THE STATE OF GUJARAT vs. MANSUKHBHAI KANJIBHAI SHAH

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 27-04-2020

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REPORTABLE 1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL No.989 OF 2018 State of Gujarat …APPELLANT Versus Mansukhbhai Kanjibhai Shah      …RESPONDENT JUDGMENT N. V. RAMANA 1. Corruption is the malignant manifestation of a malady menacing the   morality   of   men.   There   is   a   common   perception     that corruption in India has spread to all corners of public life and is currently choking the constitutional aspirations enshrined in the Preamble. In this context, this case revolves around requiring this Court to facilitate making India corruption free. 2. This Appeal is from the impugned judgment and   final order dated   02.02.2018,   passed   by   the   High   Court   of   Gujarat   at Ahmedabad   in   Criminal   Revision   Application   (against   Order passed by Subordinate Court) No. 1188 of 2017. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by GEETA AHUJA Date: 2020.04.27 20:32:20 IST Reason: 3. The respondent herein is allegedly a Trustee of a trust called the Sumandeep Charitable Trust, which established and sponsors 1 2 ‘Sumandeep   Vidyapeeth’,   a   deemed   University,   which   is   the institution concerned herein. 4. Brief facts necessary for the disposal of the case are that an FIR, being I­ER No. 3 of 2017, dated 28.02.2017 was filed by one Dr. Jasminaben, wife of Dilipbhai Devda, before the Vadodara City A.C.B. Police Station against four accused persons including the present   respondent.   Broadly,   the   allegations   were   that   the complainant’s elder daughter was admitted to the MBBS Course in the above­mentioned Deemed University in the year 2012. Her daughter’s course fee was completely paid up as per the annual fee slab. In the year 2017, her elder daughter while filling up her final   examination   form,   was   asked   to   meet   the   respondent herein. On meeting, the respondent, in conspiracy with others, had   communicated   that   the   complainant’s   husband   had   to further pay Rupees Twenty Lakhs for allowing the complainant’s daughter to take the examination.  Further, it is alleged that the accused­respondent had communicated that they can deposit a cheque and the same would be returned on payment of cash, considering that demonetization had recently taken place. In lieu of   the   same,   cheques   were   deposited   with   the   accused­ 2 3 respondent   herein.   Thereafter,   the   complainant,   who   was unwilling to pay the amount, filed the FIR. 5. After following the necessary procedure, phenolphthalein powder was applied to the currency notes and were delivered to accused Vinod alias Bharatbhai Savant (the alleged companion/agent of respondent   through   whom   the   demand   was   facilitated). Thereafter, accused Vinod confirmed the receipt of money to the respondent   over   the   telephone.   The   aforesaid   incriminating conversation stood intercepted in an audio video camera set up by   the   complainant.   Further,   separate   raids   were   conducted whereupon several undated cheques drawn in the name of the institution worth more than Rs. 100 crores and certain fixed deposits were recovered.  6. The chargesheet came to be filed on 25.04.2017 against several accused persons, including the present respondent for various offences under Sections 7, 8, 10 and 13 (1)(b) and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 [ hereinafter referred to as thePC   Act ’]   read   with   Section   109   of   Indian   Penal   Code,   1860 [ hereinafter referred to as the  ‘ ’],. IPC 3 4 7. The   respondent   herein   filed   a   discharge   application   under Section 227 of CrPC before the District and Sessions Court in Special ACB Case No. 2 of 2017. The District and Sessions Court by an order dated 29.11.2017, rejected the application.  8. Aggrieved   by   the   rejection   of   the   aforesaid   application,   the respondent   herein   filed   a   criminal   revision   application,   being Criminal Revision Application No. 1188 of 2017, before the High Court   of   Gujarat,   at   Ahmedabad.   The   High   Court,   by   the impugned judgment and order dated 02.02.2018, allowed the revision and discharged the accused­respondent herein. 9. Aggrieved   by   the   impugned   order,   the   State   of   Gujarat   is   in appeal before this Court. 10. The senior counsel on behalf of the appellant submitted that the PC Act is a comprehensive statute which was passed to prevent corruption and therefore, should be construed liberally as the legislature intended to include the abovementioned acts, which harm the public at large, within the ambit of the PC Act. The PC Act is a social legislation intended to curb illegal activities of public servants and is designed to be construed so as to advance its objectives. The Courts, while keeping the public interest in 4 5 mind,   must   ensure   that   technicalities   should   not   defeat   the object sought to be achieved. 11. The counsel further argued that public function need not be the exclusive   domain   of   the   State;   private   institutions   such   as universities   may   also   perform   a   public   function.   The   counsel placed   reliance   upon   Modern   Dental   College   &   Research Centre v. State of Madhya Pradesh .,   (2016) 7 SCC 353   and .,  (2015) 16 SCC 530 to state Janet Jeyapaul v. SRM University that imparting education to the public is a welfare activity and hence   can   be   called   as   an   activity   done   for   public   good. Considering   the   UGC   guidelines,   the   counsel   submitted   that Deemed Universities effectively discharge the public function of imparting education to the public. 12. Moreover,   the   counsel   placed   reliance   upon   the   case   of   K. ,   (1991) 3 SCC 655 to submit Veeraswami v. Union Of India that   there   is   no   requirement   of   having   a   master­servant relationship   between   the   competent   authority   and   the   public servant. The PC Act does not define public servant, rather, it provides categories of the same. The counsel further stated that the lack of any authority to grant the sanction cannot result in non­prosecution.  In  such  situations,  there   is   no  necessity   for 5 6 obtaining sanction. In any case, the sanction was obtained from the Charity Commissioner out of abundant caution. 