M/S NEWTECH PROMOTERS AND DEVELOPERS PVT LTD. vs. THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 11-11-2021

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).   6745 ­ 6749   OF 2021         (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 3711­3715 OF 2021) M/s. NEWTECH PROMOTERS AND  DEVELOPERS PVT. LTD. …..APPELLANT(S) VERSUS STATE OF UP & ORS. ETC. …..RESPONDENT(S) WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6750 OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 14733 OF 2020) CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6751  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 2647 OF 2021) CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6752  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 3185 OF 2021) Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Neelam Gulati Date: 2021.11.12 15:29:07 IST Reason: CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6753  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s).  3426 OF 2021) 1 CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6754  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 6199 OF 2021) CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6755  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 6671 OF 2021) CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6756  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 6711 OF 2021) CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).  6757  OF 2021 (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 1670 OF 2021) J U D G M E N T Rastogi, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The   present   batch   of   appeals   are   filed   at   the   instance   of promoter/real estate developer assailing the common issues and certain provisions of The Real Estate(Regulation and Development) Act,   2016(hereinafter   being   referred   to   as   “the   Act”),   The   Uttar Pradesh   Real   Estate(Regulation   and   Development)   Rules,   2016 (hereinafter referred to as “the Rules”) and the functioning of the Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority (hereinafter referred to as “the Authority”), although being decided by separate orders by 2 the   High   Court   of   Allahabad,   since   the   self­same   questions   are involved   with   the   consent   are   being   decided   by   the   present judgment. 3. The respondents herein are the allottees/home buyers who have   made   their   substantial   investment   from   their   hard   earned savings under the belief that the promotor/real estate developer will hand   over   possession   of   the   unit   in   terms   of   home   buyer’s agreement   but   their   bonafide   belief   stood   shaken   when   the promotors failed to hand over possession of a unit/plot/building in terms of the agreement and complaints were instituted by the home buyers for refund of the investment made along with interest under Section 31 of the Act. 4.   The impugned orders came to be passed by the single member of the authority on the complaint instituted at the instance of the home buyers/allottees after hearing the parties with the direction to refund the principal amount along with interest(MCLR + 1%) as prescribed by the State Government under the Act.  In the ordinary course of business, the order passed by the authority is appealable under Section 43(5) of the Act provided the statutory compliance of 3 pre­deposit being made under proviso to Section 43(5) before the Appellate   Tribunal   but   the   promoter/real   estate   developers approached the High Court by filing a writ petition under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution questioning the order passed by the authority holding it to be without jurisdiction as it has been passed by a single member of the authority who according to the appellants holds no jurisdiction to pass such orders of refund of the amount as contemplated under Section 18 of the Act and have also challenged the condition of pre­deposit as envisaged under proviso to Section 43(5) of the Act for filing of a statutory appeal and raised certain ancillary questions for consideration in writ jurisdiction of the High Court of Allahabad.  Being aggrieved by the orders passed by the High Court dismissing their writ petitions, the present batch of appeals have been preferred at the instance of the promoters/real estate developers. 5. Before adverting to the legal submissions made before us, we consider it appropriate to take a bird’s­eye view of the scheme of the Act 2016 which  may be apposite  for proper appreciation of the submissions made by the parties. 4 Object and Reasons of the Act 2016 6. Over the past two decades, with the growth of population and the   attraction   of   the   people   to   shift   towards   urbanization,   the demand   for   housing   increased   manifold.     Government   also introduced various housing schemes to cope with the increasing demand but the experience shows that demands of the housing sector could not be meted out by the Government at its own level for various reasons to meet the requirement, the private players entered into the real estate sector in meeting out the rising demand of housing.   Though availability of loans, both from public and private banks, become easier, still the High rate of interest and the EMI has posed additional financial burden on the people. 7.   At   the   given   time,   the   real  estate   and   housing   sector   was largely unregulated and the consequence was that consumers were unable to procure complete information for enforced accountability towards   builders   and   developers   in   the   absence   of   an   effective mechanism in place.  Though, The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 5 was available to cater the demand of home buyers in the real estate sector   but   the   experience   shows   that   this   mechanism   was inadequate to address the needs of the home buyers and promoters in the real estate sector. 8.   At this juncture, the need for Real Estate(Regulation) Bill was badly   felt   for   establishing   an   oversight   mechanism   to   enforce accountability   to   the   real   estate   sector   and   providing   an adjudicating   machinery   for   speedy   dispute   redressal   mechanism and   safeguarding   the   investments   made   by   the   home   buyers through legislation to the extent permissible under the law. 9. The statement of object and reasons of the Act indicates that the primal position of the regulatory authority is to regulate the real estate   sector   having   jurisdiction   to   ensure   compliance   with   the obligation   cast   upon   the   promoters.     The   opening   statement   of objects and reasons which has a material bearing on the subject reads as follows:­ “The real estate sector plays a catalytic role in fulfilling the need and demand for housing and infrastructure in the country. While this sector has grown significantly in recent years, it has been largely   unregulated,   with   absence   of   professionalism   and standardisation and lack of adequate consumer protection. Though 6 the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is available as a forum to the buyers in the real estate market, the recourse is only curative and is   not   adequate   to   address   all   the   concerns   of   buyers   and promoters in that sector. The lack of standardisation, has been a constraint to the healthy and orderly growth of industry. Therefore, the need to regulating the sector has been emphasised in various forums.  2. In view of the above, it becomes necessary to have a Central legislation, namely, the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2013, in  the  interest  of the  effective consumer  protection, uniformity   and   standardisation   of   business   practices   and transactions in the real estate sector. The proposed Bill provides for the establishment of the Real estate Regulatory Authority (the Authority) for regulation and promotion of real estate sector and to ensure sale of plot, apartment or building, as the case may be, in an efficient and transparent manner and to protect the interest of consumers   in   real   estate   sector   and   establish   the   Real   Estate Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals from the decisions, directions or orders of the Authority.” 10. It   was   introduced   with   an   object   to   ensure   greater accountability towards consumers, to significantly reduce frauds & delays and also the current high transaction costs, and to balance the   interests   of   consumers   and   promoters   by   imposing   certain responsibilities   on   both,   and   to   bring   transparency   of   the contractual conditions, set minimum standards of accountability and a fast­track dispute resolution mechanism.  It also proposes to induct   professionalism   and   standardization   in   the   sector,   thus 7 paving the way for accelerated growth and investments in the long run. 11. Some of the relevant Statement of Objects and Reasons are extracted as under:­ “4… (d) to impose liability upon the promoter to pay such compensation to the allottees, in the manner as provided under the proposed legislation, in case if he fails to discharge any obligations imposed on him under the proposed legislation; (f) the functions of the Authority shall, inter alia, include – (i) to render advice to the appropriate Government in matters relating to the development of real estate sector; (ii) to publish and maintain a website of records of all real estate projects for which registration has been given, with such details as may be prescribed; (iii) to ensure compliance of the obligations cast upon the promoters, the allotees and the real estate agents under the proposed legislation. … (i) to   appoint   an   adjudicating   officer   by   the   Authority   for adjudging   compensation   under   sections   12,   14   and   16   of   the proposed legislation.  ...” 12. The   Bill   provides   for   establishment   of   the   authority   for regulation and promotion of real estate sector, to ensure sale of plot,   apartment   or   building   or   sale   of   real   estate   project   in   an efficient   and   transparent   manner   and   to   protect   the   interest   of consumers in the real estate sector and provide the adjudicating 8 mechanism for speedy dispute redressal mechanism by establishing the   regulatory   authority   and   the   adjudicating   officer   and   in hierarchy, the Appellate Tribunal for early and prompt disposal of the complaint being instituted primarily by the home buyers for whom this Act has been enacted by the Parliament in 2016. 13. To examine the matter in this perspective, consider what a house means in India. The data shows that about more than 77% of total assets of an average Indian household are held in real estate and it’s the single largest investment of an individual in his lifetime. The real estate in India has a peculiar feature. The buyer borrows money to pay for a house and simultaneously plays the role of a financer as building projects collect money upfront and this puts the buyer in a very vulnerable position­the weakest stakeholder with a high financial exposure. The amendment to the Insolvency and   Bankruptcy   Code,   2018   recognised   the   home   buyers   as financial creditors and the present enactment is the most important regulatory intervention in favour of the home buyers and it’s had an impact and with passage of time, has become a yardstick of laying down minimum standards in the market. Earlier, the real estate 9 sector was completely unregulated and there was no transparency in their business profile and after the present enactment, it is open for the potential home buyers to check if a project is approved under the Act, 2016 that at least gives a satisfaction to a person who is coming forward in making a lifetime investment. 14. That   apart   from   the   project   being   statutorily   regulated,   it attaches   certain   authenticity   with   regard   to   completion   of   the project and a statutory obligation upon the developer and home buyer to abide by the terms and conditions of the home buyers agreement and statutory compliance to the mandate of law.   In addition, any project which is approved under the Act, 2016 helps the promoter in raising funds from banks and statistics shows that buyers   express   their   satisfaction   in   approved   projects   which   is beneficial not only to the home buyers but to the promoters and real estate agents as well. 15. Chapter II of the Act relates to the registration of real estate projects.     Section   3   mandates   prior   registration   of   real   estate projects including ongoing projects with the Real Estate Regulatory Authority.     Section 4 prescribes the ingredients of application by 10 the promotor for registration of real estate projects.  In particular, the promotor is required to state in the application under sub­ section 2(L)(c ) of Section 4, the timelines for completion of the project.     Section   5   relates   to   the   grant   of   registration   by   the authority and inter alia states that no application shall be rejected unless the applicant has been given an opportunity of being heard in the matter.  As per Section 5(3) of the Act, the registration is co­ terminus with the completion of the project.  Under Section 6, the authority can extend registration based on the facts of each case or the   occurrence   of   the   force   majeure.     Section   7   pertains   to revocation of registration.  As per  Section 8, the authority is under obligation to inter alia carry out the remaining development work where there is lapse or revocation of the registration. 16. Chapter   III   lays   down,   ‘functions   and   duties   of   promotor’ which is relevant for the purpose of the present case.  Section 11 thereof elaborates on the functions and duties of the promoters. Under sub­Section (4) of Section 11, several obligations have been casted upon the promoters.   Under sub­section (5) of Section 11, the promoter may cancel the allotment if the allottee/home buyer 11 commits any breach of the terms of the agreement for sale, and in such case,   the  aggrieved  allottee   has   the  right  to approach the authority. 17. Section 12 provides that if any default being committed by the promoter, either in reference to the information contained in the notice, advertisement or prospectus or on the basis of the model apartment, plot or building which causes any loss or damage to the allottee/home buyer by reason of any incorrect or false statement or wants to withdraw from the project, he shall be compensated by the promoter in the manner as prescribed under the Act. 18. Section 14 relates to adherence to Sanctioned Plans & Project specification   by   the   promoters   and   Section   14(3)   empowers   the allottee to receive compensation in the event where there is any structural defect. 19. Section 18(1) of the Act spells out the consequences if the promoter fails to complete or is unable to give possession of an apartment, plot or building either in terms of the agreement for sale or   to   complete   the   project   by   the   date   specified   therein   or   on account of discontinuance of his business as a developer either on 12 account of suspension or revocation of the registration under the Act   or   for   any   other   reason,   the   allottee/home   buyer   holds   an unqualified right to seek refund of the amount with interest at such rate as may be prescribed in this behalf. 20. Section 18(2) of the Act mandates that in case, loss is caused to allottee due to defective title of the land, on which the project is being   developed   or   has   been   developed,   the   promoter   shall compensate the allottee and such claim for compensation under Section 18(2) shall not be barred by limitation provided under any law for the time being in force. 21. Section 18(3) of the Act states that where the promoter fails to discharge   any   other   obligation   under   the   Act   or   the   rules   or regulations framed thereunder or in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement for sale, the promoter shall be liable to pay   ‘such   compensation’   to   the   allottees,   in   the   manner   as prescribed under the Act. 22. If we take a conjoint reading of sub­sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 18 of the Act, the different contingencies spelt out therein, (A) the allottee can either seek refund of the amount by withdrawing 13 from   the   project;   (B)   such   refund   could   be   made   together   with interest   as   may   be   prescribed;   (C)   in   addition,   can   also   claim compensation payable under Sections 18(2) and 18(3) of the Act; (D) the allottee has the liberty, if he does not intend to withdraw from the project, will be required to be paid interest by the promoter for every months’ delay in handing over possession at such rates as may be prescribed. 23. Correspondingly, Section 19 of the Act spells out “Rights and duties of allottees”.   Section 19(3) makes the allottee entitled to claim possession of the apartment, plot or building, as the case may be.   Section 19(4) provides that if the promoter fails to comply or being unable to give possession of the apartment, plot or building in terms of the agreement, it makes the allottees entitled to claim the refund of amount paid along with interest and compensation in the manner prescribed under the Act. 24. Section 19(4) is almost a mirror provision to Section 18(1) of the Act.   Both these provisions recognize right of an allottee two distinct remedies, viz, refund of the amount together with interest 14 or   interest   for   delayed   handing   over   of   possession   and compensation. 25. The unqualified right of the allottee to seek refund referred under Section 18(1)(a) and Section 19(4) of the Act is not dependent on any contingencies or stipulations thereof.   It appears that the legislature has consciously provided this right of refund on demand as an unconditional absolute right to the allottee, if the promoter fails to give possession of the apartment, plot or building within the time  stipulated   under   the   terms   of   the   agreement   regardless  of unforeseen events or stay orders of the Court/Tribunal, which is in either   way   not   attributable   to   the   allottee/home   buyer,   the promoter is under an obligation to refund the amount on demand with   interest   at   the   rate   prescribed   by   the   State   Government including compensation in the manner provided under the Act with the proviso that if the allottee does not wish to withdraw from the project, he shall be entitled for interest for the period of delay till handing over possession at the rate prescribed. 