SARIKA vs. ADMINISTRATOR, MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (MP)

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 02-05-2018

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CORRECTED                                                              REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4676 2018 (arising out of S.L.P. (C) No.15459 of 2017) SARIKA      …APPELLANT(S) VERSUS ADMINISTRATOR,  SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR  COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) & ORS.      ...RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T ARUN MISHRA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The petition pertains to famous Mahakaleshwar temple, Ujjain. The appellant has impugned the judgment and order passed in Writ Appeal No.37/2014 by the Division Bench of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore thereby setting aside the order passed by the Single Bench on 4.12.2013 in W.P. No.10712 of 2013. 3. Mahakaleshwar is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva.  In order to understand the importance of the Lingam it is necessary to consider it, in brief, the history of Mahakal – Shiva, worshipping of statues and Lingam, origin of Mahakal, same as defined in scriptures etc. as pointed 1 out in the reply of Mahant Prakash Giri of Shri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani is as under: “   BRIEF HISTORY OF MAHAKAL SHIVA Since   ancient   times   in   Hindu   culture   definitions   are found   in   name   of   Shiva,   Pasupati,   Rudra,   Ishaan,   etc. Undoubtedly, the Vedas are the only authentic and well­being book of Hindu religion, when and where it was created it is matter of search. But it can be said that at least 5000 years ago, it was in complete existence.  Shiva is the instrument of discussion in Veda Mantras, but that discussion is on shapeless god. Somewhere nature's body is also addressed by various names of Shiva, part of Vedic   treatises   of   the   Swaithashwar   influx,   it   has   been discussed   by   the   'Sweth'   sage   on   the   basis   of   the   Vedic Mantras in the spiritual form of Shiva.  As briefly stated, [Abstract from Swaithashwar influx] : The   creator   treats   himself   and   all   the   controlling   Divine powers   differently,   therefore,   it   remains   entangled   in   the creation of universe [In the enjoyment of nature] And when that incomparable divine power is experienced, then attain liberation, that is salvation.  Indestructible or destructible, visible  and  not visible  it nourishes the divine (the supreme power) of this whole world, the   creature   attracted   to   the   qualities   of   nature,   treating himself as his boss, stays in the same nature, and when that creature is experiencing that divine, attracted by the qualities of nature, creatures [Jeev] keep himself tied by the attribute of the same nature, and when that creature experiences that divine, then he is exempted from all bondage.  The   destructive   staple   and   indestructible   life­force   is formulated   by   a   god   called   ‘Har’,   with   the   thought   of   its contemplation, and by the feeling of its element, the person achieves   the   retirement   of   the   cycle   (nature)   of   the reincarnation after liberation.  Braham in the soul should forever be known, there is no more known qualified entity than this, the creator (creature), 2 the usable material (nature), and the inspiration (God), this is the only way Brahma said in three ways.  While commenting on this stanza, 'Shankaracharya' has written with the reference of Shiva, that performers [Yogi] see Shiva's not in idols but in soul, a person who relinquish Shiv from his inner soul to worship outer Shiv, he feels as if he has dropped his hands morsel (Food yoga substance) and licks his empty palm, as the blind person can't see the rising sun, in the same way, the uneducated person can't view the calm form   of   Shiva.   The   person   who   view   the   omniscient (everywhere present) calm form of Shiva, Shiva resides in his heart, but those who can't see Shiva located in their souls, those people use to search him at pilgrimage place. In the interpretation of this stanza, it is written with reference to Vishnu Purana that's the goal that is proven by the mind's axiomatic   (complete)   Inconsistent   (Due   to   meditation   and distinction between patience) the form is assumed, it is called a Samadhi.  The   power   called   a   Rudra   is   governed   by   the   entire Universe, it is situated within all the organisms and creates the entire universe (many planets located in space and space), protects   them   and   destroys   (destruction   of   the   universe) means it merges in itself. Rudra Dev originates all the creation and creatures.  Nature is to be known as illusion and Maheshwar as Elusive this entire world (universe) is the Action Format of both of them.  At the beginning of creation by becoming one [supreme power] and being special by its power without any purpose many types of characters [Special form] holds and in the end the world dissolves in it and same supreme power provide pure intelligence.  Supreme power is the fire, the same sun, the same air, the same moon, the same Venus, the same Brahma, the same water, and the same is Prajapati. Dev (supreme power) exists in fire, which is in water, and is occupied (everywhere) in the entire universe and which is present in the Medicine and the vegetation also that god (God). This soul is neither a woman, nor a man, nor an important, the one who holds the body remains the same.  3 The supreme power, (the power that exists everywhere), that power is the form of knowledge, which is the power time (time).   Who   is   the   virtuous   and   Omniscient   [all   knowing] Inspired   by   that   the   earth,   water,   fire,   air,   and   sky, established In their own deed, keeps interaction, think of that supreme   power.   Head­Neck­and   chest   keeping   the   body together, by controlling all the indices by concentrating peace of mind, strengthen the meditation while uttering the sound ‘Om’.    To control the mind, do pranayama. These actions are to be held at quiet, secluded, and in a clean place.  In   this   way,   where   ever   Yogi   does   Yoga,   the   Yogi experience the Brahma Tattva (God) with the illuminating self, similar to the lamp, That yogi is free from all unborn, steady, and all elements, he releases himself from all bounding by knowing that God.  Thus,   from   this   brief   description   of   Shvetashwar Upanishad, it can be understood that the Shiva as described in Veda, he is the only creator of the Universe, is rearing the universe, is also the destroyer, spreads everywhere known as power form of formless God.  It is submitted that Vedas are the foundation of Hindu religion,   all   types   of   basic   knowledge   and   science   are available. This is the first knowledge book of the universe, on basis of this Vedas, all Purans and Hindu texts are written or spoken, now it can be seen brief form of Shiv from Hindu texts written after Vedas. The 'Shev sect' is known for worshiping different forms of Shiva by believing it as God, this sect. has its own elaborate literature how much is truth, it is the matter of research but in Bharat it has been recognized at least 2500 years ago it is known from the available evidence, how old is this from it is a matter of research. The main forms of Shiva People whom people in Bharat or abroad worship him as God in the form of idol or phallus. The visual part of Shiv is as follows:  1. Panchamukhi Shiva  2. Asht Vidh Shiva 3. Ekadash Rudra 4 4. Various Incarnations of Shiva 5. Bhairav 6. Shiva's Yogavatar  The Origin of Lingas:   The origin of the Linga's in the Puranas in such a way that when this creation was taking place, there was a fierce battle between Brahma and Vishnu, and in that war a huge Jyotipunj appeared between them, As a result of this sudden incident, both of them stopped fighting together and went to know the secrets of this light; they went up and down in the form of swan and wind, but there was no end to it then both of them came back and gathered and explored Lingas at that time they heard a sound ‘Om’ coming out of that Jyotirmay Lingas, and universe was created, first of all it came in form of Golden egg and it remain in same format for thousand years after that egg got divided which created Sky and Earth Brahma and Vishnu performed the prayer   of   Jyotirlinga   with   Om   Mantras   then   from   that Jyotirlingas in form of words [a,aa,e,ee,u,oo,r,tr,others) Shiv along with Uma manifested when he lift his head again and looked upwards then from sound of Omkar he visualize 38 words Ishan Mantras, 24 words Tatpurush Mantra, 33 words Aghor Mantras, 35 words Sadhojat Mantras and 66 words Vamdev Mantras knowing these five mantras Vishnu started Chanting these mantras and prayed Shiva by these in Mantra form from here onwards the origin of worship Jyotipunj Lingas started, the main meaning of the word lingas is symbol, i.e. here,   we   understand   from   Shivling   that   in   entire   universe Shivaling is considered to be the symbol of the ultimate power which prevails inside and outside of it, word Shiva it the only power who  runs, creates, .and  destroy this  universe. This universe is its direct symbol, hence Shivling is considered as symbol of God.   There are two main types of Different types of lingas: lingas the first type of lingas is called as swambhu, meaning of swamboo is who is self­generated, second type of Lingas are produced, Lingas are produced from Mercury, Gold, Silver, Diamond, Sfetik, Precious Stones, stones and Mud, it can be made from other materials also, Shiv Lingas made of mud are dissolved in water after worshipping daily balance type of Lingas are permanent. According to tradition every piece of stone found in Narmada river is treated as Lingas. Apart from this trees and plants are also symbol of Shiv Lingas.  5 Legislation of worshiping Statues and Lingas:  Shiva statue created along Human shape is called Pratima, Customs of worshiping the Idols and Lingas are almost same.    In addition to Worshiping of Shiva's Formless Lingas: external worship, internal worship is also mentioned in the Puranas, for spiritual contemplation and meditation two types of   Lingas   have   been   defined   Lingas   created   by   physical materials available outside and interior Lingas, for the sake of emotional fulfillment of common mass concept of Solid outside form   of   Lingas,   has   been   perceived,   the   epicenter   lingus which means the spiritual astral body, which does not have direct experience the same ignorant persons perform prayer etc   everything   outside   by   imagining   it   externally,   by meditating Jnan meditation yoga, in meditation, that subtle Lingas symbol of Shiva sees himself sitting in his own right. Once this knowledge is attained, there is liberation this is worshiping   the   formless   Lingas.   Knowledgeable   people perform   meditation  yoga  by  the  equator  were   he   visualize subtle shape Shiva sitting within itself when his knowledge is attained he gets Liberation, this is the way to worship the formless Lingus.  Pasupat ki Utpatti:  According to Ling Purana, Pasupat vrat Yoga scriptures and Kapil Samkhya are composed by Shiva and Pasupat was created earlier and it's the best. Shiva had   very   first   preached   to   Vishnu   etc   deities   of   Pasupat second time he preached at time when he inhale poison occur from sea churn, third time he preached to Prajapati Daksh on the occasion when Daksh oblation [Yag] was vandalize. Shiva 28   yoga   avatars   were   also   holders   of   pasupat   vrat   they spread   the   Pasupat   through   their   disciples.   Pasupat   vrat which   was   originated   by   Lord   Shiva,   after   him   the   Yoga incarnation held at different times by different people took forward but all of them are not available in Holy book [Grant] but they are discussed in the context here and there. Out of these the last Yoga avatar his name was 'Lakuleesh' and he was born presently known as Gujarat in Vadaodra district, according to time he reached Ujjain their he delivered his first preach to Kushik and other disciples on manner in which Shiv performed   and   practiced   the   Pasupat   vrat,   and   Mahadev south   facing   statute   i.e   sacraments   or   pledge   the   bhasma purified  by  Sadhojatadi  5   Shiva   Mantra's   to   Mahakal  this 6 prime   action   has   been   interpreted   in   Pasupat   Sutra   by authentic   interpreter   'kodilya'   in   his   first   Sutra.   Mahadev authentic south­direction Linga formation is the only one at 'Mahakaleshwar Jyotirling' besides this the accreditation is that it doesn't exist at any other   place.   Persons who adopt Pasupat yog should take bath thrice with Bhasam, should sleep on bed of Bhasma, even after taking food etc he should put Bhasam on his body, should possess Shiva Nirmaalya, such   as   House   holders   and   people   living   in   the   other hermitage have their own special symbols likewise Bathing with   Bhasam   [Bhasam   ashnan],   Sleeping   on   Bhasam, Anuashnan   Shiva   Nirmaalya   are   symbol   of   person   of Pasupatl's,   Pasupati   should   chant   five   Braharn   mantra purified   by   'Sadvoiata'all   these   should   be   performed   in congruence of south facing staue of Lord  Mahadev.ln  brief it has been narrated about Pasupat,  Pasupat tradition originated from Lord Shiva has always been followed regularly in Bharat today they are known as 'Naga   Sadhu',   There  is  evident proof of  Pasupat  and  Naga Sadhu's are time to time mentioned in ancient books [Grants], and are been quoted in scripts of others religion [Jainism and others].   Origin   of   Mahakal   :  According   to   Shiva   Mahapurana Kotirudra sanhita Update 16, a Brahmin lived with his four sons in Ujjain [Ujjani] city, that Brahman daily used to perform Agni horn  terrestrial Shiva Linga, at the same time an evil demon called Dushan lived on the mountain called Ratanmal. On day when Brahman was delighted in meditation of Lord Shiva then only Dushan monster arrived along with his army and tried to kill Brahman then only Lord Shiva manifest from the terrestrial Linga worshiped by the Brahman, said that I am Mahakal who destroys evil demon like you, move away from this Brahman, and by a single word 'Hunkar' reduced that  evil demon along with his army into ashes, after the killing of Dushan these Brahmins prayed to Lord Shiva to stay their and Lord Shiv accepted it stable himself in form of Lingas and known as Mahakal. In the 17th chapter of this mythology, King Chandra Sen of Ujjain and one Gope child also worship the Mahakaleshwar Lingas.  