13. Lastly,   the   counsel   submitted   that   the   respondent   was discharging a public duty. In the present facts, it was a pre­ condition to pay the respondent before obtaining an examination pass, although he was never formally assigned this task or role. The   counsel   therefore   concluded   that   there   need   not   be   a requirement of positive command under the law to discharge his public duty. In fact, there may not be any formal requirement of providing   remuneration   or   payment   in   lieu   of   the   service rendered.  14. On   the   contrary,  the   counsel   on   behalf   of   the   respondent submitted that it is a settled principle of law that a criminal statute   has   to   be   construed   strictly.   In   cases   where   two interpretations are possible, the Courts must lean towards the construction which exempts the subject from penalty rather than the one which imposes the same. 15. The   counsel   further   vehemently   argued   that   the   respondent, being a trustee, cannot be termed as a Public Servant. There is no allegation in the charge sheet that the respondent was holding any position or post in the institution which was Deemed to be University or that he was engaged by the institution for rendering 6 7 any service. In light of the above fact, the High Court was correct in discharging the respondent as he does not qualify within the ambit of Section 2 (c)(xi) of the PC Act. 16. Moreover, the counsel argued that the High Court has correctly held that the relevant provision as laid down under Section 2 (c) (xi) is inapplicable in the present case as the said Institution was a “deemed to be university”. Finally, the counsel argued that no valid   or   proper   sanction   was   obtained   for   prosecuting   the respondent.   The   sanction   obtained   from   the   Charity Commissioner   is   not   valid   as   he   cannot   be   considered   as   a Competent Authority, since he does not have the power to remove or appoint a Trustee. 17. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties, the questions to be answered herein are­ i. Whether   the   respondent­trustee   is   a   ‘public   servant’ covered under Section 2(c) of the PC Act?  ii. Whether   the   accused­respondent   can   be   discharged under Section 227 of CrPC? 18. The first question before us, that is, whether the respondent­who is allegedly a trustee in the Sumandeep Charitable Trust which established   and   sponsors   the   said   University   (‘Deemed   to   be University’) is a ‘ public servant ’ covered under Section 2(c) of the PC   Act,   can   be   broken   up   into   two   parts:   first ,   whether   the 7 8 ‘Deemed   University’   is   covered   under   the   provisions   of   the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, and   secondly , whether the ‘respondent­trustee’   can   be   termed   as   ‘ public   servant ’   under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act?  19. Before   we   proceed   further,   we   need   to   observe   the   relevant provisions under the PC Act: 
2(c.). "public servant" means­
(xi) any person who is a Vice­Chancellor<br>or member of any governing body,<br>professor, reader, lecturer or any other<br>teacher or employee, by whatever<br>designation called, of any University and<br>any person whose services have been<br>availed of by a University or any other<br>public authority in connection with<br>holding or conducting examinations;
20. Simply   speaking,   any   person,   who   is   a   Vice­Chancellor,   any member of any governing body, professor, reader, lecturer, any other teacher or employee, by whatever designation called, of any University, is said to be a public servant. Further, the definition inter alia , covers any person whose services have been availed of by a University, or any other public authority in connection with holding or conducting examinations. 8 9 21. However, the interpretative necessity arises in this case due to the   fact   that   the   ambit   of   the   term   ‘University’,   as   occurring under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act, has not been clearly defined and the question arises as to whether the same covers ‘deemed to be University’ as well. In this regard, we need to observe certain ground rules on interpretation, concerning the PC Act. 22. There is no gainsaying that nations are built upon trust. It is inevitable that in a democracy one needs to rely on those with power and influence and to trust them of being transparent and fair. There is no doubt that any action which is driven by the self­ interest   of   these   powerful   individuals,   rather   than   the   public interest,   destroys   that   trust.   Where   this   becomes   the   norm, democracy, the economy and the rule of law, all take a beating, ultimately   putting   the   whole   nation   at   risk.   Corrupt   societies often   spring   from   the   examples   set   at   the   highest   levels   of government, but small­scale corruption can be equally insidious. In   this   regard,   the   PC   Act   was   formulated   to   bring   about transparency   and   honesty   in   public   life,   as   indicated   by   its objects and reasons. We need to keep the aforesaid legislative intention in mind while interpreting the provisions of the PC Act. 9 10 23. Learned   senior   counsel   for   the   appellant­State,   vehemently contended that the PC Act, being a welfare legislation, cannot be narrowly   interpreted,   and   rather,   that   a   broad   interpretation needs   to   be   provided   for   the   same   [ refer   State   of   Madhya ,   (1975)   2   SCC   377;   Pradesh   v.   M.   V.   Narasimhan M. Narayanan Nambiar v. State of Kerala , (1963) Supp. (2) SCR 724].  24. The golden rule of interpretation for any penal legislation is to interpret   the   same   strictly,   unless   any   constitutional considerations   are   involved,   and   in   cases   of   ambiguity,   the benefit of the same should enure in favour of the accused. Having said so,  we  need to clarify  that strict interpretation does  not necessarily mean literal interpretation in all cases, rather the interpretation should have regards to the genuine import of the words,   taken   in   their   usual   sense   [ refer   Commissioner   of , (2018) Customs (Import), Mumbai v. Dilip Kumar & Company 9 SCC 1]. 