26. If we turn to the power of the authority, it envisages under Section 31, the complaints can be filed either with the authority or 15 adjudicating officer for violation or contravention of the provisions of the Act or the rules and regulations framed thereunder.   Such complaint can be filed against “any promoter, allottee or real estate agent”, as the case may be, and can be filed by “any aggrieved person”,   and   it   has   to   be   read   with   an   explanation,   “person” includes   an   association   of   allottees   or   any   voluntary   consumer association registered under any law for the time being in force. The form and manner in which complaint is to be instituted has been provided under sub­section(2) of Section 31. 27. Section 32 refers to functions of the authority for promotion of real   estate   sector   and   Sections   34   to   38   of   the   Act   recognize different nature of powers and functions of the authority regarding compliance of its regulations cast upon the promoters, allottee or the real estate agents and to appoint one or more persons to make an inquiry into the affairs of any promoter, allottee or the real estate agent and to pass any interim orders, if the promoter, allottee or real estate agent is failing in discharging of its functions under the Act, rules or regulations, and to issue directions from time to time to   the   promoter,   allottee   or   real   estate   agents,   if   considered 16 necessary can impose penalty or interest if failed to carry out its obligations. 28. At the same time, Chapter VIII of the Act talks about offences, penalties and adjudication. Various kinds of penalties are set out in Sections 59 to 68.  Each of these provisions clearly states that the penalty thereunder is required to be determined by the authority. 29. We are concerned with Section 71 of the Act titled ‘power to adjudicate’   which   is   specific   to   the   adjudicating   officer.     Sub­ section(1) of Section 71 opens with the words “for the purpose of adjudging compensation under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19”, the Authority   has   to   appoint   in   consultation   with   the   appropriate Government, a judicial officer not below the rank of the District Judge, as an adjudicating officer, to hold inquiry in the prescribed manner after giving a person concerned a reasonable opportunity of hearing.  At the same time, sub­section (2) casts an obligation upon the adjudicating officer that while adjudging compensation under sub­section (1), the application has to be dealt with expeditiously as possible and to be disposed of within 60 days.  If there is a delay being caused exceeding the statutory period of 60 days, in disposal 17 of the application, reasons are to be recorded for extension of the period. 30. Under sub­section (3) of Section 71, the adjudicating officer has   been   empowered   not   only   to   summon   and   enforce   the attendance of persons acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case to give evidence or to produce any document which may be useful and relevant for adjudication, is supposed to take note of the various parameters as referred to under Section 72 which still is illustrative   and   not   exhaustive   while   adjudging   the   quantum   of compensation payable to the person aggrieved and interest, as the case may be. 31. After we have heard learned counsel for the parties at length, the following questions emerges for our consideration in the present batch of appeals are as under:­ 1. Whether   the   Act   2016   is   retrospective   or   retroactive   in   its operation and what will be its legal consequence if tested on the anvil of the Constitution of India? 2. Whether the authority has jurisdiction to direct return/refund of the amount to the allottee under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 of 18 the Act or the  jurisdiction exclusively lies with the adjudicating officer under Section 71 of the Act? 3. Whether   Section   81   of   the   Act   authorizes   the   authority   to delegate its powers to a single member of the authority to hear complaints instituted under Section 31 of the Act? 4. Whether the condition of pre­deposit under proviso to Section 43(5)   of   the   Act   for   entertaining   substantive   right   of   appeal   is sustainable in law? 5. Whether the authority has power to issue recovery certificate for recovery of the principal amount under Section 40(1) of the Act? Question   1 :­   Whether   the   Act   2016   is   retrospective   or retroactive   in   its   operation   and   what   will   be   its   legal consequence   if   tested   on   the   anvil   of   the   Constitution   of India? 32. The   issue   concerns   the   retroactive   application   of   the provisions   of   the   Act   2016   particularly,   with   reference   to   the ongoing projects.  If we take note of the objects and reasons and the scheme of the Act, it manifests that the Parliament in its wisdom 19 after   holding   extensive   deliberation   on   the   subject   thought   it necessary to have a central legislation in the paramount interest for effective   consumer   protection,   uniformity   and   standardisation   of business practices and transactions in the real estate sector, to ensure   greater   accountability   towards   consumers,   to   overcome frauds   and   delays   and   also   the   higher   transaction   costs,   and accordingly  intended   to balance  the   interests   of  consumers  and promoters by imposing certain duties and responsibilities on both. The deliberation on the subject was going on since 2013 but finally th the Act was enacted in the year 2016 with effect from 25  March, 2016. 33. Under Chapter II of the Act 2016, registration of real estate projects became mandatory and to make the statute applicable and to take its place under sub­Section (1) of Section 3, it was made statutory that without registering the real estate project with a real estate regulatory authority established under the Act, no promoter shall advertise, market, book, sell or offer for sale, or invite persons to purchase in any manner a plot, apartment or building, as the case may be in any real estate project but with the aid of proviso to 20 Section 3(1), it was mandated that such of the projects which are ongoing   on   the   date   of   commencement   of   the   Act   and   more specifically the projects to which the completion certificate has not been issued, such promoters shall be under obligation to make an application   to   the   authority   for   registration   of   the   said   project within a period of three months from the date of commencement of the   Act.   With   certain   exemptions   being   granted   to   such   of   the projects covered by sub­section (2) of Section 3 of the Act, as a consequence, all such home buyers agreements which has been executed by the parties inter se has to abide the legislative mandate in completion of their ongoing running projects. 34. The term “ongoing project” has not been so defined under the Act   while   the   expression   “real   estate   project”   is   defined   under Section 2(zn) of the Act which reads as under:­ “2(zn) “real estate project” means the development of a building or a   building   consisting   of   apartments,   or   converting   an   existing building or a part thereof into apartments, or the development of land into plots or apartments, as the case may be, for the purpose of selling all or some of the said apartments or plots or building, as the case may be, and includes the common areas, the development works, all improvements and structures thereon, and all easement, rights and appurtenances belonging thereto;”             21 35. The Act is intended to comply even to the ongoing real estate project. The expression “ongoing project” has been defined under Rule   2(h)   of   the   Uttar   Pradesh   Real   Estate   (Regulation   and Development) Rules, 2016 which reads as under:­ “2(h)   “Ongoing   project”   means   a   project   where   development   is going on and for which completion certificate has not been issued but excludes such projects which fulfil any of the following criteria on the date of notification of these rules: (i) where   services   have   been   handed   over   to   the Local Authority for maintenance. (ii) where   common  areas  and  facilities   have  been handed   over   to   the   Association   for   the   Residents' Welfare Association for maintenance. (iii) where   all   development   work   have   been completed and sale/lease deeds of sixty percent of the apartment/houses/plots have been executed.  (iv)     where   all   development   works   have   been completed   and   application   has   been   filed   with   the competent   authority   for   issue   of   completion certificate.” 36. The   expression   “completion   certification”   has   been   defined under Section 2(q) and “occupancy certificate” under Section 2(zf) of the Act which reads as under:­ “2(q) “completion certificate” means the completion certificate, or such   other   certificate,   by   whatever  name   called,   issued   by   the competent authority certifying that the real estate project has been developed   according   to   the   sanctioned   plan,   layout   plan   and 22 specifications, as approved by the competent authority under the local laws; 2(zf) “occupancy certificate” means the occupancy certificate, or such   other   certificate,   by   whatever  name   called,   issued   by   the competent   authority   permitting   occupation   of   any   building,   as provided   under   local   laws,   which   has   provision   for   civic infrastructure such as water, sanitation and electricity;” 37. Looking to the scheme of Act 2016 and Section 3 in particular of which a detailed discussion has been made, all “ongoing projects” that commence prior to the Act and in respect to which completion certificate   has   not   been   issued   are   covered   under   the   Act.   It manifests that the legislative intent is to make the Act applicable not only to the projects which were yet to commence after the Act became operational but also to bring under its fold the ongoing projects and to protect from its inception the inter se rights of the stake holders, including allottees/home buyers, promoters and real estate agents while imposing certain duties and responsibilities on each   of   them   and   to   regulate,   administer   and   supervise   the unregulated   real  estate   sector   within   the   fold   of   the   real  estate authority.  38. The emphasis of Mr. Kapil Sibal, learned senior counsel for the appellant is that the agreement of sale was executed in the year 23 2010­11, i.e.  much before the coming into force of the Act and the present Act has retrospective application and registration of ongoing project under the Act would be in contravention to the contractual rights   established   between   the   promoter   and   allottee   under   the agreement   for   sale   executed   which   is   impermissible   in   law   and further submits that Sections 13, 18(1), 19(4) of the Act 2016 to the extent of their retrospective application is in violation of Articles 14, 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India. 39. Mr.   Tushar   Mehta,   learned   Solicitor   General,   on   the   other hand,   submits   that   a   bare   perusal   of   the   object   and   reasons manifest   that   the   Act   does   not   take   away   the   substantive jurisdiction, rather it protects the interest of homebuyers where project/possession is delayed and further submits that the scheme of the Act has retroactive application, which is permissible under the law.   The provisions make it clear that it operates in future, however,   its   operation   is   based   upon   the   character   and   status which   have   been   done   earlier   and   the   presumption   against retrospectivity   in   this   case   is   ex­facie   rebuttable.     The   literal interpretation of  the  statute manifest  that  it has  not made any 24 distinction between the “existing” real estate projects and “new” real estate projects as has been defined under Section 2(zn) of the Act. 40. Learned   counsel   further   submits   that   the   key   word,   i.e., “ongoing   on   the   date   of   the   commencement   of   this   Act”   by necessary implication, ex­facie and without any ambiguity, means and includes those projects which were ongoing and in cases where only   issuance   of   completion   certificate   remained   pending, legislature intended that even those projects have to be registered under the Act.  Therefore, the ambit of Act is to bring all projects under its fold, provided that completion certificate has not been issued.     The   case   of   the   appellant   is   based   on   “occupancy certificate”   and   not   of   “completion   certificate”.     In   this   context, learned counsel submits that the said proviso ought to be read with Section   3(2)(b),   which   specifically   excludes   projects   where completion certificate has been received prior to the commencement of the Act.   Thus, those projects under Section 3(2) need not be registered under the Act and, therefore, the intent of the Act hinges on whether or not a project has received a completion certificate on the date of commencement of the Act. 25 41. The   clear   and   unambiguous   language   of   the   statute   is retroactive in operation and by applying purposive interpretation rule of statutory construction, only one result is possible, i.e., the legislature consciously enacted a retroactive statute to ensure sale of plot, apartment or building, real estate project is done in an efficient and transparent manner so that the interest of consumers in the real estate sector is protected by all means and Sections 13, 18(1) and 19(4) are all beneficial provisions for safeguarding the pecuniary   interest   of   the   consumers/allottees.     In   the   given circumstances, if the Act is held prospective then the adjudicatory mechanism under Section 31 would not be available to any of the allottee for an on­going project.  Thus, it negates the contention of the promoters regarding the contractual terms having an overriding effect over the retrospective applicability of the Act, even on facts of this case.  42. What the provision further emphasizes is that a promoter of a project which is not complete/sans completion certificate shall get the project registered under the Act but while getting the project registered,   promoter   is   under   an   obligation   to   prescribe   fresh 26 timelines  for getting  the  remaining  development work  completed and from the scheme of the Act, we do not find that the first proviso to Section 3(1) in any manner is either violative of Articles 14 and 19(1)(g)   of   the   Constitution   of   India.   The   Parliament   is   always competent to enact any law affecting the antecedent events under its fold within the parameters of law.  43. In   State   of   Bombay   (Now   Maharashtra)   versus   Vishnu 1 , this Court observed that if the part of requisites for Ramchandra operation of the statute were drawn from a time antecedent to its passing, it did not make the statute retrospective so long as the action was taken after the Act came into force. 44. To meet out different nature of exigencies, it was noticed by the Parliament that Pan India, large number of real estate projects where the allottees did not get possession for years together and complaints being filed before different forums including under the Consumer Protection Act has failed to deliver adequate/satisfactory results to the consumer/allottees and their life savings is locked in and   sizable   sections   of   allottees   had   invested   their   hard­earned 1 AIR 1961 SC 307 27 money, money obtained through loans or financial institutions with the belief that they will be able to get a roof in the form of their apartments/flats/unit.    45. At the given time, there was no law regulating the real estate sector, development works/obligations of promoter and allottee, it was badly felt that such of the ongoing projects to which completion certificate has not been issued must be brought within the fold of the Act 2016 in securing the interests of allottees, promoters, real estate   agents   in   its   best   possible   way   obviously,   within   the parameters of law.   Merely because enactment as prayed is made retroactive in its operation, it cannot be said to be either violative of Articles 14 or 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India.  To the contrary, the   Parliament   indeed   has   the   power   to   legislate   even retrospectively to take into its fold the pre­existing contract and rights executed between the parties in the larger public interest.  46. The consequences for breach of such obligations under the Act are prospective in operation and in case ongoing project, of which completion certificate is not obtained, are not to be covered under the  Act,  there   is   every   likelihood   of   classifications   in  respect of 28 underdeveloped   ongoing   project   and   the   new   project   to   be commenced. 47. The   legislative   power   to   make   the   law   with prospective/retrospective effect is well recognized and it would not be permissible for the appellants/promoters to say that they have any vested right in dealing with the completion of the project by leaving the allottees in lurch, in a helpless and miserable condition that at least may not be acceptable within the four corners of law. 48. The distinction between retrospective and retroactive has been explained by this Court in  Jay Mahakali Rolling Mills Vs. Union 2 of India and Others , which reads as under:­
“8.“Retrospective” means looking backward, contemplating what
is past, having reference to a statute or things existing before the
statute in question. Retrospective law means a law which looks
backward or contemplates the past; one, which is made to affect
acts or facts occurring, or rights occurring, before it comes into
force. Retroactive statute means a statute, which creates a new
obligation on transactions or considerations or destroys or impairs
vested rights.”
