Full Judgment Text
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
Civil Appeal No.5976 of 2014
PADAM NABH & SONS ... Appellant (s)
Versus
YASH PAL ... Respondent (s)
J U D G M E N T
V. Ramasubramanian, J.
1. This appeal arising out of an order of eviction passed by the Rent
Controller, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Nawanshahr, under Section
13B of the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949 and
confirmed on revision by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana, raises
an interesting question as to whether a NonResident Indian who
Signature Not Verified
purchases a building to which the Act applies, subsequent to the
Digitally signed by R
Natarajan
Date: 2021.11.22
17:11:39 IST
Reason:
1
induction of the tenant, will be entitled to invoke the summary
jurisdiction under Subsection (1) of Section 13B or not.
2. We have heard Mr. Nidhesh Gupta, learned senior counsel
appearing for the appellant and Mr. Pardeep Gupta, learned counsel
appearing for the respondent.
3. Admittedly one Shri Padam Nabh, who was the father of the
proprietor/partner of the appellantconcern, was inducted as a tenant in
respect of a non residential building measuring about 12’ x 12’, situate
at the Old Grain Market Nawanshahar. The induction of Shri Padam
Nabh as a tenant, was by one Sat Prakash.
4. Claiming (i) that the original owner Sat Prakash sold the premises
in question to his father Brij Lal under a sale deed dated 6.2.1989; (ii)
that the property devolved upon him and his brother after the demise of
his father in the year 1991 through testamentary succession; (iii) that
he went to Australia in March1996 and returned to India on 4.02.2004;
and that he required the tenanted premises for establishing a
(iv)
departmental store, the respondent filed a petition for eviction under
Section 13B of the Act. The petition was allowed by the Rent Controller
2
by an Order dated 19.01.2010.
5. Challenging the order of the eviction passed by the learned Rent
Controller, the appellant filed a revision before the High Court of Punjab
and Haryana at Chandigarh. The revision having been dismissed by the
High Court, the tenant is on appeal before us.
6. The main contention of Shri Nidhesh Gupta, learned senior
counsel for the appellant is that the issue raised by the appellant is no
longer res integra, but covered by the judgment of the Constitution
1
Bench of this Court in Nathi Devi vs. Radha Devi Gupta . However,
the High Court, in the impugned order, chose to follow the decision of
the Division Bench of the High Court in vs.
Smt. Bachan Kaur Kabal
2
Singh , which distinguished the Constitution Bench Judgment in
(supra). Therefore, it is contended by Shri Nidhesh Gupta,
Nathi Devi
learned senior counsel that the impugned order of the High Court
requires to be interfered with, by this Court, in the light of the law
declared by the Constitution Bench while interpreting an identical
provision in the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 (for short “ Delhi Act ”).
1 (2005) 2 SCC 271
2 2011(1) RCR (Rent) 368
3
7. Since Nathi Devi (supra) was concerned with the interpretation of
Section 14B of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 and since we are
concerned in this case with the interpretation of Section 13B of the
East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949, we think it would be
appropriate to extract the relevant provisions of both the enactments in
a tabular column for better appreciation.
| Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 | East Punjab Urban Rent<br>Restriction Act, 1949 |
|---|---|
| 14B. Right to recover immediate<br>possession of premises to accrue<br>to members of the armed forces,<br>etc.<br>(1) Where the landlord <br>(a) is a released or retired person<br>from any armed forces and the<br>premises let out by him are<br>required for his own residence;<br>or<br>(b) is a dependent of a member of<br>any armed forces who had<br>been killed in action and the<br>premises let out by such member<br>are required for the<br>residence of the family of such<br>member, such person or, as the<br>case may be, the dependent may,<br>within one year from the date of<br>his release or retirement from<br>such armed forces or, as the | 13A. Right to recover immediate<br>possession of residential or<br>scheduled building to accrue to<br>certain persons. Where a specified<br>landlord at any time, within one<br>year prior to or within one year<br>after the date of his retirement or<br>after his retirement but within one<br>year of the date of commencement<br>of the East Punjab Urban Rent<br>Restriction (Amendment) Act,<br>1985, whichever is later, applies to<br>the Controller alongwith a<br>certificate from the authority<br>competent to remove him from<br>service indicating the date of his<br>retirement and his affidavit to the<br>effect that he does not own and<br>possess any other suitable<br>accommodation in the local area in<br>which he intends to reside to<br>recover possession of his |
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| case may be, the date of death of<br>such member, or within a period<br>of one year from the date of<br>commencement of the Delhi Rent<br>Control (Amendment) Act, 1988,<br>whichever is later, apply to the<br>Controller for recovering the<br>immediate possession of such<br>premises.<br>(2) Where the landlord is a<br>member of any of the armed<br>forces and has a period of less<br>than one year preceding the date<br>of his retirement and the<br>premises let out by him are<br>required for his own residence<br>after his retirement, he may, at<br>any time, within a period of one<br>year before the date of his<br>retirement, apply to the<br>Controller for recovering the<br>immediate possession of such<br>premises.<br>(3) Where the landlord referred to<br>in subsection (1) or sub section<br>(2) has let out more than one<br>premises, it shall be open to him<br>to make an application under<br>that subsection in respect of<br>only one of the premises chosen<br>by him.<br>Explanation For the purposes<br>of this section, "armed forces"<br>means an armed force of the<br>Union constituted under an Act<br>of Parliament and includes a<br>member of the police force<br>constituted under Section 3 of | residential building or scheduled<br>building, as the case may be, for<br>his own occupation, there shall<br>accrue, on and from the date of<br>such application to such specified<br>landlord, notwithstanding anything<br>contained elsewhere in this Act or<br>in any other law for the time being<br>in force or in any contract (whether<br>expressed or implied), custom or<br>usage to the contrary, a right to<br>recover immediately the possession<br>of such residential building or<br>scheduled building or any part or<br>parts of such building if it is let out<br>in part or parts:<br>Provided that in case of death of<br>the specified landlord, the widow or<br>widower of such specified landlord<br>and in the case of death of such<br>widow or widower, a child or a<br>grandchild or a widowed daughter<br>inlaw who was dependent upon<br>such specified landlord at the time<br>of his death shall be entitled to<br>make an application under this<br>section to the Controller<br>(a) In the case of death of such<br>specified landlord, before the<br>commencement of the East<br>Punjab Urban Rent Restriction<br>(Amendment) Act, 1985, within<br>one year of such commencement;<br>(b) In the case of death of such<br>specified landlord after such<br>commencement, but before the<br>date of his retirement, within one |
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| the Delhi Police Act, 1978 (34 of<br>1978).<br>14C. Right to recover immediate<br>possession of premises to accrue<br>to Central Government and Delhi<br>Administration employees (1)<br>Where the landlord is a retired<br>employee of the Central<br>Government or of the Delhi<br>Administration, and the<br>premises let out by him are<br>required for his own residence,<br>such employee may, within one<br>year from the date of his<br>retirement or within a period of<br>one year from the date of<br>commencement of the Delhi Rent<br>Control (Amendment) Act, 1988,<br>whichever is later, apply to the<br>Controller for recovering the<br>immediate possession of such<br>premises.<br>(2) Where the landlord is an<br>employee of the Central<br>Government or of the Delhi<br>Administration and has a period<br>of less than one year preceding<br>the date of his retirement and<br>the premises let out by him are<br>required by him for his own<br>residence after his retirement, he<br>may, at any time, within a period<br>of one year before the date of his<br>retirement, apply to the<br>Controller for recovering the<br>immediate possession of such<br>premises.