25. However,   we   are   concerned   herein   with   interpreting   the provisions of the PC Act. There is no dispute that corruption in India is pervasive. Its impact on the nation is more pronounced, due to the fact that India is still a developing economy. Presently, 10 11 it can be stated that corruption in India has become an issue which affects all walks of life. In this context, we must state that although anti­corruption laws are fairly stringent in India, the percolation and enforcement of the same are sometimes criticized as being ineffective. Due to this, the constitutional aspirations of economic and social justice are sacrificed on a daily basis. It is in the above context that we need to resolve the issues concerned herein. 26. In   Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh ,   (2012) 3 SCC 64, this Court observed: “ 68.  Today, corruption in our country not only poses   a   grave   danger   to   the   concept   of constitutional governance, it also threatens the very foundation of Indian democracy and the Rule of Law. The magnitude of corruption in our public life is incompatible with the concept of a socialist, secular democratic republic. It cannot   be   disputed   that   where   corruption begins   all   rights   end.   Corruption   devalues human   rights,   chokes   development   and undermines justice, liberty, equality, fraternity which are the core values in our preambular vision.   Therefore, the duty of the Court is that   any   anti­corruption   law   has   to   be interpreted   and   worked   out   in   such   a fashion as to strengthen the fight against corruption.   That   is   to   say   in   a   situation where   two   constructions   are   eminently reasonable, the Court has to accept the one that   seeks   to   eradicate   corruption   to   the one which seeks to perpetuate it. ” 11 12 (emphasis supplied) 27. We shall accordingly have due regard to the aforesaid principles while interpreting the provisions herein. The point of contention relates to whether a deemed University would be included within the ambit of the PC Act, particularly under Section 2(c)(xi) of the same, where the word used is “University”. The learned senior counsel   for   the   appellant­State   submits   that   the   word “University”   as   used   in   Section   2(c)(xi)   of   the   Act,   must   be purposively interpreted. An institution which is “deemed to be a University” under the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 [ UGC Act ] plays the same role in society as a “University”. These institutions have the common public duty of granting degrees, which are ultimately qualifications recognized in society. As such, an institution which is “deemed to be University”, such as the institution in the present case, is included within the ambit of the term “University” used under the Act.  28. On   the   other   hand,   the   learned   senior   counsel   for   the respondent, supporting the decision of the  High Court in the impugned judgment, submits that the term “University” as used in Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act, does not include an institution 12 13 which is “deemed to be a University”.  The learned senior counsel submitted that the inclusive definition of a “University” under the UGC   Act   is   only   for   the   limited   purpose   of   funding,   and   an institution   which   is   “deemed   to   be   a   University”   is   not   a University   for   any   other   purpose.   The   learned   senior   counsel submitted that the same is abundantly clear from the provisions of   the   UGC   Act,   which   makes   a   distinction   between   a “University”, and an institution “other than a University” which is “deemed to be a University”.  29. At this juncture, it would be apposite to look to the holding of the High Court in the impugned judgment on this point: 
“27.…However, the fact remains that either as a
trustee or in any other capacity, even if applicant is
connected with Sumandeep Vidyapith, which is not
a regular University getting Government grant in
any manner whatsoever and thereby, when there is
no dispute that it is only a Deemed University, the
submissions recorded herein above on behalf of the
applicant makes it clear that suchDeemed
University cannot considered as a regular
University and thereby, applicant cannot be
termed as a public servant and therefore,
irrespective of such change report after the
complaint, it is clear and obvious that applicant
cannot be termed as a public servant.”
(emphasis supplied)
“University” needs to be read in accordance with the Section 2(f), 13 14 3   and   23   of   the   UGC   Act,   wherein   a   “deemed   University”   is different from a “University”,   stricto sensu . However, we do not subscribe to such contention for the reasons provided below. 31. The contention of the respondent is that the term “University” needs to be read in accordance with the UGC Act, wherein only those Universities covered under the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act are   covered   under   the   PC   Act.   Such   an   interpretation,   by importing the technical definition under a different Act may not be feasible herein. It is a settled law that technical definitions under one statute should not  be  imported to another statute which is not  in pari materia  with the first. The UGC Act and the PC Act are enactments which are completely distinct in their purpose,  operation  and   object.  The   preamble   of  the   UGC  Act states that it is ‘ an Act to make provision for the co­ordination and determination of standards in Universities, and for that purpose, to establish a University Grants Commission ’. On the other hand, the PC  Act  is an enactment meant to  curb  the  social evil  of corruption in the country. As such, the extension of technical definitions   used   under   one   Act   to   the   other   might   not   be appropriate, as the two Acts are not   in  pari materia   with one another. 14 15 32. The above principle of law was recently applied by a 3­Judge Bench of this Court in   Bangalore Turf Club Ltd. v. Regional Director,   ESI   Corporation ,   (2014)   9   SCC   657,   where   an argument was advanced by counsel that the interpretation of the term ‘shop’ under the ESI Act should be determined in light of the   definition   of   the   same   under   the   relevant   Shops   and Commercial Establishments Act. Negativing this contention of the counsel, the Court went on to hold that:
52.An argument raised by the appellants herein is
the issue relating to the “doctrine of pari materia”. It is
contended that since the ESI Act does not define the
term “shop”, the said definition may be ascertained in
the light of the definitions under the relevant Shops
and Commercial Establishments Act as enacted by
the respective State Legislatures, since the purpose
and object of both the enactments are one and the
same.
