HARDEV SINGH vs. HARPREET KAUR

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 07-11-2019

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1331 OF 2013    Hardev Singh             ...Appellant Versus Harpreet Kaur & Ors.                    …Respondents J  U  D  G  M  E  N  T MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J.   1. By the impugned order passed under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), the High Court has recalled its earlier order dated 26.04.2010 giving protection to the Appellant and his wife (Respondent No. 1).  The   records   reveal   that   the   Appellant   and   Respondent   No.   1 married each other on 17.4.2010 without the consent of their parents. It seems that the parents of Respondent No. 1 were creating problems for   the   couple   and   consequently,   the   latter   made   an   application Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by ASHWANI KUMAR Date: 2019.11.22 13:32:47 IST Reason: (Criminal Misc No. 11850­M/2010) before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh to grant police protection. By the aforesaid 2 order dated 26.04.2010, police protection was granted. Subsequently, the couple filed a contempt petition, which was disposed of by the High Court vide order dated 18.5.2010, based on an assurance given by the police   that   no   harm   would   visit   the   petitioners   at   the   behest   of Respondent No. 1’s family members. However, subsequently, upon application made by the father of Respondent No. 1, the High Court vide the impugned order dated 26.11.2010   recalled   the   protection   order   dated   26.04.2010,   and directed registration of an FIR for criminal offence under Section 9 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (‘2006 Act’) against the Appellant. This was on the ground that the Appellant had stated in the aforesaid application Criminal Misc No. 11850­M/2010 seeking police protection   that   he   was   23   years   of   age   at   the   time   of   marriage, whereas he was only 17 years of age, as is apparent from the school record, where his date of birth is recorded as 30.6.1992.  We note from the order sheets maintained by this Court that the impugned order was stayed by this Court vide interim order dated 14.12.2010 and the said interim order has continued till present. 2. Having gone through the material on record and having heard learned counsel for the parties, we are of the considered opinion that:  3 (a)   The High Court could not have recalled its earlier order under  Section  482,   Cr.P.C,   inasmuch  as   there   is  no  provision for recalling or reviewing an order passed by it in criminal matters.  (b) The order that was set aside was only a protection order and there was no exceptional circumstance calling for an exercise of the High Court’s inherent powers.  (c) The High Court was not justified in directing initiation of criminal proceedings  against the  Appellant  under Section 9 of the 2006 Act. Section 9 reads as under:
Section 9. Punishment for male adult marrying a
child.­Whoever, being a male adultabove eighteen years
of age, contracts a child marriage shall be punishable with
rigorous imprisonment which may extend to two years or
with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees or with
both.” (emphasis supplied)
The High Court has relied upon the school record of the
Appellant in directing prosecution against him under Section 9. We find that the High Court has committed a grave error on the face of the record   inasmuch   as   if   the   date   of   birth   as   given   in   the   school certificate   is   accepted,   the   Appellant   was   17   years   old,   i.e.   below eighteen  years  of   age   when  he  married  Respondent  No.  1.  Hence, Section 9 cannot be applied to him. 3. In any case, even assuming that the Appellant was aged eighteen 4 years or above on the date of his marriage, we are of the considered opinion that Section 9 does not apply to the facts and circumstances of this case. It is pertinent to refer to the overall scheme of the 2006 Act in determining whether an offence under Section 9 is made out.  3.1. Section 2(a) of the 2006 Act defines child as a person who, if a male, has not completed twenty­one years of age, and if a female, has not completed eighteen years of age. Under Section 2(b) of the Act, “child marriage” means a marriage to which either of the contracting parties is a child. Thus, even if the husband is between eighteen and twenty­one years of age, it can be treated as a child marriage. 3.2. It is not in dispute that Respondent No.1 (wife of the Appellant) was a major at the time of marriage. The 2006 Act does not make any provision   for   punishing   a  female   adult   who   marries   a   male   child. Hence, a literal interpretation of the above provisions of the 2006 Act would mean that if a male aged between the years of eighteen and twenty­one contracts marriage with a female above eighteen years of
age, the female adult would not be punished, but it is themalewho
would be punished for contracting a child marriage, though he himself is a child.  3.3. We are of the view that such an interpretation goes against the object of the Act as borne out in its legislative history. Undoubtedly, 5 the Act is meant to eradicate the deplorable practice of child marriage which continues to be prevalent in many parts of our society. The Statement of Objects and Reasons declares that prohibition of child marriage is a major step towards enhancing the health of both male and female children, as well as enhancing the status of women in particular.   Notably,   therefore,   a   significant   motivation   behind   the introduction   of   this   legislation   was   to   curb   the   disproportionate
adverse impact of this practice on childbridesin particular.
3.4. After being passed by the Rajya Sabha, when the Prohibition of
Child Marriage Bill, 2006 was introduced for discussion in the 14th
Lok Sabha by Smt. Renuka Chowdhury, the then Minister of State for Women   and   Child   Development,   she   emphatically   highlighted   how child marriage reinforces gender discrimination in the country:
…Unfortunately, here in India today gender is a matter of
life and death. Boys live and girls die and that is the tragedy
of our times.
These girls are then denied access to schools, they are
made to look after their younger siblings, they have no
access to food security, much less to immunization, they
are anemic, they are subjected to untold exposures of
infections and horrors and as soon as they enter their
reproductive years, irrespective of the fact that they live in a
tropical country like ours where onset of reproductive years
is much earlier than in some other countries, these children
are then sent off to be married and they become mothers at
that age, at that stage of malnutrition, at that stage of
denial of food security and at that stage of incubating
disease whereby they, in turn, give birth to malnutrition
children.
