of Rs.25 lakhs and out of the said amount, a
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sum of Rs.5 Lakhs be paid to the complainant while the rest be
deposited in the “Consumer Welfare Fund” of the Central
Government to be utilized for the benefit and protection of the
interests of the consumers generally. Final operative order
passed by the National Commission is as follows :
“The respondents are hereby directed to pay a
sum of Rs.12,50,000/- (Rupees Twelve Lacs Fifty
Thousand only) to the petitioner towards price of
the vehicle subject to the petitioner returning the
vehicle in question without accessories to the
respondents. The respondents are hereby called
upon to deposit a sum of Rs.25 lacs (Rupess
Twenty Five Lacs) as punitive damages with this
Commission. Out of the said deposited amount, a
sum of Rs.5 lacs (rupees five lacs) shall be paid to
the petitioner-complainant and rest of the
amount shall be credited to the “Consumer
Welfare Fund” of the Central Government to be
utilized for the benefit and protection of the
interests of the consumers generally. We also
award a sum of Rs.50,000/- (rupees fifty
thousand) in favour of the complainant to meet
his cost of litigation before the three consumer
fora. The liability to pay and deposit the amounts
shall be joint and several on the respondents. We
grant six weeks to the respondents to comply
with the directions given herein above. ”
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13. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant and the
respondent No.1-complainant in-person and perused the record.
14. The concurrent finding recorded by the District Forum, the
State Commission and the National Commission to the effect
that “ unfair trade practice ” was committed by the appellant
which is based on adequate material on record, does not call for
any interference by this Court and the same is affirmed .
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15. What survives for consideration is the submission of
learned senior counsel for the appellant, that there was no claim
before the National Commission for the punitive damages nor
the appellant had an opportunity to meet such claim and that
part of the order needs to be set aside.
16. We find merit in this submission. Vide interim order of this
th
Court dated 17 July, 2009, the operation of the impugned order
awarding punitive damages was stayed. Learned counsel for the
appellant undertook to deposit the amount awarded in favour of
the respondent-complainant towards his claim. The said order
was allowed to continue, vide order dated 20.11.2009, with the
following modifications :
“(i) Respondent No.1 shall return the vehicle to the
appellant within a period of four weeks from
today. The latter shall arrange for accepting
delivery of the vehicle at Ahmedabad.
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(ii) After return of the vehicle to the appellant,
respondent No.1 shall be entitled to withdraw
the amount of Rs.12,50,000/- together with
litigation cost deposited by the appellant before
the District Forum in terms of order of this Court
th
dated 17 July, 2009 subject to his furnishing
security to the satisfaction of the District Forum.
(iii) It will be open to the appellant to sell the vehicle
and keep the sale proceeds in a separate
interest bearing account. Respondent No.1 shall
cooperate with the appellant by signing the
documents necessary for selling the vehicle.”
17. We proceed to deal with the issue of correctness of finding
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recorded by National Commission for awarding punitive
damages. Before doing so, we may notice that the respondent-
complainant appearing in-person, in his written submissions has
raised various questions, including the question that the
appellant should be asked to account for the proceeds of the
vehicles sold by it. Admittedly, the vehicle in question has been
ordered to be handed back to the appellant against which
respondent-complainant has no claim. Thus, the plea raised is
without any merit. The other issue raised for further punitive
damages of Rs.100 crores and also damages for dragging him in
this Court, merits no consideration being beyond the claim of the
complainant in the complaint filed by him. Moreover, no litigant
can be punished by way of punitive damages for merely
approaching this Court, unless its case is found to be frivolous.
18. The Act is a piece of social legislation to provide a forum to
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the consumers who are taken for a ride by suppliers of goods
and services. The redress is provided to a consumer against any
deficiency in service as well as against any loss or injury arising
out of “ unfair trade practice” . By later amendment, scope of
a complaint can cover not only individual consumer but also
consumers who are not identifiable conveniently. However, the
complainant has to make an averment and make a claim.
Section 12 of the Act permits not only a complaint by a
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consumer to whom goods are sold or delivered but also any
recognised consumer association or one or more consumers on
behalf of and for the benefit of all consumers but still, a case has
to be made out and the affected party heard on such issue. We
are conscious that having regard to the laudable object of the
social legislation to protect the interest of consumers, liberal and
purposive interpretation has to be placed on the scheme of the
Act avoiding hyper technical approach. At the same time, fair
procedure is hall mark of every legal proceeding and an affected
party is entitled to be put to notice of the claim with such
affected party has to meet.
19. We may at this stage refer to the scheme of the Act with
regard to claim against “ unfair trade practice”. The
background and scope of the provision was dealt with in
Ludhiana Improvement Trust v. Shakti Coop. House
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1
Building Society Ltd. as follows :
“ 18. Prior to the substitution of clause (r) in sub-
section (1) of Section 2 of he Act with
retrospective effect from 18-6-1993, there was no
separate definition of the term “unfair trade
practice” and the said term was given the same
meaning as in Section 36-A of the Monopolies and
Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (for short
“the MRTP Act”). But now after the said
amendment, the definition of the term has been
specifically provided in Section 2(1)(r), although
the definition is practically a verbatim
reproduction of the definition in Section 36-A of
1
(2009) 12 SCC 369
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the MRTP Act.