Pasupat and Mahakal : In the Puranas and many other literature,   the   material   related   to   Mahakal   is   obtained, 7 according to available evidence, current Mahakal temple is the only authentic South facing Shiva Linga, ,in the past there was crematorium at this place, this is the only Shiv Lingas in the universe on which from unknown time ashes of funeral pyre brought from crematorium by pronouncing Sadyojata Five mantras is plated by Naga [Pasupatis] Sadhu. This tradition is not experimented anywhere else except Mahakal no other sect in   the   universe   except   Pasupat   loves   Bhasam   and crematorium, he is worshiper of south facing Shiva and uses bhasam   purified   by   Pach   Braham[   Sadyojata]   mantras. Current format of Pasupat which was preached by Lukulish in Ujjain these probes that Pasupat and Mahakal are mutually related and according to the said behavior in Mahakal before and during today's time, Mahant of Nag a Sadhu's at Mahakal is   following   the   tradition   of   Pasupat.   Swet   Saga   the   first Pasupat acharya in Swetashwer upnished have mentioned at different   places   about   Divine   power   of   Shiva   especially   in chapter (4­20) He has praise a special appearance of Rudra's southern face, In mahabharat chapter Anushasan parv Shiva told Uma that I have delivered the preaching on Pasupat from my   Southern   face,   in   Shiv   Mahapuran,   Ling   Mahapuran, Panchbrahmhopnishad volumes south facing Shiva has been called Aghor, It is famous the crematorium is very dear to Shiva   and   Shaiv   Aghories,   in   Ling   Mahapuran   worshiping South   facing   Shiva   by   Bhasam   has   been   mentioned specifically, proof in these texts certify  it is evident that the present Jyotilinga of Mahakal south facing aghor shiva statue, that's why Naga Sadhu's (Followers of Pasupat branch) are offering  Bhasam   ashnan  daily to  him, since  ancient   times (according to the evidence of Kondilya it is 1500 years back) is being performed even today. The ritual of performing Bhasma ashnan to Mahakal can be carried out only and only by Naga sadhu's nobody else can do nor should it can be attempted. If attempted   it   will   destroy   the   tradition   and   will   hurt   the sentiments of Hindu religion. Today even the Hindu devotees visit Mahakal to visualize the Bhasma Ashnan of Maharaja Mahakal. Antiquity of Mahakal and Pasupat:   By 1735 when Ujjain has come under domination of Marathas at that time Ranoji  Schinde  who  was  appointed  by Peshwas, and  has given   charge   of   Ujjain   to   Diwan   Ramchandra   this   Diwan Ramchandra had rebuilt the present Mahakal Temple, approx 1235 Shamsuddin Alatmas had robbed and  destroyed the 8 Mahakal   Mandir.   Restoration   of   Mahakal   Temple   was executed by Raja Bhoj approx during 1010, state poet Ban Bhat of Harshvardan who ruled the state during 590­647 has also   described   about   Mahakal   &   Pasupat   in   his   poem Harshcharit   Kadambari. During the time of Vikramaditya great   Poet   Kalidas   has   specifically   mentioned   Mahakal Temple in his Poetry Raghuvansh and Meghdoot it is difficult to specify the time of Kalidas, but  at least 1650 years is prevalent   in   the   past   not   less   than   that.   Apart   these description   of   Mahakal   are   found   in   Puranas   and   Tantra shastra also, but time can be mentioned by Historians, we can't. In book Heart of Jannisium written by Stevenson has also mentioned that Founder of Jain religion Mahaveer also visited Ujjain and has performed austerity, famous Mahakal Temple was established in Ujjaini. What is the truth we can't say but from the available scripts it can be mentioned that approx   2000   years   past   existence   of   Mahakal   Temple   is evident   because   Historian   has   predicted   the   time   of composition and preaching of Pasupat 150 B.C to 1st A.D and there is indirect form of discussion of Mahakal in Pasupat Sutra. Now briefly we should view the ancientity of Pasupat. From 1295 to 1385 a person named Acharya Madhav has mentioned briefly about  Nakulish Pasupat Sight to Shavya Sect   in   his   book   called   Sarvya   Darshan.   In   eight   century Shankracharya   has   specifically   discussed   about   Pashupat Sect in his Vedant Sutra chapter 2, fart 2, formula 37 which is an   authentic   book.   This   Formula   of   Vedant   has   clearly mentioned of Pasupat Sect by mentioning word Pati so the Pasupat   is   ancient   the   Braham   Sutra   and   the   time   of composition of Vedant sutra is between 4000 B.C to 450 B.C as described by historian in their own way, so it is difficult to predict the exact time, approx 2000 years back Pasupat Sect was fully established or it was' in the beginning shape this can be said.Preservation of Mahakaleshwar Linga: 4. This Court has primarily entertained the petition vide order dated 5.5.2017 as it transpired that the idol of Lord Shiva in the form of 9 Lingam is in danger due to various causes and it has deteriorated as such notice was issued to ensure its preservation.  5. The appellant has filed an additional affidavit in the matter of erosion of Lingam. It has been pointed out that due to the erosion of Omkareshwar   Jyotirlingam,   offerings   have   been   banned. Omkareshwsar Jyotirlingam is situated nearby Ujjain. In this regard, newspaper report dated 15.11.2006 as to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam has also been filed.  6. Following   is   the   report   dated   15.11.2006   published   in   the newspaper UNI :
Mahakal Jyotirlinga eroding:
Published: Wednesday, November 15, 2006, 11:40 [IST]
Indore, Nov 15 (UNI) 'Jyotirlingam' of Lord Mahakal at
temple town Ujjain is gradually getting eroded. More
than 30 square cm scalp of the holy 'lingam' has come
out with nearly 7­8 mm thickness from the eastern side
along with 3­4 similar circular patches, having 2­2.5 cm
diameter and 6.5 mm depth, just above the bigger
patch. The entire holy 'lingam' is having geological scal­
ing on the western side. Two vertical carving has raised
concern that the 'lingam' will have enough chances of
splitting into three pieces in future.
Dr. Ram S Shrivastava, a known scientist closely ob­
serving the holy lingam since 1953, is convinced that if
due care was not taken then "we will have to cut a sorry
figure in future." He said the Mahakal was the oldest
'Jyotirlingams' out of 12 'Jyotirlingams' in the country
and the only one facing south. The Mahakal temple was
destroyed by Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish of Delhi in
10
1235 and it was later restored by the Scindias in the
19thcentury.
There is a 5,000­year­old record available for worships.
It is believed that the 'Jyotirlingam' was found inside the
Koti Teerth Kunda in the Mahakal campus and the tem­
ple was first constructed by King Vikramaditya. Dr.
Shrivastava said one of the reasons for erosion could be
pouring of chlorinated water ­nearly 25,000 litres a day
­besides about 80 'pundits' from 16 Brahmin families
massaging the lingam on rotation basis using Bhat
Shringar, Bhang Shirngar etc. Milk' and other offerings
could be accounted in tonnes. Almost every visitor
touched the holy shrine and often rubbed and pressed it
during prayers.
7. Yet another report dated 7.7.2014 about banning of offerings of sugar, ghee, milk, curd etc. in the temple at Ujjain has been placed on record.   That   management   wanted   experts   to   check   erosion   of Jyotirlinga of Mahakaleshwar Temple at Ujjain. Following is the report dated 7.7.2014 :
Mahakal management wants experts to check
erosion of jyotirlinga
TNN | Jul 7, 2014 11.42 AM IST
UJJAlN: Mahakaleshwar temple administration has
written a letter to the commissioner of state archaeol­
ogy department to send a team of experts to examine
reported erosion in treasured stone jyotirlinga at the
temple.
District collector and temple committee head BM
Sharma told newspersons on Saturday that steps
needed to prevent the erosion would follow the report
and suggestions of experts expected to visit the tem­
ple shortly.
The issue of erosion of Shivling has been in news for
over a decade, prompting the issuance of guidelines.
But norms were not implemented. .It has been re­
11
ported several times that use of impure puja materials
like sugar, ghee, milk, curd, and others is causing ero­
sion in two­and­half­feet high shivling. The adminis­
tration even restricted the use of these materials to
1.25 liter per devotee a few years ago, but it was not
controlled and monitored. Similarly, a suggestion to
establish kiosk of Sanchi milk in temple corridor to en­
sure pure milk, ghee to pilgrims, is gathering dust.
The shops outside the temple are selling sub­stan­
dard puja materials and devotees have no option but
to buy them.
The shivling at Mahakal is much in height compared
to jyotirlinga at Onkareshwar temple in Khandwa dis­
trict and the administration there a few months ago
the restricted use of panchamruit material to avoid
the erosion. Use of sugar granules is already banned
in other Mangalnath temple inUijain and devotees
have been asked to use powdered sugar.”
Reasons for decay and conservation of heritage monument have also been placed on record.  8. Later on, an application under Article 142 of the Constitution of India   has   also   been   filed   by   the   appellants   for   the   issuance   of appropriate directions for the preservation of Lingam and prayer has also been made for the appointment of Expert Committee.  9. Mahakaleshwar   Jyotirlingam   has   so   much   importance   for spiritual and other gains, there is a constitutional duty to protect it as envisaged in Article 25, Art. 26 read with Article 49, at the same time there is a fundamental duty under Article 51A of the Constitution to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood as provided in Article 51A and to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite 12 culture. It is also the duty to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual   and   collective   activity   as   provided   in   Article   51A   (a)­(j). Articles 51A (a), (e), (f) and (j) are extracted hereunder: “ [51A.  Fundamental Duties.­ It shall be the duty of every citizen of India­ (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (e)   to   promote   harmony   and   the   spirit   of   common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement. ” 10. In  Ms. Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors . (2002) 7 SCC 368,   this   Court   has   considered   the   importance   of   moral   values   in religions and it was observed that the religion is the foundation for the value­based survival of human beings in a civilized society. The force and sanction behind civilized society depend on moral values. Religion should not be misunderstood. The secular democracy requires where even a very weak man hopes to prevail over a very strong man on the strength of rule of law by proper understanding of duties towards the society. In  Aruna Roy  (supra) this Court has observed thus:   “ 30.   Undisputedly,   the   aforesaid   S.B.   Chavan Committee's   report   was   placed   before   Parliament   for discussion. None can also dispute that the past five decades have witnessed a constant erosion of the essential social, moral and spiritual values and increase in cynicism at all levels. We are heading for a materialistic society disregarding the entire 13 value based social system. None can also dispute that in a secular   society,   moral   values   are   of   utmost   importance.   A society where there are no moral values, there would neither be social   order   nor   secularism.   Bereft   of   moral   values   secular society  or   democracy   may  not   survive.   As   observed   by  the Committee, values  are virtues in an individual and  if these values deteriorate, it will hasten or accelerate the breakdown of the family, society, and the nation as a whole. In a society where there is constant evaporation of social and moral values for getting property, power or post, ­­ is it not advisable to have a solid social foundation from the base level so that a grown­up person   would   fight   against   all   kinds   of   fanaticism,   ill­will, violence, dishonesty, corruption, and exploitation? The answer would obviously be ­­ 'yes.' 31. Further, for controlling wild animal instinct in human beings and for having a civilized cultured society, it appears that   religions   have   come   into   existence.   Religion   is   the foundation   for   value   based   survival   of   human   beings   in   a civilized society. The force and sanction behind civilized society depend upon moral values. The philosophy of coexistence and how to coexist is thought over by the saints all over the world which is revealed by various philosophers. How to coexist, not only with  human  beings  but  all  living  beings  on  the  earth, maybe animals, vegetation and the environment including air and   water,   is   thought   over   and   discussed   by   saints   and leaders all over the world which is reflected in religions. If that is  taught,  it   cannot   be  objected   as   it   is  neither  violative   of constitutional or legal rights nor it offends moral values. This has been dealt with elaborately by the S.B. Chavan Committee. The Committee as stated above had invited suggestions from noted   educationists   on   various   aspects   of   value­based education. As stated by the Committee it had benefited by the views of eminent experts/NGOs doing pioneering work in this area. Further, no one can dispute that truth (satya), righteous conduct (dharma), peace (shanti), love (prem) and non­violence (ahimsa) are the core universal values accepted by all religions. The Committee has also pointed out that religion is the most misused and misunderstood concept. However, the process of making the students acquainted with the basics of all religions, the values inherited therein and also a comparative study of the philosophy of all religions should begin; students have to be made aware that the basic concept behind every religion is common, only the practices differ. If these recommendations 14 made by the Parliamentary Committee are accepted by NCERT and are sought to be implemented, it cannot be stated that its action is arbitrary or unjustified. 32. Further, it appears to be a totally wrong presumption and   contention   that   knowledge   of   different   religions   would bring disharmony in the society. On the contrary, knowledge of various religious philosophies is material for bringing communal harmony as ignorance breeds hatred because of wrong notions, assumptions,   preaching   and   propaganda   by   misguided interested persons. ” 11. There is a pious purpose of all the religious activities, no religion breeds hatred. It is in order to bring harmony and to understand basic human values and for self­realization and to visualize the concept of equality   pilgrimages   by   the   various   sections   of   people   of   various religions. Secularism is the basic structure of the Constitution that has to be given the meaning that is developing understanding and respect towards   different   religions.   The   essence   of   secularism   is   non­ discrimination   of   people   by   the   State   on   the   basis   of   religious differences. In  the Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt   [AIR 1954 SC 282], this Court has considered the concept of religion under Article 25. It has been observed that it secures to every person, subject to public order,   health   and   morality,   a   freedom   not   only   to   entertain   such religious belief, as may be approved of by his judgment and conscience but also to exhibit his belief in such outward acts as he thinks proper and to propagate or disseminate his ideas for the edification of others. 