SURESH vs. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 300 OF 2009 Suresh & Ors. .... Appellant(s) Versus State of Madhya Pradesh .... Respondent(s) J U D G M E N T Sathasivam,J. P. 1) This appeal is directed against the final judgment and order dated 23.08.2007 passed by the High Court of Madhya JUDGMENT Pradesh, Bench at Gwalior in Criminal Appeal Nos. 738 and 772 of 2000 whereby the High Court dismissed the appeals filed by the appellants herein and confirmed the order of conviction and sentence dated 04.10.2000 passed by the Special Judge, Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act, Guna (M.P.) in Special Case No. 7 of 1998 by which they were convicted under Section 8 read with Section 18 of the Narcotic 1 Page 1 Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred to as “the NDPS Act”) and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for ten years with a fine of

2) Brief facts : (a) On 30.07.1998, at about 1.30 p.m., Som Singh Raghuvanshi, SHO, Police Station Kumbhraj, along with the police party went from the police station to search for the accused in connection with Crime No. 151 of 1998 registered under Sections 302 and 201 of IPC. In the process of searching, when they came to Khatkya Tiraha, they saw that one Maruti Car was coming from the side of Beenaganj. When they tried to stop that car, the driver tried to run away but they stopped the car and found three persons sitting in it. On JUDGMENT being asked about their names, they informed their names as Pramod, Suresh and Dinesh @ Pappu. (b) Under suspicious circumstances, Panchas Shri Lal and Rup Singh were called from the ‘Tiraha’ and consent of all those persons was sought for their personal search and they gave their consent. After conducting the search, Panchnama was prepared. During search, they found that each of the 2 Page 2 appellants was having polythene bag in their possession which contained white colour substance and on its physical test, it was found “opium”. The SDO (P), Radhogarh was informed

Samples of 25 gms were taken separately from each of the packets and the contents were sealed. Thereafter, the vehicle was also searched and inside the front mudguard, six packets of polythene bag containing ‘opium’ were also recovered weighing 810 gms, 820 gms, 690 gms, 820 gms, 800 gms and 615 gms respectively. Sample of 25 gms. from each of them were also taken and sealed. Thus, a total of 7 kg. Opium valued at Rs.1,03,575/- was seized from the appellants and they were arrested. JUDGMENT (c) Thereafter, along with the appellants and seized articles, the police party came to Kumbhraj Police Station and FIR being Crime Case No. 165/1998 was registered against them under Section 8 read with Section 18 of the NDPS Act. After investigation, the police filed charge sheet against the accused persons and the Special Judge, NDPS Act, Guna framed charges under Section 8 read with Section 18 of the Act. After 3 Page 3 trial, the Special Judge, by order dated 04.10.2000, convicted all the three accused persons and sentenced them to undergo RI for ten years along with fine of Rs.1,00,000/- each, in

additional RI. (d) Against the said order of conviction and sentence, Suresh and Pramod preferred appeal being Criminal Appeal No. 738 of 2000 and Dinesh preferred Criminal Appeal No. 772 of 2000 before the High Court. By common impugned judgment dated 23.08.2007, the High Court dismissed both the appeals. (e) Aggrieved by the said judgment, the appellants have filed this appeal by way of special leave. 3) Heard Dr. J.N. Dubey, learned senior counsel for the appellants and Mr. C.D. Singh, learned counsel for the JUDGMENT respondent-State. 4) The only point urged before us is about the non- compliance of Section 50 of the NDPS Act. According to Dr. J.N. Dubey, learned senior counsel for the appellant, considering the mandates provided under Section 50 of the NDPS Act as interpreted by two Constitution Benches of this 4 Page 4 Court, viz., State of Punjab vs. Baldev Singh , (1999) 6 SCC 172 and Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja vs. State of Gujarat (2011) 1 SCC 609, the prosecuting authorities failed to apprise

the other hand, Mr. C.D. Singh, learned counsel for the State by pointing out the Panchnama regarding consent for personal search submitted that the conditions prescribed in Section 50 as explained in Baldev Singh’s case (supra) have been fully complied with and prayed for dismissal of the appeal. 5) Since the only question pertains to compliance of Section 50 of the NDPS Act, it is useful to refer the same: “50. Conditions under which search of persons shall be conducted .— (1) When any officer duly authorised under Section 42 is about to search any person under the provisions of Section 41, Section 42 or Section 43, he shall, if such person so requires, take such person without unnecessary delay to the nearest gazetted officer of any of the departments mentioned in Section 42 or to the nearest Magistrate. JUDGMENT (2) If such requisition is made, the officer may detain the person until he can bring him before the gazetted officer or the Magistrate referred to in sub-section (1). (3) The gazetted officer or the Magistrate before whom any such person is brought shall, if he sees no reasonable ground for search, forthwith discharge the person but otherwise shall direct that search be made. 5 Page 5 (4) No female shall be searched by anyone excepting a female.