19. The basic ingredients of “unfair trade
practice” are:
(i) it must be a trade practice;
(ii) the trade practice must be employed for
the purpose of promoting the sale, use
or supply of any goods or for the provision
of any service; and
(iii) the trade practice adopts any unfair
method or unfair or deceptive practice
including any of the practices enumerated
in clauses (1) to (6) of Section 2(1)(r) of
the Act.
Therefore, any trade practice which is adopted for
the purpose of promoting the sale, use or supply
of any goods or for the provision of any service,
by adopting any unfair method or unfair or
deceptive practice has to be treated as “unfair
trade practice” for which an action under the
provisions of the Act would lie, provided, the
complainant is able to establish that he is a
consumer within the meaning of Section 2(1)(d)
of the Act.”
In Colgate Palmolive (India) Ltd. v. MRTP
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2
Commission this Court laid down five ingredients which have
to be established before a trade practice can be said to be an
“ unfair trade practice” . The Court laid the ingredients in the
following manner:
“16. A bare perusal of the aforementioned
provision would clearly indicate that the following
five ingredients are necessary to constitute an
unfair trade practice:
1. There must be a trade practice [within the
2
(2003) 1 SCC 129
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meaning of Section 2(u) of the Monopolies and
Restrictive Trade Practices Act].
2. The trade practice must be employed for the
purpose of promoting the sale, use or supply of
any goods or the provision of any services.
3. The trade practice should fall within the ambit
of one or more of the categories enumerated
in clauses (1) to (5) of Section 36-A.
4. The trade practice should cause loss or injury
to the consumers of goods or services.
5. The trade practice under clause (1) should
involve making a ‘statement’ whether orally or
in writing or by visible representation.”
3
Again in Godfrey Phillips India Ltd. v. Ajay Kumar , it
was observed :
“18. So far as Direction (iii) is concerned, it is to
be noted that there was no prayer for any
compensation. There was no allegation that the
complainant had suffered any loss. Compensation
can be granted only in terms of Section 14(1)(d)
of the Act. Clause (d) contemplates award of
compensation to the consumer for any loss or
injury suffered due to negligence of the opposite
party. In the present case there was no allegation
or material placed on record to show negligence.”
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Thus, mere proof of “unfair trade practice” is not
enough for claim or award of relief unless causing of loss is also
established which in the present case has not been established.
20. We have already set out the relief sought in the complaint.
Neither there is any averment in the complaint about the
suffering of punitive damages by the other consumers nor the
appellant was aware that any such claim is to be met by it.
3
(2008) 4 SCC 504
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Normally, punitive damages are awarded against a conscious
wrong doing unrelated to the actual loss suffered. Such a claim
has to be specially pleaded. The respondent complainant was
satisfied with the order of the District Forum and did not
approach the State Commission. He only approached the
National Commission after the State Commission set aside the
relief granted by the District Forum. The National Commission in
exercise of revisional jurisdiction was only concerned about the
correctness or otherwise of the order of the State Commission
setting aside the relief given by the District Forum and to pass
such order as the State Commission ought to have passed.
However, the National Commission has gone much beyond its
jurisdiction in awarding the relief which was neither sought in the
complaint nor before the State Commission. We are thus, of the
view that to this extent the order of the National Commission
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cannot be sustained. We make it clear that we have not gone
into the merits of the direction but the aspect that in absence of
such a claim being before the National Commission and the
appellant having no notice of such a claim, the said order is
contrary to principles of fair procedure and natural justice. We
also make it clear that this order will not stand in the way of any
aggrieved party raising a claim before an appropriate forum in
accordance with law.
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21. Accordingly we allow these appeals and set aside the order
of the National Commission to the extent of award of punitive
damages.
……..…………………………….J.
[ V. GOPALA GOWDA ]
.….………………………………..J.
NEW DELHI [ ADARSH KUMAR GOEL ]
October 9, 2014
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ITEM NO.1A-For Judgment COURT NO.13 SECTION
XVII
S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS
Civil Appeal No(s). 8072-8073/2009
GENERAL MOTORS (I) PRIVATE LIMITED Appellant(s)
VERSUS
ASHOK RAMNIK LAL TOLAT & ANR. Respondent(s)
Date : 09/10/2014 These appeals were called on for JUDGMENT
today.
For Appellant(s) Mr. Vikram Shokalia, Adv.
For M/s. Dua Associates
For Respondent(s)
Caveator-in-person
Ms. Aparna Jha,Adv.
Hon'ble Mr. Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel pronounced
the judgment of the Bench comprising His Lordship and
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Hon'ble Mr. Justice V.Gopala Gowda.
The appeals are allowed in terms of the signed
order.
(VINOD KUMAR) (MINAKSHI MEHTA)
COURT MASTER COURT MASTER
(Signed Reportable judgment is placed on the file)
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