PEETHAMBARAN vs. THE STATE OF KERALA

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 03-05-2023

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1 REPORTABLE  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1381 OF 2023 (@ SLP (CRIMINAL) NO.545 OF 2020) PEETHAMBARAN …APPELLANT VERSUS STATE OF KERALA & ANR.  …RESPONDENTS J U D G M E N T SANJAY KAROL, J.  Leave Granted. 1. Two questions arise for consideration­ one, whether under the recognized parameters of exercise of power under Section 482, in the   facts   of   the   present   case,   the   non­   exercise   of   power   is justified  and  two, whether the  District Police Chief, Kottayam Signature Not Verified could have ordered the further investigation pursuant to which Digitally signed by Deepak Singh Date: 2023.05.04 18:08:28 IST Reason: the second final report was filed? 2 2. The instant appeal by special leave petition has been filed against an order of the High Court of Kerala passed in Crl. MC No. 6314 th of 2018 dated 6  of November, 2019 whereby a prayer to exercise powers under Section 482, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 was disallowed  and proceedings under Criminal Case No. 1326/2017 was found unfit to be quashed.    3. The Appellant has been charged under Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, for having cheated, alongside accused no.1, now   deceased,   the   de­facto   complainant,   namely   Sunesh   and seven other persons of a sum totaling three lakh eighty­three thousand five hundred and eighty­three rupees, in exchange for securing jobs for them or their wives at the Kottayam Rubber Board, as clerks.  4. An FIR was registered bearing number 1838 of 2015 under the th above stated section on 24   October, 2015. The accused No.2 before us is the uncle of the de­facto complainant.  th 5. The Final Report (hereafter, FR­I) placed on record dated 30 December,   2015   records   that   the   complainant   was   asked   to produce documents in this regard, but despite notice, the same 3 were not produced, nor were any other documents, in regards to any financial transaction. It then states­ “As there is no proper evidence in this regard, it shall be considered as a false case…” 6. Interestingly, another Final Report (hereafter, FR­II) forms part of the   record.   It   states   that   witness   number   10,   namely   S. Anilkumar,   Inspector   of   Police,   Viakom,   conducted   further investigation as per Order No. D2­43642/16/K passed by the District Police Chief, Kottayam. 7. It has been urged by way of this appeal that in effect, a re­ investigation had been ordered, in violation of the procedure laid down in law. Further it has been argued that; the ingredients of Section 420, IPC have not been met­ and therefore the High court has erred in not quashing the proceedings subject of the petition under Section 482; No specific role has been attributed to the appellant;   That   in   all   of   the   witness   statements,   the   name mentioned   is   that   of   the   de­facto   complainant   who   gave   the money to the deceased accused number 1 namely, Babu and was the   instigator   in   other   people   giving   the   money   to   him.   The 1 Appellant   seeks   reliance   on   Vinay   Tyagi   v.   Irshad   Ali ;   T.T 1  (2013) 5 SCC 762 4 2 Antony v. State of Kerala ; Vinubhai Haribhai Malviya and 3 Ors v. State of Gujarat ; Randhir Singh Rana v. State (NCT of 4 5 Delhi) ; G.V Rao v. L.H.V Prasad ; Hari Prasad Chamaria v. 6 Bishun Kumar Surekha .   8. Having taken note of the facts that have led to the present appeal by special leave petition and the chief arguments made, we now proceed to examine the law on the issues before us.   9. On the second question, that is whether District Police Chief, Kottayam’s   order   was   permissible   in   law   or   not,   the   relevant provisions of CrPC is Section 173 (8) which reads as under:  “ (8)   Nothing   in   this   section   shall   be   deemed   to preclude further investigation in respect of an offence after   a   report   under   sub­   section   (2)   has   been forwarded to the Magistrate and, where upon such investigation, the officer in charge of the police station obtains   further   evidence,   oral   or   documentary,   he shall forward to the Magistrate a further report or reports   regarding   such   evidence   in   the   form prescribed; and the provisions of sub­ sections (2) to (6) shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to such report or reports as they apply in relation to a report forwarded under sub­ section (2).” 2  (2001) 6 SCC 181 3  2019 SCC OnLine 1346 4  (1997) 1 SCC 361 5  (2000) 3 SCC 693 6  (1973) 2 SCC 823 5 10. The evolution of Section 173 CrPC has been noted by this Court in  (supra). In Para 25, it is opined Vinubhai Haribhai Malaviya  that investigation after the coming into force of the Cr.PC, 1973 will include all proceedings under Cr.PC for collection of evidence conducted   by   a   police   officer.   “All”   would   undoubtedly   then include   Section   173   (8)   as   well.   The   power   therefore,   under Section 190, of a Magistrate ordering such investigation, would encompass further investigation under Section 173 (8).  11. It   has   been   argued   on   behalf   of   appellants   that,   in   effect,   a reinvestigation has been conducted,  12. This Court in  Vinay Tyagi (supra)  gave detailed consideration to the powers under Section 173 and Section 482 of CrPC. 