15 This   Court   has   observed   that   the   question   relating   to   the administration of properties belonging to a religious group or institution are not matters of religion. Religion is a matter of faith with individuals or communities. It is not necessarily theistic. In the said case it was observed that "there are well­known religions in India like Buddhism and Jainism which do not believe in God or in any Intelligent First Cause. A religion undoubtedly has its basis in a system of beliefs or doctrines which are regarded by those who profess that religion as conducive to their spiritual well­being, but it would not be correct to say that religion is nothing else but a doctrine or belief. A religion may not only lay down a code of ethical rules for its followers to accept, it might   prescribe   rituals   and   observances,   ceremonies   and   modes   of worship which are regarded as integral parts of religion. The guarantee under   our   Constitution   not   only   protects   the   freedom   of   religious opinion but it protects also acts done in pursuance of a religion and this is made clear by the use of the expression practice of religion." 12. In  Prafull Goradia v. Union of India  [2011 2 SCC 568] this Court has   observed   that   if   Government   is   making   small   expenditures separately   for   separate   religions,   therefore   granting   support   to   Haj pilgrims was not violative of Article 14 or 15. This Court has observed thus: “ 8.   In   our   opinion   Article   27   would   be   violated   if   a substantial part  of the entire  income  tax  collected in India, or a substantial part of the entire central excise or 16 the customs duties or sales tax, or a substantial part of any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. In other words, suppose 25 % of the entire income tax collected in India was utilized for promoting   or   maintaining   any   particular   religion   or religious denomination, that, in our opinion, would be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution. 10. In our opinion, if only a relatively small part of any   tax   collected   is   utilized   for   providing   some conveniences or facilities or concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution. It is only when a substantial part of the tax is utilized for any particular religion that Article 27 would be violated. 14. Hence, in our opinion, there is no violation of Article 27 of the Constitution. There is also no violation of Articles 14 and 15 because facilities are also given, and expenditures incurred, by the Central and  State Governments in India for other religions. Thus there is no discrimination. ” 13. This Court in   Transport & Dock Workers Union v. Mumbai Port Trust   (2011) 2 SCC 575 has considered the essential spending of the government money on religions when it can be violative of Article 27 and has laid down thus:   “ 10.   Insofar   as   the   provision   of   Section   9A   of   the Industrial Disputes Act is concerned, it was submitted that since by the policy decision no change in relation to the personnel who were working was intended to be brought   about,   there   was   no   question   of   giving   any notice of change. 11. The learned Counsel appearing for the appellants relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court in People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 1473 to contend that a writ petition by workers, when they claim any violation of fundamental right, is maintainable. The  learned counsel also relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court in Moti Ram v. North 17 East Frontier Railway AIR 1964 SC 600 to claim that the   respondent­Port   could   not   have   framed   a   policy which   violates   the   guarantee   of   Article   14   of   the Constitution.  12. The learned counsel appearing for the appellants further relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court the Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC 180 to contend that even if an undertaking is given, that   undertaking   does   not   stop   the   person   who   has given the undertaking from asserting his fundamental right. 13. The learned counsel for the respondents on the other hand relied on the judgments of the Supreme Court, in Ravi Paul v. Union of India 1995 (3) SCC 300, and M.P. State Textile Corporation Ltd. v. Mahendra 2005 (10) SCC 675, and submitted that in one establishment there can be employees having separate duty hours. 14.   In   our   opinion,   the   writ   petition   filed   by   the appellants   should   have   been   dismissed   by   the   High Court   on   the   ground   of   existence   of   an   alternative remedy   under   the   Industrial   Disputes   Act.   It   is   well settled that writ jurisdiction is discretionary jurisdiction, and the discretion should not ordinarily be exercised if there   is   an   alternative   remedy   available   to   the appellant. In  this  case  there  was  a clear  alternative remedy   available   to   the   appellants   by   raising   an industrial dispute and hence we fail to understand why the High Court entertained the writ petition. It seems to us that some High Courts by adopting an over liberal approach   are   unnecessarily   adding   to   their   load   of arrears   instead   of   observing   judicial   discipline   in following settled legal principles. However, we may also consider the case on merits. ” 14. The Government spends a huge amount on Kumbh/Simhasth Melas being organized at such places. Even otherwise, when there is a large number of a gathering of persons every day and in particular during melas and other festival times, State has obligation to provide 18 the   basic   amenities   to   the   pilgrims.   It   is   the   bounden   duty   of   the Government to make proper arrangement to provide shelter places, for maintenance of law and order and to sanction the amount without fear of violation of the concept of secularism. Right to life includes mental and intellectual growth which is laid down in   Shantistar Builders v. Narayan Khimalal Totame  (1990) 1 SCC 520. In  P.G. Gupta v. State of Gujarat & Ors . (1995) Supp 2 SCC 182, considering the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, food, clothing, and shelter have been held as part of Article 21.  15. There   is   a   constitutional   obligation   to   preserve   the   religious practices of all religions, culture and there is also a corresponding duty to act in that direction. Similarly, such acts which are necessary for the preservation of such historical monuments/deities. State is duty bound to spend the amount so that not only the archaeological, historical and ancient monuments are preserved but sanctum sanctorum, as well as the deity otherwise no useful purpose would be served by spending so much   amount   on  Simhastha/  Kumbh   Melas  in  case  deity,   is  itself permitted   to   be   deteriorated   as   it   has   happened   at   other   places particularly   nearby   Omkareshwar   Jyotirlingam   by   offerings   and rubbing it etc. has deteriorated and now barricades have been erected around the lingam and nobody is permitted to touch it. Same is true with respect to other important temples of which reports have been filed. It is apparent from the reports published about Omkareshwar 19 that the administration had banned offering of milk, ghee, water, curd and other traditional materials to save the Jyotirlingam from further erosion. It is regrettable that we have not been able to preserve and protect   our   Jyotirlingas   of   immense   importance   and   there   was   a proposal to install new Lingam at Omkareshwar in place of original. In 2006, also there was a report of erosion of Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam at Ujjain and it was feared that Jyotirlingam owing to the two vertical carvings had enough chances of splitting into three pieces in future. On the strength of a report of known scientist referred to therein, who had observed Jyotirlinga since 1953, in his opinion, if due care was not taken we will have to cut a sorry figure in future. Mahakaleshwar is the oldest   Jyotirlingam   out   of   dwadash   (twelve)   Jyotirlingams   in   the country. The main cause of constant erosion of Lingam was water and other impure material.  16. News Report dated 7.7.2014 also reflects that Mahakaleshwar temple   management   wanted   experts   to   check   the   erosion   that   was caused by impure puja materials like sugar, ghee, milk, and curd etc. It was   regretted   that   suggestion   to   establish   kiosk   of   Sanchi   milk   in temple corridor to ensure pure milk, ghee etc. to pilgrims was gathering dust.   Devotees   have   no   option   but   to   purchase   sub­standard   and adulterated materials.  20 17. As  per   the   report   on  famous   ‘Mangalnath   temple'   situated   at Ujjain   itself,   there   special   Puja   and   Abhishekam   is   performed   for ‘Mangal Grih Shanti'. The report indicates that District Administration has banned offering of sugar, vermilion as rubbing thereof was causing damage to the Shivling. Use of sugar had been banned with immediate effect as it was causing highest damage and use of other materials had also   to   be   limited.   Use   of   sub­standard   and   chemical   contained vermilion and turmeric powder was also proposed to be checked and it was decided that herbal articles would be made available for pooja. It is regrettable that in temple of such immense importance the deities are being destroyed due to aforesaid impure materials of Puja which are being  offered. A report dated 12.5.2014 had been placed on record indicating   a   ban   on   touching   idol   of   Muktinath   Lingam   inside Muktinath Temple in Mustang district of Nepal. It was also mentioned that   the   Government   team   was   working   on   a   master   plan   for   the development   of   Muktinath   temple.   Said   temple   is   a   holy   place   for Buddhists and Hindus. 18. There   are   other   reports   placed   on   record   with   respect   to   the damage   being   caused   to   other   important   deities   in   the   temple   like Mahalaxmi Temple at Kolhapur and Bhoramdev Shivling at Kavardha in State of Chhattisgarh. Report of erosion of Shivling at Trimbakeshwar temple in Nasik, Maharashtra. The report indicates that erosion is due 21 to use of excessive use of water etc.  We   had   initially   called   the suggestions from Temple Committee itself for preservation of Linga. INITIAL SUGGESTIONS OF TEMPLE COMMITTEE 19. In compliance of the order dated 5.5.2017 passed by this Court the Temple Committee has filed following suggestions: “ 2.   That   in   compliance   of   the   same   the   committee sought   a   report   from   the   Department   of   Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain, Prof. P.K. Verma, Professor of Applied Geology submitted the report. Hereto an­ nexed and marked as   is the true ANNEXURE R­1/3 and correct copy of the report dated 11.06.2017. 3. It is submitted that as per the report of Professor Verma dated 11.06.2017, the corrosion of Shivlinga is mainly due to touching of Shivlinga with a variety of impure puja material including adulterated milk, curd, sugar, sugarcane juice, flowers etc during Abhishek or other special pooja which are performed regularly, since time immemorial. 4. Though, as per the observation of Professor Verma, the process of chemical reaction is supposed to be of very   low   intensity,   practically   negligible.   The   other constituents (other than silica) of the rock, however, are vulnerable to such impure/adulterated pooja ma­ terials. He had suggested that these chemical reac­ tion & corrosion can be reduced by avoiding usage of the impure or chemically adulterated pooja materials over Shivlinga. 5. That keeping in view the suggestion made by Pro­ fessor Verma and also with earnest desire of the tem­ ple committee to protect any corrosion of Shivlinga, a special sub­committee was constituted by the Collec­ tor, who also is the President of the committee to dis­ cuss issue of corrosion as well as to explore the pro­ 22 posal and remedial measures for avoiding any further corrosion of Shivlinga. The sub­committee consisted of the following 7 members .
1.Pt. Shri Anand Vyas, Archeologist
2.Pt. Ghanshyam Sharma / Representative,<br>Shri M.T.S., Ujjain
3.Pt. Pradeep Sharma, Ex­Samiti member of<br>Shri M.T.S., Ujjain
4.Pt. Ashok Sharma – Purohit
5.Shri Prakashendra Mathur, Archeologist
6.Representative of Pollution Control Board
7.Administrator, Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir<br>Samiti, Ujjain
6.   The first meeting of the sub­committee took place on 13.06.2017 where the Food Controller of the State Government also participated in the said meeting. Af­ ter a detailed discussion on the remedial measures to protect the corrosion of Shivlinga the following reme­ dial measures were proposed by the committee :
S.No<br>.SubjectSuggestion
1.Consideration/discussio<br>n on the milk to be<br>offered to the God<br>(Bhagwan)There is a tradition<br>of Dugdhbhishek of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar. In<br>this regard, it was<br>suggested that<br>high­quality milk<br>may be used. There<br>must not be any<br>adulteration in the<br>milk. Stringent rules<br>may be made in
23
this regard. For this<br>purpose, the Temple<br>Committee (Mandir<br>Samiti) may make<br>arrangement for<br>milk at its own<br>level. For this<br>purpose, ‘Sanchi'<br>can be used and in<br>future, by<br>upgrading Temple<br>Gaushala more, the<br>milk may be<br>brought directly<br>from the Gaushala<br>to the temple and<br>the milk imported<br>from outside<br>sources may be<br>strictly prohibited.
2.Consideration/discussio<br>n on the issue of<br>Panchamrut Poojan<br>(offering)The Panchamrut<br>ablution is done<br>every day to God<br>Shiva. In this<br>regard, it was<br>suggested that<br>Panchamrut may be<br>prepared by the<br>Temple<br>Committee/Samiti<br>itself. For this<br>purpose, it may<br>provide high­quality<br>milk and curd at its<br>own level and may<br>not directly mix<br>sugar in the<br>Panchamrut. For<br>this purpose, sugar<br>dust may be used.<br>The quantity of<br>Panchamrut, as<br>already prescribed<br>for 1 ¼ liter, may be
24
complied with.<br>Honey (Shahad) etc<br>may be made<br>available from the<br>Gramodyog etc.
3.Consideration /<br>discussion on worship /<br>offering materialsOn the shops<br>situated outside the<br>temple, the<br>offering/worship<br>articles are sold,<br>viz. Abeer, Gulal,<br>Kumkum (Saffron)<br>etc. In this regard, it<br>was suggested that<br>the Mandir Samiti<br>(Temple Committee)<br>may fix a shop or<br>the Samiti may<br>itself run a shop<br>where pure worship<br>materials may be<br>available. The<br>worship materials<br>being sold presently<br>in the outside area<br>of the Temple may<br>be<br>prohibited/restricte<br>d immediately.