6
…After that these children are then vulnerable to
domestic violence, alcoholic husbands who come home and
beat them, abuse of different kinds, trafficking, taken away
and exposed to horrors of such type that we cannot even
begin to imagine. Although, the Child Marriage Restraint
Act 1929 was brought into force nearly 77 years ago, it only
brought restraint. It did not talk of prevention or removal.”
3.5. Further, the Law Commission of India has also noted that child marriage is far more prevalent amongst girls, whose husbands are often   much   older   than   them,   therefore   compromising   their
development. (SeeThe205thReport of the Law Commission of India on
the Proposal to Amend the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 and
Other Allied Lawsat pages 15­23)
3.6. It is also pertinent in this regard to refer to the Prevention of Child Marriage Bill, 2004 (‘2004 Bill’) which preceded the 2006 Act.
Clauses 2(a), 2(b), and 9 of the 2004 Bill arein pari materiawith the
corresponding Sections of the 2006 Act, except insofar as Clause 9 of the 2004 Bill prescribed simple imprisonment, whereas Section 9 of the 2006 Act prescribes rigorous imprisonment for the offence. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice, in its Thirteenth Report, on the 2004 Bill, notes that although both men and women are deemed to have attained majority at eighteen years of age under other laws, a differential metric has
been adopted for the purposes of defining child marriage.A higher age
7 is prescribed for men, based on the prevailing societal notions that the age of eighteen years is insufficient for a boy to attain the desired level of education and economic independence, and that an age gap ought
to be maintained between the groom and the bride.
3.7. However, the 2004 Bill, as also the 2006 Act, treats men who are above   the   age   of   18   as   having   sufficient   maturity   to   be   held responsible for marrying a female child. The Report also notes that the purpose of Clause 9 of the 2004 Bill is to provide adequate penal
consequences for a male adult who marries achild. However, an adult
woman is exempt from punishment for marrying a male child as, in a society like ours, decisions regarding marriage are usually taken by the family members of the bride and groom, and women generally have little say in the matter. We hasten to emphasise that we do not wish to comment on the desirability of maintaining the aforesaid distinction in culpability.   However,   the   context   in   which   this   distinction   was considered appropriate by the legislature must be taken into account. 3.8. Section 9 of the 2006 Act must be viewed in the backdrop of this gender dimension to the practice of child marriage. Thus, it can be inferred   that   the   intention   behind   punishing   only   male   adults contracting child marriages is to protect minor young girls from the negative   consequences   thereof   by   creating   a   deterrent   effect   for 8 prospective grooms who, by virtue of being above eighteen years of age are deemed to have the capacity to opt out of such marriages. Nowhere from the discussion above can it be gleaned that the legislators sought to punish a male between the age of eighteen and twenty­one years who contracts into a marriage with a female adult. Instead, the 2006 Act affords such a male, who is a child for the purposes of the Act, the
remedyof getting the marriage annulled by proceeding under Section
3 of the 2006 Act. Hence, male adults between the age of eighteen and twenty­one years of age, who marry female adults cannot be brought under the ambit of Section 9, as this is not the mischief that the provision seeks to remedy.  3.9. Our views are supported by the marginal note of Section 9, which reads “Punishment for male adult marrying a child”. It is well settled that where any ambiguity exists with regard to the interpretation of a legislative   provision,   the   marginal   note   can   be   used   in   aid   of construction, having regard to the object of the legislation and the mischief it seeks to remedy. In view of the above, the words “male adult above eighteen years of age, contracts a child marriage” in Section 9 of the 2006 Act should be read as “male adult above eighteen years of age marries a child”. 4. Having regard to the above discussion, Section 9 of the 2006 Act 9 does not apply to the present case at all. By way of abundant caution, we  wish   to   clarify   that   we   are   not   commenting   on   the   validity  of marriages entered into by a man aged between eighteen and twenty­ one years and an adult woman. In such cases, the man may have the option to get his marriage annulled under Section 3 of the 2006 Act, subject to the conditions prescribed therein. 5. Be that as it may, it is brought to our notice by the advocates for the parties herein, that the couple has been living happily, and are not facing any threat from their family members. Hence, we are of the opinion that police protection is no more required in the present case.  6. In view of the above, the directions issued by the High Court to get   the   First   Information   Report   lodged   (FIR   No.   122   dated 24.12.2010) are quashed, and the impugned order is set aside. The
appeal is allowed accordingly.
…..…………................................J. (MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR) .……………………………...............J.           (ANIRUDDHA BOSE) New Delhi; November 07, 2019 10 ITEM NO.110 COURT NO.14 SECTION II-B S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Criminal Appeal No(s). 1331/2013 HARDEV SINGH Appellant(s) VERSUS HARPREET KAUR & ORS. Respondent(s) Date : 07-11-2019 This appeal was called on for hearing today. CORAM : HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE ANIRUDDHA BOSE For Appellant(s) Mr. Rishi Malhotra, AOR Mr. Utkarsh Singh, Adv. For Respondent(s) Mr. Bankey Bihari Sharma, AOR Mr. Ram Nath, Adv. Ms. Ranjeeta Rohatgi, AOR Mr. Satish Kumar, AOR UPON hearing the counsel the Court made the following O R D E R The appeal is allowed in terms of the signed reportable judgment. Pending application(s), if any, stands disposed of accordingly. (ASHWANI THAKUR) (R.S. NARAYANAN) COURT MASTER (SH) COURT MASTER (NSH) (Signed reportable judgment is placed on the file)