SANJEET KUMAR SINGH @ MUNNA KUMAR SINGH vs. THE STATE OF CHHATTISGARH

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 30-08-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 871 OF 2021 SANJEET KUMAR SINGH @ MUNNA KUMAR SINGH                                    …APPELLANT(S) VERSUS STATE OF CHHATTISGARH                                …RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Challenging his conviction for an offence punishable under Section   20(b)(ii)(C)   of   the   Narcotic   Drugs   and   Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 ( hereinafter referred to as the ‘Act’ ) and the sentence of rigorous imprisonment for 10 years together with a fine of Rs.1 lakh imposed upon him by the Special Court and confirmed by the High Court of Chhattisgarh, Accused No.1 has come up with the above appeal. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Anita Malhotra Date: 2022.08.30 18:39:10 IST Reason: 1 2. We have heard Mr. Somnath Padhan, learned counsel for the appellant   and   Mr.   Sourav   Roy,   learned   Deputy   AG   for   the respondent State. 3. The   case   of   the   prosecution   was   that   on   31.05.2014,   the Station House Officer ( SHO for short ) of Chakarbhata Police Station received   a   secret   information   that   the   appellant   and   his   friend Reena   Das,   were   carrying   ganja   in   the   dickey   of   a  car   bearing registration no.CG­04HA­4850 and were travelling from Raipur to Pendra Road; that the SHO recorded this information in  Rojnamcha Sanha , prepared  Mukhbir Suchana , forwarded the said information to the higher officer, proceeded to the spot, stopped the car, served a notice under Section 50 of the Act, conducted a search and found 47.370 Kgs. of  ganja  kept in three bags in the dickey of the car; that after weighing the contraband and preparing  Panchnama,  the SHO collected   samples   from   each   of   the   three   bags,   sent   them   to Forensic Science Laboratory (‘ FSL’ for short ) and after receipt of the Report, filed a charge­sheet against the appellant as well as his friend Reena Das for an offence punishable under Section 20(b) of the Act. 2 4. The prosecution examined seven witnesses. Two independent witnesses were examined as court witnesses CWs 1 and 2.   5. By a judgment dated 10.05.2017, the Special Court convicted the appellant for the offence under Section 20(b)(ii)(C) of the Act, and   imposed   a   sentence   of   rigorous   imprisonment   of   10   years. However, the co­accused Reena Das was acquitted by the Special Court. 6. The State did not file any appeal against the acquittal of Reena Das, who was A­2. But the appellant filed an appeal on the file of the   High   Court   of   Chhattisgarh,   Bilaspur.   The   appeal   was dismissed by a judgment dated 01.10.2019. Therefore, A­1 who has suffered concurrent convictions has come up with the above appeal. 7. The   Special   Court,   for   coming   to   the   conclusion   that   the appellant   was   guilty   of   the   offence,   relied   extensively   upon   the testimony of Mr. N.L. Dhritlahre, Deputy Superintendent of Police, who acted both as the informant and as the Investigating Officer (‘ I.O.’ for short ) and who was examined as PW­7. The Special Court found that PW­7 had followed the procedure prescribed in Sections 43 and 49 of the Act and that his testimony remained unshaken. 3 8. Though PW­7 claimed that the search and the seizure was conducted in the presence of two independent witnesses examined as CW­1 and CW­2, these two witnesses claimed ignorance of the entire   operation.   Therefore,   the   Special   Court   came   to   the conclusion that the testimony of PW­7 was not corroborated by the evidence of independent witnesses.  9. However, the Special Court came to the conclusion that the entries made by PW­7 and the documents prepared by him both before   and   after   the   search   and   seizure,   corroborated   his   oral testimony   and   that   therefore   the   guilt   of   the   appellant   stood established beyond reasonable doubt, even without corroboration. 10. But,   interestingly,   the   Special   Court   acquitted   A­2   namely Reena Das on the ground,   (i)   that though in the Daily Register of Exhibit P­12 and the Memo of Information, the name of A­2 was mentioned,   PW­7   did   not   mention   her   name   in   his   testimony;   that the notice under Section 50 was not served on A­2; and (ii) (iii)  that there was no proof beyond doubt to show that the seized contraband was under the possession and the knowledge of A­2.   4 11. As we have stated earlier, the State did not file an appeal against   the   acquittal   of   A­2.   