(6) After a search is conducted under sub-section (5), the officer shall record the reasons for such belief which necessitated such search and within seventy-two hours send a copy thereof to his immediate official superior.” After noticing divergence of opinion between different Benches of this Court with regard to the ambit and scope of Section 50 of the NDPS Act and, in particular with regard to the admissibility of the evidence collected by an investigating officer during search and seizure conducted in violation of the JUDGMENT provisions of Section 50, the issue was referred to the Constitution Bench. These provisions have been interpreted by the Constitution Bench in Baldev Singh’s case (supra) . After considering the mandate of the law as provided under Section 50 of the NDPS Act and various earlier decisions, the Constitution Bench has concluded as under: 6 Page 6 “ 57. On the basis of the reasoning and discussion above, the following conclusions arise:

( 2 ) That failure to inform the person concerned about the existence of his right to be searched before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate would cause prejudice to an accused. ( 3 ) That a search made by an empowered officer, on prior information, without informing the person of his right that if he so requires, he shall be taken before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate for search and in case he so opts, failure to conduct his search before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate, may not vitiate the trial but would render the recovery of the illicit article suspect and vitiate the conviction and sentence of an accused, where the conviction has been recorded only on the basis of the possession of the illicit article, recovered from his person, during a search conducted in violation of the provisions of Section 50 of the Act. ( 4 ) That there is indeed need to protect society from criminals. The societal intent in safety will suffer if persons who commit crimes are let off because the evidence against them is to be treated as if it does not exist. The answer, therefore, is that the investigating agency must follow the procedure as envisaged by the statute scrupulously and the failure to do so must be viewed by the higher authorities seriously inviting action against the official concerned so that the laxity on the part of the investigating authority is curbed. In every case the end result is important but the means to achieve it must remain above board. The remedy cannot be worse than the disease itself. The legitimacy of the judicial process may come under a cloud if the court is seen to condone acts of lawlessness conducted by the investigating agency during search operations and may also undermine respect for the law and may have the effect of unconscionably compromising the administration of justice. That cannot be permitted. An accused is entitled to a fair trial. A conviction resulting from an unfair trial is contrary to JUDGMENT 7 Page 7 our concept of justice. The use of evidence collected in breach of the safeguards provided by Section 50 at the trial, would render the trial unfair.

( 6 ) That in the context in which the protection has been incorporated in Section 50 for the benefit of the person intended to be searched, we do not express any opinion whether the provisions of Section 50 are mandatory or directory, but hold that failure to inform the person concerned of his right as emanating from sub-section (1) of Section 50, may render the recovery of the contraband suspect and the conviction and sentence of an accused bad and unsustainable in law. ( 7 ) That an illicit article seized from the person of an accused during search conducted in violation of the safeguards provided in Section 50 of the Act cannot be used as evidence of proof of unlawful possession of the contraband on the accused though any other material recovered during that search may be relied upon by the prosecution, in other proceedings, against an accused, notwithstanding the recovery of that material during an illegal search. JUDGMENT ( 8 ) A presumption under Section 54 of the Act can only be raised after the prosecution has established that the accused was found to be in possession of the contraband in a search conducted in accordance with the mandate of Section 50. An illegal search cannot entitle the prosecution to raise a presumption under Section 54 of the Act. ( 9 ) xxx xxxx ( 10 ) xxx xxxx” 8 Page 8 6) After the decision in Baldev Singh’s case (supra) , a Bench of three Judges of this Court in Joseph Fernandez vs.

observed as under: “Even then the searching officer informed him that “if you wish you may be searched in the presence of a gazetted officer or a Magistrate”. This according to us is in ‘substantial compliance’ with the requirement of Section 50. We do not agree with the contention that there was non- compliance with the mandatory provision contained in Section 50 of the Act.” By saying so, after finding no reason to interfere with the conviction and sentence passed on the appellant therein, dismissed his appeal. 7) In Prabha Shankar Dubey vs. State of M.P. , (2004) 2 JUDGMENT SCC 56, a two Judge Bench of this Court again considered the object of Section 50 of the NDPS Act. The Bench also extracted the conclusion arrived at in Baldev Singh’s case (supra) . After adverting to those conclusions and relying on the expression “substantial compliance” as stated in Joseph Fernandez’s case (supra) rejected the plea that there was 9 Page 9 non-compliance with the requirement of Section 50 of the NDPS Act and consequently dismissed the appeal. 8) After the decision in Joseph Fernandez’s case and