2 2007(12) SCC 198 29 49. Further, this Court in   Shanti Conductors Private Limited 3 , and Another Vs. Assam State Electricity Board and Others held as under:­
67.Retroactivity in the context of the statute consists of
application of new rule of law to an act or transaction which has
been completed before the rule was promulgated.
68.In the present case, the liability of buyer to make payment and
day from which payment and interest become payable under
Sections 3 and 4 does not relate to any event which took place
prior to the 1993 Act, it is not even necessary for us to say that the
1993 Act is retroactive in operation. The 1993 Act is clearly
prospective in operation and it is not necessary to term it as
retroactive in operation. We, thus, do not subscribe to the opinion
dated 31­8­2016 [Shanti Conductors (P) Ltd.v.Assam SEB, (2016)
15 SCC 13] of one of the Hon'ble Judges holding that the 1993 Act
is retroactive.”
50. In the recent judgment of this Court rendered in the case of 4 Vineeta Sharma Vs. Rakesh Sharma and Others   wherein, this Court   has   interpreted   the   scope   of   Section   6(1)   of   the   Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the law of retroactive statute held as under:­
61.The prospective statute operates from the date of its
enactment conferring new rights. The retrospective statute
operates backwards and takes away or impairs vested rights
acquired under existing laws. A retroactive statute is the one that
does not operate retrospectively. It operates in futuro. However, its
operation is based upon the character or status that arose earlier.
Characteristic or event which happened in the past or requisites
3 2019(19) SCC 529 4 2020(9) SCC 1 30
which had been drawn from antecedent events. Under the
amended Section 6, since the right is given by birth, that is, an
antecedent event, and the provisions operate concerning claiming
rights on and from the date of the Amendment Act.”
51.Thus, it is clear that the statute is not retrospective merely
because it affects existing rights or its retrospection because a part of the requisites for its action is drawn from a time antecedent to its passing,   at   the   same   time,   retroactive   statute   means   a   statute which creates a new obligation on transactions or considerations already passed or destroys or impairs vested rights.
52.The Parliament intended to bring within the fold of the statute
the ongoing real estate projects in its wide amplitude used the term “converting and existing building or a part thereof into apartments” including   every   kind   of   developmental   activity   either   existing   or upcoming in future under Section 3(1) of the Act, the intention of the legislature by necessary implication and without any ambiguity is to include those projects which were ongoing and in cases where completion certificate has not been issued within fold of the Act.
53.That even the terms of the agreement to sale or home buyers
agreement invariably indicates the intention of the developer that 31 any subsequent legislation, rules and regulations etc. issued by competent authorities will be binding on the parties. The clauses have   imposed   the   applicability   of   subsequent   legislations   to   be applicable and binding on the flat buyer/allottee and either of the parties,   promoters/home   buyers   or   allottees,   cannot   shirk   from their   responsibilities/liabilities   under   the   Act   and   implies   their challenge to the violation of the provisions of the Act and it negates the contention advanced by the appellants regarding contractual terms having an overriding effect to the retrospective applicability of the Authority under the provisions of the Act which is completely misplaced and deserves rejection. 54.   From the scheme of the Act 2016, its application is retroactive in character and it can safely be observed that the projects already completed or to which the completion certificate has been granted are not under its fold and therefore, vested or accrued rights, if any,   in no manner are affected. At the same time, it will apply after getting the on­going projects and future projects registered under Section 3 to prospectively follow the mandate of the Act 2016.  32 Question no. 2: Whether the authority has jurisdiction to direct   return/refund   of   the   amount   to   the   allottee   under Sections   12,   14,   18   and   19   of   the   Act   or   the   jurisdiction exclusively lies with the adjudicating officer under Section 71 of the Act? 55. Before examining the question, we have to take a holistic view of the scheme of the Act along with the rules/regulations framed by the Authority in exercise of its powers under Sections 84 and 85 of the Act that postulates certain functions and duties to the promoter of   the   real   estate   project   and   its   entailing   consequences   if   the promoter fails to fulfil his obligations defined under Chapter III. Some of the obligations are spelt out in Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 of the Act. 56. Section   12   which   falls   for   consideration   in   these   petitions reads as follows: “12. Where any person makes an advance or a deposit on the basis of   the   information   contained   in   the   notice   advertisement   or prospectus,   or   on   the   basis   of   any   model   apartment,   plot   or building, at the case may be, and sustains any loss or damage by reason of any incorrect, false statement included therein, he shall 33 be   compensated by the promoter   in the manner as provided under this Act:” Provided   that   if   the   person   affected   by   such   incorrect,   false statement contained in the notice, advertisement or prospectus, or the model apartment, plot or building, as the case may be, intends to withdraw from the proposed project, he shall be returned his entire   investment   along   with   interest   at   such   rate   as   may   be prescribed   and   the   compensation   in  the   manner   provided under this Act.” 57. Section   14   relates   to   adherence   to   sanctioned   plans   and project specifications by the promoter. Section 14(3) empowers the allottee to receive compensation in the event there is any structural defect or any other defect in workmanship etc. Section 14(3) reads as under: “(3)   In   case   any   structural   defect   or   any   other   defect   in workmanship,   quality   or   provision   of   services   or   any   other obligations of the promoter as per the agreement for sale relating to such development is brought to the notice of the promoter within a period of five years by the allottee from the date of handing over possession, it shall be the duty of the promoter to rectify such defects without further charge, within thirty days, and in the event of promoter's failure to rectify such defects within such time, the aggrieved   allottees   shall   be   entitled   to   receive   appropriate compensation  in the manner as provided under this Act.” 58 . Section 18 starts with the marginal note “Return of amount and compensation”. The two aspects namely ‘return of amount’ and 34 ‘compensation’   are   distinctly   delineated.   Section   18   reads   as follows: 18.(1)   If   the   promoter   fails   to   complete   or   is   unable   to   give possession of an apartment, plot or building,­ (a) in accordance with the terms of the agreement for sale or, as the case may be, duly completed by the date specified therein; or  (b)   due   to   discontinuance   of   his   business   as   a developer on account of suspension or revocation of the registration under this Act or for any other reason, he   shall   be   liable   on   demand   to   the   allottees,   in   case   the allottee   wishes   to   withdraw   from   the   project,   without prejudice to any other remedy available, to return the amount received by him in respect of that apartment, plot, building, as the   case   may   be,   with   interest   at   such   rate   as   may   be   prescribed   in   this   behalf   including   compensation     in   the   manner as provided under this Act:     Provided that where an allottee does not intend to withdraw from the project, he shall be paid, by the promoter, interest for every month of delay, till the handing over of the possession, at such rate as may be prescribed.  (2) The promoter   shall compensate   the allottees in case of any loss caused to him due to defective title of the land, on which the project is being developed or has been developed, in the manner as provided under this Act, and the claim for compensation under this subsection shall not be barred by limitation provided under any law for the time being in force.  (3) If the promoter fails to discharge any other obligations imposed on him under this Act or the rules or regulations made thereunder or in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement for  sale,  he  shall  be  liable  to pay   such   compensation   to  the allottees,   in the manner as provided under this Act.       (emphasis supplied) 35 59. Chapter IV deals with the rights and duties of the allottees and in particular, Section 19(4) entitles the allottees to a refund of the amount paid.  Section 19(4) reads as follows:­ “(4) The allottee shall be entitled to  claim the refund of amount paid along with interest  at such rate as may be prescribed  and compensation in the manner as provided under this Act  from the promoter, if the promoter fails to comply or is unable to give possession of the apartment, plot or building, as the case may be, in   accordance   with   the   terms   of   agreement   for   sale   or   due   to discontinuance   of   his   business   as   a   developer   on   account   of suspension or revocation of his registration under the provisions of this Act or the rules or regulations made thereunder.” 60. Section 31 relates to the filing of complaints to the authority and reads as follows: Filing of complaints with the Authority or the adjudicating officer— (1) Any aggrieved person may file a complaint with the Authority or the adjudicating officer, as the case may be, for any violation or contravention   of   the   provisions   of   this   Act   or   the   rules   and regulations made thereunder, against any promoter, allottee or real estate agent, as the case may be.  Explanation—For the purpose of this sub­section “person” shall include   the   association   of   allottees   or   any   voluntary   consumer association registered under any law for the time being in force.  (2) The form, manner  and fees for  filing complaint under  sub­ section (1) shall be such as may be prescribed. 36 61. Section   71   relates   to   Power   to   Adjudicate   vested   with   the adjudicating officer while adjudging compensation which reads as follows: 71. Power to adjudicate.—  (1) For the purpose of adjudging compensation under sections 12,   14,   18  and   section   19,   the   Authority   shall   appoint,   in consultation with the appropriate Government, one or more judicial  officer as deemed  necessary,  who is  or has been  a District   Judge   to   be   an   adjudicating   officer   for   holding   an inquiry   in   the   prescribed   manner,   after   giving   any   person concerned a reasonable opportunity of being heard:  Provided that any person whose complaint in respect of matters covered under sections 12, 14, 18 and section 19 is pending before the   Consumer   Disputes   Redressal   Forum   or   the   Consumer Disputes   Redressal   Commission   or   the   National   Consumer Redressal   Commission,   established   under   Section   9   of   the Consumer   Protection   Act,   1986   (68   of   1986),   on   or   before   the commencement of this Act, he may, with the permission of such Forum   or   Commission,   as   the   case   may   be,   withdraw   the complaint   pending   before   it   and   file   an   application   before   the adjudicating officer under this Act.  (2)   The   application   for   adjudging   compensation   under   sub­ section   (1),   shall   be   dealt   with   by   the   adjudicating   officer   as expeditiously as possible and dispose of the same within a period of sixty days from the date of receipt of the application: Provided that where any such application could not be disposed of within the said period of sixty days, the adjudicating officer shall record his reasons in writing for not disposing of the application within that period.  (3) While holding an inquiry the adjudicating officer shall have power   to   summon   and   enforce   the   attendance   of   any   person acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case to give evidence or to produce any document which in the opinion of the adjudicating officer, may be useful for or relevant to the subject 37 matter of the inquiry and if, on such inquiry, he is satisfied that the person has failed to comply with the provisions of any of the sections specified in sub­section (1), he may direct to pay   such compensation or interest , as the case any be, as he thinks fit in accordance with the provisions of any of those sections. 62. The   broad   factors   to   be   considered   while   adjudging compensation have been provided under Section 72 which reads as under:­ “72.   While   adjudging   the   quantum   of   compensation   or interest,   as   the   case   may   be,   under   section   71,   the adjudicating   officer   shall   have   due   regard   to   the   following factors, namely:—  (a)   the   amount   of   disproportionate   gain   or   unfair advantage, wherever quantifiable, made as a result of the default;  (b)   the   amount   of   loss   caused   as   a   result   of   the default;  (c) the repetitive nature of the default;  (d) such other factors which the adjudicating officer considers   necessary   to   the   case   in   furtherance   of justice.” 63. The Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority in exercise of   its   power   under   Section   85   of   the   Act   2016   has   framed   its th regulations on 27   February, 2019 called as Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority(General) Regulations, 2019(hereinafter being referred to as “Regulations 2019”).   38 64. Regulations 18 to 23 deal with meetings of the authority, other than adjudication proceedings.  