But   the   High   Court   held   that   the evidence   of   PW­7   remained   unshaken   even   during   cross­ examination and that there was no reason to disbelieve his version. The   High   Court   also   held   that   the   Head   Constable   and   the Constable examined as PWs 3 and 4 corroborated the statement of PW­7 with regard to the compliance of the requirements of Sections 42 and 57 of the Act. Though an argument was raised before the High Court on behalf of the appellant that the samples sent to FSL were not part of the seized contraband, it was rejected by the High Court on the basis of the cogent testimony of PW­7. This is how the High Court confirmed the conviction of the appellant as well as the sentence imposed upon him. 12. Assailing the concurrent judgments of the Special Court and the High Court, it was contended by the learned counsel for the appellant,     that the informant and the I.O. happened to be the (i) same person;  (ii)  that the independent witnesses namely CW­1 and CW­2 did not support the case of the prosecution, thereby leaving the testimony of PW­7 uncorroborated;    that when the appellant (iii) 5 and the co­accused were alleged in the charge­sheet to be travelling in the same car from which  ganja  was seized, the acquittal of one of them and the conviction of the other, on the basis of the very same testimony of PW­7 cannot be sustained; and  (iv)  that the principles laid down in a series of judgments of this Court have not been followed  by  the   Special  Court  and   the  High  Court.   The  learned counsel   for   the   appellant   placed   reliance   specifically   upon   the 1 decisions of this Court in  Ajmer Singh  vs.  State of Haryana   and 2 vs. Mohinder Singh     State of Punjab . 13. As regards the testimony of PW­7, on which the Special Court and the High Court placed heavy reliance and complete faith, the learned counsel for the appellant raised the following contentions:­  There are several omissions in his evidence;  He arrested both the accused and also charge­sheeted them, but admitted that there was no search warrant.   He further stated that photograph of the vehicle was not in the list of Final report and Crime Number was not mentioned in photograph of car;  He was silent about presence of CWs i.e. independent witnesses and those independent witnesses pleaded ignorance; 1  (2010) 3 SCC 746 2  (2018) 11 SCC 570 6  Even property seizure memo was not signed by accused and witnesses and there was no stamping. This is also admitted by him;  He admitted that he had not recorded the statement of the actual owner of the vehicle, which is a fundamental flaw in the investigation;  No notice U/S 50 NDPS Act was sent to Reena Das (A­2). Except in the FIR and Charge Sheet, name of Reena Das was not mentioned anywhere i.e. consent letter, memo of consent, memo of searching,   memo   of   seizure/recovery   of   contraband   substance, memo of identification of materials, memo of physical verification of weighing   machine,   memo   of   weighing   of   contraband   substance, memo of sample weighing of intoxicated materials etc.;   But he denied in the cross examination, the suggestion that lady was not seated in the vehicle; and  Time mentioned varied from document to document. 14. The learned counsel for the  appellant  also raised an issue about the ownership of the car and highlighted the fact that the owner namely, Bhumika Patel (PW­4) was not even interrogated. But we do not think the ownership of the car was of any material significance.   Therefore,   we   are   not   dealing   with   the   same elaborately. 7 15. In   response   to   the   contentions   raised   on   behalf   of   the appellant, it was argued by the learned Deputy AG for the State:­  That the NDPS Act is a complete Code in itself;  That once the procedure enumerated in Sections 42, 43, 49 & 50 are scrupulously followed, it was for the accused, from whose possession the substance is recovered, to explain how he came into possession;  That as held by this Court in  vs. Mukesh Singh   State 3 ,   it   is   not   always   necessary   to (Narcotic   Branch   of   Delhi) corroborate the testimony of police officials, through the testimony of independent witnesses;  That  as   held   by   this  Court  in   vs. Dharampal  Singh   4 State of Punjab , lack of independent witness is not fatal to the case of the prosecution;  That by the same analogy it was held by this Court in 5 vs.   that the independent Rizwan Khan     State of Chhattisgarh , witnesses turning hostile, cannot be a ground for acquittal under the NDPS Act;  That   the   protection   under   Section   50   of   the   Act   is available only to the search of the body of a person and not to the search of a vehicle or place, as held by this Court in   State of 6 vs. . ; Punjab    Baljinder Singh and Ors 3  (2020) 10 SCC 120 4  (2010) 9 SCC 608 5  (2020) 9 SCC 627 6  (2019) 10 SCC 473 8  That since the recovery was made in this case from the boot   of   the   car,   Section   50   had   no   application   and   hence   the acquittal of the co­accused was also of no consequence;  That the question whether the informant can be I.O. is no longer   in view of the decision of this Court in  res integra Mukesh (supra); Singh   That once possession is proved under Section 54, the accused is presumed to be guilty of the offence, in view of the presumption under Section 54 of the Act; and   That   therefore   the   concurrent   findings   of   the   Courts below need no interference. 