“43.At this stage, we may also state another well­
settled canon of the criminal jurisprudence that the
superior courts have the jurisdiction under Section
482 of the Code or even Article 226 of the
Constitution of India to direct “further investigation”,
“fresh” or “de novo” and even “reinvestigation”.
“Fresh”, “de novo” and “reinvestigation” are
synonymous expressions and their result in law
would be the same. The superior courts are even
vested with the power of transferring investigation
from one agency to another, provided the ends of
justice so demand such action. Of course, it is also a
settled principle that this power has to be exercised
by the superior courts very sparingly and with great
circumspection.
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6
45.The power to order/direct “reinvestigation” or
“de novo” investigation falls in the domain of higher
courts, that too in exceptional cases. If one examines
the provisions of the Code, there is no specific
provision for cancellation of the reports, except that
the investigating agency can file a closure report
(where according to the investigating agency, no
offence is made out). Even such a report is subject to
acceptance by the learned Magistrate who, in his
wisdom, may or may not accept such a report. For
valid reasons, the court may, by declining to accept
such a report, direct “further investigation”, or even
on the basis of the record of the case and the
documents annexed thereto, summon the accused.”
13. Per   contra,   the   State   would   contend   that   only   further investigation   upon   the   order   of   the   District   Police   Chief   was conducted. In respect of further investigation, in   Vinay Tyagi (supra) this Court has observed: 22.  “Further investigation” is where the investigating officer obtains further oral or documentary evidence after the final report has been filed before the court in terms of Section 173(8). This power is vested with the   executive.   It   is   the   continuation   of   previous investigation   and,   therefore,   is   understood   and described   as   “further   investigation”.   The   scope   of such investigation is restricted to the discovery of further oral and documentary evidence. Its purpose is to bring the true facts before the court even if they are discovered at a subsequent stage to the primary investigation.   It   is   commonly   described   as “supplementary   report”.   “Supplementary   report” would be the correct expression as the subsequent investigation is meant and intended to supplement the   primary   investigation   conducted   by   the empowered police officer. Another significant feature of further investigation is that it does not have the effect of wiping out directly or impliedly the initial investigation conducted by the investigating agency. This   is   a   kind   of   continuation   of   the   previous investigation. The basis is discovery of fresh evidence 7 and in continuation of the same offence and chain of events   relating   to   the   same   occurrence   incidental thereto. In other words, it has to be understood in complete   contradistinction   to   a   “reinvestigation”, “fresh” or “de novo” investigation. 14. This   distinction   between   further   investigation   and   fresh investigation/reinvestigation/ de novo  investigation being that the former is a continuation of the previous investigation and is done on the basis of discovery of fresh material, whereas the latter can only be done when there is a definite order of the court to that effect   which   must   states   the   reason   as   to   why   the   previous investigation is incapable of being acted upon.  7 15. In  Minu Kumari v. State of Bihar , it was observed that upon submission   of   a   report   in   terms   of   Section   173   (2)   (i)   the concerned Magistrate has three courses of action available before him: (i) Accept the report and proceed further  (ii) Disagree with the report and drop the proceedings. (iii) Direct further investigation under Section 156 (3) which is the power of the police to investigate a cognizable offence, and require them to make a further report.  7  (2006) 4 SCC 359 8 8 16.  In   Hemant Dhasmana v. CBI    it was observed that although the section is not specific in respect of the Court’s power to order further investigation, the   power of the police can be set into motion upon the order of such a court. It was further observed that this order should not be interfered with even in the exercise of the revisional jurisdiction of a higher court. 17. The above two cases make it amply clear that a magistrate has the power to order further investigation and the cases referred to earlier   make   clear   that   fresh   investigation/reinvestigation/ de novo   investigation fall into the purview of the jurisdiction of a higher court.  