53.  For the above purpose, it would be necessary to look into the concept of “ doctrine of pari materia ” and further ascertain whether the given statutes are in fact pari materia with the ESI Act. It is settled law that two statutes are said to be in pari materia with each other when they deal with the same subject­ matter. The rationale behind this rule is based on the interpretative   assumption   that   words   employed   in legislations are used in an identical sense. However, this assumption is rebuttable by the context of the 15 16 statutes.   According   to   Sutherland   in  Statutes   and Statutory Construction , Vol. 2, 3rd Edn.: “Statutes   are   considered   to   be   in   pari materia to pertain to the same subject­ matter   when   they   relate   to   the   same person or things, or to the same class of persons   or   things,   or   have   the   same purpose or object.” …
58.It can be concluded that though the ESI Act,
the 1948 Act and the 1961 Act deal with labour
and workmen, in essence and spirit they have a
different scope and application. The Acts do not
appear to have any overlap in their fields of
operation and have mutually exclusive schemes.
Therefore, the argument that the Acts are pari
materia with each other, must fail.
59.This Court must also address the issue that
arose in the course of the arguments that the
word “shop” has been used in the impugned
notifications as well as the 1948 Act and the 1961
Act and therefore assistance may be taken from
the latter statutes to interpret the notification.
This argument, in light of the above discussion,
does not appeal to us…”
(emphasis supplied) It is for the same reasoning that we are of the opinion that the High Court’s reliance on the judgment of this Court in   Orissa 16 17   , (2018) Lift Irrigation Corporation Ltd. v. Rabi Sankar Patro 1 SCC 468 was not appropriate, as the same was with reference to   enactments   relating   to   administration/regulation   of universities, and is unconnected with the objects of the PC Act.  33. This brings us to the conclusion that purport of UGC Act cannot be borrowed under the PC Act, and that an independent meaning needs to be provided for the term “University” as occurring under the PC Act. In India, there are 12,206 Universities under Section 2(f) and 12B of the UGC Act, as of 31.07.2019. While there are about 124 deemed universities across India, as of 23.06.2008. The education sector in India has seen a general rise. There is no dispute   that   the   education   sector,   which   is   a   very   important service sector in the country, has seen various scandals. In this context,   we  need  to  understand   whether   a  deemed  university would be covered within the ambit of the Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act. 34. On a perusal of Section 2(c) of the PC Act, we may observe that the emphasis is not on the position held by an individual, rather, it is on the public duty performed by him/her. In this regard, the legislative   intention   was   to   not   provide   an   exhaustive   list   of authorities   which   are   covered,   rather   a   general   definition   of 17 18 ‘public   servant’   is   provided   thereunder.   This   provides   an important   internal   evidence   as   to   the   definition   of   the   term “University”. 35. The use of ‘any’ is critical in our understanding as to the term University. We are aware of the line of authorities, wherein this Court has reduced the impact of term ‘any’ to not mean ‘every’ [ See  Hira Devi v. District Board, Shahjahanpur , (1952) S.C.R. 1122]. However, we cannot accept such a view as the context in which the present dispute emanates, differs from the above.  36. Our   attention   was   also   drawn   to   the   notes   on   clauses   of Prevention of Corruption Bill dated 20.02.1987. Clause 2 of the Notes on Clauses in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section   2,   clarifies   the   legislative   intent,   wherein   it   was commented as under:
“2. This clause defines the expressions used in the
Bill. Clause 2(c) defines ‘public servant’.In the
existing definition the emphasis is on the
authority employing and the authority
remunerating. In the proposed definition the
emphasis is on public duty.The definition of
‘election’ is based on the definition of this expression
in the Penal Code, 1860.”
