NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD vs. HILLI MULTIPURPOSE COLD STORAGE PVT LTD

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 04-03-2020

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1                   REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.10941­10942 OF 2013 NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD.             …..APPELLANT(S) VERSUS HILLI MULTIPURPOSE COLD  STORAGE PVT. LTD.                   ……RESPONDENT(S) WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO.8343 OF 2014, CIVIL APPEAL NO.1083­1084 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.1085­1086 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.4473 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.6095 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.5485 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1964   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.20748 OF 2016] CIVIL APPEAL NO.10127 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.10129 OF 2016, Signature Not Verified CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1968   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.29264 OF 2016] Digitally signed by JAYANT KUMAR ARORA Date: 2020.03.04 16:55:50 IST Reason: CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1969  OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.31190 OF 2016] 2 CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1970    OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.36048 OF 2016] CIVIL APPEAL NO.10333 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1971  OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.1300 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.10858 OF 2016, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1972  OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.35551 OF 2016] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1973   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.34843 OF 2016] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1974     OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.21388 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1975   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.13951 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1976   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.10796 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.780 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.4457 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1977    OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.151 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1978    OF 2020, 3 [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.13567 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1979   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.3128 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1965  OF 2020 [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.25849 OF 2016] CIVIL APPEAL NO.2339 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.4510 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1980    OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.7225 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1981  OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.8435 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5219 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1982   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.14346 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.5574­5575 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1983   OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.10544 OF 2017] CIVIL APPEAL NO.7100 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.5578­5579 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1984  OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.13962 OF 2017] 4 CIVIL APPEAL NO.10226 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.12456 OF 2017, CIVIL APPEAL NO.  1985­86  OF 2020, [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION [C] NO.36314­36315 OF 2017] J U D G M E N T VINEET SARAN, J. Leave granted. 2. The reference made to this Constitution Bench relates to the grant of time for filing response to a complaint under the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (for short ‘the Act’).  The  first question  referred is as to whether Section 13(2) (a)   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act,   which   provides   for   the respondent/opposite party filing its response to the complaint within 30 days or such extended period, not exceeding 15 days, should   be   read   as   mandatory   or   directory;   i.e.,   whether   the District   Forum   has   power   to   extend   the   time   for   filing   the response beyond the period of 15 days, in addition to 30 days. The     which is referred is as to what would be second question 5 the commencing point of limitation of 30 days stipulated under the aforesaid Section. 3. The first question was referred by a two judge Bench of this Court vide an Order dated 11.02.2016 passed in  Civil Appeal No(s).1083­1084   of   2016,   M/s   Bhasin   Infotech   and Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. versus M/s Grand Venezia Buyers ,  the relevant portion of which is as under: Association (Reg) “There   is   an   apparent   conflict between the decisions of this Court in   Topline   Shoes   Limited   vs. Corporation Bank [(2002) 6 SCC 33], Kailash Vs. Nankhu [(2005) 4 SCC 480],   Salem   Advocate   Bar Association   Vs.   Union   of   India [(2005) 6 SCC 344] on the one hand and   J.J.   Merchant   &   Ors.   Vs. Shrinath Chaturvedi [(2002) 6 SCC 635 and NIA Vs. Hilli Multipurpose Cold Storage [2014 AIOL 4615] on the other in so far as the power of the Courts to extend time for filing of written   statement/reply   to   a complaint is concerned. The earlier mentioned line of decisions take the view   that   the   relevant   provisions including those of Order 8 Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 are directory in nature and the Courts concerned have the power to extend time for filing the written statement. The second line of decisions which are   also   of   coordinate   Benches 6 however takes a contrary view and hold that when it comes to power of the   Consumer   Fora   to   extend   the time   for   filing   a   reply   there   is   no such power.  Since the question that falls for determination   here   often   arises before   the   Consumer   Fora   and Commissions all over the country it will   be   more   appropriate   if   the conflict   is   resolved   by   an authoritative   judgment.   Further since   the   conflict   is   between Benches   comprising   three   Judges we deem it fit to refer these appeals to a five­Judge Bench to resolve the conflict once and for all. While we do so we are mindful of the fact that in the   ordinary   course   a   two­Judge Bench ought to make a reference to a   three­Judge   Bench   in   the   first place   but   in   the   facts   and circumstances   of   the   case   and keeping   in   view   the   fact   that   the conflict   is   between   coordinate Benches comprising three Judges a reference to three Judges may not suffice.” The   other   question   has   been   referred   by   another 4. Division   Bench   of   this   Court   by   an   Order   dated   18.01.2017 passed in this very appeal being  Civil Appeal No(s).10941­10942 of 2013,  NIA Vs. Hilli Multipurpose Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd the relevant portion of the judgment is as under: 7 “……….what   is   the   commencing point   of   the   limitation   of   30   days stipulated in Section 13 of the Act is required   to   be   decided authoritatively.   The   declaration made in JJ Merchant’s case that the said period is to be reckoned from the date of the receipt of the notice by the opposite party or complaint under the Act requires in our humble opinion, a more critical analysis.” 5. We have heard the learned Counsel for the parties at length and have carefully gone through the records.  