Krishna Kanwar (Smt.) @ Thakuraeen vs. State of Rajasthan , (2004) 2 SCC 608 on the other, again the interpretation relating to Section 50 was considered by the Constitution Bench in Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja’s case(supra). The question that was posed before this Constitution Bench was whether Section 50 of the NDPS Act casts a duty on the empowered officer to “ inform ” the suspect of his right to be searched in the presence of a gazetted officer or a Magistrate, if he so desires or whether a mere enquiry by JUDGMENT the said officer as to whether the suspect would like to be searched in the presence of a Magistrate or a gazetted officer can be said to be due compliance within the mandate of the Section 50? Before going into the ultimate conclusion arrived at by the Constitution Bench, the following details mentioned in paragraph 2 are also relevant which are as under: 10 Page 10

In order to set the controversy raised, the Constitution Bench, at the foremost, recapitulated the decision arrived at by the Constitution Bench in Baldev Singh’s case (supra) . After considering all the earlier decisions, the latter Constitution Bench arrived at the following conclusions: “24. Although the Constitution Bench in Baldev Singh case did not decide in absolute terms the question whether or not Section 50 of the NDPS Act was directory or mandatory yet it was held that provisions of sub-section (1) Section of 50 make it imperative for the empowered officer to “ inform ” the person concerned (suspect) about the existence his of right that if he so requires, he shall be searched before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate; failure to “inform” the suspect about the existence of his said right would cause prejudice to him, and in case he so opts, failure to conduct his search before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate, may not vitiate the trial but would render the recovery of the illicit article suspect and vitiate the conviction and sentence of an accused, where the conviction has been recorded only on the basis of the possession of the illicit article, recovered from the person during a search conducted in violation of the provisions of Section 50 of the NDPS Act. The Court also noted that it was not necessary that the information required to be given under Section 50 should be in a prescribed form or in writing but it was mandatory that the suspect was JUDGMENT 11 Page 11 made aware of the existence of his right to be searched before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate, if so required by him. We respectfully concur with these conclusions. Any other interpretation of the provision would make the valuable right conferred on the suspect illusory and a farce.

“ 11 . … What the officer concerned is required to do is to convey about the choice the accused has. The accused (suspect) has to be told in a way that he becomes aware that the choice is his and not of the officer concerned, even though there is no specific form. The use of the word ‘right’ at relevant places in the decision of Baldev Singh case seems to be to lay effective emphasis that it is not by the grace of the officer the choice has to be given but more by way of a right in the ‘suspect’ at that stage to be given such a choice and the inevitable consequences that have to follow by transgressing it.” However, while gauging whether or not the stated requirements of Section 50 had been met on facts of that case, finding similarity in the nature of evidence on this aspect between the case at hand and Joseph Fernandez the Court chose to follow the views echoed in the latter case, wherein it was held that the searching officer's information to the suspect to the effect that “if you wish you may be searched in the presence of a gazetted officer or a Magistrate” was in substantial compliance with the requirement of Section 50 of the NDPS Act. Nevertheless, the Court indicated the reason for use of expression “substantial compliance” in the following words: ( Prabha Shankar Dubey case , SCC p. 64, para 12) JUDGMENT “ 12 . The use of the expression ‘substantial compliance’ was made in the background that the searching officer had Section 50 in mind and it was unaided by the interpretation placed on it by the Constitution Bench in Baldev Singh 4 case . A line or a word in a judgment cannot be read in 12 Page 12 isolation or as if interpreting a statutory provision, to impute a different meaning to the observations.” It is manifest from the afore-extracted paragraph that Joseph Fernandez does not notice the ratio of Baldev Singh and in Prabha Shankar Dubey , Joseph Fernandez is followed ignoring the dictum laid down in Baldev Singh case .

30. As observed in Presidential Poll, In re : (SCC p. 49, para 13) JUDGMENT “ 13 . … It is the duty of the courts to get at the real intention of the legislature by carefully attending [to] the whole scope of the provision to be construed. ‘The key to the opening of every law is the reason and spirit of the law, it is the animus imponentis , the intention of the law maker expressed in the law itself, taken as a whole.’ ” 31. We are of the opinion that the concept of “substantial compliance” with the requirement of Section 50 of the NDPS Act introduced and read into the mandate of the said section in Joseph Fernandez and Prabha Shankar Dubey is neither borne out from the language of sub-section (1) of Section 50 nor it is in consonance with the dictum laid down in Baldev Singh case . Needless to add that the question whether or not the procedure prescribed has been followed and the requirement of Section 50 had been met, is a matter of trial. 13 Page 13 It would neither be possible nor feasible to lay down any absolute formula in that behalf.” 9) From the above, it is clear that the Constitution Bench