<br>(3) Where the landlord referred to | year of the date of his death;<br>(c) In the case of death of such<br>specified landlord after such<br>commencement and the date of<br>his retirement within one year of<br>the date of such retirement:<br>and on the date of such<br>application the right to recover<br>the possession of the residential<br>building or scheduled building, as<br>the case may be, which belonged<br>to such specified landlord at the<br>time of his death shall accrue to<br>the applicant:<br>Provided further that nothing in<br>this section shall be so construed<br>as conferring a right, on any<br>person to recover possession of<br>more than one residential or<br>scheduled building inclusive of<br>any part or any parts thereof if it<br>is let out in part or parts:<br>Provided further that the<br>Controller may give the tenant a<br>reasonable period for putting the<br>specified landlord or, as the case<br>may be , the widow, widower,<br>child, grandchild or widowed<br>daughterinlaw in possession of<br>the residential building or<br>scheduled building, as the case<br>may be, and may extend such<br>time so as not to exceed three<br>months in the aggregate.<br>Explanation For the purpose |
|---|
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| in subsection (1) or subsection<br>(2) has let out more than one<br>premises, it shall be open to him<br>to make an application under<br>that subsection in respect of<br>only one of the premises chosen<br>by him.<br>14D. Right to recover immediate<br>possession of premises to accrue<br>to a widow. (1) Where the<br>landlord is a widow and the<br>premises let out by her, or by her<br>husband are required by her for<br>her own residence, she may<br>apply to the Controller for<br>recovering the immediate<br>possession of such premises.<br>(2) Where the landlord referred to<br>in subsection (1) has let out<br>more than one premises, it shall<br>be open to her to make an<br>application under that sub<br>section in respect of any one of<br>the premises chosen by her.<br>14 (6) Where a landlord has<br>acquired any premises by<br>transfer, no application for the<br>recovery of possession of such<br>premises shall lie under sub<br>section (1), on the ground<br>specified in clause (e) of the<br>proviso thereto, unless a period of<br>five years have elapsed from the<br>date of the acquisition." | of this section, the expression<br>“retirement” means termination of<br>service of a specified landlord<br>otherwise than by resignation.<br>13B. Right to recover immediate<br>possession of residential building<br>or scheduled building and/or<br>nonresidential building to accrue<br>to nonresident Indian. (1)<br>Where an owner is a nonresident<br>Indian and returns to India and<br>the residential building or sched<br>uled building and/or nonresiden<br>tial building, as the case may be,<br>let out by him or her, is required<br>for his or her use, or for the use of<br>anyone ordinarily living with or<br>dependent on him or her, he or<br>she, may apply to the Controller<br>for immediate possession of such<br>building or buildings, as the case<br>may be :<br>Provided that a right to apply<br>in respect of such a building un<br>der this section, shall be available<br>only after a period of five years<br>from the date of becoming the<br>owner of such a building and<br>shall be available only once dur<br>ing the lifetime of such an owner.<br>(2) Where the owner referred to<br>in subsection (1) has let out more<br>than one residential building or |
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| scheduled building and/or non<br>residential building, it shall be<br>open to him or her to make an ap<br>plication under that subsection<br>in respect of only one residential<br>building or one scheduled build<br>ing and/or one nonresidential<br>building, each chosen by him or<br>her.<br>(3) Where an owner recovers<br>possession of a building under<br>this section, he or she shall not<br>transfer it through sale or any<br>other means or let it out before<br>the expiry of a period of five years<br>from the date of taking possession<br>of the said building, failing which,<br>the evicted tenant may apply to<br>the Controller for an order direct<br>ing that he shall be restored the<br>possession of the said building<br>and the Controller shall make an<br>order accordingly.” |
|---|
8. In Nathi Devi, eviction was sought under Section 14D of the Delhi
Act by a widow landlady. The Rent Controller allowed the eviction
summarily and High Court confirmed the same. In the special leave
8
petition filed by the tenant, the decision of this Court in S. Surjit Singh
3
vs was relied upon in support of the
Kalra Union of India & Anr.
contention that a landlady who acquired the tenanted premises by way
of transfer, could not avail the remedy under Section 14D for the
eviction of a preexisting tenant. However, the Bench of two Hon’ble
Judges of this Court before whom (supra) first came up,
Nathi Devi
doubted the correctness of the decision in S. Surjit Singh Kalra
(supra) and, hence, directed the special leave petition to be placed before
a three Member Bench. The three Member Bench noticed the conflict
4
between the S. Surjit Singh Kalra and Kanta Goel vs. B.P. Pathak .