6. In   the   Statement   of   Objects   and   Reasons   of   the Consumer Protection Act, in paragraph 4, it has been specifically provided that the Consumer Protection Act is “ To provide speedy and   simple   redressal   to   consumer   disputes,   a   quasi­judicial machinery is sought to be set up at the district, State and Central levels…….” . The Preamble of the Consumer Protection Act also mentions that the Act is   “to provide for better protection of the interests of the consumers” .   The nomenclature of this Act also goes   to   show   that   it   is   for   the   benefit   or   protection   of   the consumer.   From   the   above,   it   is   evident   that   the   Consumer Protection   Act   has   been   enacted   to   provide   for   expeditious 8 disposal of consumer disputes and that, it is for the protection and benefit of the consumer.     7. Before   we   proceed   to   analyse   and   determine   the questions referred, we may, for ready reference, reproduce the relevant   provisions   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act   and   its Regulations.  “Section   13.   Procedure   on admission of complaint.  –  (1)   The   District   Forum   shall,   on admission   of   a   complaint,   if   it relates to any goods,­  (a)   refer   a   copy   of   the   admitted complaint, within twenty­one days from the date of its admission to the opposite party mentioned in the complaint directing him to give his version of the case within a period of   thirty   days   or   such   extended period   not   exceeding   fifteen   days as may be granted by the District Forum. (b)…………………. (c)…………………. (d)…………………. (e)…………………. (f)…………………. (g)…………………. (2)   The District Forum shall, if the complaints   admitted   by   it   under section   12   relates   to   goods   in 9 respect   of   which   the   procedure specified in sub­section (1) cannot be   followed,   or   if   the   complaint relates to any services,­ (a)     refer   a   copy   of   such complaint to the opposite party directing him to give his version of the case within a period of thirty   days   or   such   extended period   not   exceeding   fifteen days as may be granted by the District Forum; (b)   where   the   opposite   party,   on receipt of a copy of the complaint, referred   to   him   under   clause   (a) denies or disputes the allegations contained in the complaint, or omits or   fails   to   take   any   action   to represent his case within the time given   by   the   District   Forum,   the District   Forum   shall   proceed   to settle consumer dispute,­ (i) on   the   basis   of   evidence brought   to   its   notice   by   the complainant   and   the   opposite party,   where   the   opposite   party denies or disputes the allegations contained in the complaint, or (ii) ex   parte   on   the   basis   of evidence   brought   to   its   notice   by the complainant where the opposite party   omits   or   fails   to   take   any action to represent his case within the time given by the Forum; (c) where the complainant fails to appear   on   the   date   of   hearing before   the   District   Forum,   the District Forum may either dismiss 10 the complaint for default or decide it on merits. (3)    No   proceedings   complying with the procedure laid down in subsections (1) and (2) shall be called in question in any court on   the   ground   that   the principles   of   natural   justice have not been complied with. 1 [ (3A) Every complaint  shall be heard   as   expeditiously   as possible and endeavour shall be made   to   decide   the   complaint within a period of three months from   the   date   of   receipt   of notice by opposite party where the complaint does not require analysis   or   testing   of commodities   and   within   five months, if it requires analysis or testing of commodities: Provided that no adjournment shall be ordinarily granted by the District   Forum   unless   sufficient cause is shown and the reasons for grant   of   adjournment   have   been recorded in writing by the Forum: Provided   further   that   the District   Forum   shall   make   such orders as to the costs occasioned by   the   adjournment   as   may   be provided   in   the   regulations   made under this Act. Provided   also   that   in   the event   of   a   complaint being disposed   of   after   the   period   so specified, the District Forum shall 1  Ins. by Act 62 of 2002, sec. 9 (w.e.f. 15­3­2003). 11 record in writing, the  reasons  for the same at the time of disposing of the said complaint.]   2 [ (3B)   Where during the pendency of   any   proceeding   before   the District   Forum,   it   appears   to   it necessary,   it   may   pass   such interim order as is just and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case.] (4)   For the purposes of this section, the District  Forum shall have  the same   powers   as  are   vested  in  a civil   court   under   Code   of   Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) while trying   a   suit   in   respect   of   the following matters, namely:— (i) the   summoning   and enforcing   the   attendance   of   any defendant   or   witness   and examining the witness on oath; (ii) the discovery and production of any document or other material object producible as evidence; (iii) the reception of evidence on affidavits; (iv)  the   requisitioning   of   the report of the concerned analysis or test from the appropriate laboratory or from any other relevant source; (v)  issuing of   any   commission for the examination of any witness, and (vi) any other matter which may be prescribed.  5………………. 6………………. 2  Ins. by Act 62 of 2002, Sec. 9 (w.e.f. 15­3­2003). 12 7………………. Section   15.   Appeal.  —   Any person aggrieved by an order made by the   District  Forum  may  prefer an appeal against such order to the State Commission within a period of thirty days from the date of the order, in such form and manner as may be prescribed: Provided   that   the   State Commission   may   entertain   an appeal after the expiry of the said period of thirty days if it is   satisfied   that   there   was sufficient cause for not filing it within that period; Provided   further   that   no appeal   by   a   person,   who   is required   to   pay   any   amount   in terms   of   an   order   of   the   District Forum, shall be entertained by the State   Commission   unless   the appellant   has   deposited   in   the prescribed manner fifty per cent. of that   amount   or   twenty­five thousand   rupees,   whichever   is less.” —Any Section­19.   Appeals. person aggrieved by an order made by   the   State   Commission   in exercise of its powers conferred by sub­clause   (i)   of   clause   (a)   of section   17   may   prefer   an   appeal against such order to the National Commission   within   a   period   of 13 thirty   days   from   the   date   of   the order in such form and manner as may be prescribed: Provided that the National Commission   may   entertain   an appeal after the expiry of the said period of thirty days if it is   satisfied   that   there   was sufficient cause for not filing it within that period: Provided   further   that   no appeal   by   a   person,   who   is required   to   pay   any   amount   in terms   of   an   order   of   the   State Commission,   shall   be   entertained by the National Commission unless the appellant has deposited in the prescribed manner fifty per cent. of the   amount   or   rupees   thirty­five thousand, whichever is less. Section­24A. Limitation period.    (1)   The   District   Forum,   the   State Commission   or   the   National Commission   shall   not   admit   a complaint unless it is filed within two years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen. (2)    Notwithstanding   anything contained   in   sub­section   (1),   a complaint   may   be   entertained after   the   period   specified   in sub­section   (1),   if   the complainant   satisfies   the District   Forum,   the   State Commission   or   the   National Commission,   as   the   case   may be, that he had sufficient cause 14 for   not   filing   the   complaint within such period: Provided   that   no   such complaint   shall   be   entertained unless   the   National   Commission, the   State   Commission   or   the District Forum, as the case may be, records  its   reasons   for  condoning such delay.” (emphasis supplied) Relevant Provisions of the   Consumer Protection Regulations, 2005  are reproduced below:   “Reg.