(emphasis supplied) 18 19 37. Additionally   our   attention   is   drawn   to   the   legislative   debates which took place prior to the enactment of the PC Act. It was uniform   across   the   party   line   that   the   purpose   of   preventing corruption in educational institutions was emphasised.  38. Coming to external aids of interpretation, the word “University” is etymologically derived from the Latin,  universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Black’s Law dictionary defines “University” as: “An institution of higher learning, consisting of an assemblage   of   colleges  united  under  one  corporate organization and government, affording instruction in the arts and sciences and the learned professions. and conferring degrees. See Com. v. Banks, 198 Pa. 397. 48 Atl. 277.” 39. Law Lexicon, defines the same as: “A corporation of teachers or assemblage of learned men or colleges for teaching the higher branches of learning: ;and having power to confer degrees. University. A place where all kinds of literature are universally taught. (Tomlin’s Law Dic.) See also Act VIII of 1904, S.2, Cl. (2)(c). A University, of  normal type,  may  be  described in popular language as an organization of teachers and learners, settled in a fixed locality, for the purpose of nature   study,   in   which   the   body   of   teachers   has 19 20 authority to attest the proficiency of the learners, by bestowing upon them titles, signifying that they also possess  the  qualifications  and  are admitted  to the rank   of   those   that   are   learned   in   the   particular branch of knowledge in which they are taught. The term ‘University’ is usually understood to mean a body incorporated for the purpose of learning, with various endowments and privileges. Such bodies were anciently founded by papal bull or charter, later by royal   charter   or   act   of   Parliament.   University   is   a corporation   aggregate­Aggregation   of   corporations­ The corporations are usually colleges or schools.” 40. Third Edition of Halsbury's, Volume 13, page 707, at para 1441 deals with the term “Universities”. According to the same: “The   word   "university   is   not   a   word   of   art   and, although the institutions to which it refers are readily identifiable,   precise   definition   is   difficult.   The essential features of a university seems to be that it was incorporated as such by the sovereign power. Other   attributes   of   a   university   appear   to   be   the admission of students from all parts of the world, a plurality of masters, the teaching of one at least of the   higher   faculties,   namely   theology,   law   or philosophy, which in some definitions are regarded as identical, and medicine, provision for residence, and the right to confer degrees, but possession of these attributes will not make an institution a university in the absence of any express intention of the sovereign power to make it one. Incorporation was anciently affected by papal bull or charter later by royal charter or Act of Parliament.” 20 21
Words and Phrases, Permanent Edn. (West Publishing
Company), the word “Universities” is defined as follows:   “Universities: Bodies   politic   and   corporate   have   "been   known   to exist as Far back at last as the time of Cicero, and Gaius   traces   them   even   to   the   laws   of   Solon   of Athens, who lived some 500 years before…. And from time immemorial, as at the present day, this privilege of being a corporation or artificial body of individuals, with   power   of   holding   their   property,   rights,   and immunities in common as a legally organized body and of transmitting the same in such body by an artificial   succession   different   from   the   natural succession of the property of individuals has been considered a franchise which could not be lawfully assumed by any associated body without a special authority for that purpose from the government or sovereign power." 42. Under the UGC Act, University is defined and recognized under Section 2(f) in the following manner: “University”   means   a   University   established   or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as   may,   in   consultation   with   the   University concerned,   be   recoginsed   by   the   Commission   in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. 43. A ‘deemed to be University’ is recognized under Section 3 of the UGC Act, in the following manner: 21 22 Application   of   Act   to   institutions   for   higher studies other than Universities 3. The Central Government may, on the advice of the Commission,   declare   by   notification   in   the   Official Gazette,   that   any   institution   for   higher   education, other   than   a   University,   shall   be   deemed   to   be   a University for the purposes of this Act, and on such a declaration being made, all the provisions of this Act shall   apply   to   such   institution   as   if   it   were   a University within the meaning of clause (f) of section 2.  44. As discussed earlier, the object of the PC Act was not only to prevent the social evil of bribery and corruption, but also to make the same applicable to individuals who might conventionally not be considered public servants. The purpose under the PC Act was to   shift   focus   from   those   who   are   traditionally   called   public officials, to those individuals who perform public duties. Keeping the same in mind, as rightly submitted by the learned senior counsel   for   the   appellant­State,   it   cannot   be   stated   that   a “Deemed University” and the officials therein, perform any less or any different a public duty, than those performed by a University simpliciter, and the officials therein. 45. Therefore, for all the above reasons, we are of the opinion that the   High   Court   was   incorrect   in   holding   that   a   “Deemed 22 23 University” is excluded from the ambit of the term “University” under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act. 46. Having come to the above conclusion, in the present case, the pivotal question is whether the appellant­trustee in the Board of ‘ Deemed   to   be   University’   is   a   ‘public   servant’   covered   under Section 2(c) of the PC Act. Recently, this Court in the case of  CBI (2016) 3 SCC 788, dealt with the question as to v. Ramesh Gelli whether Chairman, Directors and officers of a private bank before its amalgamation with a public sector bank, can be classified as public servants for prosecution under the PC Act. While dealing with the  aforesaid proposition of  law, the Court analysed  the purpose   and   scope   of   the   PC   Act   and   made   the   following observations: “ 15.  From the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the PC Bill it is clear that the Act was intended to make   the   anti­corruption   law   more   effective   by widening its coverage.   