18. In the present case, as is clear from FR II that S. Anilkumar, Inspector of Police, Vaikom conducted further investigation as per Order No.D2­43642/16/K, passed by a police officer and not by any duly empowered judicial officer. 19. The Chief Police Officer of a district is the Superintendent of Police who is an officer of the Indian Police Service. Needless to state, an order from the District Police Chief is not the same as 8  (2001) 7 SCC 536 9 an order issued by the concerned Magistrate. Referring to  Vinay Tyagi   (supra), this Court in   Devendra Nath Singh v. State of 9 noted that there is no specific requirement to Bihar and Ors.   seek   leave   of   the   court   for   further   investigation   or   to   file   a supplementary report but investigation agencies, have not only understood it to be so but have also adopted the same as a legal requirement. The doctrine of   contemporanea exposito   aids such an interpretation of matters which have been long understood and implemented in a particular manner to be accepted into the interpretive   process.   In   other   words,   the   requirement   of permission for further investigation or to file a supplementary report is   accepted   within  law  and   is   therefore   required   to   be complied with.  20. In the facts at hand, it is clear that such a permission was never taken, granted or ordered. Consequently, FR­II is without basis. In FR­I it has been stated that in the absence of any documents in respect of the financial transactions, the instant case may be treated as a false case. This, then would necessarily imply that after due investigation conducted by a duly authorized person, 9 (2023) 1 SCC 48 10 the conclusion is that the ingredients of the section mentioned in the FIR have not been met and no case is made out.  10 21. In  Paramjit Batra v. State of Uttarakhand   (two­Judge bench) it was observed that the High Court must use its powers under Section 482 only sparingly and to facilitate the ends of justice. It was also observed that the court must see  must see whether a dispute which is essentially of a civil nature is given a cloak of criminal offence. In such a situation, the High Court should not hesitate to quash the criminal proceedings to prevent abuse of process of the court. 11 22. In   State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal   (two­Judge bench) seven instances were laid out wherein the exercise of either the power of Article 226 of the Constitution of India or the Inherent Powers under Section 482, Cr.PC would be justifiably exercised. They are­ 
“(1) Where the allegations made in the first information<br>report or the complaint, even if they are taken at<br>their face value and accepted in their entirety do not<br>prima facie constitute any offence or make out a<br>case against the accused.
10  (2013) 13 SCC 673 11  1992 Supp (1) 335 11 (2) Where the allegations in the first information report and other materials, if any, accompanying the FIR do not disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an investigation by police officers under Section 156(1) of the Code except under an order of a Magistrate within the purview of Section 155(2) of the Code. (3) Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR   or   complaint   and   the   evidence   collected   in support of the same do not disclose the commission of   any   offence   and   make   out   a   case   against   the accused. (4) Where, the allegations in the FIR do not constitute a cognizable   offence   but   constitute   only   a   non­ cognizable offence, no investigation is permitted by a police  officer  without  an order  of  a Magistrate as contemplated under Section 155(2) of the Code. (5) Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are   so   absurd   and   inherently   improbable   on   the basis of which no prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. (6) Where there is an express legal bar engrafted in any of the provisions of the Code or the concerned Act (under which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and continuance of the proceedings and/or   where   there   is   a   specific   provision   in   the Code   or   the   concerned   Act,   providing   efficacious redress for the grievance of the aggrieved party. (7) Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended with   mala   fide   and/or   where   the   proceeding   is maliciously   instituted   with   an   ulterior   motive   for wreaking vengeance on the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge.” 23. These categories of cases have been quoted with approval by a bench of three judges in  Neeharika Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. v. 12 State of Maharashtra .   The principles in respect of the exercise of   power   under   Section   482   CrPC   have   been   summarised   as under:  12 2021 SCC OnLine 315 12 A. The Police has a statutory right as well as a duty under the Code of Criminal Procedure to investigate cognizable offences; B. Courts   are   not   to   stymie   any   investigation   into   a cognizable offence; C. When   the   perusal   of   the   FIR   however,   does   not disclose any offense of any nature whatsoever, the court is not to permit the investigation to proceed.  