­10.   Issue   of   notice   (1)   Whenever   the   Consumer   Forum directs the issuance of a notice in respect   of  a   complaint,  appeal  or revision petition, as the case may be,   to   the   opposite party(ies)/respondent(s), ordinarily such notice shall be issued for a period of 30 days and   depending   upon   the circumstances   of   each   case even for less than 30 days.     When   there   is   a   question   of (2) raising presumption of service, 30 days notice shall be required.  (3)   Whenever notices are sought to be effected by a courier service, it shall   be   ascertained   that   the courier is of repute.      Whenever   appointing   the (4) courier for the purpose of effecting 15 service, security deposit may also be taken. (5)     Along   with   the   notice, copies   of   the   complaint, memorandum   of   grounds   of appeal,   petitions   as   the   case may   be   and   other   documents filed shall be served  upon the opposite party(ies)/respondent(s). (6)     After   the   opposite   party   or respondent has put in appearance, no application or document shall be received by the Registrar unless it bears an endorsement that a copy thereof has been served upon the other side.” Reg.­14. Limitation. (1)    Subject   to   the   provisions   of sections 15, 19 and 24A, the period of   limitation   in   the   following matters shall be as follows:­ (i) Revision   Petition   shall   be filed within 90 days from the date of the order or the date of receipt of the order as the case may be;  (ii) Application for setting aside the ex   parte order   under   section 22A or dismissal of the complaint in default shall be maintainable if filed   within   thirty   days   from   the date of the order or date of receipt of the order, as the case may be;  (iii) An   application   for   review under sub­section (2) of section 22 shall   be   filed   to   the   National Commission   within   30   days   from 16 the date of the order or receipt of the order, as the case may be;  (iv) The   period   of   limitation   for filing any application for which no period   of   limitation   has   been specified   in   the   Act,   the   rules   of these   regulations   shall   be   thirty days from the date of the cause of action or the date of knowledge.  (2)   Subject to the     provisions of         the   Act,   the   Consumer Forum may condone the   delay in   filing   an   application   or   a petition   referred   to   in   sub­ regulation   (1)   if   valid   and sufficient   reasons   to   its satisfaction are given.   Reg.­ 26. Miscellaneous. (1)    In   all   proceedings   before   the Consumer   Forum, endeavour shall be made by the parties and their counsel   to   avoid   the   use   of provisions   of   Code   of   Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908): Provided   that   the   provisions of   the   Code   of   Civil   Procedure, 1908 may be applied which have been referred to in the Act or in the rules made thereunder.  (2)………………..  (3)………………..  (4)………………..  (5)………………..  (6)………………..” (emphasis supplied) 17 Question No. 1: Whether the District Forum has power to extend the time for filing of response to the   complaint   beyond   the   period   of   15 days, in addition to 30 days, as envisaged under   Section   13(2)(a)   of   the   Consumer Protection Act?   8. A bare reading of Section 13(2)(a) of the Act makes it clear that the copy of the complaint which is to be sent to the opposite party, is to be with the direction to give his version of (or response to) the case (or complaint) within a period of 30 days.  It further provides that such period of 30 days can be extended by the District Forum, but not beyond 15 days.  9. Sub­Section 2(b)(i) of Section 13 of the Act provides for a complaint to be decided on the basis of the response by the opposite   party   and   the   evidence   of   the   complainant   and   the opposite party, where allegations contained in the complaint are denied or disputed by the opposite party.  Sub­Section 2(b)(ii) of Section 13 of the Act provides that where no response is filed by the opposite party, the complaint may be decided  ex parte  on the basis of evidence brought forth by the complainant.   18 Sub­Section   2(c)   of   Section   13   of   the   Consumer 10. Protection Act further provides that where the complainant fails to appear on the date of hearing before the District Forum, the District Forum may either dismiss the complaint for default or decide it on merits.  The aforesaid provision  [sub­Section 2(c)]  was inserted by Act 62 of 2002, w.e.f. 15.03.2003.  Similarly, Section (3A) of Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act, which was also inserted by Act 62 of 2002, provides for deciding every complaint as expeditiously as possible and  endeavour   shall be made to decide the complaint within a period of three months from the receipt of notice by the opposite party, and within five months, if the complaint requires analysis or testing of commodities.  It also provides that no adjournment shall ordinarily be granted by the District Forum, and if the same is to be granted, costs may be imposed, and further that reasons be recorded if the complaint is disposed of after the time so provided.  From the above, it is clear that as mentioned in the 11. Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Consumer Protection Act, the District Forum is to provide speedy disposal of consumer disputes.  The same has been further reiterated by the legislature by insertion of Section 13(2)(c) and 13(3A) by Act 62 of 2002.   19 Section   13   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act   clearly 12. contemplates where time can be extended by the District Forum, and where it is not to be extended.  Like, under sub­Section (3A) of Section 13, despite the best efforts of the District Forum, in situations   where   the   complaint   cannot   be   decided   within   the period specified therein, the  same can be decided beyond the specified   period   for   reasons   to   be   recorded   in   writing   by   the District Forum at the time of disposing of the complaint. Meaning thereby   that   the   same   would   not   be   mandatory,   but   only directory.     The   phrase   “ endeavour shall be  made”,   makes   the intention of the legislature evident that the District Forum is to make every effort to decide the case expeditiously within time, but the same can also be decided beyond the said period, but for reasons to be recorded.  13. On the contrary, sub­Section (2)(a) of Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act provides for the opposite party to give his response  ‘within a period of 30 days or such extended period . not exceeding 15 days as may be granted by the District Forum’ The intention of the legislature seems to be very clear that the opposite party would get the time of 30 days, and in addition another   15   days   at   the   discretion   of   the   Forum   to   file   its 20 response.  No further discretion of granting time beyond 45 days is intended under the Act.   The question of natural justice is dealt with by the legislature   in   sub­Section   (3)   of   Section   13   of   the   Consumer Protection   Act,   which   clearly   provides   that   “ No   proceedings complying with the procedure laid down in the sub­Section (1) and (2) shall be called in question in any court on the ground that the principles of natural justice have not been complied with.”    The legislature   was   conscious   that   the   complaint   would   result   in being decided   ex parte,   or without the response of the opposite party,   if   not   filed   within   such   time   as   provided   under   the Consumer Protection Act, and in such a case, the opposite party will   not   be   allowed   to   take   the   plea   that   he   was   not   given sufficient   time   or   that   principles   of   natural   justice   were   not complied with.   Any other interpretation would defeat the very purpose   of   sub­Section   (3)   of   Section   13   of   the   Consumer Protection Act. 14. The maximum period of 45 days, as provided under the Consumer Protection Act, would not mean that the complainant has a right to always avail such maximum period of 45 days to file   its   response.     