It is also clear that the Bill was   introduced   to   widen   the   scope   of   the   Before the PC Act, definition of “public servant”. 1988, it was the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and Sections 161 to 165­A in Chapter IX IPC which were governing the field of law relating to prevention of corruption. Parliament repealed the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and also omitted Sections 161 to 165­A IPC as provided under Sections 30 and 31 of the PC Act, 1988. Since a new definition of “public 23 24 servant” is given under the PC Act, 1988, it is not necessary here to reproduce the definition of “public servant” given in Section 21 IPC. 17.   The   above   definition   shows   that   under   sub­ clause ( ) contained in Section 2( ) of the PC viii c Act, 1988, a person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorised or required to perform any public duty, is a public servant.   Now, for the purposes of the present case this Court is required to examine   as   to   whether   the   Chairman/Managing Director   or   Executive   Director   of   a   private   bank operating   under   licence   issued   by   RBI   under   the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, held/holds an office and performed/performs public duty so as to attract the definition of “public servant” quoted above.” ( emphasis supplied ) 47. This   Court   in   the   case of   P.V.   Narasimha   Rao  v.  State (CBI/SPE),  (1998) 4 SCC 626, has clarified the word “office” in the following manner: “   … The word ‘office’ is normally understood to 61. mean ‘a position to which certain duties are attached, especially a place of trust, authority or service under constituted   authority’.   (See  Oxford   Shorter   English Dictionary , 3rd Edn., p. 1362.) In  McMillan  v.  Guest , (1942) 1 All ER 606 (HL), Lord Wright has said:  ‘…The   word   “office”   is   of   indefinite content. Its various meanings cover four 24 25 columns of the  New English Dictionary , but   I   take   as   the   most   relevant   for purposes of this case the following: “A   position   or   place   to   which certain   duties   are   attached, especially one of a more or less public character.”’ In   the   same   case   Lord   Atkin   gave   the   following meaning:  ‘…“an office  or employment  which was subsisting,   permanent,   substantive position,   which   had   an   existence independent of the person who filled it, which   went   on   and   was   filled   in succession by successive holders.”’ In   v.   AIR 1968 SC 1495 Statesman (P) Ltd. H.R. Deb, and  Mahadeo  v.  Shantibhai,     (1969) 2 SCR  422 this Court has adopted the meaning given by Lord Wright when it said: ‘An office means no more than a position to which certain duties are attached.’” 48. This Court in the case of  Manish Trivedi v. State of Rajasthan , (2014) 14 SCC 420  further  elucidated  upon  the  ambit  of the phrase   “public   servant”   by   stressing   upon   the   relevance   of “office”, wherein the emphasis was upon the duties performed. The Court noted therein: “   The   present   Act   (the   1988   Act)   envisages 19. widening   of   the   scope   of   the   definition   of   the expression “public servant”. It was brought in force to purify public administration. The legislature has used 25 26 a   comprehensive   definition   of   “public   servant”   to achieve   the   purpose   of   punishing   and   curbing corruption among public servants. Hence, it would be inappropriate to limit the contents of the definition clause by a construction which would be against the spirit of the statute. Bearing in mind this principle, when we consider the case of the appellant, we have no   doubt   that   he   is   a   public   servant   within   the meaning of Section 2(c) of the Act.   Clause (viii) of Section 2(c) of the present Act makes any person, who   holds   an   office   by   virtue   of   which   he   is authorised or required to perform any public duty, to   be   a   public   servant.   The   word   “office”   is   of indefinite connotation and, in the present context, it would mean a position or place to which certain duties are attached and has an existence which is independent of the persons who fill it. ” ( ) emphasis supplied 49. In order to appreciate the amplitude of the word “public servant”, the relevance of the term “public duty” cannot be disregarded. “Public duty” is defined under Section 2(b) of the PC Act, which is reproduced below: 2( b )  ‘ public duty ’ means a duty in the discharge of which the State, the public or the community at large has an interest.  50. Evidently, the language of Section 2(b) of the PC Act indicates that any duty discharged wherein State, the public or community at   large   has   any   interest   is   called   a   public   duty. The   first explanation to Section 2 further clarifies that any person who falls in any of the categories stated under Section 2 is a public 26 27 servant whether or not appointed by the government.  The second explanation further expands the ambit to include every person who   de facto   discharges the functions of a public servant, and that he should not be prevented from being brought under the ambit   of   public   servant   due   to   any   legal   infirmities   or technicalities.  51. In the present case, on a  prima­facie  evaluation of the statements of   the   Gaurav   D.   Mehta   (the   Vice­Chancellor);   Mr. Pragneshkumar   Rameshbhai   Trivedi   (account   officer   of Sumandeep   Vidhyapith   University)   and   other   witnesses   it appears that the present respondent was the final authority with regard to the grant of admission, collection of fees and donation amount.  52. The   charge   sheet   specifically   discloses   that   the   respondent allegedly was collecting certain extra amount over the prescribed fees   on   the   pretext   of   allowing   the   students   to   fill   up   their examination forms. Therefore, paying the respondent the alleged amount was a condition precedent before filling up the forms, to appear for the examinations. Specifically, in the complaint, it was alleged that the respondent had demanded an amount of Rupees Twenty Lakhs to be paid to the co­accused Bharat Savant, failing 27 28 which  the   daughter   of   the   complainant   would   not   have   been permitted to appear in the examination. In our opinion, the fact that there were a large number of cheques which were found during   the   raid   is   more   than   sufficient   to   establish   a   grave suspicion as to the commission of the alleged offence. 53. The respondent has vehemently stressed upon the fact that he is admittedly a trustee of the “Sumandeep Charitable Trust” and has   no   connection   with   the   “Sumandeep   University”.   But,   it ought to be noted that the courts below have failed to analyze the connection between the trust and the University, as well as the relationship of the respondent with the university.  