Regulation 24 falls in the chapter of “Adjudicatory Proceedings” and reads as follows:­ “ 24(a)   For   adjudication   proceedings   with   respect   to   complaints filed with the Authority, the Authority may, by order, direct that specific matters or issues be heard and decided by a single bench of either the Chairperson or any Member of the Authority. (b)  The Authority, in consultation with the state government, will appoint Adjudicating Officers on the Panel of U.P. RERA for the purposes of adjudicating the matters of compensation admissible under the Act. (c)  The aggrieved persons will be required to file complaints before the Authority online in form – M. The Claims of compensation will also be included in form – M itself. While the Authority will decide all the questions of breaches of the Act, Rules and Regulations, it will refer the question relating to the adjudication of compensation to one of the Adjudicating Officers on the Panel of U.P. RERA who will then decide the matter expeditiously and preferably within 60 days. (d)  The Adjudicating Officers on the Panel of U.P. RERA will hold their courts at Lucknow or Gautam Buddhnagar as decided by the chairman. The complaints relating to the districts of NCR will be heard   at   Gautam   Buddhnagar   whereas   complaints   from   the remaining districts of the State will be heard at Lucknow. 65. The complaint before the regulatory authority for any violation of the Act or rules or regulations made thereunder by an aggrieved person   has   to   be   submitted   in   Form   (M)   as   per   the   procedure prescribed under Rule 33(1) which the regulatory authority has to 39 follow.   At the same time, any person who is aggrieved to claim compensation under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 has to submit his compliant   in   Form   (N)   for   adjudging   compensation   as   per   the procedure   provided   under   Section   71(3)   of   the   Act   taking   into consideration the factors indicated under Section 72 and in the manner provided under Rule 34(1) of the Rules 2016. 66. Rules   33(1)   and   34(1)   of   the   Uttar   Pradesh   Real Estate(Regulation and Development) Rules, 2016 which is relatable to the adjudicatory powers of the regulatory authority/adjudicating officer reads as follows:­ “    33(1)    Any   aggrieved   person   may   file   a   complaint   with   the regulatory authority for any violation under the Act or the rules and regulations made thereunder, save as those provided to be adjudicated by the adjudicating officer, in Form ‘M’ which shall be accompanied by a fee of rupees one thousand in the form of a demand draft drawn on a nationalized bank in favour of regulatory authority and payable at the main branch of that bank at the station where the seat of the said regulatory authority is situated. Explanation:­   For   the   purpose   of   this   sub­rule   "person"   shall include   the   association   of   allottees   or   any   voluntary   consumer association registered under any law or the time being in force.   34(1)    Any   aggrieved   person   may   file   a   complaint   with   the adjudicating officer for compensation under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 in Form N which shall be accompanied by a fee of rupees one   thousand   in   the   form   of   a   demand   draft   drawn   on   a nationalized bank in favour of regulatory authority and payable at the main branch of that bank at the station where the rest of the said regulatory authority is situated.”      (emphasis supplied) 40 67. Rule 33(2) of the Rules 2016 delineates the procedure which the authority has to follow in making inquiry to the allegations or violations of the provisions of the Act, rules and regulations.  At the given time, Rule 34(2) delineates the procedure to be followed by the adjudicating officer while adjudging quantum of compensation and interest   which   the   person   aggrieved   is   entitled   for   under   the provisions of the Act. 68. Mr.   Kapil   Sibal,   learned   senior   counsel   for   the   appellants submits   that   both   the   ‘authority’   and   the   ‘adjudicating   officer’ operate   in   completely   distinct   spheres.     The   authority   and   the adjudicating officer are defined under Sections 2(i) and 2(a) of the Act and are, therefore, creature of statute and their powers and respective   jurisdiction(s)   are   explicitly   delineated   in   the   statute itself. 69. The adjudicating officer under Section 71 is specifically vested with   the   jurisdiction   to   adjudicate   complaints   under   Sections 12,14,18 & 19 of the Act 2016.  In disposing of such complaints, the adjudicating officer alone is empowered under Section 71(3) to 41 conduct   enquiry   and   direct   the   payment   of   refund   as   well   as compensation and interest, as the case may be, in taking note of the   broad   parameters   enumerated   in   Section   72   and   such complaints are to be statutorily disposed of within 60 days failing which the reasons are to be recorded. 70. According to the learned counsel for the appellants, proviso to Section   71(1),   the   jurisdiction   to   adjudicate   complaints   under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 which were earlier pending before the authority   established   under   the   Consumer   Protection   Act,   1986 stands vested with the adjudicating officer.   According to him, the legislative   intent   is   clear   and   unambiguous   that  the   complaints emanating from the bundle of rights which flow from Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 including the cause of action for refund and interest be withdrawn from the forums established under the Consumer Protection Act and in turn be filed before and adjudicated by the Adjudicating Officer under this Act and that being the legislative intent, matters arising under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 would be examined and adjudicated exclusively by the adjudicating officer as mandated by law. 42 71. Per contra, Ms. Madhavi Divan, learned senior counsel for the respondents while supporting the findings recorded by the High Court in the impugned judgment submits that the Act provides distinct remedies, i.e., ‘return of amount/investment’ on the one hand and ‘compensation’ on the other, to be determined separately. According to her, the right to refund on demand is a statutory right, fundamentally,   contextually   and   conceptually   distinct   from   the right to receive compensation.  While the right to refund emanates from the Legislature’s recognition of the fact that homebuyers are “ ” financial creditors, the right to compensation seeks out of pocket to make amends for injury or loss. 72. Thus, refund and compensation are two distinct rights under the Act and cannot be conflated.  The manner in which the two are to   be   determined   would   require   a   different   process   and   involve different considerations.   According to her, the  determination of compensation involves a full­fledged adjudicatory process which is more complex than that involved in determining refund. To do so, it would   tantamount   to   regressing   into   the   very   malaise   that   the legislature   intended   to   liberate   the   allottees­homebuyers.     The 43 result of conflating the rights and/or relegating the allottees to the adjudicating   officer   would   amount   to   a   compromise   of   the timeliness of the right to refund on demand.   It would also deter and   daunt   allottees   from   seeking   compensation   because   in   the process   the   remedies   would   be   clubbed   and   the   availability   of refund   would   get   relatively   delayed   as   compensation   requires   a more   elaborate   adjudication   process   (even   though   the   same   is required to be completed in 60 days).  The authority to determine a claim   for   refund   on   demand   while   the   adjudicating   officer   to determine the claim for compensation. 73. The expression “on demand” which follows the right to “return of amount” is indicative of the priority, immediacy and expediency which is accorded to the right to refund.  Thus, according to her, the   expressions   “refund”   and   “return   of   amount”   is   an   act   of restitution, and the obligation to restitute lies on the person or the authority that has received unjust enrichment or unjust benefit. 74. Learned counsel further submits that in order to give full effect to the letter and spirit of the right to refund in the context explained above, there can be no doubt that the determination of the right to 44 refund must be left to the authority whereas the adjudication for adjudging compensation with the adjudicating officer as reflected under Section 71 of the Act.   According to the learned counsel, the authority is fully seized with the standard agreements entered into between   the   promoters   and   the   allottees,   and   therefore,   is   best equipped to determine the extent of delay, if any.  Therefore, refund claims can most conveniently and effectively be dealt with by the authority and interest on refund is available at the rate prescribed by the appropriate Government.   In the instant batch of matters, the prescribed rate of interest is (MCLR + 1%), which has been notified by the Government of Uttar Pradesh. 75. The legislature in its wisdom has made a specific provision delineating   power   to   be   exercised   by   the   regulatory authority/adjudicating   officer.     “Refund   of   the   amount”   and “compensation” are two distinct components which the allottee or the person aggrieved is entitled to claim if the promoter has not been able to hand over possession with a nature of enquiry and mechanism   provided   under   the   Act.     So   far   as   the   claim   with respect to refund of amount on demand under Sections 18(1) and 45 19(4) of the Act is concerned, it vests within the jurisdiction of the regulatory authority.  Section 71 carves out the jurisdiction of the adjudicating officer to adjudge compensation under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 after holding enquiry under Section 71(3) of the Act keeping in view the broad contours referred to under Section 72 of the Act. 76. The submission made by learned counsel for the appellants that the proviso under Section 71(1) empowers the adjudicating officer to examine the complaints made under Sections 12, 14, 18 and   19   pending   before   the   Consumer   Disputes   Redressal Forum/Commission   is   in   different   context   and   it   was   one   time mechanism to provide a window to the consumers whose composite claims are   pending   before   the   Consumer   Forum/Commission  to avail the benevolent provision of the Act 2016 for the reason that under the Consumer Protection Act, there is no distinction as to whether   the   complaint   is   for   refund   of   the   amount   or   for compensation as defined under Section 71(1) of the Act, but after the Act 2016 has come into force, if any person aggrieved wants to make complaint for refund against the promotor or real estate agent 46 other   than   compensation,   it   is   to   be   lodged   to   the   regulatory authority   and   for   adjudging   compensation   to   the   adjudicating officer, and the delineation has been made to expedite the process of adjudication invoked by the person aggrieved when a complaint has been made under Section 31 of the Act to be adjudicated either by   the   authority/adjudicating   officer   as   per   the   procedure prescribed under the Act. 77. The further submission made by the learned counsel for the appellants is that the return of the amount adversely impacts the promotor   and   such   a   question   can   be   looked   into   by   the adjudicating officer in the better prospective.  The submission has no   foundation   for   the   reason   that   the   legislative   intention   and mandate is clear that Section 18(1) is an indefeasible right of the allottee to get a return of the amount on demand if the promoter is unable to handover possession in terms of the agreement for sale or failed   to   complete   the   project   by   the   date   specified   and   the justification which the promotor wants to tender as his defence as to why the withdrawal of the amount under the scheme of the Act may not be justified appears to be insignificant and the regulatory 47 authority with summary nature of scrutiny of undisputed facts may determine   the   refund   of   the   amount   which   the   allottee   has deposited, while seeking withdrawal from the project, with interest, that too has been prescribed under the Act, as in the instant case, the State of Uttar Pradesh has prescribed MCLR + 1% leaving no discretion to the authority and can also claim compensation as per the procedure prescribed under Section 71(3) read with Section 72 of the Act. 78. This Court while interpreting Section 18 of the Act, in  Imperia 5  held that Section 18 Structures Ltd. Vs. Anil Patni and Another     confers an unqualified right upon an allottee to get refund of the amount deposited with the promoter and interest at the prescribed rate, if the promoter fails to complete or is unable to give possession of  an  apartment   as   per   the   date   specified   in   the   home   buyer’s agreement in para 25 held as under:­
25.In terms of Section 18 of the RERA Act, if a promoter fails to
complete or is unable to give possession of an apartment duly
completed by the date specified in the agreement, the promoter
would be liable, on demand, to return the amount received by him
in respect of that apartment if the allottee wishes to withdraw from
the Project. Such right of an allottee is specifically made “without
prejudice to any other remedy available to him”.The right so
5 2020(10) SCC 783 48
given to the allottee is unqualifiedand if availed, the money
deposited by the allottee has to be refunded with interest at such
rate as may be prescribed. The proviso to Section 18(1)
contemplates a situation where the allottee does not intend to
withdraw from the Project. In that case he is entitled to and must
be paid interest for every month of delay till the handing over of the
possession. It is up to the allottee to proceed either under Section
18(1) or under proviso to Section 18(1). The case of Himanshu Giri
came under the latter category. The RERA Act thus definitely
provides a remedy to an allottee who wishes to withdraw from the
Project or claim return on his investment.”