16. We have carefully considered the rival contentions. We have also   perused   the   records   of   the   Special   Court   including   the testimony of witnesses. 17. At the outset we would take note of some propositions of law on which there can be no controversy. They are,   that as per the (i) decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in  Mukesh Singh (supra),   the   fact   that   the   informant   also   happened   to   be   the investigator, may not by itself vitiate the investigation as unfair or biased;  (ii)  that it is not always necessary that the evidence of the police witnesses have to be corroborated by independent witnesses, 9 as held in  Dharampal Singh  and  Mukesh Singh  (supra);  (iii)  that the   independent   witnesses   turning   hostile   need   not   necessarily result   in   the   acquittal   of   the   accused,   when   the   mandatory procedure is followed and the other police witnesses speak in one voice as held in   Rizwan Khan   (supra); and   (iv)   that once it is established that the contraband was recovered from the accused’s possession, a presumption arises under Section 54. 18. But if the Court has ­­   to completely disregard the lack of (i) corroboration of the testimony of police witnesses by independent witnesses;   and   (ii)   to   turn   a   Nelson’s   eye   to   the   independent witnesses turning hostile, then the story of the prosecution should be   very   convincing   and   the   testimony   of   the   official   witnesses notably trustworthy. If independent   witnesses come up with a story which creates a gaping hole in the prosecution theory, about the very search and seizure, then the case of the prosecution should collapse like a pack of cards. It is no doubt true that corroboration by independent witnesses is not always necessary. But once the prosecution comes up with a story that the search and seizure was conducted in the presence of independent witnesses and they also 10 choose to examine them before Court, then the Court has to see whether   the   version   of   the   independent   witnesses   who   turned hostile is unbelievable and whether there is a possibility that they have become turncoats. 19. Let us see in the case on hand what PW­7 stated about the manner in which the witnesses were roped in. The relevant portion of the testimony (Chief Examination) of PW­7, where a reference is made to independent witnesses, is extracted as follows: “(5) I got the information on 31.05.2014 at 16.50 Hrs. from informant that the one silver colour Hyundai Verna Car having registration no.C.G.­04­HA­4850 is silver, in   which,   Sanjeet   Kumar   Singh   @   Munna   Singh resident of Kabir Nagar, Raipur and his lady friend namely   Reena  Das  @   Manali  Das  resident  of  Kabir Nagar,   Raipur   have   left   towards   Pendra   road   from Raipur carrying huge quantity of cannabis in the truck (Dikki) of Car for the purpose of sale, who would go via Pandidiha bypass Road.   I lodge the above report at the serial no.1283 of Station Diary register maintained at Police Station.  Today, I brought the Daily Register with   me.     The   Serial   No.1283   entered   in  the   Daily Register   is   Exhibit   P­12   and   its   certified   copy   is Exhibit P­12 “C: I prepared the memo (Panchnama) of the   information   of   informant   in   the   presences   of witnesses   Virender   Kumar   Sahu   and   Baldev   Singh Rajput.  The memo (Panchnama) of the information of informant is Exhibit P­13 and I had my signatures on A to A parts.    I served notice for the purpose of summoning to the witnesses.  The notice given to the witness Sunil Maldhani which is Exhibit C­14, where   my   signatures   on   B   to   B   parts   and   the notice sent to the witness Firturam Banware for 11 appearing/presenting at the time of proceedings is Exhibit C­1, on which, my signatures is on B to Bparts xxx                               xxx                                xxx (7) Thereafter, I made entry at serial no.1286 in the daily register   maintained   at   Police   Station   about   the departure   time   i.e.17.10   hrs.   along   with   constable nos.444, 672 and woman constable no.981 for Bypass Road   Tiwaripara   for   the   purpose   of   barricading   by Government vehicle.   I also took the documents and seal with me.  The in­charge namely A.S.I., Sharma of Police Assistant Center, Sakri was informed and the witnesses namely Katti Sunil Kalwani and Firturam Banware   were   also   taken   for   the   purpose   of proceedings and in this connection, I made entry at the serial no.1286 in daily register, which is Exhibit P­ 17 and the certified copy of the same is Exhibit P­17 “C”. (8) I prepared the memo (Panchnama) under Section 50 N.D.P.S   Act   in   the   presences   of   witnesses   namely Sunil   Maldhani   and   Firturam   Banjare,   which   is Exhibit C­2 and on which, my signatures at C to C parts. (9) Contraband   substance   in   three   plastic   bags   was recovered from the dickey of Car having registration no.C.G.  – 04­  H.A   – 4850  in  possession  of  Sanjeet Kumar Singh, seizure is Exh C 5 where my signature is at D to D Part.  When I see the bags kept in dickey of the car by opening the stitches in presence of Sunil Maldhani Firturam Banwane.” 20. In his cross­examination, PW­7 stated as follows: “(22)  Both   the   witnesses   belong   to   Chakarbhata.   I   know previously to both witnesses. I have sent the notices to both witnesses in their names.  It is correct to say that I cannot recall today that through whom, the above notice was sent. It is also correct to say that I had sent the above notice at 17.10 Hrs. I cannot recall that at what time, the above witnesses in Police Station.  12           xxx                               xxx                                xxx (24) The houses of witnesses namely Sunil Maldhani and Firturam   is   situated   at   the   distance   about   one Kilometer away from Police Station.  It is correct to say that it takes the time to search for and reaching to witnesses.  The witness was silent, when the question asked that  at what  time the independent  witnesses were   presented.     It   is   incorrect   to   say   that   on   the memo of the information received from the informant, I had   took   the   signatures   of   respective   signatures   of witnesses after  returning  to  Police Station from   the place of the occurrence of incident.           xxx                               xxx                                xxx (29) I   get   the   contraband   substances   identified   by   the witnesses.     It   is   correct   to   say   that   I   have   not mentioned that contraband substances identified by the witnesses in memo of identification Exhibit C­7.           xxx                               xxx                                xxx (38) It is also incorrect to say that the witnesses used to frequently visit at Police Station. Today, I cannot recall that   on   the   date   of   occurrence   of   incident,   the witnesses namely Sunil Maldhani and Firtu Banware had visited to the Police Station in relation of their own some dispute.  It is also incorrect to say that I get the signatures on the documents of above both witnesses at Police Station.” 21. Having   seen   what   PW­7   said   about   the   presence   of independent   witnesses,   let   us   now   see   what   these   independent witnesses had to say. The relevant portion of the testimony of Shri Firuturam Banware examined as CW­1 reads as follows:
“1.I know Sunil Malghani. I and Sunil Malghani both
were Counsellor of Bodri Panchayat. I do not know
accused persons present herein the Court. I am seeing
them today for the first time.
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2.I was not called by Police of Police station
Chakarbhata in relation to Mukhbir information of
Ganja in the year 2014 or at another time, I was never
called at Police­station, I never went to Pendidih by
pass road with Police. Police never stopped any car in
my presence, I had not seen that accused persons
present here in the court were sitting in any car, Police
never seized any Ganja from any car in my presence.
Police did not do any weighing proceedings of Ganja or
proceedings of taking sample in my presence.
3.In the year 2014 I went to the Police­station
Chakarbhata in relation to the dispute between some
Sindhisand at that time Police took my signature on
some documents. I did not read in which relation
those documents were and I was also not told about
the contents of documents because at that time no
documentation was done. Exhibit C.1, C.2, C.3, C.4,
C.5, C.6, C.7,C.8,C.9, C.10 which is in three pages,
Part A to A of C.11, C.12, C.13 bears my signature.
Part B to B of Ex.P/9 bears my signature. Police did
not took my statement.
//Cross­examination by Shri Kundan Singh, Public
Prosecutor for Prosecution//
4.I had studied up to Eighth Class. It is correct to say
that as I am Counsellor it is my duty to help Police.
Earlier I was Counsellor of Nagar Panchayat Bodri two
times for five years. It is correct to say that being
Counsellor I have to visit Police whenever I am called.
It is correct to say that during the investigation of
crime Public Representatives are called, witness
himself states that once he was called. It is incorrect to
say that on 31.05.2014 at about 17.00 hours I was
called at the Police­station, witness himself states that
because there was dispute betweenSindhishe went to
the Police­station. It is correct to say that at that day
Sunil Maghlani also went there with me. It is correct to
say that upon saying of someone document must not
be signed without reading it…
xxx xxx xxx
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7.It is incorrect to say that Weighment Panchnama was
done in my presence. It is incorrect to say that Ganja
recovered from accused was weighed in my presence
and in the presence of Sunil Malghani and at that time
20 kilo 370 grams in one bag, 20kilogram in second
bag and 07 kilogram in third bag was found.”