a Prima facie,  grave suspicion is made out that the respondent was rendering his service by dealing with the students and the examination aspect of the University. But a detailed appreciation of evidence is called for before one can reach a conclusion as to the exact position of the respondent vis­à­vis the University.  54. At this stage, we may note that the jurisdiction of this Court, with regards to Section 227 of CrPC, is limited and should not be excercised by conducting roving enquiries on the aspect of factual inferences. This Court, in  Union of India Vs. Prafulla Kumar 28 29 , 1979 (3) SCC 4, had an occasion to consider the scope of Samal Section 227 CrPC and it held as under:  Section 227 of the Code runs thus: “7. “If, upon consideration of the record of the case and the documents submitted therewith, and     after     hearing     the submissions     of     the accused and the prosecution   in   this   behalf,   the   Judge considers       that       there       is       not sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, he shall     discharge     the accused   and   record   his reasons for so doing.” The   words   “not   sufficient   ground   for   proceeding against the accused” clearly show that the Judge is not   a   mere   post   office   to   frame   the   charge   at   the behest   of   the   prosecution,   but   has   to   exercise   his judicial   mind   to   the   facts   of   the   case   in   order   to determine whether a case for trial has been made out by the prosecution. In assessing this fact, it is not necessary for the court to enter into the pros and cons of   the   matter   or   into   a   weighing   and   balancing   of evidence and probabilities which is really his function after the trial starts. At the stage of Section 227, the Judge has merely to sift the evidence in order to find out   whether   or   not   there   is   sufficient   ground   for proceeding   against   the   accused.   The   sufficiency   of ground would take within its fold the nature of the evidence   recorded   by   the   police   or   the   documents produced   before   the   court   which   ex   facie   disclose that   there   are   suspicious   circumstances against the accused so as to frame a charge against him.” 55. Further, in Sajjan Kumar v. Central Bureau of Investigation, 2010 (9) SCC 368, this Court,  inter alia , observed : 29 30
“21.On consideration of the authorities about the
scope ofSections227 and 228 of the Code, the
following principles emerge:
(ii)   Where   the   materials   placed   before   the   court disclose  grave  suspicion against the   accused  which has not been properly explained, the court will be fully justified in framing a charge and proceeding with the trial…” 56. Therefore, in line with the aforesaid proposition, this case is not an appropriate one to have exercised the power under Section 227 to discharge the accused­respondent herein, having regards to the facts and circumstances of the case. However, it should be noted that this judgment is rendered for a limited purpose, and we have not expressed any opinion on the merits of the case. The trial court is directed to proceed with the case expeditiously. 57. Accordingly, the impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. Appeal is allowed.                                                 ……….........................J.                    (N.V.Ramana) ……….........................J. (Mohan M. Shantanagoudar)   NEW DELHI;                                           April 27, 2020. 30 31 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(S). 989 OF 2018 STATE OF GUJARAT ….APPELLANT(S) VERSUS MANSUKHBHAI KANJIBHAI SHAH             ….RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T Ajay Rastogi, J. 1. I   have   had   the   advantage   of   going   through   the   draft judgment  proposed  by  my  esteemed  Brother  Mr.  Justice  N.V. Ramana.  I entirely agree with the conclusions which my erudite Brother   has   drawn,   based   on   the   remarkable   process   of reasoning.  I would all the same like to add some of my views, not because   the   judgment   requires   any   further   elaboration   but 31 32 looking   for   the   question   of   law   that   emerged   of   considerable importance. 2. The question that emerged for consideration in the present appeal is whether the respondent­trustee in the board of ‘deemed to be university’ is a ‘public servant’ covered under Section 2(c ) (xi) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988(hereinafter being referred to as “Act 1988”). 3. Zero tolerance towards corruption should be the top­notch priority for ensuring system based and policy driven, transparent and responsive governance.   Corruption cannot be annihilated but strategically be dwindled by reducing monopoly and enabling transparency in decision making.  However, fortification of social and moral fabric must be an integral component of long­term policy for nation building to accomplish corruption free society. 4. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 was amended in 1964   based   on   the   recommendations   of   the   Santhanam Committee. Although, there are provisions in Chapter IX of the Indian Penal Code to deal with public servants and those who abet them by way of criminal misconduct, they were found to be inadequate to deal with the offence of corruption effectively. 32 33   5. To   make   the   anti­corruption   laws   more   effective,   the Prevention of Corruption Bill was introduced in the Parliament. The   object   and   statement   of   reasons   of   the   Act,   1988   was intended to make the existing anti­corruption laws more effective by widening their coverage and by strengthening the provisions. The Act 1988 caters to its wide scope by providing for “different paths to liability, some of which are especially suited to, but by no means confined to, those who hold public office.”   6. There are number of judicial precedents dealing with the definition and meaning of corruption. The simplest definition of corruption   is,   any   act   or   omission   by   a   public   servant   for securing   pecuniary   or   other   material   advantage   directly   or indirectly for himself, his family or friends. It will be apposite to refer the provisions of the Act, 1988 relevant for the purpose ad infra:­ (c)  “public servant”  means— (i)­(x)….. (xi)   any person   who is a Vice­Chancellor or   member of any , professor, reader, lecturer or any their teacher governing body or   employee,   by   whatever   designation   called,   of   any University  and any person whose services have been availed of 33 34 by a University or any other public authority in connection with holding or conducting examinations; (xii)…”  (Emphasis supplied) 7. It  will   be   relevant   to   note   that   prior   to   the   Act,   1988, employees of the university, professors, readers, etc. were not covered   within   the   definition   of   ‘public   servant’   as   it   was contained   in   Section   21   of   the   Indian   Penal   Code.   