ESSAR TELEHOLDINGS LTD vs. CBI

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE/ORIGINAL JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1273 OF 2015 [ARISING OUT OF SLP (CRIMINAL) NO.2978 OF 2014) ESSAR TELEHOLDINGS LTD. … APPELLANT

J U D G M E N T JUDGMENT R.F. Nariman, J. 1. Leave granted in SLP (Crl.) No.2978 of 2014. 2. These matters arise as a sequel to the judgment delivered by this Court on 1.7.2013 by which three writ petitions filed by Essar Teleholdings Limited, Loop Telecom Limited and Vikash Saraf were dismissed by a Division Bench of this Court. 1 Page 1 3. The brief facts necessary to appreciate how the controversy arose before this Court are as follows. 4. CBI registered an FIR RC No.DAI 2009 A 0045 dated 21.10.2009 alleging offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and criminal conspiracy in respect of the grant of 122 UAS licenses in the year 2008 against various unknown Government officials, persons and companies. The gist of the offence was set out in the penultimate paragraph of the said FIR, which is set out as follows: “Thus, the concerned officials of Department of Telecommunications in criminal conspiracy with private persons/companies by abusing their official position granted Unified Access Service Licenses to a few selected companies at nominal rate by rejecting the applications of others without any valid reason thereby causing wrongful loss to the Government of India and a corresponding wrongful loss to private persons/companies estimated to be more than Rs.22,000 Crores. JUDGMENT The aforesaid facts disclose commission of offence under sections 120-B IPC, r/w section 13(2) r/w 13 (1) (d) of PC Act, 1988 against certain unknown officials of Department of Telecommunications, Government of India, unknown private persons/companies and others” 5. On 16.12.2010, this Court passed an order reported in

2 Page 2 SCC 560, directing the CBI to investigate the said FIR. On 10.2.2011, while monitoring the CBI investigation, this Court passed an order directing that no other Court shall pass any order which may in any manner impede the investigation being carried out by the CBI and Directorate of Enforcement. On 2.4.2011, and 25.4.2011, CBI filed a chargesheet and a first supplementary chargesheet against 12 accused persons for offences committed both under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act. It is common ground that none of the petitioners before us were named or mentioned in these two chargesheets. 6. The present case arises out of a second supplementary chargesheet dated 12.12.2011 naming 8 persons as accused, alleging offences under Section 120B read with Section 420 IPC. It is relevant to mention that this second supplementary chargesheet which implicated the petitioners before us did not JUDGMENT contain any offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act. The CBI mentioned in the said chargesheet that separate offences came to their notice during the investigation of FIR RC No.DAI 2009 A 0045, as a result of which the second supplementary chargesheet was being filed. They further went on to state that these charges are triable by a Magistrate of the First Class but may be endorsed to any appropriate court as deemed fit after 3 Page 3 which process may be issued to the accused persons for their appearance and to face trial as per law. 7. On 21.12.2011, the Special Judge took cognizance of this second supplementary chargesheet dated 12.12.2011 and stated that he was satisfied that there is enough incriminating material on record to proceed against the accused persons. 8. Meanwhile, pursuant to an observation made in this Court’s order dated 10.2.2011, two important things happened. First, the Delhi High Court passed an administrative order dated 15.3.2011 appointing Shri O.P. Saini as Special Judge to undertake trial of cases in relation to all matters pertaining to the 2G Scam, and the Government of NCT of Delhi also promulgated a notification dated 28.3.2011 under the Prevention of Corruption Act nominating the self-same Shri O.P. Saini a Special Judge to undertake trial of JUDGMENT cases in relation to all matters pertaining to the 2G Scam. Three writ petitions were filed as has been stated above, challenging inter alia the order dated 21.12.2011 passed by the Special Judge, CBI taking cognizance of the matters stated in the second supplementary chargesheet against the petitioners before us. The prayers contained in these writ petitions are set out hereunder: 4 Page 4 a) a Writ of Certiorari or an order or direction in the nature of certiorari quashing the Administrative Order dated 15.03.2011 issued by the Respondent No. 1 in so far as it seeks to confer upon the Ld. Special Judge Shri O.P. Saini jurisdiction to inquire into and try all cases arising out of 2G Spectrum scam, which are otherwise exclusively inquired into and triable by a Magistrate under the relevant statutes and to quash all consequential actions/orders passed thereupon; b) a Writ of Certiorari or any other order or direction in the nature of certiorari quashing the Notification bearing No. 6/05/2011-Judl. dated 28.03.2011 in so far as it seeks to confer upon the Ld. Special Judge Shri O.P. Saini jurisdiction to inquire into and try all cases arising out of the 2G Spectrum scam, including those which are not within the scope of his jurisdiction under the relevant statutes read with the Constitution of India and to quash all consequential actions/orders thereupon; c) a writ to quash and set aside order dated 21.12.2011 passed by the Ld. Special Judge Shri O.P. Saini taking cognizance in CC No. 1(B) of 2011 titled ‘CBI v Ravikant Ruia & Ors’ and all proceedings emanating therefrom; d) Pass such other further orders, which may be required in the interest of justice equity and good conscience. JUDGMENT 9. It will thus be seen that prayers (a) and (b) concern themselves with quashing the administrative order dated 15.3.2011 of the High Court and the notification dated 28.3.2011 of the Government of NCT of Delhi, both appointing and conferring jurisdiction on the Special Judge to enquire into and try all cases arising out of the 2G Scam. Prayer (c) was devoted to setting aside the order dated 21.12.2011 passed by the learned Special 5 Page 5 Judge taking cognizance. 10. In a detailed judgment, this Court set out the arguments of the petitioners as follows:

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11. After setting out Sections 194, 26, 220 and 223 of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code (in short “CrPC”) and Sections 3 and 4 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, this Court stated:

12. This Court went on to consider some of the earlier judgments JUDGMENT of this Court with reference to the validity of the administrative order dated 15.3.2011 and the notification dated 28.3.2011 and then held:

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8 Page 8 13. In the last paragraph, namely, paragraph 35, this Court dismissed the writ petitions in the following terms:

14. Close upon the heels of the judgment of this Court, Essar Teleholdings Ltd., one of the petitioners before us, by an application dated 29.7.2013, sought for a joint trial, by praying as follows:- a) Pass an order to give effect to the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court dated 01.07.2013 passed in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 57 of 2012, treating the Accused in CC No. 1B of 2011 as ‘Co-accused’ with the Accused in CC No.1 of 2011 and to pass all other consequential orders, in this regard; and/or b) Consider the matter afresh from the stage of the receipt of the report under Section 173(8) CrPC, and frame fresh charges and also issue appropriate directions upon the Applicants joining the Trial in C.C. No.1 of 2011, and/or JUDGMENT c) Issue appropriate directions to ensure that the proceedings i.e. CC No 1 of 2011 and CC No 1B of 2011 are assimilated into one Trial and for this purpose issue appropriate directions to rectify the situation as to the past, and for further proceedings, direct that the Trial being C.C. No. 1 of 2011 is conducted in conformity with Section 220 with 223 CrPC;and/or Pass any other order(s) as this Hon’ble Court may 9 Page 9 deem fit and proper in the interest of justice. 15. The other two writ petitioners, whose petitions had been dismissed by this Court by the judgment dated 1.7.2013, namely, M/s Loop Telecom Limited and Mr. Vikash Saraf, both filed review petitions against the judgment dated 1.7.2013, in which they raised the self-same grounds that were argued before this Court. These review petitions were dismissed by this Court on 24.9.2013. It can be seen from this narration of facts that the judgment dated 1.7.2013 has become final between all the parties to the lis . 16. The immediate cause for filing of the present appeals is a judgment dated 2.9.2013 by which the Special Judge dismissed the application filed by Essar Teleholdings Ltd. asking for a joint trial. JUDGMENT 17. Shri Harish Salve, learned senior counsel appearing for all the petitioners, submitted that as a lot of water had already flowed and a large number of witnesses have already been examined, the correct course of action in the present case should be to send the second supplementary chargesheet filed by the CBI to a Magistrate of the First Class to try the offences under Section 120B read with Section 420 of the Penal Code. His argument was 10 Page 10 that this Court, in the judgment dated 1.7.2013, had held that since the present petitioners were co-accused in the on-going trial, it must follow that either there be a joint trial, in which case the entire proceeding has to start de novo, or as was suggested by him, the second supplementary chargesheet should be sent for trial separately to a Magistrate of the First Class. According to learned counsel, it is clear that under the Prevention of Corruption Act, the Special Judge can only try offences that arise under the said Act and not offences that arise under the Penal Code. It is only Section 4(3) of the said Act that permits, in the circumstances mentioned therein, the trial of Penal Code offences which are that when trying any case, the Special Judge may also try an offence other than the offence specified in Section 3 of the Prevention of Corruption Act provided that this can only be at the same trial. He stressed the words “same trial” and said that it is clear that short of JUDGMENT a Penal Code offence being linked to a Prevention of Corruption Act offence and provided they are tried together, no offence under the Penal Code can be tried by the Special Judge set up under the Prevention of Corruption Act. 18. These submissions were countered by Shri Anand Grover, learned senior advocate appearing on behalf of the respondents. According to learned counsel, this Court in the judgment dated 11 Page 11 1.7.2013 did not direct that there be a joint trial but only observed in passing that the special Judge “may” try the present case along with the main case. He further argued that ultimately, since this Court dismissed the writ petitions filed by these very petitioners,