4.Discussion on ‘Jalpaatra’For Jalabhishek<br>(water ablution) of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar, the<br>Jalpatra has been<br>installed at the<br>Jaldwar (Watergate).<br>The said Jalpatra<br>may be cleaned<br>every day with hot<br>water so that the<br>acid being gathered<br>in the pipe etc may<br>not be
25
gathered/accrued.
5.Consideration of the<br>issue of constantly being<br>big garland etc. on the<br>‘Jyotirling of Bhagwan<br>(the God)'.Constant<br>Jalabhishek (water<br>ablution) is done to<br>the Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>from 06 O’clock<br>morning till 4.30 PM<br>in the evening. For<br>this purpose, a big<br>garland etc may<br>remain constantly on<br>the ‘Jyotirling of<br>Bhagwan’ so that<br>water, milk etc. may<br>not fall directly on<br>the Jyotirling.
6Consideration of the<br>issue of a test of water,<br>milk, and articles etc.This suggestion was<br>received in the<br>meeting that the<br>articles and<br>materials from<br>which the worship<br>etc. of Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar is<br>done every day, all<br>these may be tested<br>once, from which<br>this fact may be<br>clear that which<br>material is<br>positive/suitable for<br>the Jyotirling and<br>which materially<br>affects the Jyotirling<br>negatively.
Hereto annexed and marked as ANNEXURE R­1/4 is the true and correct copy of the minutes of the meet­ ing dated 13.06.2017. 26 That the said proposal has been accepted by the com­ mittee for implementation and the temple committee is accordingly taking steps to protect the Shivlinga. The above   proposal   is   according   submitted   before   the Hon’ble Court.” REPORT BY PROF. PRAMOD K. VERMA DATED 11.06.2017 20. A Report by Prof. Pramod K. Verma dated 11.6.2017 has also been filed by the Committee in the form of Annexure R­1/3, which is as under: JAI SHRI MAHAKAL th 11  June 2017  This brief description comprises visual observation of Lord Mahakaleshwara Shiv Linga for its potential erosion due to pooja offerings by devotees.   By   an   invitation   from   Mahakaleshwara   Mandir Samiti,  I   along   with   Dr.Awadesh   Bhatt   visited   the Lord Mahakaleshwar Temple on 08th June 2017 at 2:00 pm for performing the above task. For obvious reasons, it was possible to have an only limited ob­ servation and thus, only torch and hand lens was used.  The following observations were made: ­ 1. The Sacred Shiva Linga is approximately 2 feet in diameter and 2 feet in height. 2. The Shiva Linga is made up of Sandstone (looks very similar to Vindhya Sandstone which occurs in the nearby areas). 3. The sandstone is of arenaceous in nature with the major percentage of quartz clasts of the size generally less than 2 mm. The clasts are clearly visible through a hand lens. 27 4. The other clast material appears to be feldspar (or­ thoclase) giving the rock a typical pinkish colour.  5. The matrix is also of an almost similar composition. 6. The cementing material is mostly siliceous. How­ ever, a small amount of calcareous/feldspathic (not distinguished by lens observation) cementing materi­ als is also present. 7. The cementing material other than siliceous matter is likely to undergo dissolution when exposed to the acidic environment. As a result, there may develop tiny depressions (or pits) over the Shiva Linga. 8. The depressions or pits may occur when adulter­ ated/impure pooja materials are offered over Shiva Linga during Abhisheks. The corrosion, in the long run, may occur due to touching of Shiva Linga with a variety of impure pooja materials including adulter­ ated milk, curd, sugar, sugarcane juice, flowers etc during Abhishek or other special pooja which are per­ formed regularly. 10. Once even a small pit is formed, these materials may get into the rock and, may try to loosen the bond­ ing by various chemical processes. 11. As the rock is largely composed of a siliceous ma­ terial, the process of chemical reaction is supposed to be of  very low intensity, practically negligible. The other constituents (other than silica) of the rock, how­ ever, are vulnerable to such impure/adulterated pooja materials. 12.   A   more   systematic   and   scientific   investigation may be needed to come to a firm conclusion. 13. Nonetheless, at this stage, it is suggested that im­ pure or chemically adulterat4ed pooja materials must be avoided by offering over Shiva Linga ." 28 21. The   Minutes   of   the   Meeting   dated   13.6.2017   of   the   Temple Committee have also been placed on record vide R­1/4. The relevant portion is extracted hereunder: “   SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR SAMITI, UJ­ JAIN MINUTES OF MEETING DATED 13.06.2017  Today a meeting was held in the Administrative of­ fice of Mahakaleshwar Temple under the Chairman­ ship of Shri S.S. Rawat, Administrator, and Joint Col­ lector, with regard to as to how Lord Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga can be best protected. The following mem­ bers were present:­ 1. Dr. Prakashendra Mathur Archeologist 2. Pt. Pradeep Sharma Ex­Samiti Member 3. Pt. Ashish Sharma       Representative of  Pujari 4. Pt. Ashok Sharma           Purohit 5. Shri D.V.S. Rawat         Pollution  Department 6. Shri Shailesh Kumar Gupta   Food Controller   A discussion was held by the members present at the meeting in respect of erosion in the Jyotirling and following suggestions were proposed by the Commit­ tee
S.N<br>.SubjectSuggestion
1.Consideration/discussion on<br>the milk to be offered to the<br>God (Bhagwan)There is a tradition<br>of Dugdhbhishek of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar. In<br>this regard, it was<br>suggested that high­<br>quality milk may be<br>used. There must<br>not be any
29
adulteration in the<br>milk. Stringent rules<br>may be made in this<br>regard. For this<br>purpose, the Temple<br>Committee (Mandir<br>Samiti) may make<br>arrangement for<br>milk at its own level.<br>For this purpose,<br>‘Sanchi' can be used<br>and in future, by<br>upgrading Temple<br>Gaushala more, the<br>milk may be brought<br>directly from the<br>Gaushala to the<br>temple and the milk<br>imported from<br>outside sources may<br>be strictly<br>prohibited.
2.Consideration/discussion on<br>the issue of Panchamrut<br>Poojan (offering)The Panchamrut<br>ablution is done<br>every day to God<br>Shiva. In this<br>regard, it was<br>suggested that<br>Panchamrut may be<br>prepared by the<br>Temple Committee /<br>Samit itself. For this<br>purpose, it may<br>provide high­quality<br>milk and curd at its<br>own level and may<br>not directly mix<br>sugar in the<br>Panchamrut. For<br>this purpose, sugar<br>dust may be used.<br>The quantity of<br>Panchamrut, as
30
already prescribed<br>for 1 ¼ liter, may be<br>complied with.<br>Honey (Shahad) etc<br>may be made<br>available from the<br>Gramodyog etc.
3.Consideration/discussion on<br>worship/offering materialsOn the shops<br>situated outside the<br>temple, the<br>offering/worship<br>articles suggestion<br>in, viz. Abeer, Gulal,<br>Kumkum (Saffron)<br>etc. In this regard, it<br>was suggested that<br>the Mandir Samiti<br>(Temple Committee)<br>may fix a shop or<br>the Samiti may itself<br>run a shop where<br>pure worship<br>materials may be<br>available. The<br>worship materials<br>being sold presently<br>in the outside area<br>of the Temple may<br>be prohibited/<br>restricted<br>immediately.
4.Discussion on ‘Jalpaatra’For Jalabhishek<br>(water ablution) of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar, the<br>Jalpaatra has been<br>installed at the<br>Jaldwar<br>(Watergate). The<br>said Jalpatra may<br>be cleaned every<br>day with hot water<br>so that the acid
31
being gathered in<br>the pipe etc. may<br>not be gathered/<br>accrued.
5.Consideration of the issue of<br>constantly being Sandstone<br>garland etc on the ‘Jyotirling<br>of Bhagwan (the God).Constant<br>Jalabhishek (water<br>ablution) is done to<br>the Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>from 06 O’clock<br>morning till 4.30 PM<br>in the evening. For<br>this purpose, a big<br>garland etc may<br>remain constantly<br>on the ‘Jyotirling of<br>Bhagwan’ so that<br>water, milk etc may<br>not fall directly on<br>the Jyotirling.
6.Consideration of the issue of<br>a test of water, milk, and<br>articles etc.This suggestion in<br>the meeting that the<br>articles and<br>materials from<br>which the worship<br>etc of Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>crowd every day, all<br>these may be tested<br>once, from which<br>this fact may be<br>clear that which<br>material is<br>positive/suitable for<br>the Jyotirling and<br>which materially<br>affects the Jyotirling<br>negatively.
Sd/­       Administrator & Joint Collector                                                 Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir Samiti 32                                                                       Ujjain” CONSTITUTION OF COMMITTEE OF ASI/ GSI BY THIS COURT 22. This   Court   vide   order   dated   25.8.2017   had   constituted   a Committee of two officers of the Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of the Geological Survey of India to submit the report. Following is the relevant extract of the order: A proposal has been submitted by Mr. Tushar Mehta,   learned   ASG  for  a  constitution  of   an  Expert Committee and to nominate the names of two officers of Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of Geological   Survey   of   India.   It   is   submitted   by   Mr. Mehta that the officers are experts in the field. The  Central  Government  suggests  the  following team  : 
1.For Archaeological<br>Survey of India1. Shri Madan Singh<br>Chauhan, Regional<br>Director, (Archaeologist),<br>ASI, Central Region,<br>Bhopal<br>2. Dr. V.K.Saxena,<br>Director (Science),<br>(Archaeological Chemist),<br>ASI, Science Branch,<br>Dehradun
2.For Geological Survey<br>of India1. Shri Hemraj<br>Suryavanshi, Dy. Director,<br>General, State Unit,<br>Madhya Pradesh, GSI,<br>Bhopal.<br>2. Shri L.L. Vishwakarma,<br>Director, GSI, Bhopal
33 The Union of India shall bear the expenses of the Committee so formed. The Committee to study/survey/ analyze/examine Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam of Ujjain (MP) and to prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking place, if any, and the measures/ steps/ precautions to be taken to   ensure   that   this   deterioration/shrinkage   of   the Lingam stops. Let the Committee also study the other structures and also the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation. Let the Committee make a study and report seeing as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last three­four decades and what remedial steps have to be another part. Let   the   Committee   submit   a   report   be   within   a period of four weeks from today. A copy of the report as and when submitted be furnished to the learned counsel for the parties. We request the Administrator to extend fullest co­operation. List the matter on Tuesday i.e. 03.10.2017.” REPORT BY EXPERT COMMITTEE OF ASI/ GSI 23. Following is the report (excluding photographs) submitted by the aforesaid Experts of ASI and GSI:  REPORT ON THE STUDY / SURVEY / ANALYSIS / EXAMINATION OF MAHAKALESHWAR JYOTIRLlNGAM OF UJJAIN (MP) BY : 1: Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director, A.S.I., Central Region, Bhopal  2:   Dr.   V.K.   Saxena.   Director   (Science),   A.S.I.,   Science,   Branch Dehradun  3: Hemraj Suryavanshi, Dy. Director General, GSI, Bhopal  4: L.L. Vishwakarma, Director (G.S.I.), Bhopal 34 ABOUT THE REPORT  This report is being submitted to the Additional Solicitor General of India by   the   Committee Members of Archaeological Survey of   India (ASI) and Geological Survey of India. Conservation status and the causes of decay/deterioration of the Jyotirlinga in general on the basis of his knowledge of the subject and experience in the field.  The report is divided into  4  (Four) Chapters.  st 1   Chapter of the report deals with the archaeological and religious significance   of   the   Mahakal   temple   and   need   for   its   proper maintenance   and   restoration   made   by   Madan   Singh   Chauhan, Regional Director, ASI, Central Region, Bhopal. nd 2   Chapter of the report deals with the general observations made by Dr.   V. K.   Saxena, Director (Science), ASI with respect to the overall decay/deterioration of the Jyotirlinga on the   basis   of his knowledge of the subject and experience in the field.  rd 3   Chapter deals with the Geo­scientific study of the Shivalinga made   by   Hemraj   Suryavanshi   Dy.   Director   General   and   L.L. Vishvakarma, Director, Geological Survey of India, Bhopal. th 4   Chapter deals with the suggestions and recommendations and remedial measures.  