D. The   powers   under   this   section   are   to   be   used ‘sparingly’ and with due circumspection.  While doing so,   the   Court   ought   to   consider   whether   the allegations in the FIR disclose the commission of the cognizable   offence   or   not,   without   going   into   the merits of the case.  E. In exercise of this power, it is not for the court to go into   questions   of   legitimacy   or   reliability   of   the allegations made in the FIR/Complaint; F. Quashing   of   a   complaint   should   not   acquire   the stature of the rule, and should be a rarity, and nor should, in exercise of such power, an investigation be unnecessarily cut short; G. The Police and the Courts are two distinct organs of the State with perspicuous spheres of activities, with complementary   functions,   and   so,   unwarranted interference by the latter into the former’s work is loathe, save in the interest of securing justice and preventing miscarriage thereof;  H. It must be noted that procedure is well establish to deal with an FIR upon which, post investigation, no merit is found, then the officer can file the suitable application to that effect which will be considered by the learned Magistrate seized of the matter; 24. The offence alleged in the FIR is Section 420 IPC which is a serious form of cheating include inducement in terms of delivery of property and/or valuable securities. The ingredients that must be met in order to constitute an offence under the section have been noted by this Court in  Vijay Kumar Ghai and Ors. v. State 13 13 of West Bengal and Ors.  by a bench of two judges (consisting one of us, Krishna Murari, J.): “35.To   establish   the   offence   of   cheating   in inducing   the   delivery   of   property,   the   following ingredients need to be proved: (i)   The   representation   made   by   the   person   was false. (ii)   The   accused   had   prior   knowledge   that   the representation he made was false. (iii) The accused made false representation with dishonest intention in order to deceive the person to whom it was made. (iv) The act where the accused induced the person to deliver the property or to perform or to abstain from any act which the person would have not done or had otherwise committed. 36. As observed and held by this Court in R.K. Vijayasarathy   v.   Sudha   Seetharam   [R.K. Vijayasarathy v. Sudha Seetharam, (2019) 16 SCC 739 : (2020) 2 SCC (Cri) 454] , the ingredients to constitute an offence under  Section 420 are as follows: (i) a person must commit the offence of cheating under Section 415; and (ii)   the   person   cheated   must   be   dishonestly induced to: (a) deliver property to any person; or (b)   make,   alter   or   destroy   valuable   security   or anything signed or sealed and capable of being converted into valuable security. Thus, cheating is an essential ingredient for an act to constitute an offence under Section 420IPC.” 25. Significantly, no material has been placed on record to show that the representation made by accused No.1 Babu (now deceased), the present appellant or the de facto complainant, was false or 13 (2022) 7 SCC 124 14 that they had prior knowledge of such representation being false and   made   only   with   the   intention   to   deceive.   There   are   only statements   to   the   effect   that   despite   reminders   by   the   seven persons no jobs were secured for them or their wives. The only ingredient out of the four required, being in the present case is that in the ordinary course, none of the persons would have given the accused any money, and therefore were induced to deliver property which otherwise they would have not. No proof of any financial   transaction   is   on   record,   much   less   concerning   the present appellant.   26. With   only   one   ingredient   being   fulfilled   and   mere   statements made to show dishonest intention or falsity of statement, the threshold   of   Section   420   is   not   breached,   constituting   the offence.  27. Therefore, the first question is answered in the negative.  28. In terms of second question, the above discussion makes clear that the District Police Chief, Kottayam could not have ordered further   investigation,   as   that   power   rests   either   with   the 15 concerned magistrate or with a higher court and not with an investigating agency.  th 29. Given the above, the order dated 6   of November, 2019 in Crl. MC No. 6314 of 2018 passed by the High Court of Kerala is set aside and Criminal Case No.132 of 2017 is quashed. The appeal is allowed in the above terms and the pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of. ………………………J. (KRISHNA MURARI) ..……………..…J. (SAJAY KAROL) rd Dated: 3  May, 2023 Place: New Delhi