The conflict was with respect to the interpretation of the words “ let out ”
appearing in the relevant provision. Due to this conflict, Nathi Devi was
referred to the Constitution Bench by an order reported in
Nathi Devi
5
vs. Radha Devi Gupta . The short order of reference reads as follows:
“Specifically the issue is in relation to the meaning of the
words" let out". Do they mean the creation of a fresh tenancy
or do they refer to an existing tenancy? If the former, the
section can be resorted to only by the creator of the tenancy
(widow or her late husband). If it is the latter, even a
3 (1991) 2 SCC 87
4 (1977) 2 SCC 814
5 (2000) 9 SCC 249
9
transferee (widow) is entitled to invoke it. We find that there is
some conflict in the views taken by two Benches of three
learned Judges each. An observation in the judgment in Surjit
Singh Kalra v. Union of India suggests that the words "let out"
refer only to the creation of a tenancy. On the other hand, the
judgment in Kanta Goel v. B. P. Pathak interprets the words
"let out" in the context of Section 14D of the Act to mean that
even a transferee landlord can invoke the provision. It is, in
these circumstances, necessary that this appeal should be
heard by a Bench of five learned Judges. It shall be so placed
after obtaining the directions of the Hon’ble the Chief Justice
of India in this regard.”
9. The Constitution Bench, after referring to the provisions of
Sections 14B to 14D as well as Section 14(6) of the Delhi Act held (i)
that these provisions carve out an exception to the normal procedure for
eviction; that being in the nature of exception, they must be
(ii)
construed strictly and (iii) that the words “let out by him” or “ let out by
her” clearly signify that the premises let out by any other person will
stand excluded from the operation of the summary procedure.
Paragraphs 28 and 32 of the Constitution Bench Judgment in Nathi
(supra) are extracted as follows, as the entire argument of the
Devi
petitioners, revolves around the same:
“28. The observations in the aforesaid judgments no doubt
support the case of the appellant. This Court did clearly lay
down that the expression, "the premises let out by him" in Section
10
14B of the Act did mean that it is he who has let out alone could
evict, and in case the landlord had been killed in action his
dependent could seek immediate eviction of the premises let out
by such person. It is noticeable that the expression, "premises let
out by him" is used in Sections 14B and14C, but the
expression, in Section 14D is "premises let out by her, or by her
husband." Section 14B contemplates two situations, firstly,
where the landlord is a released or retired person from any
armed forces and secondly, where he was killed in action. In
case the landlord was killed in action a right has been given to
his dependant within one year of the death of the landlord, to
apply to the Controller for recovering the immediate possession of
the premises. Section 14C confers a right on a retired employee
of the Central Government or of the Delhi Administration who
requires the premises let out by him for his own
residence. Section 14D confers a right on a widow of the
landlord to seek immediate possession of the premises let out "by
her, or by her husband". The scheme of these Sections appears to
be that where the landlord is alive and the premises have been
let out by him, only he can make an application for immediate
possession of the premises for his own use. Only in the case of
his death his dependant under Section 14A, and his widow
under Section 14D can seek immediate possession of the
premises. The use of the expression, "let out by him" in Sections
14B and 14C and the expression, "let out by her, or by her
husband" in Section 14D have significance. If it was
unnecessary in the scheme of these Sections as to who had
actually let out the premises, the legislature would not have used
the term "let out by him" or "let out by her, or by her husband". In
interpreting a provision one cannot assume that the words
employed by the legislature are redundant. Section 14D gives a
right to file an application under that provision only to a widow
who had let out the premises or whose husband had let out the
premises. Consequently, if the premises had been let out by
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someone else, Section 14D will not apply. As pointed out in
Surjit Singh Kalra (supra) the expression used in Section 14B is
"the premises let out by him", unlike the expression used
in Section 14 (1)(e) where the legislature employed the expression
"the premises let out for residential purposes". Thus in the case of
a landlord belonging to the general category it was immaterial
whether the premises was let out by him or by someone else, as
long as he was the landlord of the premises at the time of
making an application seeking eviction of the tenant. But the
expression, "let out by her, or by her husband" conveys a
different meaning altogether. The widow's right to recover
immediate possession of the premises arises only if the premises
were let out by her or by her husband, and not by anyone else. It
appears to us that the legislature has purposely employed a
different expression in Section 14D as also in Section 14
B and 14C. We are here concerned with an application filed
under Section 14D which specifies in clear terms that a widow
can invoke the provisions only if she has let out the premises, or
if her husband had let out the premises. If, as observed in Kanta
Goel (supra), the expression, "the premises let out by him" has
been used only to convey the idea that the premises must be
owned by him directly and the lease must be under him directly,
and not that he had himself let out the premises, the legislature
would not have then used the expression "let out by her, or by
her husband." The very fact that the Section specifies that the
premises must be one which was let out by the widow or by her
husband implies that the provision would not apply to a
premises let out by any other person. If the intention of the
legislature was to confer an unlimited right on a widow landlord,
the use of the words "the premises let out by her, or by her
husband" would have been unnecessary and the Section would
have simply read as follows:
"Where the landlord is a widow and the premises
are required by her for her own residence, she
12
may apply to the Controller for recovering the
immediate possession of such premises."