CONTENTS  CHAPTER∙ I  1:   ­RELIGIOUS   AND   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   SIGNIFICANCE   OF UJJAIN AND MAHAKAL TEMPLE  1.1: Introduction  1.2: Religious and historical significance  1.3: Prevalence of tangible and intangible heritage in Ujjain   1.4: Archaeological evidence 1.5:  Mahakal temple and premise  1.6: Condition of garbhagriha and shivalinga  1.7  A:­ Shivalinga, modification, and effect   B:­Morning worship and material used in the worship  1.8: Maintenance and restoration of temple premise and activities 35 CHAPTER ­ II 2: NATURAL (PHYSICO~CHEMICAL) WEATHERING OF STONE WITH REFERENCE TO MAHAKAL JYOTIRLlNGA  2.1 General Chemical Characteristics of Some of the Offerings Used  During Rituals:   Milk   Dahi or curd   Homemade deshi Ghee   Honey   Sugar products   Sandal or Chandan   Bhang (Cannabis)   Abir or Gulal   Kanku or Kumkum   Fruit juices   Bhasm/ Ashes of cow dunks cake   Oil lamps, Dhoop or incense sticks  2.2. Natural Weathering of sandstone A:  Water ­  A  major cause of the decay of stone B: Biological decay or Biodeterioration of stone 2.3. Examination of the Mahakal Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha A:  General Observation of the Jyotirlinga  B: Drainage facilities for the disposal of the liquids and solids  C: Electrical fittings  2.4. ­Other  Observations  CHAPTER ­III GEO­SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JYOTIRLINGAM MAHAKALESHWER,  UJJAIN 3.1 I ntroduction 3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlingam 3.2.1 Visual observation  3.2.2 Studies based instrument  3.2.2(a)  Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer  3.2.2(b) Portable XRF studies  3.3 Water analysis by portable water analysis kit and ICP­MS Instruments  3.3.1 Ash analysis  3.4 Discussion and interpretation  3.4.1 Extent of weathering  36 3.4.2 Causative factor 3.4.3  Weathering through ages  CHAPTER­ IV  A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  B: REMEDIAL MEASURES  DETAILS OF ANNEXURES  I.   Worship   schedule   and   offering   material   of   Jyotirlingam, Mahakaleshwer Temple, Ujjain II. Spectroscopy study of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer temple, Madhya Pradesh, XRF Study of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer Temple, Ujjain   III(a) Approximate chemical analysis of Lingam rock by portable XRF instrument  IV(a)   Chemical   analysis   of   water   samples   from   Mahakaleshwer temple premises, Ujjain  (b) Trace element analysis in water samples from Mahakaleshwer premises Ujjain  IV(c) Chemical analysis of bhashma offered to Jyotirlingam: and ash samples from Mahakal temple   1.1 INTRODUCTION : On the direction of the Additional Solicitor General  of   India,   the   Director   General,   Archaeological  Survey  of India,   in   his   office   letter   no.   33/BO/2017­M   dated   24.8.2017 recommended names of undersigned for the Committee to assess the deterioration of Shivalinga of Mahakal Temple at Ujjain and to prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking place during lost three­four decades, if any, and the measures/steps/precautions to be taken to ensure this deterioration/ shrinkage of the Lingam stops. Beside that to study the other structures and also the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to the overall improvement of the entire   premise   and   for   its   preservation.   In   pursuance   of   the direction,   the   temple   known   as   Mahakal   or   Mahakaleshwar   at Ujjain   was   inspected   by   the   Committee   Members   jointly   on 7.9.2017.  Before   putting   the   observation   on   the   assessment   of   the Shivalinga  and   temple  of   Mahakal  and   other  subsidiary shrines inside   the   premise   it   was   felt   inevitable   by   the   committee   to 37 highlight its Archaeological, Historical and religious significance so that, on that perspective, an assessment could be made. In Ujjain, Mahakal temple is located in the west of the city on the bank of River Kshipra in ancient time that area was known as Mahakala Vana (Mahakal forest). It is 192 km west of capital city Bhopal and takes around three hours by road journey from Bhopal to reach here. Mahakal temple is one of the most venerated temples known by this name and one of the twelve famous Jyotirlingas shrines of the country.  1.2 RELIGIOUS AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE   The grandiose of Mahakal and Ujjain / Avanti occurs equally in the   ancient   texts   of   Brahmanical,   Buddhist   and   Jaina   sects. Avanti has been referred as country and Ujjain as its capital in the   ancient   texts.   The   first   name   of   "Avanti   "is   liter   in   the Yajurveda for the meaning of protection. It is said that Ujjain was also named as Avanti and this name is nomenclatured after the name   of   Avanti:   a   son   of   Kartaviryaarjuna   of   Mahishamati kingdom. In Meghadut of Kalidasa, Abhidhanchintamani and in Naradapurana   it   was   termed   as   Avantika,   Avantikapuri, Avantinagari   or   Avantikapur,   Vishala,   Pushkarandini,   Nandini, Amravati,   Kanakashringa,   Kushasthali,   Padmavati,   Kumudvati, and Pratikalpa. It is believed, existed in six kalpas and in each Kalpa   it   was   called   as   Swarnashringa,   Kushasthali,   Avantika, Amravati, Chudamoni, and Padmawati. In kathasaritsagara, it is mentioned that Ujjain was called in four names in four yugas like Padmavati Bhogawati, Hiranyawati, and Ujaini. In Kuvalayamala its name is referred as Kushal Nagari.  It is said that during the churning of the sea by the gods and demons then begun the wild scramble for immortality with the demons chasing the gods across the skies and in the process, a  few  drops   of   nectar   were   split   and   fell  at   Hardwar,   Prayag, Nasik, and Ujjain. There   are   different   meanings   of   "Ujjain'   and   'Ujhain".   It means protection, a tradition wherein people worshipped Indra for rain, in Gujarati and Prakrit  it  means a picnic, in Sanskrit, it is called   as   udyan   or   garden.   In   the   north   Himalayan   region,   it means attempt for any special task while in the Malwa tradition this word is called when people worship Lord Indra by keeping fast 38 for rain. ln   Pali   language   it   is   called   Ujani,   in   Prakrit   Ujaiyani, Ptolemy referred   it   as Ozen, Huen­Tsang calls   it   Ujayana, Arab geographer referred  it  as Ujjhen and in the coins, name occurred th as Ujani. In the Mrichchakatika play of Sudraka of 5  century AD, Ujjain   was   inhabited   by   various   communities   viz .   Shakas, Tushars,   Greeks,   Persians,   Magadha,   Kirata,   Kalinga,   Bongo, Mahishak, Chole, Pandya, trader of Kerala and several prostitutes. In the Skandapurana there are references to seven seas or Saptasagaras   mentioned   as   Pushkar   Sagara,   Kshira   Sagara, Goverdhan   Sagara.   Rantnakar   Sagara,   Vishnu   Sagara, Purishottama   Sagara   and   Rudra   Sagara.   The   Rudra   Sagara   is mentioned in the Mahakal Vana (nearby the Mahakal temple).  As a religious city, Ujjain occupied the same place as of the Benaras, Goya, Mayapuri, and Kanchipuram. By the 6th century BC, Avanti with its capital at Ujjain is mentioned in Buddhist literature as one   of   the   four   great   powers   along   with   Vatsa,   Kosala,   and Magadha.   Ujjain   locates   on   the   ancient   trade   route   which connected   north   India   to   the   south   via   Mathura­   Ujjain­ Mahishmati­ Paithan and then to western Asia. Periplus gave the accounts   of  Ujjain   referred  by  him   as   Ozene   is  to   the   east  of Barygaza   (Broach)   which   fed   all   commodities   of   the   trade   like onyx,   porcelain,   fine   muslins.   mellow   coloured   muslins   and cotton, spikenard and costusbodellium. In the Udaipur, prashasti mentions Vakati I of Paramara dynasty as the king of Avanti and they are said to form their capital at Mahakala vana at present Ujjain. The Mahipal and his kalachuri confederate Bhamana deva are said to have conquered the territory up to banks of Narmada including Ujjain and Dhar. The downfall of this wealthy city begun in 1234 with the invasion of IItutamish of Slave dynasty of Delhi who   along   with   the,   also   dismantled   Mahakafa   temple   and   in search of treasure he dismantled Shivalinga from the  jaladhari or pithika and thrown into kotitirtha and picked up golden idols including idol of Vikramaditya and brought to Delhi.  During  the   time   of  Mughal   king  Akbar,  a   city   wall   was constructed around the city for the defense of Ujjainisand Nandi Darwaja, Kaliadeh Darwaja, Sati Darwaja, Dewas darwaja and Indore darwaja were the various entrances to the city.  In  1658  a battle took place near Ujjain in which Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur who was fighting on behalf of Prince Dara.  39 Thereafter Sawai Jai Singh was made governor of Malva by Muhammad Shah who built an observatory and several other temples over there. In the  17th  century, this region of Malwa came under the sway of Maratha who constructed numbers of temples in Ujjain and modern Ujjain came into existence. During this period the artists especially painters of Poona and Kangra styles flourished their art in the structures of Ujjain and distinctive wooden carving on the balconies and galleries were decorated in Ujjain. Thereafter this legendary city of Ujjain came under the control of Scindias from  1750­ 1810.  Ramoji Scindia was powerful Sardar of Maratha who made Ujjain the capital of Malwa. He remained   always   busy   in   the   wars   hence   his   diwan Ramachandra baba look after the affairs of Ramoji Scindia. On the   information   supplied   by   the   local   brahmins   regarding dumping   of   Shivalinga   into   the   kotitirtha   by   Iltutamisha, Ramachandra baba exposed that Shivalinga and installed inside the main place and constructed temple over the original place. Thus present temple is of Maratha period. In   1810   Doulat Rao Scindia shifted his capital at Gwalior and subsequently, Ujjain lost its commercial importance.  1.3 PREVALENCE OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN  UJJAIN   As stated above that Ujjain is a very ancient city of great religious and   heritage   significance   even   today   there   are   numbers   of temples with living tradition existing over here preserving both tangible and intangible heritage   of the country. Apart from the Mahakal temple, other known temples in Ujjain are 84 temples dedicated to Lord Shiva in different names as below; 1: Augusteshwara Mahadev,  2: Gurihshwar Mahadev,  3: Dudeshwar Mahadev,  4: Damrukeshwar Mahadev,  5: Anadikalpeshwor Mahodev,  6: Swaranjaleshwar Mahadev,  7: Tivisthpeshwar Mahadev,  8: Kapaleshwar Mahdev,  9: Swargdwareshwar Mahadev,  10: Karkotakeshwar Mahadev,  11: Siddheshwar Mahadev,  12: Lokapaleshwar Mahadev,  13: Kameshwar Mahadev,  14: Kutumbeshwar Mahadev,  40 15: Indradumneshwar Mahadev,  16: Ishaneshwar Mahadev,  17: Apsareshwar Mahadev,  18: Kolkleshwor Mahadev,  19: Nagchandreshwar Mahadev,  20: Pratihareshwar Mahadev,  21: Kukuteshwar Mahadev,  22: Karkateshwar Mahadev,  23: Meghnadeshwar Mahadev,  24: Mahalayeshwar Mahadev,  25: Mukteshwar Mahadev,  26: Someshwar Mahadev,  27:Anarkeshwar Mahadev,  28: Jateshwar Mahadev,  29: Rameshwar Mahadev,  30: Chavaneshwar Mahadev,  31: Khandeshwar Mahadev,  32: Pattaneshwar Mahadev,  33: Anandeshwar Mahadev,  34: Kanthadeshwar Mahadev,  35: Indraeshwar Mahadev,  36: Markandeshwara Mahadev,  37: Shiveshwara Mahadev,  38: Kusumeshwara Mahadev,  39: Akrureshwara Mahadev,  40: Kundeshwara Mahadev,  41: Lumpeshwara Mahadev,  42: Gangaeshwara Mahadev,  43: Angarkeshwar Mahadev.  44: Utaareshwar Mahadev,  45: Trilochaneshwara Mahadev, 46: Veereshwara Mahadev,  47: Nripeshwara Mahadev,  48: Abhayeshwara Mahadev,  49: Prithukeshwara Mahadev,  50: Sthavareshwara Mahadev,  51: Shooleshwara Mahadev,  52: Onkareshwara Mahadev,  53: Shree Vishveshwara Mahadev,  54: Kanheshwara Mahadev,  55: Singheshwara Mahadev,  56: Revanteshwora Mahadev,  57: Ghanteshwara Mahadev,  58: Prayageshwara Mahadev, 59: Siddheshwara Mahadev,  60: Matangeshwara Mahadev,  41 61: Soubhageshwara Mahadev,  62: Rupeshara Mahadev,  63: Sahastradhanukeshwara Mahadev,  64: Pashupateshwara Mahadev,  65: Brahameshwara Mahadev, 66: Jalpeshwara Mahadev,  67: Kedareshwara Mahadev,  68: Pishachamukteshwara Mahadev,  69: Sangameswar Mohadev,  70: Dudhareshwar Mahadev,  71: Yogeshwar Mahadev.  72: Chandradityayeshwara Mahadev,  73: Karbheshwar Mahadev,  74:  Rajsthaleshwar Mahadev,  75: Badleshwar Mahadev, 76: Aruneshwar Mahadev,  77: Pushpadanteshwara Mahadev,  78: Abhimukteshwara Mahadev,  79: Hanumanteshwara Mahadev,  80: Swapneshwara Mahadev,  81:  Pingleshwara Mahadev, 82: Kayavarohaneshwar Mahadev,  83: Bitkeshwar Mahadev, Durdureshwar Mahadev.   These Mahadeva's temples are in the Ujjain city itself while out   of   eighty­four   the   temples   of   four   are   within   the   same premise   of   the   Mahakaleshwara   temple.   These   are Anadikalpeshwara   Mahadev,   Thrivisthapreshwara   Mahadev, Chandradityeshwara Mahadev, and Swapneshwara Mahadev.  