Regulation   10   of   the   Consumer   Protection 21 Regulations, 2005 clearly provides that ordinarily such notice to the opposite party to file its response shall be issued for a period of   30   days,   but   the   same   can   be   even   less   than   30   days, depending upon the circumstances of each case.   15. Now, reverting back to the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act to consider as to whether the provision of sub­ Section 2(a) of Section 13 granting a maximum period of 15 days in addition to 30 days has to be read as mandatory or not, we may   also   consider   the   other   provisions   of   the   Consumer Protection Act where the legislature intended to allow extension of period of limitation.   Section 15 of the Consumer Protection Act provides for filing of an appeal from the order of the District Forum to the State Commission within a period of 30 days.   However, it leaves a discretion with the State Commission to entertain an appeal filed after the expiry of the said period of 30 days, if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it within the stipulated period.   Similarly,   discretion   for   filing   an   appeal   before   the National Commission beyond the period of 30 days has also been provided under Section 19 of the Consumer Protection Act.   22 Section 24A provides for the limitation period of 2 years for filing the complaint.   However, sub­Section (2) of Section 24A gives a discretion to entertain a complaint even after the period of 2 years, if there is a satisfactory cause for not filing the complaint within such period, which has to be recorded in writing.  16. Regulation 14 of the Consumer Protection Regulations, 2005 also deals with limitation. In addition, the same provides for limitation while dealing with appeals (under Section 15 and 19) and   complaint   (under   Section   24A).     Sub­Regulation   (2)   of Regulation   14   provides   for   condonation   of   delay   for   sufficient reasons to be recorded. The legislature in its wisdom has provided for filing of 17. complaint   or   appeals   beyond   the   period   specified   under   the relevant   provisions   of   the   Act   and   Regulations,   if   there   is sufficient   cause   given   by   the   party,   which   has   to   be   to   the satisfaction of the concerned authority. No such discretion has been   provided   for   under   Section   13(2)(a)   of   the   Consumer Protection Act for filing a response to the complaint beyond the extended period of 45 days (30 days plus 15 days).   Had the legislature not wanted to make such provision mandatory but only directory, the provision for further extension of the period for 23 filing the response beyond 45 days would have been provided, as has been provided  for in  the cases of  filing of  complaint and appeals.  To carve out an exception in a specific provision of the statute is not within the jurisdiction of the Courts, and if it is so done, it would amount to legislating or inserting a provision into the statute, which is not permissible.   By specifically enacting a provision under sub­Section (3) of Section 13, with a specific clarification that violation of the principles of natural justice shall not be called in question where the   procedure   prescribed   under   sub­Sections   (1)   and   (2)   of Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act has been followed or complied with, the intention of the legislature is clear that mere denial of further extension of time for filing the response (by the opposite party) would not amount to denial or violation of the principles   of   natural   justice.   This   provision   of   Section   13(3) reinforces the time limit specified in Section 13(2)(a) of the Act. 18. This Court in the case of  Lachmi Narain vs Union of India  (1976) 2 SCC 953  has held that  “if the provision is couched in prohibitive or negative language, it can rarely be directory, the use of peremptory language in a negative form is per se indicative of the interest that the provision is to be mandatory”.    Further, 24 hardship cannot be a ground for changing the mandatory nature of   the   statute,   as   has   been   held   by   this   Court   in   Bhikraj Jaipurai vs Union of India  AIR 1962 SC 113=(1962) 2 SCR 880 and  (2004) 11 SCC Fairgrowth Investments Ltd. Vs Custodian  472 .  Hardship cannot thus be a ground to interpret the provision so as to enlarge the time, where the statute provides for a specific time, which, in our opinion, has to be complied in letter and spirit.  This Court, in the case of   Rohitash Kumar vs Om (2013) 11 SCC 451  has, in paragraph 23, held Prakash Sharma  as under: “23.     There   may   be   a   statutory provision,   which   causes   great hardship or inconvenience to either the   party   concerned,   or   to   an individual,   but   the   Court   has   no choice but to enforce it in full rigor. It   is   a   well   settled   principle   of interpretation   that   hardship   or inconvenience   caused,   cannot   be used   as   a   basis   to   alter   the meaning of the language employed by the legislature, if such meaning is clear upon a bare perusal of the statute.     If   the   language   is   plain and   hence   allows   only   one meaning, the same has to be given effect to, even if it causes hardship or possible injustice.” 25 While concluding, it was observed  “that the hardship caused to an individual,   cannot   be   a   ground   for   not   giving   effective   and grammatical   meaning   to   every   word   of   the   provision,   if   the language used therein, is unequivocal.” Further, it has been held by this Court in the case of Popat   Bahiru   Govardhane   vs   Special   Land   Acquisition Officer  (2013) 10 SCC 765  that the law of limitation may harshly affect a particular party but it has to be applied with all its vigour when the statute so prescribes and that the Court has no power to extend the period of limitation on equitable grounds, even if the statutory provision may cause hardship or inconvenience to a particular party. 19. The   contention   of   the   learned   Counsel   for   the respondent is that by not leaving a discretion with the District Forum   for   extending   the   period   of   limitation   for   filing   the response before it by the opposite party, grave injustice would be caused as there could be circumstances beyond the control of the opposite party because of which the opposite party may not be able to file  the   response  within  the  period  of   30   days  or   the extended period of 15 days.  In our view, if the law so provides, 26 the same has to be strictly complied, so as to achieve the object of the statute.   It is well settled that law prevails over equity, as equity can only supplement the law, and not supplant it.  This Court, in the case of  Laxminarayan R. Bhattad has observed that vs State of Maharashtra  (2003) 5 SCC 413,   “when there is a conflict between law and equity the former shall prevail.”    In  (2003) 3 SCC 541 , P.M. Latha vs State of Kerala  this Court held that  “Equity and law are twin brothers and law should be applied and interpreted equitably, but equity cannot override written or settled law.”    In   Nasiruddin vs Sita Ram (2003) 2 SCC 577, this Court observed that  “in a case Agarwal    where the statutory provision is plain and unambiguous, the court shall not interpret the same in a different manner, only because of harsh consequences arising therefrom.”    In   E. Palanisamy vs (2003)   1   SCC   123,   it   was   held   that   “Equitable Palanisamy   considerations have no place where the statute contained express provisions.”    Further, in    India House vs Kishan N. Lalwani (2003) 9 SCC 393,   this Court held that  “The period of limitation statutorily prescribed has to be strictly adhered to and cannot be relaxed or departed from by equitable considerations.”   27 It is thus settled law that where the provision of the Act is clear and unambiguous, it has no scope for any interpretation on equitable ground.  20. It is true that  ‘justice hurried is justice buried’ .  But in the same breath it is also said that   ‘justice delayed is justice denied’ . The legislature has chosen the latter, and for a good reason.   