By expressly providing that the premises must be one let out
by her or by her husband, the legislature has clearly excluded
from the purview of the said provision "premises let out by any
other person" even if in course of time the widow may have
become its landlord. We are obliged to read the provision as it is,
and cannot give it a meaning by deleting an expression expressly
employed by the legislature. The expression, "let out by her, or by
her husband" is not an expression which permits of any
ambiguity. We must, therefore, give it its normal meaning. So
understood the conclusion is inescapable that the legislature
intent was only to confer a special right on a limited class of
widows viz. the widow who let the premises or whose husband
had let the premises before his death, and which premises the
widow requires for her own use.
“32. There is another aspect of the matter. Section 14D uses the
expression, "premises let out by her, or by her husband" which
are required by the widow for her own residence. She may apply
to the Rent Controller for recovering the immediate possession of
"such premises". "Such premises" obviously is relatable to the
premises let out her or by her husband. It cannot take within its
ambit any other premises which may have been let out by any
other person. We, therefore, find substance in the submission
urged on behalf of the appellant that Section 14D benefits only a
class of widows viz. a widow who or whose husband had let out
the premises. If the intention was to benefit all widows, the
section would have provided that a widow is entitled to obtain
immediate possession of the premises owned by her and the
expressions, "let out by her or by her husband" and "such
premises" in Section 14D would be redundant. The High Court,
therefore, fell in error in thinking that only two conditions were
required to be fulfilled for the application of Section 14D namely,
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the landlady is a widow, and the premises are required by her
for her residence. In addition to these two requirements, in our
view, Section 14D insists that the premises must be one let out
by her or by her husband. A widow or her late husband who
acquired a tenanted premises by sale or transfer cannot invoke
the provisions of Section 14D to evict a preexisting tenant.”
10. But it is difficult to accept the contention that which
Nathi Devi
interpreted Section 14D of the Delhi Act, would apply with equal force
to the interpretation of Section 13B of the East Punjab Urban Rent
Restriction Act. There are several distinguishing features between the
Delhi Act and the Punjab Act. Even before we take note of the
distinguishing features, we must keep in mind the fact that the shortage
of housing and the exploitation of tenants by landlords in the urban
areas, in the aftermath of the world wars, led to the enactment of rent
control legislations in the country. The problems created by the post war
conditions differed from State to State and hence, the solution sought to
be offered in the form of legislation also differed from State to State. As a
matter of fact the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949 is an
offshoot of the Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1941 and the Punjab
Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1947, both of which are preindependent
14
and prepartition legislation. On the contrary, the Delhi Act of 1958 is
an offshoot of the Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control Act, 1952. The areas to
which these acts applied had their own peculiar geographical features
and socioeconomic conditions. This is why the language employed in
these rent control legislations differ, though they may have a common
template.
11. Coming to the distinguishing features between the Delhi Act and
the East Punjab Act, it may be seen immediately that the Delhi Act
covers four categories of persons, namely, (i) a landlord in occupation of
a residential premises allotted to him by the Central Government or any
local authority and who is required to vacate such residential
accommodation; (ii) a landlord, released or retired from armed forces or
a dependent of a member of any armed forces who had been killed in
action, including a member of the armed forces who is due to retire
within one year; a landlord who is a retired employee of the Central
(iii)
Government or of the Delhi Administration; and (iv) a widow. But under
the Punjab Act, the right to seek immediate possession is conferred in
favour of only two categories of persons, namel y, a specified landlord,
(i)
15
meaning thereby a person entitled to receive rent in respect of a building
on his own account and who is holding or has held an appointment in a
public service or post in a connection with the affairs of the union or of a
State; and (ii) an owner who is a non resident Indian and who returns to
India.