Besides Shiva temples in the city, there are nine temples dedicated   to   lord   Vishnu   known   by   "Nau   Narayana"   (nine Narayana)   are;   1:   Ananta   Narayana,   2:   Satya   Narayana,   3: Purushottama Narayana, 4: Adi Narayana 5: Shesha Narayana, 6: Padma Narayana, 7: Laxmi Narayana, 8: Badri Narayana, 9: Chaturbhuja Narayana.  Other religious and heritage places are Avanti devi temple, Bade Ganesh temple, Harsiddhi Shakti Peeth, Ramghat, Datta Akhada,   Chaubis   Khamba,   Gopal   Temple,   Yogeshwar   tekri (Tope), Nagar kot Maharani temple, Chaunsath Yogini, Sandipani Ashram,   Mangalnath,   Angareshwor,   Ramajanardan   temple, Chitragupta temple, Gada Kalika temple, Vindhyavasini temple, Tomb   of   Matsyanath,   Bhrutahari   cave,   Kalbhairava   temple, Siddhvatta,   Kaliadehmahal,   Ashtachiranjivi,   Rinmukteshwar, Aagyabetal,   Veer   Durgadas   ki   chhatri,   Vedshala,   Chintamani 42 Ganesha,   Novagriha   temple,   Iskon   temple,   Ramanujakot,   and Archaeological Museum.  1.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: The site of ancient Ujjain is not however identical with the modern city of Ujjain. As the time passed, the so­called Mahakal vana converted into a populous city while the ancient city is now a desolate waste and known as Garh which is situated at the north of the modern city of Ujjain and converted into a tabled land of about 9 ­ 15 m above the adjoining plain. The excavation carried out in the pre­independent era and after was done in a different location nearby the city. In the first excavation   of   the   site   in   Ujjain   in   1938­39   Garde,   its archaeological potentiality was proved by the findings of a large miscellany of coins, terracotta, beads, and pottery etc. after that further excavation was carried out in vaishya tekri, kumhar tekri and   pallevali   or   kankar   tekri   where   excavation   yielded   brick stupas.   In   the   Kumahar   tekri,   other   antiquities   were   also st recovered dated of 1   century BC. Thereafter further excavation was carried out in 1955­58 and 1964­65.   In 1955 ­  58,  Site of excavation was chosen at Garh Kalika mound where significant result was found in; period I; 750 to 500 BC; black and red ware, bright­ redware, double slipware and few sherds of PGW and remains of rampart and remains of mud brick fortification   of   about   74.67   to   197   m   wide   enclosed   by   moat, evidence of road of 7.32 m wide, other objects of iron which may go back about 1000 BC. In period 11, NBPW with the association of thick grey ware and unslipped redware remains of structure made of mud, mud brick and stone rubble, ring wells, punch mark nd coins and ivory seal bearing inscription dated 2  century BC was obtained. In period III, evidence included antiquities and remains dated in three phases i.e.  from  Sunga, Satvahana, Kushana, and Gupta period (200 BC­SOO AD). From late Gupta to early Parmara period (500AD­ 900 AD) and from Parmara to Muslim (900 ­ 1300 AD).   In   the   period   IV,   apart   from   other   antiquities   coins   of Aurangazeb,   Shah   Alam,   Daulat   Rao   Scindia   and   Jankoji   Rao Scindia were recovered.   In  1964­ 65  excavations a small structure of limestone basin was found associated with NBP. 43 1.5   MAHAKAL TEMPLE AND PREMISE:   There are total 142 small and  large   temples  including  Mahakal  temple   inside  the   temple premise, of them, some are raised independently on the floor of the premise and some attached in the niches and cells of the main and other temples but all are counted  and venerated separately. At the south­west of the Mahakal temple has Anadikalpeshwar Mahadev temple on a slightly raised platform now converted into a new construction in red stone flooring all around the temple and   steps   at  the   north   side   for  reaching  to   the   temple.  This temple   also   faces   east   and   consists   of   a   Nandi   mandapa, saonotnorciooa,  mandapa,  and  garbhagriha. Garbhgriha  enshrines a Shivalinga   within   jaladhari.   The   garbhagrih a,   mandapa,   and pillars of    appear old while the sabhamandapa and  Nandi mandal  roof of the latter two are new constructions and painted in pink colour. On   the   right   of   the   Anadikalpeshwar   temple   has Briddhakaleshwar  temple  on the same level of floor as the former laid in red stone flooring like Anadikalpeshwar, this temple is also   repaired   with   unmatched   paintings   on   the   roof   of   main shikhara   and   mandapa,   while   on   the   walls   of   mandapa,   new stones are added in between the pillars to cover the  mandapa.  Just backside of the Briddhakaleshwar temple is a small shrine  constructed  only to  enshrine   an  old   sculpture   of  Lord Vishnu which is now in a poor state of preservation as a thick patina of oil and other offering material has been developed over this image. On   the   east   side   of   the   Anadikalpeshwar   and Briddhakaleshwar   temples   are   other   shrines   of   various dimensions dedicated to different deities. All these are painted in pink and red colors. They all are raised on the different level of the floor covered in red stone flooring. All the shrines are more or less modified with marble, red stone, and modern tile flooring and paintings of  many different colors especially at  the  inner sides   of   the   shrines.   In   some   of   the   temples   like   Balavijaya Maruti temple whole interior and exterior has been changed with modern tiles used on the floor and walls. On   the   west   side   of   the   Mahakal   temple   is   kotitirtha (ancient   pond)   surrounded   by   the   modern   structures   and dharamshalas at north, west and south sides. In between the kotitirtha and structures, there is a sufficient space developed with stone steps all around for leading to the kotitirtha. Besides 44 that, numbers  of miniature shrines raised in four pillars and topped   by   round   dome   like   shikhara   enshrining   each   with Shivalinga,   are   built   around   the   pond   indicating   of   kotitirtha (innumerable pilgrimage).  Beside that numbers of small shrines are raised at the front side   (east­north)   of   the   main   temple   in   varying   sizes   and dimensions.  The   garbhagriha   (sanctum) of Mahakal appears basically a cave enshrined with  Shivalinga It is quite deep below the ground level.  There  is no  physical   evidence available  there   about   the construction   of   original   temple,   but   as   of   now,   the   temple existing over the main sanctum is of very late period probably of th Maratha period (18   century AD) wherein some of the traits of bhumija  style of  Parmara  period appears adopted in the walls and shikhara  of the shrine. Therefore, it can be inferenced that prior to this temple of Maratha period, here was the temple in  the Bhumija style of which traits were adopted in the present temple.   Over the sanctum, Mahakal temple faces east, supported by total 48 pillars arranged in 7 rows but when sanctum, where the main Jyotirlingam enshrines, is   entered, it can be reached from two the narrow passages from east and west sides through two doorframes on the south and the north sides. The general public is allowed to enter through north side doorframe while south   doorframe   has   been   used   by   the   staff   and   VIPs   for entering   into   the   garbhagriha   (sanctum).   The   south   side doorframe is composed  of three  shakhas  and is approached by a flight   of   steps   down   to   the   ground   floor   whence   another doorframe of plain design opens at south into the  garbh grih a.  On the north side, doorframe, plain in design, has cladded in silver metal   and   ornamented in religious figurines, symbols and canopied  by  snake at the fintel.  In the premise, Mahakal temple occupies a central place. Besides that, there are about 142 other temples in small and large   size   constructed   within   the   premise.   Of   them Briddhakaleshwar   and   Anadikalpeshwar   temples   are considerably larger and almost corresponding in core style and both locates at south of the Mahakal temple, other dedicated to Sakhshigopal,   Veerbhadra   Mahadev,   Ichcha   Ganesh, Mangalnath   Avantikadevi,   Koteshwar   Mahadev,   Rakeshwar Mahadev,   Suryamukhi   Hanuman,   Balahanuman,   Bhadrakali, 45 Siddha   tantra,   Ram   mandi,   Narsimha,   Nilakantheshwar, Kashivishvanath,   Annapurna   Devi,   Gayatridevi,   vitthalnath   ere are small. Mahakal temple is constructed in three floors above the ground   floor.   Each   floor   at   the   front   is   provided   by   a   portico supported with pillars. The underground floor is dedicated to the Mahakal wherein garbhagriha  enshrines a shivalinga, ground floor to Omkareshwar wherein another small shivaling enshrines, the first floor has a cell, and second consists of a sanctum with Shivallinga, also a sculpture of Nagchandreshwar is placed inside a niche on the nd north wall of the 2  floor and covered by a glass window.  On the south side at the ground floor, a doorframe opens st nd into narrow steps leading to the 1   and 2   floors which appear not   for   general   public   but   only   for   pujaris   for   worshipping Nagchandreshwar. It appears that prior to Maratha period whole temple might have constructed in parmara style and when fallen it was probably attempted to restore in the same style but could not be adopted in ditto, therefore, a new Pushpa had evolved with a blend of Parmara ­ Maratha style. Architecturally, the temple can   be   classified   into   three   broad   part   from   below   to   top consisting of vedibandha, jangha,  and  shikhara.  From the ground, each projection raises equally up to the   jangha   and then to the top where it terminates into a large finial. On the ground floor, there is each portico provided on the north, west and south sides to enter the sanctum of this floor by doorframe of plain design. There is no extraordinary decoration on the outer walls except moldings at lower walls and miniature shrines at the  At shikhara.  the ground level whole temple has been supported with 48 pillars on front side and pilasters on the corners of the walls.  1.6:   ­   CONDITION   OF   GARBHAGRIHA   AND   JYOTIRLINGA/ SHIVLINGA/ LINGAM  In the ground floor, the  garbhogriho  of Mahakal is almost a square cell measuring 4.16 x 4.16 m enshrining with a Shivalinga within jaladhari with  silver encasing measuring a length of 2.08 m and dia in 1.27 m. Generally, the mouth of jaladhari opens into the north side but here it opens at the east direction.  The inner walls and ceiling of the sanctum are cladded with the silver sheets and decorated with different religious symbols and images and  niches on  the  east,  west and  north  walls are provided   and   enshrined   with   a   metal   sculpture   of   Kartikeya, 46 Ganesha, and Goddess Parvati  respectively and they are in folkish style. In 1996 these sculptures made of silver were placed inside the niches which earlier were in marble stones.  A silver sheet embossed with tracery has been provided on walls of the garbhgriha in 2016. The walls are tracered in two parts; the lower half with the motifs of ( +)  design while upper with the motifs of   Pushpa, Kalasha,   trishula, swasthik, ardhachandra, shankha,   dhanusha­Bana,   gada,   kamandal,   Nandi,   chimta, swastika  dwaja,  Simha  and such many other religious symbols.  The ceiling has been interestingly incised with Rudrayantra of 271 distichs. We were informed by the local Pujaris that this silver ceiling has been provided in 1996 when earlier ceiling which was of silver plaque inlayed with stones, were fallen. The yantra was recreated in the same style as it was in  original and installed in the silver sheet and fixed slightly upward than the earlier one.  There   are   two   silver   lamp­stands   (deepdaan)   inside   the garbhagriha  on either side of the Shivalinga which originally are of stone  but  encased in brass. In 1994 brass encasing of both were replaced with silver cladding.  1.7 A: ­SHIVALINGA, MODIFICATION, AND EFFECT Shivalinga/ Jyotirlinga of Mahakal is considered as   sthavara   or Achala   and   Swayambhulinga   or   Uttamottamalinga   (most   superior linga). In the kamikagama,   Swayambhulinga   is described as one which rose up and came into existence by itself and had existed from   time   immemorial.   As   such   even   if   such   type   of   linga   is slightly damaged they need no  jirnodhwaro  (resetting up).  