Shankar Dubey (supra) . Keeping the above principles, as laid down in Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja’s case (supra) which considered all the earlier decisions including the decision in Baldev Singh , in mind, let us consider whether the mandates of Section 50 as interpreted have been fully complied with or not? 10) Since the main question roving only to “right to inform” about his choice, it is relevant to refer the Panchnama regarding consent for personal search which is as under: JUDGMENT “Panchnama regarding consent for personal search P.S. Kumbhraj, District Guna Crime Case No. 0/98 Section 8/18 of N.D.P.S. Act Place : A.B. Road, Khatakya Tiraha Dated: 30.7.98 at 09.30 O’ Clock Names of witnesses: 1. Sri Lal s/o Sri Narain by caste Dhobi aged 26 years 2/o Tapra Colony, Kumbhraj. 2. Bhup Singh s/o Ramnarain by caste Meena aged 25 years, r/o Kanakherhi P.S. Kumbhraj. 14 Page 14 In the presence of aforementioned ‘panchas’, I, the P.S. In-charge, asked the driver of Maruti Car No. D.N.C./7211 namely, Pramod Kumar s/o Raghuvir Singh by caste Gadariya, aged 20 years, r/o Chitbhawan, P.S. Ekdil, District Etawah, Suresh, s/o Rambabu Khatik, aged 18 years, r/o Village Chitbhawan, sitting with him in the case and Dinesh @ Pappu s/o Jagannath by caste Dube, aged 25 years, r/o Tikri presently at village Ballapur, P.S. Ajitmal, District Etawah, sitting on the rear seat, regarding their personal search asking them as to whether they would offer their personal search to me or to Gazetted Officer – S.D.O.P. Sahib . At this, all the three suspects gave their consent for their personal search by me, the P.S. In-charge, and they also agreed for search of the car by me. Panchnama regarding consent for search has been prepared in the presence of the ‘Panchas’. [Emphasis supplied] Sd/- Signature of suspects Sri Lal Sd/- Suresh Sd/- Pramod Kumar T.I. of Bhup Singh Sd/- Dinesh Kumar @ Pappu Seen Sd/- (Illegible) 30.7.98” 11) The above Panchnama indicates that the appellants were merely asked to give their consent for search by the police party and not apprised of their legal right provided under JUDGMENT Section 50 of the NDPS Act to refuse/to allow the police party to take their search and opt for being searched before the Gazetted officer or by the Magistrate. In other words, a reading of the Panchnama makes it clear that the appellants were not apprised about their right to be searched before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate but consent was sought for their personal search. Merely asking them as to whether they 15 Page 15 would offer their personal search to him, i.e., the police officer or to gazetted officer may not satisfy the protection afforded under Section 50 of the NDPS Act as interpreted in Baldev

Panchas, the SHO merely asked all the three appellants for their search by him and they simply agreed. This is reflected in the Panchnama. Though in Baldev Singh’s case , this Court has not expressed any opinion as to whether the provisions of Section 50 are mandatory or directory but “ failure to inform ” the person concerned of his right as emanating from sub-section (1) of Section 50 may render the recovery of the contraband suspect and the conviction and sentence of an accused bad and unsustainable in law. In JUDGMENT Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja’s case (supra) , recently the Constitution Bench has explained the mandate provided under sub-section (1) of Section 50 and concluded that it is mandatory and requires strict compliance . The Bench also held that failure to comply with the provision would render the recovery of the illicit article suspect and vitiate the conviction if 16 Page 16 the same is recorded only on the basis of the recovery of the illicit article from the person of the accused during such search. The concept of substantial compliance as noted in

Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja, accordingly, in view of the language as evident from the panchnama which we have quoted earlier, we hold that, in the case on hand, the search and seizure of the suspect from the person of the appellants is bad and conviction is unsustainable in law. 12) We reiterate that sub-section (1) of Section 50 makes it imperative for the empowered officer to “inform” the person concerned about the existence of his right that if he so requires, he shall be searched before a gazetted officer or a JUDGMENT Magistrate, failure to do so vitiate the conviction and sentence of an accused where the conviction has been recorded only on the basis of possession of the contraband. We also reiterate that the said provision is mandatory and requires strict compliance. 17 Page 17 13) Though a portion of the contraband (opium) was recovered from the vehicle for which Section 50 is not applicable, if we exclude the quantity recovered from the

sentence. Taking note of length of period in prison and continuing as on date and in view of non-compliance of sub- section (1) of Section 50 in respect of recovery of contraband from the appellants, we set aside the conviction and sentence imposed on them by the trial Court and confirmed by the High Court. 14) As a result, the appeal is allowed and the appellants are ordered to be released forthwith, if they are not required in any other case. JUDGMENT ………….…………………………J. (P. SATHASIVAM) ………….…………………………J. (RANJAN GOGOI) NEW DELHI; NOVEMBER 22, 2012. 18 Page 18 JUDGMENT 19 Page 19 JUDGMENT Page 20