22. The   relevant   portion   of   the   evidence   of   Shri   Sunil   Kumar Malghani, examined as CW­2 reads as follows:
“1.I do not know accused persons present here in the
Court. In the Year 2014 I was Counsellor of Ward
number 7 of Bodri Nagar Panchayat. Two and half year
ago I and Firturam Banware went to Police­station
Chakarbhata. We went there for compromise for the
dispute between our people. Police took our signature
on 4­5 documents. No proceedings were done by Police
in my presence. Police did not caught any articles from
the accused persons in my presence. Police did not
gave me any notice.
2.Part A to A of notice under Section 160 of the Cr.P.C.
vide Ex.P/14 bears my signature. Part B to B of C.2,
C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10, C.11, C.12,
C.13 bears my signature.
//Cross­examination by Shri Kundan Singh, Public
Prosecutor for Prosecution//
3.It is correct to say that I and Firturam Banware went
to Police­station Chakarbhata in the evening at 5.00
hours of 31.05.2014. It is incorrect to say that notice
was given to me by Police­station Chakarbhata to be
present for the investigation of Ganja case. It is
incorrect to that with Police I and Firturam Banware
went to Pendidih by pass road.
4.It is incorrect to say that Car number C.G.04 H.A.
4850 which was in possession of accused Sanjeet
Kumar was stopped and searched and at that time
form the back side dickey of car psychotropic Ganja
was found inside three white color plastic bags and it's
Panchnama was done in my presence.”
15   23. CWs 1 and 2 were cross­examined by the Additional Public Prosecutor. A suggestion was put to both these witnesses that the family   of   the   accused   persons   met   them   and   that   they   were influenced. In this regard CW­1 denied the suggestion of the Public Prosecutor in the following words: “10. It   is   incorrect   to   say   that   family   of   accused persons met me and because they gave me offer and in that   greed   I   am   giving   false   statement.     Witness himself states that he does not know family of accused persons.   It is incorrect to say that today family of accused persons came in the Court and met me.” 24. Similarly, CW­2 denied the suggestion of the Public Prosecutor that he came under the influence of the family members of the accused. The relevant portion reads as follows:­ “4. It   is   incorrect   to   say   that   family   of   accused persons met me.  It is also incorrect to say that today I am   giving   false   statement   because   of   influence   of parents of accused persons.   It is true to say that before signing the document one must read it.   It is incorrect   to   say   that   proceedings   took   place   in   my presence and for this reason I signed on documents.
//Cross­examination by Shri Kundan Singh, Public
Prosecutor for Prosecution//
5. It   is   correct   to   say   that   when   I   signed   on documents   at   that   time   nothing   was   written   on documents. It is correct to say that my signature was taken on blank documents.   It is correct to say that the documents on which my signature was taken were not read over to me.” 16 25. The   independent   witnesses   who   turned   hostile,   not   only denied   having   witnessed   anything,   but   also   came   up   with   a plausible explanation as to how their signatures found place in the documents mentioned by PW­7. According to both the independent witnesses they went to the police station in connection with some other dispute relating to the members of the   Sindhi   community. These 2 witnesses claimed to be elected counsellors of the local Panchayat and   this  claim  was  not challenged  by  the  Additional Public Prosecutor in cross examination. Therefore, the case on hand is   not   a   routine,   run­of­the­mill   matter   where   independent witnesses are won over and they had no explanation to offer about their signatures in the  Panchanama.    26. The statement of these two independent witnesses assumes significance in the light of certain other facts also. They are:­  According   to   PW­7,   he   received   information   from   one Mukhbir at 16:50 hrs. on 31.05.2014;  PW­7   claims   that   upon   receipt   of   information,   he prepared   Exhibit   P­5   and   completed   the   other   formalities. Thereafter PW­7 sent notices to the independent witnesses at 17:10 hrs.; 17  PW­7   further   claims   that   he   departed   to   the   place   of incident at 17:10 hrs, from the Police Station and that the distance between the place of incident and the Police Station is approximately 7­8 Kms.;  PW­7   stated   that   the   houses   of   the   independent witnesses   Sunil   Kumar   Malghani   and   Firuturam   Banware were located at a distance of approximately 1 Km from the Police Station;  Interestingly,   the   Learned   Special   Judge   records   in Paragraph 24 of the deposition of PW­7 that when asked about the time of arrival of the independent witnesses at the Police Station, the witness (PW­7) remained silent;  In   Paragraph   25   of   the   testimony   of   PW­7   (cross­ examination) it is recorded that PW­7 reached the place of incident in 5­7 minutes approximately. This is despite the fact that even according to PW­7, the distance between the Police Station and the place of incident was approximately 7­8 Kms.; and  PW­7 further claimed that his team waited at the place of incident for 40 minutes, after which the accused reached the place of incident. 