     (emphasis supplied) 79. To safeguard the interests of the parties, on being decided by the regulatory authority/adjudicating officer, it is always subject to appeal before the Tribunal under Section 43(5) provided condition of pre­deposit being complied with can be further challenged in appeal before the High Court under Section 58 of the Act and, thus, the legislature has put reasonable restriction and safeguards at all stages. 80. The   further   submission   made   by   learned   counsel   for   the appellants   that   if   the   allottee   has   defaulted   the   terms   of   the agreement and still refund is claimed which can be possible, to be determined by the adjudicating officer.  The submission appears to 49 be attractive but is not supported with legislative intent for the reason that if the allottee has made a default either in making instalments or made any breach of the agreement, the promoter has a right to cancel the allotment in terms of Section 11(5) of the Act and proviso to sub­section 5 of Section 11 enables the allottee to approach the regulatory authority to question the termination or cancellation   of   the   agreement   by   the   promotor   and   thus,   the interest of the promoter is equally safeguarded. 81. The opening words of Section 71(1) of the Act make it clear that the scope and functions of the adjudicating officer are only for “adjudging compensation” under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 of the Act. If the legislative intent was to expand the scope of the powers of the adjudicating officer, then the wording of Section 71(1) ought to have been different.   On the contrary, even the opening words of Section 71(2) of the Act make it clear that an application before the adjudicating officer is only for “adjudging compensation”.  Even in Section 71(3) of the Act, it is reiterated that the adjudicating officer may direct “to pay such compensation or interest” as the case may be as he thinks fit, in accordance with provisions of Sections 12, 50 14, 18 and 19 of the Act.   This has to be seen together with the opening   words   of   Section   72   of   the   Act,   which   reads   “while adjudging the quantum of compensation or interest, as the case may be, under Section 71, the adjudicating officer shall have due regards”   to   the   broad   parameters   to   be   kept   in   mind   while adjudging compensation to be determined under Section 71 of the Act. 82. The further submission made by the learned counsel for the appellants that if the authority and the adjudicating officer either come to different conclusions on the same questions or in a single complaint, the person aggrieved is seeking manifold reliefs with one of the relief  of   compensation  and   payment  of  interest,  with the timelines being provided for the adjudicating officer to decide the complaint   under   Section   71   of   the   Act.     At   least,   there   is   no provision which could be referred to expedite the matter if filed before the regulatory authority.   The submission may not hold good for the reason that there is a complete delineation of the jurisdiction vested with the regulatory authority and the adjudicating officer.  If there is any breach or violation of the provisions of Sections 12, 14, 51 18   and   19   of   the   Act   by   the   promoter,   such   a   complaint straightaway has to be filed before the regulatory authority.  What is   being   referable   to   the   adjudicating   officer   is   for   adjudging compensation,   as   reflected   under   Section   71   of   the   Act   and accordingly   rules   and   regulations   have   been   framed   by   the authority for streamlining the complaints which are made by the aggrieved person either on account of violation of the provisions of Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 or for adjudging compensation and there appears no question of any inconsistency being made, in the given   circumstances,   either   by   the   regulatory   authority   or   the adjudicating officer.   83. So far as the single complaint is filed seeking a combination of reliefs, it is suffice to say, that after the rules have been framed, the aggrieved person has to file complaint in a separate format.  If there is a violation of the provisions of Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19, the person aggrieved has to file a complaint as per form (M) or for compensation under form (N) as referred to under Rules 33(1) and 34(1) of the Rules.  The procedure for inquiry is different in both the set   of   adjudication   and   as   observed,   there   is   no   room   for   any 52 inconsistency and the power of adjudication being delineated, still if composite application is filed, can be segregated at the appropriate stage. 84. So far as submission in respect of the expeditious disposal of the application before the adjudicating officer, as referred to under sub­section (2) of Section 71 is concerned, it pre­supposes that the adjudicatory mechanism provided under Section 71(3) of the Act has   to   be   disposed   of   within   60   days.     It   is   expected   by   the regulatory authority to dispose of the application expeditiously and not to restrain the mandate of 60 days as referred to under Section 71(3) of the Act. 85. The provisions of which a detailed reference has been made, if we go with the literal rule of interpretation that when the words of the statute are clear, plain and unambiguous, the Courts are bound to give effect to that meaning regardless of its consequence.   It leaves no manner of doubt and it is always advisable to interpret the legislative wisdom in the literary sense as being intended by the legislature and the Courts are not supposed to embark upon an 53 inquiry   and   find   out   a   solution   in   substituting   the   legislative wisdom which is always to be avoided. 86. From the scheme of the Act of which a detailed reference has been made and taking note of power of adjudication delineated with the regulatory authority and adjudicating officer, what finally culls out is that although the Act indicates the distinct expressions like ‘refund’, ‘interest’, ‘penalty’ and ‘compensation’, a conjoint reading of  Sections   18   and   19  clearly   manifests   that  when  it  comes to refund   of   the   amount,   and   interest   on   the   refund   amount,   or directing payment of interest for delayed delivery of possession, or penalty and interest thereon, it is the regulatory authority which has   the   power   to   examine   and   determine   the   outcome   of   a complaint.     At   the   same   time,   when   it   comes   to   a   question  of seeking the relief of adjudging compensation and interest thereon under   Sections   12,   14,   18   and   19,   the   adjudicating   officer exclusively   has   the   power   to   determine,   keeping   in   view   the collective reading of Section 71 read with Section 72 of the Act.  If the   adjudication   under   Sections   12,   14,   18   and   19   other   than compensation as envisaged, if extended to the adjudicating officer 54 as prayed that, in our view, may intend to expand the ambit and scope of the powers and functions of the adjudicating officer under Section 71 and that would be against the mandate of the Act 2016. Question no. 3: Whether Section 81 of the Act authorizes the authority to delegate its powers to a single member of the authority to hear complaints instituted under Section 31 of the Act? 87. It is the specific stand of the respondent Authority of the State of Uttar Pradesh that the power has been delegated under Section 81   to   the   single   member   of   the   authority   only   for   hearing complaints under Section 31 of the Act.  To meet out the exigency, th the authority in its meeting held on 14  August 2018, had earlier decided   to   delegate   the   hearing   of   complaints   to   the   benches comprising of two members each but later looking into the volume of complaints which were filed by the home buyers which rose to about 36,826 complaints, the authority in its later meeting held on th 5   December,   2018   empowered   the   single   member   to   hear   the 55 complaints relating to refund of the amount filed under Section 31 of the Act. 88. Mr.   Gopal   Sankarnarayanan,   learned   counsel   for   the appellants submits that if this Court comes to the conclusion that other   than   adjudging   compensation   wherever   provided   all   other elements/components including refund of the amount and interest etc. vests for adjudication by the authority,   in that event, such power vests with the authority constituted under Section 21 and is not open to be delegated in exercise of power under Section 81 of the Act to a single member of the authority and such delegation is a complete abuse of power vested with the authority and such orders passed by the single member of the authority in directing refund of the amount with interest are wholly without jurisdiction and is in contravention to the scheme of the Act. 89. Learned counsel further submits that the order passed by the single member of the authority is without jurisdiction and it suffers from coram non­judice.  Section 21 of the Act clearly provides that the authority shall consist of a Chairperson and not less than two whole   time   members   to   be   appointed   by   the   Government. 56 Regulation 24(a) of the Regulations 2019 framed by the authority is in clear contravention to the parent statute that the delegation of power can be of class, category of cases, specific to the member of the   authority   but   a   general   delegation   of   power   to   the   single member of the authority in exercise of power under Section 81 is not contemplated under the Act and delegation to a single member of the authority in adjudicating the disputes under Sections 12, 14, 18 and 19 is without jurisdiction and that is the reason for which the appellants  have approached  the High Court by filing a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution and in furtherance to this Court. 90. Learned counsel further submits that from the plain reading of the statute itself, the role of the authority is of a quasi­judicial body forms its underpinning.   The adjudicatory role of the authority is specifically recognized under Sections 5, 6, 7(2), 9(3) and 31 where the authority is supposed to hear the other side, after compliance of the principles of natural justice, is supposed to pass an order in accordance with law. 57 91. Section 31 allows the aggrieved person to file a complaint with the authority or the adjudicating officer for any violation or breach or   contravention   to   the   provisions   of   the   Act   or   the   rules   and regulations made thereunder and this being a quasi­judicial power to be exercised by the authority could not be delegated to a single member of the authority under the guise of Section 81 of the Act, that apart, there are certain provisions where authority alone holds power to initiate action or make inquiries like Sections 35(1), 35(2), 36 or 38, the powers are exclusively exercised by the authority and the tests for determining whether an action is quasi­judicial or not are laid down in   Province of Bombay Vs. Kushaldas S Advani 6 and   Others   which   has   been   consistently   followed   by   the Constitution Bench in its decision in  Shivji Nathubhai Vs. Union 7 of   India   and   Others ;   Harinagar   Sugar   Mills   Limited   Vs. 8 . Shyam Sunder Jhunjhunwala and Others 92. Learned counsel further submits that according to him, the powers which have been exercised by the authority under Sections 6 1950 SCR 621 7 1960(2) SCR 775 8 1962(2) SCR 339 58 12, 14, 18 and 19 of the Act have the trappings of the judicial function   which   in   no   manner   can   be   delegated   without   being expressly   bestowed.     Placing   reliance   on   two   decisions   of   the 9 Queen’s Bench in   and Barnard Vs. National Dock Labour Board 10 Vine Vs. National Dock Labour Board   and taking assistance thereof,   learned   counsel   submits   that   the   judgments   indicated above makes it clear that the delegation of judicial power must be express; that a provision of quorum for a quasi­judicial body is distinguishable from the delegation of power to the exclusion of other members of that body; and the reasons of workload cannot trump the legal requirement.  These principles have been adopted by this Court consistently in  Bombay Municipal Corporation Vs. 11 Dhondu Narayan Chowdhary ;   Sahni Silk Mills(P) Ltd. and 12 Another   Vs.   Employees   State   Insurance   Corporation ; Jagannath Temple Managing Committee Vs. Siddha Math and 13 Others . 9 1953(2) QB 18 10 1956(1) QB 658 11 1965(2) SCR 929 12 1994(5) SCC 346 13 2015(16) SCC 542 59 93. Learned counsel submits that it has been consistently held by this   Court   that   the   power   being   quasi­judicial   in   nature,   the presumption   is   that   it   ought   to   be   exercised   by   the   authority competent   and   no   other,   unless   the   law   expressly   or   by   clear implication permits it.   94. Learned   counsel   further   submits   that   even   by   necessary implication, the judicial power of the authority cannot be delegated by the multi­member authority to any of its members.  If at all there are   practical   considerations   of   workload,   the   Government   can always establish more than one authority in terms of the second proviso to Section 20(1). 95. Per contra, Mr. Devadatt Kamat, learned senior counsel for the respondents submits that the complaint of the appellants has been primarily on the issue that a single member is not competent to exercise power to hear complaints under Section 31 of the Act and the delegation of its power by the authority invoking Section 81 is beyond jurisdiction. 96. Learned counsel submits that as a matter of fact the entire functioning of the authority has not been delegated to the single 60 member.  