It goes with the objective sought to be achieved by the Consumer Protection Act, which is to provide speedy justice to the consumer.  It is not that sufficient time to file a response to the complaint has been denied to the opposite party.   It is just that discretion of extension of time beyond 15 days (after the 30 days period) has been curtailed and consequences for the same have been provided under Section 13(2)(b)(ii) of the Consumer Protection Act.  It may be that in some cases the opposite party could face hardship because of such provision, yet for achieving the object of the Act, which is speedy and simple redressal of consumer disputes, hardship which may be caused to a party has to be ignored.   21. It   has   been   further   contended   that   the   language   of Section 13(2) of the Consumer Protection Act is   pari materia   to Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short 28 ‘the   Code’)   and   if   time   can   be   extended   for   filing   of   written submission in a suit under the aforesaid provision of the Code, the same would apply to the filing of response to complaint under the Consumer Protection Act as well, and hence the provision of Section   13(2)(a)   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act   would   be directory and not mandatory.   In this regard, what is noteworthy is that Regulation 26 of the Consumer Protection Regulation, 2005, clearly mandates that endeavour is to be made to avoid the use of the provisions of the Code except for such provisions, which have been referred to in the   Consumer   Protection   Act   and   the   Regulations   framed thereunder, which is provided for in respect of specific matters enumerated in Section 13(4) of the Consumer Protection Act.  It is pertinent to note that non­filing of written statement under Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code is not followed by any consequence of such non­filing within the time so provided in the Code.    Now, while considering the relevant provisions of the Code, it is noteworthy that Order VIII Rule 1 read with Order VIII Rule   10   prescribes   that   the   maximum   period   of   120   days provided under Order VIII Rule 1 is actually not meant to be mandatory, but only directory. Order VIII Rule 10 mandates that 29 where  written   statement   is   not   filed   within   the   time   provided under Order VIII Rule 1  “the court shall pronounce the judgment against him, or make such order in relation to the suit as it thinks fit”.    A harmonious construction of these provisions is clearly indicative of the fact that the discretion is left with the Court to grant time beyond the maximum period of 120 days, which may be in exceptional cases.  On the other hand, sub­Section (2)(b)(ii) of Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act clearly provides for the   consequence   of   the   complaint   to   be   proceeded   ex   parte against the opposite party, if the opposite party omits or fails to represent his case within the time given.  It may further be noted that in Order VIII Rule 10 of the Code, for suits filed under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, a proviso has been inserted for  ‘commercial disputes of a specified value’   (vide Act 4 of 2016 w.r.e.f. 23.10.2015), which reads as under:  “Provided   further   that   no   Court shall make an Order to extend the time provided under Rule 1 of this Order   for   filing   the   written statement” From the above, it is clear that for commercial suits, time for filing written statement provided under Order VIII Rule 1 is meant 30 to be mandatory, but not so for ordinary civil suits.  Similarly, in our considered view, for cases under the Consumer Protection Act also, the time provided under Section 13(2)(a) of the Act has to be read as mandatory, and not directory. Once   consequences   are   provided   for   not   filing   the response to the complaint within the time specified, and it is further provided that proceedings complying with the procedure laid down under sub Section (1) and (2) of Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act shall not be called in question in any Court on the ground that the principles of natural justice have not   been   complied   with,   the   intention   of   the   legislature   is absolutely clear that the provision of sub­Section 2(a) of Section 13 of the Act in specifying the time limit for filing the response to the complaint is mandatory, and not directory.  After noticing that there were delays in deciding the 22. complaints by the District Forum, the legislature inserted sub­ Section   (3A)   of   Section   13   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act providing for a time limit for deciding the complaints. From this it is amply clear that the intention of the legislature was, and has always   been,   for   expeditious   disposal   of   the   complaints.     By providing for extension of time for disposal of the cases filed, for 31 reasons   to   be   recorded,     the   legislature   has   provided   for   a discretion to the Forum that wherever necessary, the extension of the time can be provided for, and where such further extension is not   to   be   granted   [as   in   the   case   of   Section   13(2)(a)] ,     the legislature has consciously not provided for the same, so as to achieve the object of the Act.  23. In   SCG Contracts (India) Private Limited vs K.S. Chamankar   Infrastructure   Private   Limited   (2019)   12   SCC 210,  this Court, was dealing with a case relating to the filing of written statement under the Code, in respect of a case under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. After noticing the amendments brought in Order V Rule 1, Order VIII Rule 1 and Order VIII Rule 10 of the Code with regard to   ‘commercial disputes of specified value’   under   the   Commercial   Courts   Act,   2015   by   way   of insertion of the Provisos in the aforesaid provisions, this Court held that  “….the clear, definite and mandatory provisions of Order V read with Order VIII Rule 1 and 10 cannot be circumvented by recourse   to   the   inherent   power   under   Section   151   to   do   the opposite of what is stated therein”.   It was, thus, held that there was no scope for enlarging the time for filing of written statement beyond   the   period   of   120   days   in   commercial   suits,   as   the 32 provision with regard to such suits would be mandatory, and not directory.   The said judgment has been affirmed by a Bench of three Judges in  Desh Raj vs Balkishan  decided on 20.01.2020 in Civil Appeal No.433 of 2020. In   24. Fairgrowth   Investments   Ltd.   Vs   Custodian (2004) 11 SCC 472 , this Court was dealing with the provisions of the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act, 1992, and the question was whether the Special Court has power to condone the delay in filing the petition under Section   4(2)   of   the   said   Act.     While   holding,   that   the   said provision would be mandatory, it was held in paragraph 13 as under: “13.   It   is   not   for   the   courts   to determine whether the period of 30 days   is   too   short   to   take   into account   the   various   misfortunes that   may   be   faced   by   notified persons who wish to file objections under Section 4(2) of the  Act nor can   the   section   be   held   to   be directory because of such alleged inadequacy of time.” Then, after considering the decisions of this Court in   Topline Shoes Ltd. vs. Corporation Bank  (2002) 6 SCC 33   and  Dr. J. J. 33 (2002)   6   SCC   635 ,   this Merchant   vs.   Shrinath   Chaturvedi   Court held that  “the period for filing an objection in Section 4(2) in the Act is a mandatory provision given the language of the Section and having regard to the objects sought to be served by the Act.” 25. Certain other cases, which have been referred to by the learned Counsel for the parties, have, in our considered opinion, no direct bearing on the facts and issue involved in the present case relating to the Consumer Protection Act, and thus, the same are not being dealt with and considered here.  26. We may now deal with the decisions rendered by this Court, which have been referred to in the Reference Order. 