In the  garbhagriha  sandstone shivaling is directly rose at the center and within the  jaladhari (Saluka  )  facing east. It is  67.5 c ms in height and   42.97   cms India within the jaladhari of   127   cms India and  208  cms in length. In  28.12.1924  portion of  Jalandhari  of silver   which   cost   12   and   was   stolen   from   the   main   temple, another  jaladhari  of silver were installed in  20.9.1925  along with a brass parapet  (Katra)   around the shivalinga. In  1994   again brass parapet donated by the devotee was replaced with silver. There is no  brahamasutra   line found on the east surface of the shivalinga rather in place of it, two semi­round lines at the bottom are, in such a way that one line comes within the other. This sort of line appears natural not by the man­made. On the same side, the depressions have occurred on the bottom and lower side. On the 47 west surface of shivalinga, depressions are noticed at the bottom and lower side while on the upper side they are least. On the north side, there is no depression noticed. On the south side. whence devotees can have a view the Shivalinga from the hall, there is no such depression noticed except a round delve on the bottom occurred due to chipped off.   There is a tradition of six­time worships performed in a day inside the  garbhogriha  and it is called as Bhasma Arti, Datyodak, Bhoga Arti, sandhya pooja, sandhya arti and shayana arti. These worships the starting from early morning to night between 4­6 am, 7 ­ 7:45 am, 10 ­ 10:45  am,  5 ­ 5:45 pm, 7 ­ 7:45 pm and 10­ 10:45 pm respectively. The main ingredients offered in the pooja   are   water,   milk,   curd,   honey,   ghee   and   sugar,   liquid perfume, a pest of sandalwood, pest of cannabis and flowers. In the first morning pooja apart from these, the ash of dry cow­dung has sprinkled over the shivalinga at the last.  There   are   37   families   of   Brahmins   of   Ujjain   who   are responsible for conducting pooja in the temple in a traditionally scheduled time and for each pooja, at least 3 to 5 Poojaris are deployed at a time and in special occasion more are deployed.  B: ­ MORNING WORSHIP AND MATERIAL USED IN THE WORSHIP  A group of Brahmins attends the Mahakal pooja at morning hour wherein at least five Brahmins take part. Morning worship of Lord Mahakal is very interesting. It starts at around 4 am daily and for that devotees remains in the queue since early midnight so that they could have a view of the god and pour a lota of water over the Shivalinga.  At the beginning every devotee pours water over Shivalinga one by one and then worship starts with chanting of mantras and offering of   doodh   (milk), shakkor   (sugar),   dahi   (curd), shahad (honey),   panchamrita   (mixture of five],   gangajal   and at last   itra (liquid perfume) over the linga (liquid perfume) over the linga. After offering of all these stuff, shivalinga is cleaned by the water then process of decoration begins followed by putting handful pile   of   cooked   rice   on   the   top   of   the   shivalinga   then   three garlands one by one around the pile, preparing of forehead by using pest of sandalwood, then pundarika, eyes, nose, lips etc. The   eyes   are   decorated   by   putting   silver   pieces   and   lips  by Vermilion, thus a face of Shiva is prepared towards the south side of  linga  whence it can be viewed by devotees seating at the 48 south side hall. At least five Brahmins attend the pooja of them one does this ornamentation, other   perform other activities like giving articles (samagri) to him, cleaning and bringing other parts of   the   sanctum   and   providing   other   articles   of   worship   (pooja samagris)   into   the   garbhagriha.   After   completing   decoration,   a garment is worn over the Shivalinga in such a way that top and sides  the  while  face  remains  open.  Then  kundala,  kapalamala made of silver are worn followed by a chhatra, over the Shivalinga, made of same metal. After that worship begins by offering dhoop with a dhoopadan made of silver. After that Shivalinga is covered by a garment and one of the Pujari made an announcement that lady devotee may avoid to see   the   Shivalinga now, because they were   going   to   pour   dry   ash   of   cow   dung   (bhasma)   over   the Shivalinga. , is a kind of indication of digamber (nude) form of Shiva that's why lady devotees are called to veil. By doing so poojari takes a bale of ash in his right hand and sprinkles over the Shivalinga till  it  is finished and for that, it takes around five to seven minutes while the whole process of pooja takes more than one and half hour to finish. At last, Shivalinga is cleared from the articles offered over the linga and ornamentation and one by one Arti added earlier for decoration is removed and it is cleaned again by the plain water. Thereafter group of ladies of the city enter the garbhagriha to offer milk over the lingo followed by other devotes, thus the order of coming devotees and pouring milk over the redware begins whole day except the pooja hours as referred above. In the pooja of 5 pm, the decoration of the lingo is again done almost in the same pattern as stated above while in the rest four pooja at 7 am, 10 am, 7 pm and 10 pm decoration is not done. As per the information provided by the temple poojari the offering material used in the morning pooja includes; milk (5 litre) curd   (1   kg),   ghee   (1   kg),   honey   (1   kg),   sugar   (250   grams), sandalwood   paste   (100   grams),   cannabis   (100   grams),   liquid perfume,   abeer   (100   gram),   gulaal   (100   grams),   kanku   (100 grams), rice (250 grams), garland (5 nos), flowers (1 kg), vilvapatra (1008 nos), gangajal, gulabjal, juice of fruits (5 kg), coconut water (1 litre) and juice of sugarcane (litre). For the decoration of lingo cannabis (1 kg), cashew nut   (250 gram), almond (250 grams), pistachios (250 grams) and chooroli (250 grams).  1.8 MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION OF TEMPLE PREMISE AND ACTIVITIES  49 As stated above, in the temple premise has numbers of small   and   large   temples   corresponding   to   more   or   less   in architecture to each other. But except main temple and walls of Briddhakaleshwar   and   Anadikalpeshwar   temples,   rest   of   the shrines are reflected as modern temples due to modification, crappy restoration and paintings are done in white, cream and red colours.   At the interior of the main temple, silver cladding in the garbhagriha,  tiles in  the walls of the passage leading to  garbhagriha, tiles in the walls of cells and  niches, tiles on the first and second floors have been provided. In the Anadikalpeshwar temple, the roof   of   the   sabhamandapa   and   mandapa   are   altered.   In   the Anadikalpeshwar temple, the roof and walls of the mandapa have been replaced with new one. In the Balavijay Hanuman temple whole the interior and exterior walls and roof of the temple has been replaced with modern vitrified tiles and painting and pillars, arches of outer courtyard and ceilings with oil paintings.   The floor of the premise is constructed in red flog stones and level of the floor of each temple arranged with steps. Besides that, some new constructions have been also constructed between the old temples and some are still going on in the premise. Apart from the daily worship in the temple, there are other activities being carried out and looked after by the Mahakaleshwar Temple Management Committee. These activities are:  A: D aily cleaning of the temple premise,  gaushala, Vedic samsthan, Vikram Kirti Mandir, rasoi  of the temple and surrounding area of the temple premise. Cleaning is done by outsourcing. B:  Rasoi  is maintained by the committee wherein about 55­60 staff is engaged in cooking and serving  bhog  to the visitors free of cost. The  Bhog  is available from morning 11:00 am to night 11: 00 pm. C:   An   another   Laddu   Prasad   unit   is   also   being   run   by   the committee,   which   cooked   laddu   as   a   prasad   and   sale   to   the devotees every day,  D:   Temple   committee   runs   two   ambulances   for   giving   medical assistance to the peoples of nearby villages. One doctor and one nurse have been also engaged to render free medical checkup and medicines to the public.  E:  One   Shavavahan   is  kept  for  free   carrying  of   dead   bodies   to deliver at the cremation place for the funeral. It is a free service. 50 F: One bus is also run by the committee for carrying visitors to  show important religious places of Ujjain. G: In   the pravachan hall several programmes are organized in the month   of   the   Sravan   month   (Monday),   Uma   sanjhimahotsava   in Ashvin   month   which   includes   preaching   by   renowned   kathakar, shastriyo   sangeet,   and   other   cultural   programmes   like bharatnatyamma  etc. programme.  H:   Temple Vedic Sansthan is established to educate students of class VI to XlI on Vedic literature and Sanskrit. Presently about 6 teachers are educating 70 students in the Sansthan.   I:   Temple committee is maintaining   gaushala   at Chintamani area wherein about 100 cows are reared. The milk of the cow has been used in the worship and other ceremonies of the temple. CHAPTER ­11  NATURAL   (PHYSICO~CHEMICAL)   WEATHERING   OF   STONE WITH REFERENCE TO MAHAKAL JYOTIRLINGA  In this chapter, natural causes (Physico­Chemical) of weathering of   stone   in   the   context   of   Jyotirlinga   have   been   discussed   in general keeping in view the offerings (ingredients) used during the prayers/rituals of the lingam.  Rituals including Bhasm (Ash) Aarti and Abhishekas on the lingam   starts   right   from   the   dawn   of   the   day   and   continue throughout   with  short   intermittent   breaks.   A   large   number   of devotees visit the temple daily and offer many ingredients and puja samagree as a part of the ritual with great religious belief and Astha. The number of devotees increases appreciably on any auspicious day or during festivals. These offerings due to their physical or chemical characteristics may interact differently with the   minerals   of   natural   stone   (Ungam).   This   continuous interaction, in the long run, may be responsible for appreciable damage to the substrate (Lingam). 2.1 General Chemical Characteristics of Some of the Ingredients:  It   is   important   and   imperative   to   consider   the   Normal Chemical Characteristics of the ingredients which are generally offered by the devotees in order to have a better understanding of the   physicochemical   or   Geo­Chemical   Interactions   of   these 51 products with the stone of which this jyotirlinga is carved out. These are briefly discussed below: The   milk   is   a   biological   fluid   having   following   gross Milk:   composition:
Srl.<br>NoName<br>of<br>CattleWaterFatProteinLactoseAsh
1Buffalo84.206.63.95.00.7
2Cow86.304.93.44.00.7
Physico Chemical analysis of Dahi in percentage 
fatProteinAshTotalLactosepHTotal plateTotal coli
dissolvecountform count
solid(cfu/ml)<br>(107)
3.603.27 ±0.68±15.63±4.73±0.5.057.68 ±0.012.32±0.11
±0.430.020.101±
0.500.21
Homemade Desi Ghee:  The chemical composition of Homemade Pure Ghee:
ColourflavorTextureM.P.RefractiveMoisture%
IndexAcidity
WhitePleasantGranular29°C1.45300.43.0
Small chain saturated fatty acid (SFA): 12.5% Mono­saturated fatty acid (MUFA): 19.91% Long Chain fatty acids (SFA): 73.77% Medium­chain Fatty acid (SFA): 20.17% Honey:  Average Composition of floral and honeydew Honey is as below
SN.Characteristics orFloral Honey (%)Honey Dew Honey (%)
Constitution
52 ­ 
1Granular TendencyFew clumps of crystals<br>1/8 to ¼ each layerFew clamps of crystals<br>1/16 to 1/8 inch layer
2ColourDark half of WhiteLight of amber
3Moisture17.216.3
4Laevulose38.1931.80
5Dextrose31.2826.08
6Sucrose1.310.80
7Maltose7.318.80
8High Sugar1.504.70
9pH3.914.45
10Free acidity22.0349.07
1 1Lactones7.115.08
12Total acidity29.1254.88
13Ash0.160.73
SNCompositionAverage in percentage
1Sucrose8.1­8.7%
2Reducing Sugar3­6%
3Oligosaccharides0.06­ 0.6%
4Polysaccharides<br>(including Gums and<br>Dextrans)0.2­0.8%
Sandal (Chandan):  Major compositions of sandalwood powder or Oil are: Alpha Santatot ­  41.0 ­ 55% and Beta Santalol­ 41.0­ 55  %.  Bhang (Cannabis):  The buds and leaves of Cannabis are ground into a paste to prepare Bhang.   The Biodeterioration component is  Cannabidiol and delta­9­ tetrahydrocannabinol.  These compounds believed to have Antifungal, Antibacterial and  Antibiotic property. 53   Abir or Abeer and Gulal:  If  these products are not derived from natural flowers/herbs, may contain   synthetic   dyes   which   are   manufactured   through   the chemical process most likely with non­standard parameters and hence the resulting colours may have toxic effects of abrasion on sensitive objects.  Kanku (Kumkum):  It is either made from turmeric or any other local material. The dried turmeric powder is mixed with slaked lime which turns the rich   yellow   colour   of   the   turmeric   into   a   red   colour.   Modern Kumkum   (Sindoor)   mainly   uses   Vermilion.   Orange­red   pigment vermilion is purified and powdered form of cinnabar or mercury sulfide.  Fruits Juices:  On many occasions, devotees offer fruit juices of a different variety. These fruit juices may have a different chemical composition and pH value depending upon the nature of the fruit. The pH value of some of the fruit juices is given below. This pH value represents the acid or basic character of any solution.