It is only the hearing of complaints under Section 31 that the single member of the authority has been empowered to deal with such complaints, keeping in view the overall object of speedy disposal of such complaints mandated under the law.  According to him, it is factually incorrect to say that the other functions of the authority like imposition of penalty under Section 38, revocation of registration under Section 7 or functions of the authority under Sections 32 or 33 have been delegated to a single member of the authority. 97. Learned   counsel   further   submits   that   the   question   is   not whether the delegation per se to a single member is bad, but the question is whether the power to hear complaints in reference to Sections   12,14,18   and   19   delegated   to   a   single   member   is permissible under the law.  It may be noticed that the authority has been vested with several other powers and functions under the Act, which   the   authority   has   consciously   not   delegated   to   a   single member. 98. Learned   counsel   further   submits   that   pursuant   to   the th delegation of power under Section 81 by the special order dated 5 61 December,  2018 read with Regulation 24, a  single  member has been authorized by the authority to hear the matters related to refund of the amount under Section 31 of the Act. 99. Learned counsel further submits that almost in a pari materia scheme, Section 29­A of the SEBI Act gives the power to delegate and Section 19 of the SEBI Act empowers the board to delegate its power to any member of the Board has been examined by this Court in  Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange Ltd. Vs. Securities 14   . This Court has and Exchange Board of India and Another approved   the   power   of   delegation   to   a   single   member   of   the respective   authority   and   held   that   such   delegation   is   always permissible  in  law  unless  specifically  prohibited  and  as  long  as there is a legislative sanction for delegation of even judicial power, there   is   no   illegality   as   held   in   Bombay   Municipal Corporation (supra);  State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Batuk Deo Pati 15   Tripathi   and   Another Heinz   India   Private   Limited   and 16 Another   Vs.   State   of   Uttar   Pradesh ;   and   taking   assistance 14 2012(13) SCC 501 15 1978(2) SCC 102 16 2012(5) SCC 443 62 thereof, learned counsel submits that such delegation of power to a single member of the authority in deciding application for refund of the amount and interest under Section 18 of the Act is well within the jurisdiction of the authority to its delegatee more so when the power to delegate under Section 81 has not been questioned in either of the pending appeals before the Court.  100. Learned counsel further submits that Section 21 of the Act relates to the composition of the authority and does not deal with minimum bench strength.   At the given time, the legislature has consciously   avoided   prescribing   any   minimum   bench/quorum strength to hear complaints by the authority.  At the same time, the Act only prescribes a bench/quorum only of the Appellate Tribunal under Section 43(3) of the Act and further submits that in the absence of the minimum bench/quorum strength being fixed by statute, it is impermissible to treat the composition of the authority itself as a minimum bench strength.  101. Learned counsel further submits that Sections 29 and 81 are not   in   derogation   to   each   other   and   operate   in   different   fields. Section 29 is concerned with the meetings of the authority and does 63 not envisage in its fold the quasi­judicial functions which the Act casts upon the authority.   The term “meetings” under Section 29 does   not   deal   with   the   performance   of   quasi­judicial   functions which are referred to the authority under Section 31.  It can only refer to meetings on policy/regulatory issues and invited attention to   Sections   32   and   33   of   the   Act   which   are   in   the   nature   of policy/regulatory decisions the authority is mandated under the Act.  It can be further noticed from Section 29(3) and (4) which talks about ‘questions’ before the authority, to be disposed off within 60 days of receiving the ‘application’ and there is no reference to any ‘complaints’ as indicated in Section 31 of the Act. 102. To examine the scheme of the Act it may be relevant to take note of certain provisions add infra:­ “ 21.  The Authority shall consist of a Chairperson and not less than two   whole   time   Members   to   be   appointed   by   the   appropriate Government. 29.   (1) The Authority shall meet at such places and times, and shall follow such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings, (including quorum at such meetings), as may be specified by the regulations made by the Authority.  (2) If the Chairperson for any reason, is unable to attend a meeting of   the   Authority,   any   other   Member   chosen   by   the   Members present amongst themselves at the meeting, shall preside at the meeting.  64 (3)   All   questions   which   come   up   before   any   meeting   of   the Authority shall be decided by a majority of votes by the Members present and voting, and in the event of an equality of votes, the Chairperson or in his absence, the person presiding shall have a second or casting vote.  (4) The questions which come up before the Authority shall be dealt  with as expeditiously  as possible and the Authority  shall dispose of the same within a period of sixty days from the date of receipt of the application:  Provided that where any such application could not be disposed of within the said period of sixty days, the Authority shall record its reasons in writing for not disposing of the application within that period. 31.   (1)   Any   aggrieved   person   may   file   a   complaint   with   the Authority or the adjudicating officer, as the case may be, for any violation or contravention of the provisions of this Act or the rules and regulations made thereunder against any promoter allottee or real estate agent, as the case may be.  Explanation.—For the purpose of this sub­section "person" shall include   the   association   of   allottees   or   any   voluntary   consumer association registered under any law for the time being in force. (2) The form, manner and fees for filing complaint under sub­section (1) shall be such as may be specified.   The  Authority   may,  by   general or   special order  in  writing, 81. delegate   to   any   member,   officer   of   the   Authority   or   any   other person subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order, such of its powers and functions under this Act (except the power to make regulations under section 85), as it may deem necessary. 103. Section   21   of   the   Act   relates   to   the   composition   of   the authority which consists of a Chairperson and not less than two whole   time   members   to   be   appointed   by   the   appropriate Government   but   conspicuously   it   does   not   mention   minimum 65 bench strength at the same time consciously prescribes minimum bench/quorum   while   constituting   the   Real   Estate   Appellate Tribunal as reflected under Section 43(3) of the Act.  104. The emphasis of the appellants was on Section 29 of the Act which indicates the quorum of meetings of the authority.  There is a specific provision that there shall be a meeting of the authority with the   minimum   quorum   being   prescribed,   such   business   of   the meeting of the authority indeed could not be delegated to a single member of the authority in exercise of power under Section 81 of the Act. 105. The term meeting under Section 29 of the Act does not deal with   the   performance   of   the   authority   in   quasi­judicial   matters which are referred to under Section 31 of the Act.  It only refers to meetings, policy/regulatory issues that the authority is mandated to discharge under the Act.  It may be noticed that Sections 32 and 33   are   in   the   nature   of   policy/regulatory   directions   which   the authority is mandated to be discharged indisputably have to be undertaken by  the  authority while   functioning  as  a  whole  body under Section 29 of the Act. 66 106. To add it further, Section 29(3) and (4) of the Act talks about the   questions   before   the   authority   which   are   to   be   disposed   of within 60 days on receiving the applications.  It may be noticed that there is no reference to any complaint referred to under Section 31 of the Act.  To buttress it further, Section 29 and Section 81 of the Act are not in derogation to each other.   To the contrary, both operate in different fields.  Section 29 deals with the meetings of the authority to be held for taking policy/regulatory decisions in the interest of the stake holders and does not envisage in its fold quasi­ judicial functions which the Act casts upon the authority.   The legislative intention as reflected from Section 29 is a recognition of the   rationale   that   policy   matters   ought   to   be   considered   and decided by the entire strength of the authority so that the policy decisions   reflect   the   acquired   experience   of   the   members   and Chairman of the authority.  107. It may be relevant to note that the authority in its meeting th held on 5  December, 2018 in exercise of its power under Section 81 of the Act for disposal of complaints under Section 31 delegated its power to a single member of the authority.  The extract of the 67 th minutes of the meeting dated 5   December, 2018 relevant for the purpose is extracted as under:­
Sl. No.Agenda
5.01Both the benches of Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory<br>Authority in the month of December 2018 and subsequently also<br>while working as single benches as per the requirement, proposal<br>for disposal of complaint cases at Lucknow and Gautambudh<br>Nagar on same dates
­­
­­
Point wise decision on agenda is as under:­ Agenda point no. 1: Regarding hearing by both the benches of Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority in the month of December 2018 and subsequently also while working as single benches as per the requirement, for disposal of complaint cases at Lucknow and Gautambudh Nagar on same dates. Decision: Proposal was approved by the authority. .. ..” 108. Pursuant to the delegation of power to the single member of the authority, complaints filed by the  allottees/home  buyers for refund of the amount and interest under Section 31 of the Act came to be decided by the single member of the authority after hearing the parties in accordance with the provisions of the Act.  68 109. This  Court,  while  examining the  pari materia  provisions of delegation of power under Section 29A and Section 19 of the SEBI Act   which   empowered   the   board   to   delegate   its   power   to   any member of the Board held that the board may in writing delegate its power to any member of the board and such is valid in law as held by this Court in  Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange Ltd. (supra) as under:­  
“6. The High Court dismissed the special civil application vide<br>order dated 19­11­2007 [Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange<br>Ltd. v. SEBI, Special Civil Application No. 23902 of 2007, decided<br>on 19­11­2007 (Guj)] and considered the submission of the<br>appellant in the following manner:
“Section 29­A is reproduced hereunder:
‘29­A. Power to delegate.—The Central Government<br>may, by order published in the Official Gazette, direct<br>that the powers (except the power under Section 30)<br>exercisable by it under any provision of this Act shall,<br>in relation to such matters and subject to such<br>conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order, be<br>exercisable also by the Securities and Exchange Board<br>of India or Reserve Bank of India constituted under<br>Section 3 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of<br>1934).’
Notification dated 13­9­1994 issued by the Central Government<br>reads as under:
‘In exercise of powers conferred by Section 29­A of the<br>Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of<br>1956), the Central Government hereby directs that the<br>powers exercisable by it under Section 3, sub­sections
69
(1), (2), (3) and (4) of Section 4, Section 5, sub­section<br>(2) of Section 7­A, Section 13, sub­section (2) of<br>Section 18, Section 22 and sub­section (2) of Section<br>28 of the Act shall also be exercisable by the Securities<br>and Exchange Board of India.’
Section 19 of the SEBI Act, 1992 reads as under:
‘19. Delegation.—The Board may, by general or<br>special order in writing delegate to any member, officer<br>of the Board or any other person subject to such<br>conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order,<br>such of its powers and functions under this Act<br>(except the powers under Section 29) as it may deem<br>necessary.’
Thus, the above Notification dated 13­9­1994 issued in<br>exercise of power under Section 29­A of the SCR Act of<br>1956, read with Section 19 of the SEBI Act, would<br>mean that the Board may in writing delegate its power<br>to any member of the Board and, therefore, the power<br>exercised by the Full­Time Member of the Board under<br>Section 11 of the SEBI Act, 1992, or even withdrawal<br>or recognition under Section 5 of the SCR Act of 1956,<br>cannot be said to be unjust or arbitrary or dehors the<br>provisions of the statute and, therefore, the contention<br>of Mr Shelat that no remedy of appeal is available to<br>the petitioner cannot be accepted.”
9. In Para 2 of the civil appeal, the following question of law has<br>been framed:
“Whether the whole­time single member of SEBI has<br>no jurisdiction to cancel or withdraw recognition<br>granted to a stock exchange on the principle that<br>delegate cannot further delegate its power, and<br>whether the order under challenge is without<br>jurisdiction?”