27. Division   Bench   of   this   Court   has   referred   this Question,   after   observing   that   there   is   an   apparent   conflict between the decisions of this Court in   (supra) Topline Shoes   ; Kailash Vs. Nanhku   (2005) 4 SCC 480   and   Salem Advocate (2005) 6 SCC 344  on the one Bar Association vs. Union of India  hand;   and   Dr.   J.   J.   Merchant   (supra)   and   NIA   vs.   Hilli   (2015)   16   SCC   22, on   the   other Multipurpose   Cold   Storage   hand. 34 In   (supra),   a   Division   Bench   of   this 28. Topline   Shoes   Court, while dealing with the provisions of Section 13(2)(a) of the Consumer Protection Act, has held that the said provision would be directory and not mandatory.   While holding so, the Bench relied   on   the   principles   of   natural   justice,   and   also   that   no consequence of non­filing of the response to the complaint within 45 days is provided for in the Consumer Protection Act. In paragraph 8 of the said judgment, this Court held: “It   is   for   the   Forum   or   the Commission   to   consider   all   facts and circumstances along with the provisions of the Act providing time­ frame to file reply, as a guideline and then to exercise its discretion as best as it may serve the ends of justice   and   achieve   the   object   of speedy   disposal   of   such   cases keeping   in   mind   the   principles   of natural justice as well”. (emphasis supplied) It   is   true   that   in   Clause   4   of   the   Statement   of   Objects   and Reasons of the Consumer Protection Act, the legislature provided that   “quasi–judicial bodies will observe the principles of natural justice”,  however, the same is to be observed generally, and not where the same is specifically excluded.   In the said judgment, sub­Section (3) of Section 13 has neither been referred, nor taken 35 note of.  The same mandates that no proceedings complying with the procedure laid down in sub­Sections (1) and (2) of Section 13 shall be called in question in any Court on the ground that the principles of natural justice have not been complied with.  From this it is evident that while considering the provisions of Section 13(2)(a) of the Consumer Protection Act, the law mandates that the principles of natural justice cannot be said to be violated by adopting the said procedure and that the time of 30 days plus 15 days provided for filing the response to the complaint would be sufficient and final.  In case of  Topline Shoes  (supra),  this Court was also of the view that in the Consumer Protection Act,  “no consequence is provided in case the time granted to file reply exceeds the total While observing so, the Bench did not take period of 45 days”.    into account the provisions of Section 13(2)(b)(ii) of the Consumer Protection Act, which provides that where the opposite party fails to   file   response   to   the   complaint   within   the   specified   time provided in Clause (a), “ the District Forum shall proceed to settle the consumer dispute……… on the basis of evidence brought to its notice   by   the   complainant……..”.   After   the   said   judgment,   by Amendment Act 62 of 2002 (w.e.f. 15.03.2003), the legislature 36 has provided that the District Forum shall proceed to settle the consumer dispute   “ex parte  on the basis of the evidence”.    The word “ ex parte ” has been added by the Amending Act.  As we have observed herein above, the consequence of not filing the response to   the   complaint   within   the   stipulated   time   is   thus   clearly provided for in the aforesaid sub­Section, which has not been noticed by the Bench while deciding the aforesaid case. In the case of  , this Court 29. Kailash vs. Nanhku  (supra) was dealing with an election trial under the Representation of People   Act,   1951,   and   while   considering   the   provision   under Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code, it held the same to be directory, and not mandatory.  While holding so, the Court was of the view that  “the consequences flowing from non­extension of time are not specifically provided”  in the Code.  The decision in the said case has   no   bearing   on   the   question   under   consideration,   as   the present reference before us is under the Consumer Protection Act, where, as we have already observed, consequences are specifically provided for.  In passing, in paragraph 35 of the said judgment, the Bench referred to the case of  (supra), where the Topline Shoes   provision   of   Section   13   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act   was 37 considered to be directory, and not mandatory.  In our view, the same   would   not   have   the   effect   of   affirming   the   decision   of Topline Shoes  (supra)  since the Court, in the aforesaid case, was dealing   with   the   provisions   of   the   Code   and   not   the   specific provisions of Consumer Protection Act. We are thus of the opinion that   Kailash vs Nanhku (supra)   has not overruled the decision in   Dr. J. J. Merchant (supra)   with regard to the provision of the Consumer Protection Act. 30. Again,   in   the   case   of   Salem   Advocates   Bar (supra),   this Court was dealing with a case under Association   Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code and in paragraph 20, it has been held as under: “20 .………The   use   of   the   word “shall”  is  ordinarily  indicative  of mandatory nature of the provision but having regard to the context in which it is used or having regard to the intention of the legislation, the   same   can   be   construed   as directory. The rule in question has to   advance   the   cause   of   justice and not to defeat it. The rules of procedure   are   made   to   advance the   cause   of   justice   and   not   to defeat it. Construction of the rule 38
or procedure which promotes<br>justice and prevents miscarriage<br>has to be preferred. The rules of<br>procedure are the handmaid of<br>justice and not its mistress. In the<br>present context, the strict<br>interpretation would defeat<br>justice.”or procedure which promotes<br>justice and prevents miscarriage<br>has to be preferred. The rules of<br>procedure are the handmaid of<br>justice and not its mistress. In the<br>present context, the strict<br>interpretation would defeat<br>justice.”
Thereafter, the Court proceeded to refer to the provisions of Order<br>VIII Rule 1, along with Order VIII Rule 10 of the Code. On a<br>harmonious construction of the said provision, it held that the<br>provisions of Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code would be directory,<br>and not mandatory. Relevant paragraph 21 of the said judgment<br>is below:
“21. In construing this provision,<br>support can also be had from<br>Order 8 Rule 10 which provides<br>that where any party from whom<br>a written statement is required<br>under Rule 1 or Rule 9, fails to<br>present the same within the time<br>permitted or fixed by the court, the<br>court shall pronounce judgment<br>against him, or make such other<br>order in relation to the suit as it<br>thinks fit. On failure to file written<br>statement under this provision,<br>the court has been given the<br>discretion either to pronounce<br>judgment against the defendant or<br>make such other order in relation<br>to the suit as it thinks fit. In the<br>context of the provision, despite
39
use of the word “shall”, the court<br>has been given the discretion to<br>pronounce or not to pronounce the<br>judgment against the defendant<br>even if the written statement is<br>not filed and instead pass such<br>order as it may think fit in relation<br>to the suit. In construing the<br>provision of Order 8 Rule 1 and<br>Rule 10, the doctrine of<br>harmonious construction is<br>required to be applied. The effect<br>would be that under Rule 10<br>Order 8, the court in its discretion<br>would have the power to allow the<br>defendant to file written statement<br>even after expiry of the period of<br>90 days provided in Order 8 Rule<br>1. There is no restriction in Order<br>8 Rule 10 that after expiry of<br>ninety days, further time cannot<br>be granted. The court has wide<br>power to “make such order in<br>relation to the suit as it thinks fit”.<br>Clearly, therefore, the provision of<br>Order 8 Rule 1 providing for the<br>upper limit of 90 days to file<br>written statement is directory”.