12. While Section 13A of the East Punjab Act was inserted by
amending Act 2 of 1985, Section 13B was inserted by Punjab Act 9 of
2001. Delhi Act does not contain any special provision for the benefit of
NRI landlords. It is common knowledge that the major chunk of the NRI
diaspora is from three states, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and
namely,
Kerala. Therefore, the legislature thought fit to exempt buildings owned
by NRIs from the rigors of the Rent Restriction Act. Hence, the normal
rule of interpretation of a legislation for the welfare of the tenants, will
give way while interpreting the provisions as applicable to the exempted
categories.
13. It may be of interest to note that while carving out an exception in
favour of four categories of persons, under Sections 14A, 14B, 14C
and 14D, the Delhi Act used only the word “landlord” . But the Punjab
16
Act uses the word “specified landlord ” under Section 13A and the word
“owner” in Section 13B. It is needless to mention that there is a world
of difference between the expression “landlord” and the expression
“owner”. While the owner of a premises may also be the landlord of the
premises, a landlord, within the meaning of the expression under the
Rent Control legislations, need not necessarily be the owner of the said
premises. Therefore, while interpreting Section 13B of the Punjab Act,
the Court must keep in mind the distinction between those two
expressions.
14. The proviso to Subsection (1) of Section 13B which curtails the
right of the owner to invoke this provision for a period of five years from
the date of becoming the owner, makes it clear that the words “ let out by
him” require a different interpretation .
15. If the interpretation suggested by Mr. Nidhesh Gupta on the basis
of the decision in Nathi Dev i (supra) is accepted, a NRI who is the owner
of the building will be required to satisfy two conditions, namely, that
(i)
the premises was let out by him; and (ii ) that a period of five years from
17
the date of becoming the owner has elapsed. The proviso to Subsection
(1) cannot be construed as imposing a condition additional to the one
prescribed in SubSection (1). The correct method of interpreting Sub
section (1) of Section 13B and the proviso thereunder is to hold that
irrespective of the person by whom the tenant was inducted, a NRI
owner will have to wait for a period of five years from the date of
becoming the owner, to be entitled to invoke Section 13B.
16. We must also keep in mind the distinction between (i) inception of
tenancy or induction of a person as a tenant; and (ii) letting out a
premises on lease. Section 13B(1) does not use the expression
“inducted by him or her ”. If these words had been used, they would
certainly refer to the inception of the tenancy. Section 13(B)(1) uses the
expression
“let out”.
17. Section 106(1) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 declares that a
leasing of immovable property for agricultural or manufacturing
purposes shall be deemed to be a lease from year to year (in the absence
of a contract or local law or usage to the contrary). It also says that a
lease of immovable property for any other purpose shall be deemed to be
18
a lease from month to month. Therefore, if a NRI becomes the owner of
the building to which the Act applies and the tenancy of a person in
occupation is attorned in his favour, the premises would become a
premises let out by him, as otherwise the jural relationship of landlord
and tenant will not come into existence. Once a NRI acquires a premises
which is in the occupation of a tenant inducted by his predecessor in
title, he becomes the owner. The moment the tenancy is attorned in his
favour, then the jural relationship of tenant landlord is created and the
premises become one let out by him. It is perhaps with a view to
highlight this aspect that the legislature has carefully used the
expression “owner ” in Section 13B, even while using the expression
“landlord” in other places.
18. Therefore, the decision of the Constitution Bench in Nathi Devi
(supra) as applicable to the relevant provisions of the Delhi Rent Act
cannot be pressed into service for interpreting Section 13B of the East
Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act. Hence, we find that the order of the
High Court impugned in the present appeal is perfectly valid and does
not call for any interference. Therefore the appeal is dismissed.
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19. However the tenant is granted six months’ time to vacate the
premises, provided the usual undertaking is furnished within a period of
two weeks. There will be no order as to costs.
…..…………....................J.
(Hemant Gupta)
.…..………......................J
(V. Ramasubramanian)
NOVEMBER 17, 2021
NEW DELHI.
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