27. Therefore, if the story advanced by PW­7 is to be believed, (i)  he received the information at about 16:50 hrs.;  (ii)  he completed the formalities and sent notices to the independent witnesses at 18 17:10 hrs.;  (iii)  he left the Police Station at 17:10 hrs., and reached the place of incident in 5­7 minutes; and   his team waited at the (iv) place of incident for 40 minutes for the accused to arrive. 28. But in the above timeline, PW­7 is completely silent about the time when the witnesses reached the Police Station or the place of incident. 29. Exhibit   C­1   is   the   notice   purportedly   served   on   the independent witness Firuturam Banware. This notice directs the said witness to appear at 17:10 hrs. at the place indicated therein namely, “ Saida Tiwari Para By­pass Main Road ”. Even according to PW­7 this notice to the witness was sent only at 17:10 hrs., to be served   at   the   residence   of   the   witness   located   1   Km.   away. Therefore, there was no way that PW­7 could have expected the witness to be available at the place of incident at 17:10 hrs. 30. Exhibit C­2 is the notice served on the appellant herein (A­1) under Section 50 of the Act. The time shown therein is 18:00 hrs. This notice requires the appellant to indicate whether he would like to be searched in the presence of Magistrate or Gazetted Officer. It is also stated in the notice that the contents thereof were read over 19 in the presence of witnesses. Exhibit C­3 is the consent  Panchnama of the appellant agreeing to be searched by the police officer. This Panchnama   contains the names of Sunil Malghani and Firuturam Banware (CWs 1 and 2). Even the search  Panchnama  of the accused marked as Exhibit C­4 refers to the presence of CWs 1 and 2 at the time of search. 31. Therefore, it is clear that the I.O. examined as PW­7 claims to have   done   everything   only   in   the   presence   of   independent witnesses. But those independent witnesses not merely denied their presence and participation but also came up with an explanation as to how their signatures found a place in those documents.   32. In such circumstances, a serious doubt is cast on the very search   and   seizure   allegedly   made   by   PW­7.   But   unfortunately, both the Special Court and the High Court went by the law in theory, without applying the same to the facts of the case. 33. Right from the beginning, the co­accused Reena Das (A­2) was implicated at every stage. Admittedly, the information received by PW­7 at 16:50 hrs. on 31.05.2014 contained a reference to the appellant   as   well   as   the   co­accused   Reena   Das.   But   for   some 20 strange reason, PW­7 chose to serve a notice under Section 50 of the Act only on the appellant and not on the co­accused.  PW­7 also omitted   deliberately   or   otherwise,   to   record,     the   consent (i) Panchnama   of co­accused;   (ii)   the search   Panchnama   of the co­ accused; and     the recovery   in relation to the co­ (iii) Panchnama   accused. This led to the Special Court acquitting the co­accused. It is quite strange that,   (i)   the information received by PW­7,   (ii)  the FIR; and   the charge­sheet implicated the co­accused, but  the (iii) prosecution accepted the finding of the Special Court that there could have been no recovery from the co­accused despite the fact that she was also travelling in the same car. 33­A. It is true that Section 54 of the Act raises a presumption and the burden shifts on the accused to explain as to how he came into possession of the contraband. But to raise the presumption under Section 54 of the Act, it must first be established that a recovery was made from the accused. The moment a doubt is cast upon the most fundamental aspect, namely the search and seizure, the appellant, in our considered opinion will also be entitled to the same benefit as given by the Special Court to the co­accused. 21 34. In view of the above, we are of the considered view that the appellant is also entitled to the benefit of doubt. Therefore, the appeal is allowed. The judgments of the Special Court as well as the High Court in so far as the same relates to the conviction of the appellant, are set aside. The appellant shall be released forthwith, unless he is under custody in connection with some other case. No costs. ......................................J. (Indira Banerjee) .......................................J. (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi August  30, 2022      22