Thrust   of submission  of  the   learned   counsel  for  the   respondent  is  that respondent herein who is a trustee of deemed to be university which cannot by any stretch of imagination be construed to be a public servant and would not fall within the ambit of Section 2(c ) (xi) of the Act, 1988. The High Court although has accepted the contention of the learned counsel for the respondent on the said premise but it needs to be examined in the context in which the term “University” has been referred to under Section 2(c )(xi) of the Act, 1988. 8. The  UGC Act was established by an Act of 1956 to make provisions for the coordination and determination of standards of education in universities.   “University” has been defined under Section   2(f)   of   the   UGC   Act   and   those   who   are   declared   as 34 35 ‘deemed to be university’, a declaration has to be notified under Section 3 with restrictions which has been imposed upon the deemed to be university as referred to under Section 23 of the UGC Act.  The relevant Sections of the UGC Act are as infra:­ “Section 2(f)   – “University” means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State   Act,   and   includes   any   such   institution   as   may,   in consultation with the University concerned, be recognized by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. ­ The Central Government may, on the advice of the Section 3 Commission, declare by notification in the Official Gazette, that any institution for higher education, other than a University, shall be deemed to be a University for the purposes of this Act, and on such a declaration being made, all the provisions of this Act shall apply  to such institution as if it  were a University within the meaning of clause (f) of Section 2. Section 23   – No institution, whether a corporate body or not, other than a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act shall be entitled to have   the   word   “University”   associated   with   its   name   in   any manner whatsoever.  Provided that nothing in this Section shall, for a period of two years from the commencement of this Act, apply   to   an   institution   which,   immediately   before   such commencement, had the word “University” associated with its name.” 9. “University” under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act is established either in the Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act.  At the same time, such of the institutions for higher education other than the University created under the statutory enactment, after being declared by the Central Government by notification in the 35 36 Official Gazette, shall be deemed to be university for the purposes of this Act and all provisions of the UGC Act shall apply to such institutions as if it were a university within the meaning of clause (f) of Section 2 of the Act. 10. It   cannot   be   lost   sight   of   that   the   Act,   1988,   as   its predecessor that is the repealed Act of 1947 on the same subject, was   brought   into   force   with   avowed   purpose   of   effective prevention of bribery and corruption.   The Act of 1988 which repeals and replaces  the Act of  1947 contains  a definition  of ‘public servant’ with vide spectrum in clause (c ) of Section 2 of the Act, 1988, so as to purify public administration.  The objects and reasons contained in the Bill leading to passing of the Act can be taken assistance of, which gives the background in which the legislation was enacted. When the legislature has introduced such a comprehensive definition of “public servant” to achieve the purpose   of   punishing   and   curbing   the   growing   menace   of corruption   in   the   society   imparting   public   duty,   it   would   be apposite   not   to   limit   the   contents   of   the   definition   clause   by construction which would be against the spirit of the statute. 36 37 11. By introduction of Section 2(c )(xi) of the Act, 1988, any person   or   member   of   any   governing   body   with   whatever designation called of any university has been included in the definition   of   “public   servant”   and   any   university   includes   all universities regardless of the fact whether it has been established under  the   statute   or  declared   deemed   to  be   university   under Section 3 of the UGC Act.  It is true that the distinction has been pointed out by the Parliament under the provisions of the UGC Act   for   consideration   and   determination   of   standards   of education in universities, but in my view, no distinction could be carved out between the university and deemed to be university so far it relates to the term ‘public servant’ as defined under Section 2(c ) (xi) of the Act 1988. 12. In construing the definition of ‘public servant’ in clause (c ) of Section 2 of the Act 1988, the Court is required to adopt an approach as would give effect to the intention of the legislature. The  legislature has, intentionally, while extensively defining the term ‘public servant’ in clause (c ) of Section 2 of the Act and clause (xi) in particular has specifically intended to explore the word   ‘any’   which   includes   all   persons   who   are   directly   or 37 38 indirectly actively participating in managing the affairs of any university   in   any   manner   or   the   form.     In   this   context,   the legislature has taken note of ‘any’ person or member of “any” governing body by whatever designation called of “any” university to be termed as ‘public servant’ for the purposes of invoking the provisions of Act 1988. 13. Heavy reliance was placed on the judgment in  Orissa Lift 1 Irrigation Corporation  Vs.  Rabi Sankar       wherein, the scope and parameters were examined by this Court under which the deemed to be university would regulate its educational fora under the regulations framed by the UGC for the purpose of imparting education by the deemed to be university. 14. But so far as the present case is concerned, the question for consideration is the term ‘any’ university in the broader spectrum to curb corruption in the educational institutions as referred to under Section 2(c )(xi) of   Act 1988 and the legislature in its wisdom has referred to the word “any university” which clearly mandates   the   university   referred   to   and   controlled   by   its statutory mechanism referred to under Section 2(f) and deemed to be university under Section 3 of the UGC Act. 1 2018(1) SCC 468 38 39 15. In my considered opinion, the view expressed by the High Court is unsustainable in law and all the questions raised on merits are left open to the respondent to urge during the course of the trial. The appeal is accordingly allowed.  The judgment of nd the High Court of Gujarat dated 2  February 2018 is hereby set aside.  No costs. …………………………………… J.     (AJAY RASTOGI) NEW DELHI  APRIL 27, 2020 39