In our view, it is not necessary to go into the above<br>question as we find that this very question was raised<br>by the appellant before the High Court in
70 extraordinary   jurisdiction   under   Article   226   of   the Constitution of India. The High Court, as noted above, in its order dated 19­11­2007 [ Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange   Ltd.  v.  SEBI ,   Special   Civil   Application   No. 23902 of 2007, decided on 19­11­2007 (Guj)] held that the withdrawal of recognition under Section 5 of the 1956   Act   by   the   Full­Time   Member   of   SEBI   under Section 11 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India   Act,   1992   cannot   be   said   to   be   dehors   the provisions of the Act. The special leave petition from the   above   order   of   the   High   Court   came   to   be dismissed   by   this   Court   on   10­3­2008   [ Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange Ltd.  v.  SEBI , SLP (C) No. 5197 of 2008, decided on 10­3­2008 (SC)] . The same question cannot   be   allowed   to   be   reopened   in   the   present appeal.” 110. The express provision of delegation of power under the SEBI Act is akin to Section 81 of the Act 2016.  This Court observed that if the power has been delegated by the competent authority under the statute, such action,  if being exercised by a single member cannot be said to be dehors the provisions of the Act. 111. In   (supra),   the Heinz   India   Private   Limited   and   Another revisional   powers   were   conferred   upon   the   State   Agricultural Market Board under Section 32 of the state law to examine the orders   passed   by   the   market   committee.     Section   33   thereof empowered the Board to delegate its powers to the Director.  In the facts of the case, an objection was taken to the exercise of revisional 71 powers not by the Director himself but by some officer lower in the hierarchy.     This   Court,   while   taking   note   of   the   definition   of ‘Director’ as provided in Section 2(h) to include “any other officer authorized by the Director to perform all or any of his functions under this Act” held as under:­
“34.Now, it is true that the stakes involved in the present batch of
cases are substantial and those called upon to satisfy the demands
raised against them would like their cases to be heard by a senior
officer or a committee of officers to be nominated by the Board. But
in the absence of any data as to the number of cases that arise for
consideration involving a challenge to the demands raised by the
Market Committee and the nature of the disputes that generally
fall for determination in such cases, it will not be possible for this
Court to step in and direct an alteration in the mechanism that is
currently in place. The power to decide the revisions vests with the
Board who also enjoys the power to delegate that function to the
Director. So long as there is statutory sanction for the Director to
exercise the revisional power vested in the Board, any argument
that such a delegation is either impermissible or does not serve the
purpose of providing a suitable machinery for adjudication of the
disputes shall have to be rejected.”
112. Section 81 of the Act 2016 empowers the authority, by general or special order in writing, to delegate its powers to any member of the   authority,   subject   to   conditions   as   may   be   specified   in   the order, such of the powers and functions under the Act.  What has been excluded is the power to make regulations under Section 85, rest   of   the   powers   exercised   by   the   authority   can   always   be 72 delegated to any of its members obviously for expeditious disposal of   the   applications/complaints   including   complaints   filed   under Section 31 of the Act and exercise of such power by a general and special   order   to   its   members   is   always   permissible   under   the provisions of the Act. 113. In the instant case, the authority by a special order dated th 5  December, 2018 has delegated its power to the single member for disposal of complaints filed under Section 31 of the Act.  So far as refund of the amount with interest is concerned, it may not be considered strictly  to be mechanical in  process but  the  kind of inquiry   which   has   to   be   undertaken   by   the   authority   is   of   a summary   procedure   based   on   the   indisputable   documentary evidence, indicating the amount which the allottee/home buyer had invested and interest that has been prescribed by the competent authority leaving no discretion with minimal nature of scrutiny of admitted material on record is needed, if has been delegated by the authority, to be exercised by the single member of the authority in exercise of its power under Section 81 of the Act, which explicitly 73 empowers the authority to delegate under its wisdom that cannot be said to be dehors the provisions of the Act. 114. What is being urged by the learned counsel for the appellants in interpreting the scope of Section 29 of the Act is limited only to policy matters and cannot be read in derogation to Section 81 of the Act and the interpretation as argued by learned counsel for the promoters if to be accepted, the very mandate of Section 81 itself will become otiose and nugatory. 115. It is a well­established principle of interpretation of law that the court should read the section in literal sense and cannot rewrite it to suit its convenience; nor does any canon of construction permit the court to read the section in such a manner as to render it to some extent otiose.  Section 81 of the Act positively empowers the authority   to   delegate   such   of   its   powers   and   functions   to   any member by a general or a special order with an exception to make regulations under Section 85 of the Act.  As a consequence, except the power to make regulations under Section 85 of the Act, other powers and functions of the authority, by a general or special order, 74 if delegated to a single member of the authority is indeed within the fold of Section 81 of the Act. 116. The   further   submission   made   by   learned   counsel   for   the promoters that Section 81 of the Act empowers even delegation to any officer of the authority or any other person, it is true that the authority, by general or special order, can delegate any of its powers and   functions   to   be   exercised   by   any   member   or   officer   of   the authority   or   any   other   person   but   we   are   not   examining   the delegation of power to any third party.   To be more specific, this Court is examining the limited question as to whether the power under Section 81 of the Act can be delegated by the authority to any of its member to decide the complaint under Section 31 of the Act. What   has   been   urged   by   learned   counsel   for   the   promoters   is hypothetical which does not arise in the facts of the case.   If the delegation is made at any point of time which is in contravention to the scheme of the Act or is not going to serve the purpose and object   with   which   power   to   delegate   has   been   mandated   under Section 81 of the Act, it is always open for judicial review. 75 117. The   further   submission   made   by   learned   counsel   for   the appellants   that   Section   81   of   the   Act   permits   the   authority   to delegate such powers and functions to any member of the authority which are mainly administrative or clerical, and cannot possibly encompass any of the core functions which are to be discharged by the authority, the judicial functions are non­delegable, as these are the core functions of the authority. The submission may not hold good for the reason that the power to be exercised by the authority in deciding complaints under Section 31 of the Act is quasi­judicial in nature which is delegable provided there is a provision in the statute.  As already observed, Section 81 of the Act empowers the authority to delegate its power and functions to any of its member, by general or special order. 118. In the instant case, by exercising its power under Section 81 of th the Act, the authority, by a special order dated 5  December, 2018 has delegated its power to the single member of the authority to exercise and decide complaints under Section 31 of the Act and that being permissible in law, cannot be said to be de hors the mandate of the Act.   At the same time, the power to be exercised by the 76 adjudicating officer who has been appointed by the authority in consultation with the appropriate Government under Section 71 of the Act, such powers are non­delegable to any of its members or officers in exercise of power under Section 81 of the Act.   119.     That   scheme   of   the   Act,   2016   provides   an   in­built mechanism and any order passed on a complaint by the authority under Section 31 is appealable before the tribunal under Section 43(5) and further in appeal to the High Court under Section 58 of the Act on one or more ground specified under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, if any manifest error is left by the authority either in computation or in the amount refundable to the allottee/home buyer, is open to be considered at the appellate stage on the complaint made by the person aggrieved. 120. In view of the remedial mechanism provided under the scheme of the Act 2016, in our considered view, the power of delegation under Section 81 of the Act by the authority to one of its member for deciding applications/complaints under Section 31 of the Act is not only well defined but expressly permissible and that cannot be said to be dehors the mandate of law. 77
Question no. 4:­
proviso to Section 43(5) of the Act for entertaining substantive right of appeal is sustainable in law ?
121.Before we examine the challenge to the proviso to Section
43(5) of the Act of making pre­deposit for entertaining an appeal before the Tribunal, it may be apposite to take note of Section 43(5) of the Act, 2016.  Section 43(5) reads as follows:­  43. Establishment of Real Estate Appellate Tribunal­ ……. (5)  Any  person aggrieved by  any  direction  or  decision  or order made by the Authority or by an adjudicating officer under this Act may   prefer   an   appeal   before   the   Appellate   Tribunal   having jurisdiction over the matter:  Provided that where a promoter files an appeal with the Appellate Tribunal, it shall not be entertained, without the promoter first having deposited with the Appellate Tribunal at least thirty per cent   of   the   penalty,   or   such   higher   percentage   as   may   be determined by the Appellate Tribunal, or the total amount to be paid to the allottee including interest and compensation imposed on him, if any, or with both, as the case may be, before the said appeal is heard. Explanation   – For the purpose of this sub­section “person” shall include   the   association   of   allottees   or   any   voluntary   consumer association registered under any law for the time being in force.”
122.It may straightaway be noticed that Section 43(5) of the Act
envisages   the   filing   of   an   appeal   before   the   appellate   tribunal 78 against the order of an authority or the adjudicating officer by any person aggrieved and where the promoter intends to appeal against an order of authority or adjudicating officer against imposition of penalty, the promoter has to deposit at least 30 per cent of the penalty amount or such higher amount as may be directed by the appellate  tribunal.   Where  the   appeal  is  against  any   other  order which   involves   the   return   of   the   amount   to   the   allottee,   the promoter is under obligation to deposit with the appellate tribunal the total amount to be paid to the allottee which includes interest and compensation imposed on him, if any, or with both, as the case may be, before the appeal is to be instituted.  123. The plea advanced by the learned counsel for the appellants is that   substantive   right   of   appeal   against   an   order   of authority/adjudicating   officer   cannot   remain   dependent   on fulfilment of pre­deposit which is otherwise onerous on the builders alone   and   only   the   builders/promoters   who   are   in   appeal   are required to make the pre­deposit to get the appeal entertained by the Appellate Tribunal is discriminatory amongst the stakeholders as defined under the provisions of the Act.  79 124. Learned counsel further submits that if the entire sum as has been computed either by the Authority or adjudicating officer, is to be deposited including 30 per cent of the penalty in the first place, the remedy of appeal provided by one hand is being taken away by the   other   since   the   promoter   is   financially   under   distress   and incapable   to   deposit   the   full   computed   amount   by   the authority/adjudicating   officer.     The   right   of   appreciation   of   his defence at appellate stage which is made available to him under the statute   became   nugatory   because   of   the   onerous   mandatory requirement of pre­deposit in entertaining the appeal only on the promoter who intends to prefer under Section 43(5) of the Act which according to him is in the given facts and circumstances of this case   is   unconstitutional   and   violative   of   Article   14   of   the Constitution of India. 125. The submission in the first blush appears to be attractive but is not sustainable in law for the reason that a perusal of scheme of the   Act   makes   it   clear   that   the   limited   rights   and   duties   are provided on the shoulders of the allottees under Section 19 of the Act at a given time, several onerous duties and obligations have 80 been   imposed   on   the   promoters   i.e.   registration,   duties   of promoters, obligations of promoters, adherence to sanctioned plans, insurance   of   real   estate,   payment   of   penalty,   interest   and compensation, etc. under Chapters III and VIII of the Act 2016. This classification between consumers and promoters is based upon the intelligible   differentia   between   the   rights,   duties   and   obligations cast upon the allottees/home buyers and the promoters and is in furtherance of the object and purpose of the Act to protect the interest of the consumers vis­a­viz., the promoters in the real estate sector.   The   promoters   and   allottees   are   distinctly   identifiable, separate class of persons having been differently and separately dealt with under the various provisions of the Act. 126. Therefore, the question of discrimination in the first place does not arise which has been alleged as they fall under distinct and different categories/classes. 127. It may further be noticed that under the present real estate sector which is now being regulated under the provisions of the Act 2016, the complaint for refund of the amount of payment which the allottee/consumer has deposited with the promoter and at a later 81 stage, when the promoter is unable to hand over possession in breach of the conditions of the agreement between the parties, are being instituted at the instance of the consumer/allotee demanding for refund of the amount deposited by them and after the scrutiny of facts being made based on the contemporaneous documentary evidence on record made available by the respective parties, the legislature in its wisdom has intended to ensure that the money which   has   been   computed   by   the   authority   at   least   must   be safeguarded if the promoter intends to prefer an appeal before the tribunal and in case, the appeal fails at a later stage, it becomes difficult   for   the   consumer/allottee   to   get   the   amount   recovered which   has   been   determined   by   the   authority   and   to   avoid   the consumer/allottee   to   go   from   pillar   to   post   for   recovery   of   the amount that has been determined by the authority in fact, belongs to the allottee at a later stage could be saved from all the miseries which come forward against him. 128. At the same time, it will avoid unscrupulous and uncalled for litigation at the appellate stage and restrict the promoter if feels that there is some manifest material irregularity being committed or 82 his defence has not been properly appreciated at the first stage, would prefer an appeal for re­appraisal of the evidence on record provided substantive compliance of the condition of pre­deposit is made over, the rights of the parties inter se could easily be saved for adjudication at the appellate stage. 129. There are multiple statutes which provide a condition of pre­ deposit of a stipulated statutory amount to be deposited before an appeal   is   entertained   by   an   appellate   forum/tribunal   for   re­ appraisal of facts and law at the appellate stage and it has been examined by this Court as well.  Proviso to Section 18 of SARFAESI Act, 2002 of the Act which provides pre­deposit is as follows:­
18. Appeal to Appellate Tribunal
…….