As such in our view, the said judgment would hold the field with regard to Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code and would not be applicable to cases dealing with the provisions of Section 13(2) of the Consumer Protection Act, or such other enactment wherein a provision akin to Section 13(2) is there and the consequences are also provided.  40 The case of   (supra) is one relating 31. Dr. J. J. Merchant   to the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, and has been decided by a Bench of three Judges of this Court (which is after the decision in the case of  Topline Shoes  (supra)  was rendered). In this case it has been held that the time limit prescribed for filing   the   response   to   the   complaint   under   the   Consumer Protection Act, as provided under Section 13(2)(a), is to be strictly adhered to, i.e. the same is mandatory, and not directory.   In paragraph 13 of the said judgment, it has been held that: “For   having   speedy   trial,   this legislative mandate of not giving more than 45 days in submitting the   written   statement   or   the version of the case is required to be   adhered   to.     If   this   is   not adhered   to,   the   legislative mandate of disposing of the cases within three or five months would be defeated.  In the said case of   , while Dr. J. J. Merchant   (supra)   holding that the time limit prescribed would be mandatory and thus   be   required   to   be   strictly   adhered   to,   this   Court   also considered   the   Statement   of   Objects   and   Reasons   of   the Consumer   Protection   (Amendment)   Bill,   2002   (which   was subsequently enacted as Act 62 of 2002 and has come in force 41 w.e.f. 15.03.2003).     The   salient   features   of   the   same   was   “to provide   simple,   inexpensive   and   speedy   justice   to   the consumers……….”   and that  “the disposal of cases is to be faster” and   after   noticing   that   “several   bottlenecks   and   shortcomings have also come to light in the implementation of various provisions of   the   Act”   and   with   a   view   to   achieve   quicker   disposal   of consumer complaints, certain amendments were made in the Act, which   included   “(iii)   prescribing   the   period   within   which complaints are to be admitted, notices are to be issued to opposite party and complaints are to be decided”.   With this object in mind, in sub­Section (2)(b)(ii) of Section 13, the opening sentence   “on the basis of evidence”   has been substituted by   “ex parte  on the basis of evidence” . By this amendment, consequences of not filing the response to the complaint within the specified limit of 45 days was to be that the District Forum shall procced to settle the consumer dispute   on the basis of evidence brought to its ex parte notice by the complainant, where the opposite party omits or fails to take action to represent his case within time.   For achieving the objective of quick disposal of complaints, the Court noticed that sub­Section (3A) of Section 13 was inserted, providing that the complaint should be heard as expeditiously as possible and 42 that endeavour should be made to normally decide the complaint within 3 months, and within 5 months where analysis or testing of   commodities   was   required.     The   Provisos   to   the   said   sub­ Section   required   that   no   adjournment   should   be   ordinarily granted and if granted, it should be for sufficient cause to be recorded   in   writing   and   on   imposition   of   cost,   and   if   the complaint   could   not   be   decided   within   the   specified   period, reasons for the same were to be recorded at the time of disposing of the complaint.  It   was   after   observing   so,   and   considering   aforesaid amendments, this Court held that the time limit of 30 plus 15 days in filing the response to the complaint, be mandatory and strictly adhered to.   The decision of another Bench of three Judges in  32. NIA vs   Hilli   Multipurpose   Coldstorage   (supra),   which   has   been considered in the referring order was passed by a bench of two Judges in the same case, after noticing a conflict of views in the cases of   (supra)   and   Dr. J. J. Merchant   Kailash vs Nanhku (supra). After   considering   the   provisions   of   the   Code   and Consumer Protection Act, the reference was answered   “that the 43 law laid down by a three Judge Bench of this Court in  Dr. J. J. Merchant  (supra)   should prevail” .  In coming to this conclusion, the following was observed in paragraphs 25 and 26 of the said judgment: “25.     We   are,   therefore,   of   the view that the judgment delivered in J.J. Merchant holds the field and   therefore,   we   reiterate   the view that the District Forum can grant a further period of 15 days to the opposite party for filing his version or reply and not beyond that. 26.  There is one more reason to follow the law laid down in J.J. Merchant.     J.J.   Merchant   was decided   in   2002,   whereas Kailash   was   decided   in   2005. As   per   law   laid   down   by   this Court, while dealing Kailash, this Court   ought   to   have   respected the   view   expressed   in   J.J. Merchant   as   the   judgment delivered   in   J.J.   Merchant   was earlier   in   point   of   time.     The aforesaid   legal   position   cannot be ignored by us and therefore, we   are   of   the   opinion   that   the view expressed in J.J. Merchant should be followed.” 33. Although, after the above decision, no further reference was required to be made, but still we have proceeded to answer 44 the question referred to this Constitution Bench and are of the considered opinion that the view expressed by this Court in the case of  Dr. J. J. Merchant  (supra)  is the correct view. Question No. 2: What would be the commencing point of limitation of 30 days under Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986?   34. The   question   for   determination   is   whether   the limitation under Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act for filing the response by the opposite party to the complaint would commence from the date of receipt of the notice of the complaint by the opposite party, or the receipt of notice accompanied by a copy of the complaint.  35.  In paragraph 12 of the judgment dated 04.12.2015, of three Judge Bench of this Court, in this very case of  NIA vs. Hilli Multipurpose   Cold   Storage   (supra),   while   referring   to   the commencing point of limitation of 30 days under Section 13(2) of the Consumer Protection Act, it has been held that   “The whole issue centres round the period within which the opponent has to give his version to the District Forum in pursuance of a complaint, 45 which is admitted under Section 12 of the Act.  Upon receipt of a complaint by the District Forum, if the complaint is admitted under Section 12 of the Act, a copy of the complaint is to be served upon the opposite party and as per the provisions of Section 13 of the Act, the opposite party has to give his version of the case within a period   of   30   days   from   the   date   of   receipt   of   the   copy  of   the complaint.” 