ultimately no joint trial was, in fact, to take place under any alleged

JUDGMENT “same trial” occurring in section 4(3) of the Prevention of Corruption Act could also mean that the present case may be tried immediately after the trial in the main case is over. 19. Having heard learned counsel for both the parties, we are of the view that the learned senior advocate for the petitioners is attempting to raise submissions which have already been rejected by this Court by its judgment dated 1.7.2013. His main submission, 12 Page 12 that in the fitness of things, the second supplementary chargesheet should be tried by a Magistrate of the First Class would be directly contrary to the finding of this Court that the said second supplementary chargesheet be tried only by the learned Special Judge. Quite apart from this, his submission is also beyond the prayer made in the application filed before the Special Judge. We have already extracted the said prayer in paragraph 13 above. It is clear that on a reading of the prayers in the said application, only a joint trial was asked for in pursuance of the judgment of this Court dated 1.7.2013. In fact, on a reading of the application and the arguments made before the learned Special Judge, the petitioners’ main argument was that this Court, in the order dated 1.7.2013, had in fact mandated a joint trial. This was correctly turned down by the learned Special Judge, regard being had to the fact that this Court, in paragraph 25 of the judgment JUDGMENT dated 1.7.2013, only stated that a discretion was vested with the Special Judge which he may well exercise given the facts of the case. 20. Read in the backdrop of Sections 220 and 223, it is clear that a discretion is vested with the Court to order a joint trial. In fact, in

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21. The other contention of learned senior counsel for the petitioners before us has already been answered by this Court by upholding both the administrative order dated 15.3.2011 and the 14 Page 14 NCT notification dated 28.3.2011. This Court having held that the administrative order dated 15.3.2011 of the High court was valid, it is clear that even a Penal Code offence by itself – that is, such offence which is not to be tried with a Prevention of Corruption Act offence - would be within the Special Judge’s jurisdiction inasmuch as the administrative order of the High Court gives power to the Special Court to decide all offences pertaining to the 2G Scam. In fact, once this order is upheld, the learned senior advocate’s argument based on Section 4(3) of the Prevention of Corruption Act pales into insignificance. This is for the reason that independent of Section 4(3) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and of the notification dated 28.3.2011, the Special Judge has been vested with the jurisdiction to undertake the trial of all cases in relation to all matters pertaining to the 2G Scam exclusively, which would include Penal Code offences by themselves, so long JUDGMENT as they pertain to the 2G Scam. Shri Salve cited State (through CBI, New Delhi) v. Jitender Kumar Singh , (2014) 11 SCC 724, and paragraph 38 in particular to submit that a Special Judge appointed to try Prevention of Corruption Act cases, cannot try non Prevention of Corruption Act cases unless there is a causal link between such cases and the Prevention of Corruption Act cases, in which case they must be tried together. As has been held by us, 15 Page 15 once the challenge to the administrative order dated 15.3.2011, is specifically rejected, the offences arising out of the second supplementary chargesheet, being offences under the Penal Code relatable to the 2G scam, can be tried separately only by the Special Judge. 22. We find that the Special Judge, vide the order dated 2.9.2013, has given cogent reasons for not exercising his discretion to order a joint trial. He stated that the evidence in the main case has almost reached the end and as many as 146 witnesses in the main case and 71 witnesses in the second supplementary chargesheet have already been examined, clubbing the two cases together would result in the wastage of the effort already gone into and would lead to a failure of justice. The learned Judge concluded as follows:- 47) In the end I may add that it is not obligatory on the Court to hold a joint trial and provisions of these sections are only enabling provisions. An accused cannot insist with ulterior purpose or otherwise that he be tried as co-accused with other accused, that too in a different case. It is only a discretionary power and Court may allow it in a particular case if the interest of justice so demands to prevent miscarriage of justice. In the instant case, neither the facts and allegations are common, nor evidence is common nor the accused were acting with a commonality of purpose and, as such, there is no ground for holding a joint trial. I may also add that holding a joint trial at this stage may lead to miscarriage of justice. 48) In my humble view, a Court may not deem it JUDGMENT 16 Page 16 desirable to conduct a joint trial, even if conditions of these Sections are satisfied, though not satisfied in the instant case, that is: a) when joint trial would prolong the trial; b) cause unnecessary wastage of judicial time; and c) confuse or cause prejudice to the accused, who had taken part only in some minor offence. 23. We find no infirmity in the impugned judgment. As a result, the appeal and the writ petitions are, therefore, dismissed. …………………….CJI. (H.L. Dattu) ………………….……J. (A.K. Sikri) …………………….…J. (R.F. Nariman) New Delhi; September 29, 2015. JUDGMENT 17 Page 17