Provided further that no appeal shall be entertained unless the
borrower has deposited with the Appellate Tribunal fifty per cent of
the amount of debt due from him, as claimed by the secured
creditors or determined by the Debts Recovery Tribunal, whichever
is less:
Provided also that the Appellate Tribunal may, for the reasons to
be recorded in writing, reduce the amount to not less than twenty­
five per cent. of debt referred to in the second proviso.”
83
130.The intention of the legislature appears to be to ensure that
the   rights   of   the   decree­holder   (the   successful   party)   is   to   be protected and only genuine bona fide appeals are to be entertained. While interpretating   Section  18   of   SARFAESI   Act,   this   Court in
observed
as under:­
“8.It is well­settled that when a statute confers a right of appeal,
while granting the right, the legislature can impose conditions for
the exercise of such right, so long as the conditions are not so
onerous as to amount to unreasonable restrictions, rendering the
right almost illusory. Bearing in mind the object of the Act, the
conditions hedged in the said proviso cannot be said to be onerous.
Thus, we hold that the requirement of pre­deposit under sub­
section (1) of Section 18 of the Act is mandatory and there is no
reason whatsoever for not giving full effect to the provisions
contained in Section 18 of the Act. In that view of the matter, no
court, much less the Appellate Tribunal, a creature of the Act
itself, can refuse to give full effect to the provisions of the statute.
We have no hesitation in holding that deposit under the second
proviso to Section 18(1) of the Act being a condition precedent for
preferring an appeal under the said section, the Appellate Tribunal
had erred in law in entertaining the appeal without directing the
appellant to comply with the said mandatory requirement.”
18 131. In   , Har Devi Asnani Vs. State of Rajasthan and Others the validity of proviso to Section 65(1) of the Rajasthan Stamp Act, 1998   came   up   for   consideration   in   terms   of   which   no   revision application could be entertained unless it was accompanied by a
17(2011) 4 SCC 548
84 satisfactory   proof   of   payment   of   50   per   cent   of   the   recoverable amount. Relying on the earlier decisions of this Court including in Government of Andhra Pradesh and Others Vs. P. Laxmi Devi 19 (Smt.) , the challenge was repelled and the view expressed in   P. (supra)   was   repeated   in   (supra) Laxmi   Devi Har   Devi   Ashani wherein this Court held as under:­
In our opinion in this situation it is always open to a party to file a
writ petition challenging the exorbitant demand made by the
registering officer under the proviso to Section 47­A alleging that
the determination made is arbitrary and/or based on extraneous
considerations, and in that case it is always open to the High
Court, if it is satisfied that the allegation is correct, to set aside
such exorbitant demand under the proviso to Section 47­A of the
Stamp Act by declaring the demand arbitrary. It is well settled that
arbitrariness violates Article 14 of the Constitution videManeka
Gandhiv.Union of India[(1978) 1 SCC 248] . Hence, the party is
not remediless in this situation.”
132. At the same time, Section 19 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 prescribes a condition for pre­deposit which provides that an appeal shall not be entertained unless 50 per cent of the amount awarded by the State Commission or Rs. 35,000/­ whichever is less is   deposited   before   the   National   Consumer   Disputes   Redressal Commission(NCDRC). This Court while placing reliance on  State of 19 (2008) 4 SCC 720 85 20 Haryana   Vs.   Maruti   Udyog   Ltd.   and   Others ;   in   Shreenath Corporation and Others Vs. Consumer Education and Research 21 Society and Others   held that such a condition is imposed to avoid frivolous appeals.
“7. Section 19 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 deals with the<br>appeals against the order made by the State Commission in<br>exercise of its power conferred by sub­clause (i) of clause (a) of<br>Section 17 and the said section reads as follows:
“19. Appeals.—Any person aggrieved by an order<br>made by the State Commission in exercise of its<br>powers conferred by sub­clause (i) of clause (a) of<br>Section 17 may prefer an appeal against such order to<br>the National Commission within a period of thirty days<br>from the date of the order in such form and manner as<br>may be prescribed:
Provided that the National Commission may entertain an appeal<br>after the expiry of the said period of thirty days if it is satisfied that<br>there was sufficient cause for not filing it within that period:
Provided further that no appeal by a person, who is required to pay<br>any amount in terms of an order of the State Commission, shall be<br>entertained by the National Commission unless the appellant has<br>deposited in the prescribed manner fifty per cent of the amount or<br>rupees thirty­five thousand, whichever is less.”
On plain reading of the aforesaid Section 19, we find that the<br>second proviso to Section 19 of the Act relates to “pre­deposit”<br>required for an appeal to be entertained by the National<br>Commission.
9. The second proviso to Section 19 of the Act mandates pre­<br>deposit for consideration of an appeal before the National
20 2000(7) SCC 348 21 2014(8) SCC 657 86 Commission. It requires 50% of the amount in terms of an order of the   State   Commission   or   Rs   35,000,   whichever   is   less   for entertainment of an appeal by the National Commission. Unless the appellant has deposited the pre­deposit amount, the appeal cannot be entertained by the National Commission. A pre­deposit condition to deposit 50% of the amount in terms of the order of the State   Commission   or   Rs   35,000   being   condition   precedent   for entertaining appeal, it has no nexus with the order of stay, as such an order may or may not be passed by the National Commission. The condition of pre­deposit is there to avoid frivolous appeals.” 133. Similarly, under Section 19 of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006, any appellant, other than the supplier,   is   required   to   make   a   pre­deposit   of   75   per   cent   to maintain an appeal against any decree, award or order made either by the Micro and Small Enterprises Facilitation Council or by any institution or center providing alternate dispute resolution services to which a reference is made by the Council. Section 19 reads as follows:­ “19.   Application for setting aside decree, award or order .—No application for setting aside any decree, award or other order made either by the Council itself or by any institution or centre providing alternate dispute resolution services to which a reference is made by   the   Council,   shall   be   entertained   by   any   court   unless   the appellant (not being a supplier) has deposited with it seventy­five per cent. of the amount in terms of the decree, award or, as the case may be, the other order in the manner directed by such court: Provided that pending disposal of the application to set aside the decree, award or order, the court shall order that such percentage of   the   amount   deposited   shall   be   paid   to   the   supplier,   as   it considers reasonable under the circumstances of the case, subject to such conditions as it deems necessary to impose.” 87
134.Similarly, the condition of pre­deposit has been examined
recently by this Court inTecnimont Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly Known
As Tecnimont ICB Private Limited) Vs. State of Punjab and 22 Others , where the validity of Section 62(5) of the Punjab Value Added Tax Act, 2005 (PVAT) which imposes a condition of 25 per cent of pre­deposit for hearing of first appeal has been upheld. Section 62(5) of the PVAT Act reads as follows:­ 62. First Appeal …… (5)   No   appeal   shall   be   entertained,   unless   such   appeal   is accompanied by satisfactory proof of the prior minimum payment of twenty­five per cent of the total amount of tax, penalty and interest, if any. ……..”
135.To be noticed, the intention of the instant legislation appears
to   be   that   the   promoters   ought   to   show   their   bona   fides   by depositing the amount so contemplated.
136.It is indeed the right of appeal which is a creature of the
statute, without a statutory provision, creating such a right the person aggrieved is not entitled to file the appeal.  It is neither an
22AIR 2019 SC 4489
88 absolute right nor an ingredient of natural justice, the principles of which must be followed in all judicial and quasi­ judicial litigations and it is always be circumscribed with the conditions of grant.   At the given time, it is open for the legislature in its wisdom to enact a law  that   no   appeal  shall  lie   or   it   may   lie   on   fulfilment   of   pre­ condition,   if   any,   against   the   order   passed   by   the   Authority   in question.
137.In our considered view, the obligation cast upon the promoter
of pre­deposit under Section 43(5) of the Act, being a class in itself, and the  promoters  who  are  in receipt of  money  which  is being claimed by the home buyers/allottees for refund and determined in the   first   place   by   the   competent   authority,   if   legislature   in   its wisdom intended to ensure that money once determined by the authority be saved if appeal is to be preferred at the instance of the promoter after due compliance of pre­deposit as envisaged under Section 43(5) of the Act, in no circumstance can be said to be onerous as prayed for or in violation of Articles 14 or 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India.  89 Question No.5  Whether the authority has the power to issue recovery   certificates   for   recovery   of   the   principal   amount under Section 40(1) of the Act? 138. To examine this question, it will be apposite to take note of Section 40 that states regarding the recovery of interest or penalty or compensation to be recovered as arrears of land revenue, and reads as under:­ 40.   Recovery   of   interest   or   penalty   or   compensation   and enforcement of order, etc.— (1) If a promoter or an allottee or a real estate agent, as the case may   be,   fails   to   pay   any   interest   or   penalty   or   compensation imposed   on   him,   by   the   adjudicating   officer   or   the   Regulatory Authority or the Appellate Authority, as the case may be, under this Act or the rules and regulations made thereunder, it shall be recoverable from such promoter or allottee or real estate agent, in such manner as may be prescribed as an arrears of land revenue.  (2) If any adjudicating officer or the Regulatory Authority or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be, issues any order or directs any person to do any act, or refrain from doing any act, which it is empowered to do under this Act or the rules or regulations made thereunder, then in case of failure by any person to comply with such   order   or   direction,   the   same   shall   be   enforced,   in   such manner as may be prescribed.” 139. The   submission   of   the   appellants/promoters   is   that   under Section 40(1) of the Act only the interest or penalty imposed by the authority   can   be   recovered   as   arrears   of   land   revenue   and   no 90 recovery certificate for the principal amount as determined by the authority can be issued. If we examine the scheme of the Act, the power of authority to direct the refund of the principal amount is explicit in Section 18 and the interest that is payable is on the principal amount in other words, there is no interest in the absence of a principal amount being determined by the competent authority. Further the statute as such is read to mean that the principal sum with interest has become a composite amount quantified upon to be recovered as arrears of land revenue under Section 40(1) of the Act. 140. It is settled principle of law that if the plain interpretation does not fulfil the mandate and object of the  Act, this  Court has to interpret the law in consonance with the spirit and purpose of the statute. There is indeed a visible inconsistency in the powers of the authority regarding refund of the amount received by the promoter and the provision of law in Section 18 and the text of the provision by which such refund can be referred under Section 40(1). While harmonising the construction of the scheme of the Act with the right of recovery as mandated in Section 40(1) of the Act keeping in mind the intention of the legislature to provide for a speedy recovery 91 of   the   amount   invested   by   the   allottee   along   with   the   interest incurred thereon is self­explanatory.   However, if Section 40(1) is strictly construed and it is understood to mean that only penalty and interest on the principal amount are recoverable as arrears of land revenue, it would defeat the basic purpose of the Act. 141. Taking into consideration the scheme of the Act what is to be returned to the allottee is his  own life savings with interest on computed/quantified   by   the   authority   becomes   recoverable   and such   arrear   becomes   enforceable   in   law.     There   appears   some ambiguity   in   Section   40(1)   of   the   Act   that   in   our   view,   by harmonising the provision with the purpose of the Act, is given effect to the provisions is allowed to operate rather running either of them redundant, noticing purport of the legislature and the above­ stated   principle   into   consideration,   we   make   it   clear   that   the amount   which   has   been   determined   and   refundable   to   the allottees/home buyers either by the authority or the adjudicating officer   in   terms   of   the   order   is   recoverable   within   the   ambit   of Section 40(1) of the Act. 92 142. The upshot of the discussion is that we find no error in the judgment   impugned   in   the   instant   appeals.     Consequently,   the batch of appeals are disposed off in the above terms.  However, we make it clear that if any of the appellant intends to prefer appeal before the Appellate Tribunal against the order of the authority, it may   be   open   for   him   to   challenge   within   30   days   from   today provided the appellant(s) comply with the condition of pre­deposit as contemplated under the proviso to Section 43(5) of the Act which may be decided by the Tribunal on its own merits in accordance with law.   No costs.   143. Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of. …………………………………J. (UDAY UMESH LALIT) …………………………………J. (AJAY RASTOGI) …………………………………J. (ANIRUDDHA BOSE) NEW DELHI NOVEMBER 11, 2021 93