36. However, another two judge Bench of this Court, by an Order dated 18.01.2017 passed in this very Appeal being   Civil Appeal No(s).10941­10942 of 2013,   NIA Vs. Hilli Multipurpose Cold Storage ,   has expressed the view that the declaration made in     to the effect that the said period is Dr. J. J. Merchant’s case to be reckoned from the date of receipt of notice by the opposite party   or   complaint   under   the   Act,   requires   a   more   critical analysis.   The bench thus opined that   “what is the commencing point of the limitation of 30 days stipulated in Section 13 of the Act is   required   to   be   decided   authoritatively” .   It   is   thus   that   this question has been placed before us for an authoritative decision. 37. For deciding this question, we may first analyse the relevant   provisions   of   the   Consumer   Protection   Act   and   the 46 Regulations framed thereunder. Sub­Sections (2)(a) and (2)(b) of Section13 of the Consumer Protection Act specify that it is the copy of the  complaint which  is  to  given  to  the opposite  party directing him to give his version of the case within a period of 30 days or such extended period, not exceeding 15 days. As such, from the aforesaid provision itself, it is clear that it is the copy of the admitted complaint which is to be served, after which the period to file the response would commence.  Further,   Regulation   10   of   the   Consumer   Protection Regulations, 2005 also specifies the procedure of issuing notice, which   should   be   accompanied   by   copy   of   the   complaint. Regulation   10(5)   clearly   mentions   that   “ along   with   the   notice, copies   of   the   complaint,   memorandum   of   grounds   of   appeal, petitions as the case may be and other documents filed shall be served   upon   the   opposite   party(ies)/respondent(s)”.   The   same would also make it clear that it is on service of a copy of the complaint that the period of limitation for filing the response by the opposite party shall commence.  38. Even in the Code of Civil Procedure, Order VIII Rule 1 prescribes   that   the   written   statement   shall   be   filed   by   the defendant   within   30   days   from   the   receipt   of   the   “summons”. 47 “Summons” has been defined in Order V Rule 1 of the Code and Rule 2 provides that   “Every summon shall be accompanied by a copy of the plaint.”   While considering the aforesaid provisions, a two judge Bench of this Court in the case of  Nahar Enterprises  (2007) 9 SCC 466 has, in paragraph 8, vs Hyderabad Allwyn Ltd. 9 and 10, held as under:  (8)   The learned counsel appears to be   correct.     When   a   summons   is sent   calling   upon   a   defendant   to appear   in   the   court   and   file   his written   statement,  it   is   obligatory on the part of the court to send a copy   of   the   plaint   and   other documents   appended   thereto,   in terms of Order 5 Rule 2 CPC. (9)   Order 5 Rule 2 CPC reads as under: “2.   Copy   of   plaint   annexed   to summons.   –   Every   summon   shall be accompanied by a copy of the plaint.” (10)   The   learned   Judge   did   not address   itself   the   question   as   to how a defendant, in absence of a copy   of   the   plaint   and   other documents,   would   be   able   to   file his   written statement…………………….……..”  Even in Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, sub­ 39. Section (5) of Section 31 provides that  “after the arbitral award is 48 made,   a   signed   copy   shall   be   delivered   to   each   party”.     An application   for   setting   aside   the   arbitral  award   is   to   be   made under Section 34 of the said Act.  The delivery of the award sets in motion the limitation for challenging the award under Section 34 of the said Act. While interpreting the nature and scope of Section 31(5) of the said Act, a three Judge Bench of this Court in  Union   (2005) 4 of India vs Tecco Trichy Engineers & Contractors, SCC 239,  has, in paragraph 6, held as under:
(6)Form and contents of the
arbitral award are provided by
Section 31 of the Act. The arbitral
award drawn up in the manner
prescribed by Section 31 of the Act
has to be signed and dated.
According to sub­section (5), “after
the arbitral award is made, a
signed copy shall be delivered to
each party”. The term “party” is
defined by clause (h) of Section 2 of
the Act as meaning “a party to an
arbitration agreement”. The
definition is to be read as given
unless the context otherwise
requires. Under sub­section (3) of
Section 34 the limitation of 3
months commences from the date
on which “the party making that
application” had received the
arbitral award. ……………”
From   the   above,   what   we   notice   is   that   wherever   limitation   is provided, either for filing response/written statement or filing an 49 appeal, it is the copy of the plaint or the order/award which is to be   served   on   the   party   concerned   after   which   alone   would commence the period of limitation.  40. Now   reverting   to   the   provisions   of   the   Consumer Protection Act, a conjoint reading of Clauses (a) and (b) of sub­ Section (2) of Section 13 would make the position absolutely clear that the commencing point of limitation of 30 days, under the aforesaid provisions, would be from the date of receipt of notice accompanied by a copy of the complaint, and not merely receipt of the notice, as the response has to be given, within the stipulated time, to the averments made in the complaint and unless a copy of the complaint is served on the opposite party, he would not be in a position to furnish its reply. Thus, mere service of notice, without service of the copy of the complaint, would not suffice and cannot be the commencing point of 30 days under the aforesaid Section of the Act. We may, however, clarify that the objection of not having received a copy of the complaint along with the notice should be raised   on   the   first   date   itself   and   not   thereafter,   otherwise   if permitted to be raised at any point later would defeat the very purpose   of   the   Act,   which   is   to   provide   simple   and   speedy redressal of consumer disputes.  50 To  conclude,  we   hold   that  our   41. answer  to   the  first question  is that the District Forum has no power to extend the time for  filing  the  response  to  the   complaint   beyond  the period  of  15  days   in   addition  to  30  days  as  is  envisaged under   Section   13   of   the   Consumer   Protection Act;  and  the   answer  to  the  second  question   is  that  the commencing point of limitation of 30 days under Section 13 of the Consumer Protection Act would be from the date of receipt of the notice accompanied with the complaint by the opposite party, and not mere receipt of the notice of the complaint. This Judgment to operate prospectively.   The referred questions are answered accordingly.   ………………………………..J.                                                [Arun Mishra] ………………………………..J.                                               [Indira Banerjee] ………………………………..J.                                         [Vineet Saran] 51 ………………………………..J.                                                [M. R. Shah] ………………………………..J.                                              [S. Ravindra Bhat] New Delhi Dated: March 4, 2020