S No.Seasonal Fruits (Juice)pH
1Cheekoo5.36
2Plums3.60­4.30
3Apple3.30­ 4.00
4Mango3.40­4.80
5Watermelon5.18­5.60
6Pineapple3.20­4.00
7Pomegranate2.93­3.20
8Papaya5.20­6.00
9Guava3.6­4.10
10Orange3.30­4.19
11Grapes3.00­3.75
12Sugarcane5.2­6.8 (Crude Juice 3A)
13Coconut water1.5­ 5.2
54 Bhasm /  Ashes  of  Cow Dung  Cakes:  We have been informed that ashes of Cow Dung Cakes are being used during the Bhasm Aarti. Good quantity of ash is generally used every day through sprinkling using a muslin cloth. Sample has been collected and   our   preliminary   analysis   (XRF)   (courtesy:   Wadio   Institute   of Himalaya Geology,   Dehradun) revealed that the ash collected is quite rich in Silica Content (around 63%), Oxide of Calcium (10.75%), oxide of Magnesium, Aluminium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Iron and traces of oxides of Titanium and Manganese. The solubility of the Bhasma in water is almost negligible, however, in acid,  it  is sparingly soluble.  Microscopic observation of the bhasmas carried out in the laboratories   of   the   Director   (Science)   Dehradun   revealed   the amorphous­crystalline   character   of   the   Bhasm.   This characteristic of the Bhasm expected to have abrasive action on the soft objects.  Burning of Oil Lamps, Dhoop or Essence Sticks: Oil lamps, Dhoop or essence sticks use carbon/charcoal powder   mixed   with   some   oil   and   aromatic   compounds.   When allowed to burn, thick smoke or fumes are emitted into the air which generally creates the biofilm of black soot on the interior wall surface of the temple. This may be aesthetically unpleasing but more importantly, may induce a slow process of decay in the material on which it deposits. Note:   Above   analytical data represent the chemical composition and general characteristics  of  the materials  as  per references available and does   not   speak   about   the actual materials except Bhasm being   used during  the rituals  or  about any sample  of  those materials. 2.2. NATURAL WEATHERING OF THE SANDSTONE Sandstones are Clastic Sedimentary Rock and are susceptible to decay if exposed to the natural environment or manmade adverse deteriorating conditions.  (Details  of  the formation /genesis of such rocks and their geological/mineralogical properties are discussed in Part  of  the  report). 55 While   examining   the   Mahakal   Jyotirlinga,   its   decay/ damage/deterioration due to the use of different ingredients used during   the   daily   ritual,   it   is   necessary   to   refer   to   the   Natural weathering   process   of   Sandstone   of   which   this   Jyotirlinga   is carved out. It is very important, but also very difficult to assess where the natural process of weathering of stone finishes and the damage induced in the stone due to human activity starts to exacerbate stone decay. To recognize the mechanisms of stone decay it is necessary to examine the natural processes of weathering. A: Water ­ A Major Cause of Decay of Stone: Stone decay depends on many factors. The wet climate is one of the slipware factors of decay and ingress of water or moisture in the core of the stone causes dissolution of active mineral cement (Fe and Mg Carbonates]. The decay of feldspars and the swelling of kaolinite   further   weaken   the   subsurface,   the   weak   zone encouraging the detachment of the surface patina, and granular disintegration subsequently. As a result, the most common decay types   encountered   include   granular   disintegration,   pitting, blistering, flaking, dissolution, the formation of fissures, and crust formation. The precise character and the effects of, depending on the mineralogy of the rock and durability of sandstone, therefore, depends   on   its   framework   mineral   composition   and   secondary cement. The environment of High humidity is equally injurious to stone as it keeps the stone wet for a long time and triggers the process of solubilization of minerals. Water may contain some soluble salts and ingress of water in the matrix of the stone may carry these salts   within   the   stone.   Wet   and   dry   cycle   thereafter   cause efflorescence of salt on the surface and may result in peeling off of the top layer of the stone. B: Biological Decay or Bio­deterioration of sand Stone: The   qualitative   and   quantitative   development   of   Biological Elements on stone and resulting process of Biological Decay is strictly linked to environmental conditions as a whole. The biological decay of stone may be induced as a result of Bio­ Geo­Chemical   interactions   of   the   microbiological   metabolites secreted   by   different   categories   of   macro   and   microbiological 56 species with the stone matrix. These biological species may be Phototrophic or Non­phototrophic. In the present context, non­phototrophic biological species have a significant role to play as far as the decay of the Jyotirlinga is concerned. The growth of the micro­organisms of this category and   the   action   of   their   biological   metabolites   on   the   stone depends on the following factors:  Light  Nutritive Factors  Environment to which Stone is exposed However, macro and microbiological species may cause both mechanical and chemical damage to the substrate but in the present context, the chemically induced damage is important to be considered. Some of the metabolites may be chelating and some may have a different affinity of reaction to certain metals elements. As   during   the   rituals   and   Abhishekas   milk/   curd/   or   any other   milk/   fruit   product   are   used,   the   bacterial   action   is generally expected on the stone  if  the fermented products rich in certain   species   of   bacteria   are   not   washed   away   at   regular interval of time. Different   species   of   Lactobacillus   bacteria   are   generally present   in   milk   products   and   under   optimum   conditions   i.e. suitable temperature and humidity, they start to multiply with appreciable rate utilizing the lactose a  good nutrient for bacteria present in the milk products. During the process of multiplication of the bacteria and consequent fermentation process, lactic acid is expected to be released in different quantity in the solution. If this fermented product is not discarded or utilized, it may result in the formation of a by­product of more acidic nature which may be more injurious to the substrate. General Chemical reaction involved in  the  process is given below. C 12 H 22 O 11  + H 2 0    C 6 H 12 0 6  +    C 6 H 12 0 6 Lactose Galactose Glucose C 6 H 12 0 6 OH COOH Galactose Lactic Acid 57 Other   species   of   bacteria   (Sulphur   and   Nitrogen)   are   also expected   to   grow   in   the   stagnant   medium   rich   in   cellulosic material and carbohydrate. The   large   amount   of   flowers,   Bilva   Patra   and   other   materials offered by the devotees to the Jyotirlinga when not removed with a periodical interval, attract bacterial action on these materials. This bacterial action may also be injurious to the stone including sandstone   because   mild   acid   products   released   through   the metabolic activities of micro­organisms may react with the metal ions of the sandstone very easily causing disintegration of the substrate through leaching of the cementing material. 2.3.   EXAMINATION   OF   THE   MAHAKAL   JYOTIRLINGA   AND GARBHGRIHA: th The   Jyotirlinga   was   carefully   examined   by   the   team   on   7 September   2017   after   the   Bhasm   Aarti   in   order   to   make   an assessment with regard to its decay due to the use of different materials during rituals. We have also been present during the early morning Bhasm Aarti to record the process of this great ritual and to have information about the ingredients generally used during the puja. A: General Observations of the Jyotirlinga: There is only one entrance door on the Southern side for the devotees to enter in the Garbhgriha and there is no room for Parikrama around the Jyotirlinga. All the devotees offer materials for rituals and do Abhishekas on  the   Jyotirlinga from the Western and Northern side of the Garbhgriha. Jyotirlinga is fixed on a circular pedestal of silver metal. It was not possible to visualize the bottom portion of the Lingam and its depth under the floor surface. The  dimension  of the lingam above  the  pedestal has already been discussed earlier. As far as general conservation status of the Jyotirlinga is concerned, chipping of the polished layer may be seen mostly on the eastern and western side having caused depressions or pits. These characteristics may be seen elsewhere also on the lingam. The top of the Jyotirlinga appears to have good polish but on the southern side the polish has been considerably damaged and fine minerals of sandstone are exposed. The polish on the top of the lingam is difficult to differentiate if it is the original polish   or   has   been   developed   and   is   maintained   due   to   the 58 rubbing of the offering materials on the Lingam particularly on the   top   portion   during   the   Bhasm   Aarti.   A   half­spherical chipped off the mark on the stone is visible on the Southern side and two  parallel  spherical marks originated from top of the lingam moving downwards on the Eastern side. The team has also witnessed that liters of water / Ganga jal are offered   by   the devotees daily. Good quantity of milk,  curd, a small quantity of honey, ghee and other materials are also Katra during the Bhasm  Aarti  including a lot of flowers and belpatra. However, during the Abhishekas of Jyotirlinga, water/Ganga jal is supposed to wash away the milk products and carbohydrates but at many places especially on the bottom of the lingam, we have observed thick accumulation of sticky, slimy fermented by­ products of milk including carbohydrates. This accumulation is expected to invite bacterial action if not, washed away regularly. The bacterial action on the stone is, however, a slow process but expected to cause damage to the substrate if not controlled in time.   The   bacterial   action   on   the   flowers   and   other   offering materials may also invite fungal growth which in combination with the bacterial action may be more harmful to the substrate. Bhang is also offered to the Jyotirlinga during the Bhasm Aarti but the bhang paste generally contains alkaloids and phenolic compounds   which   are   not   expected   to   cause   damage   to   the stone. The presence of alkaloids and phenolic compounds rather help to control biodegradation as these compounds also show antibacterial and antifungal properties. The offering of Bhasm and other powder offering materials are expected to have certain chemical compounds, the rubbing of which on the lingo may cause damage to the top layer of the stone. The offering of fruit juices is also  expected  to be injurious to the stone because of their low  PH  value and  acidic characters. The sealing of joints around the Jyotirlinga has been observed to be severely damaged which may be a cause for infiltration of offerings including water which may also lead to bacterial action and moisture related damage to the stone. The Marble flooring has also developed pits most likely a sign of deterioration as a result of cumulative actions of all deteriorating factors. The walls of Garbhgriha are now covered with a silver metal sheet which   has   lost   original   polish.   As   far   as   general   ambiance   of Garbhagriha is concerned, the average temperature between 4 A.M o   to 6 A.M has been recorded as  23.5  and humidity as 78%. The 59 high percentage of the humidity is also important as retention of moisture within the Garbhagriha creates favorable conditions for biological activities. This also keeps the Jyotirlinga  wet  throughout the  day which is  a negative feature as  far as the decay  of  the lingam is concerned. B: Drainage Facility for the Disposal of the liquids and Solids: The committee has observed that all the liquid and solid waste are generally collected through drainage in a small pit outside the Garbhagriha from where these are pumped out with the help of the electrical motor. It would be appropriate if this disposal system is improved so that humidity  level  in the  vicinity of the Garbhgriha  is maintained suitably and cleanliness may be ensured in the surrounding area. (C)   Electrical   fittings   in   the   Garbhgriha   also   demand   major renovation keeping in view the safety reasons and to make the environment of the Garbhgriha more healthy and pleasing. 2.4 OTHER OBSERVATIONS: Besides the Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha of the Mahakal Temple, following observations have also been made by the Committee and   the   Committee   feels   that   action   may   be   taken   for   better Conservation and Preservation of ancient structures and stone figures.   Periodical   Inspections,   Preventive   conservation,   and Preservation may be ensured for such ancient stone figures of religious importance. CHAPTER­ III GEO­SCIENTIFIC   STUDY   OF   LINGAM   MAHAKALESHWER UJJAIN, MP 3.1 Introduction: In the proceeding of Court No 10 of Honorable Supreme court of India, SLP Civil No 15459  of  2017.Upon hearing the counsel and on the proposal submitted of Learned Additional Solicitor General Shri Tushar Mehta, the Court made the following committee from GSI and ASI comprise of Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi and Shri L.L. 60 Vishwakarma from GSI and Shri Madan Mohan Chouhan and Dr. V.K.   Saxena   from   ASI   to   study   /   survey/   analysis   examine Mahakaleshwer Jyotilingam of Ujjain (MP) and to prepare a report containing   the   rate   of   which   the   deterioration   in   the   size   of Lingam   is   taking   place,   if   any,   and   the measures/steps/precautions   to   be   taken   to   ensure   that   this deterioration/shrinkage   of   Lingam   stops.   The   Committee   also study the other structures and the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and   for   its   preservation.   The   Committee   makes   a   study   and reports inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last three­four decades and what remedial steps have to Sardar. The committee Members of ASI and GSI jointly visited Ujjain on 7.9.2017   to   assess   the   deterioration   of   Jyotirlingam   of Mahakaleshwer and to discuss the scope of the area of work for the GSI and ASI team. The   GSI   will   carry   out   identification   of   rock   type   and   its composition of Jyotirlingam workout causes of deterioration in the size of Jyotirlingam if any and suggest remedial measure. ASI will  study   the  archaeological  and  conservational   aspect   of   the temple   premises,   apart   from   carrying   out   chemical   studies   of offering material to the Jyotirlingam Geological   Survey   of   India,   Bhopal   team   has   assessed   the limitation and accordingly methodology and instrumentation has been selected for the detailed study of the lingam rock. Since rock sample cannot be taken out from the Jyotirlingam for detail studies, therefore, visual observation, as well as  studies based on non­destructive   methods   like   remote   sensing   technique   with   an instrument named Spectroradiometer, was adopted to identify the  rock and ascertain its composition. The instrument as well as two expert   scientists   from   Nagpur   office   were   called.   The   Nagpur team was reached Ujjain on 10/9/2017 and carried out his work on   11/9/2017.   The   team   has   collected   spectral   signature   of lingam   rock   and   matched   with   standard   spectral   signature available with spectral library of CHQ of GSI, Kolkata. Another   non­destructive   method   by   portable   XRF   studies   of lingam rock was felt necessary to cross checks the identification made by the remote sensing technique. Therefore, one portable XRF instrument along with one scientist was called from GSI, Jaipur. Portable XRF machine was used to collect information on 12/09/2017   at   19   points   in   Jyotirlingam   rock   to   study   the 61 composition of Jyotirlingam rock in weathered part as well as on non­weathered part of Lingam. Based on these studies remedial measures   ware   worked   out   to   reduce   the   extent   of   chemical weathering. Apart from this water sample, ash samples, samples of offering items   like   bhang,   cow   dung   were   collected   and   analyzed   to ascertain the real cause of chemical weathering and to suggest suitable remedial measure to improve the overall environment of the temple premises ware suggested. 3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlinga: 3.2.1 Visual observation:  The Shiva Lingam measuring 67 cm in height   and   47.97   cm   in   diameter   situated   over   silver   coated Jaladhari of 208x127x30 cm in size. The lingam rock is pinkish buff coloured orthoquartzite similar to quartzite of Vindhayans. It is massive, hard and compact fine to medium grained, well sorted arenaceous quartzite compose of quartz occasionally with minor feldspar with the siliceous matrix. Majority of the grains are quartz  along with minor orthoclase giving light pinkish brown shade to the lingam rock. The cementing material is siliceous with minor ferruginous impurities. There are traces of two bedding plane on the left side of the lingam rock with a minor change in grain size and composition along these plane. These  bedding planes are visualized as an imprint in the forms   of   a   slightly   depressed   linear  groove­like   structure   due   to differential weathering, but on the fresh surface exposed in pits developed   in   lower   part   of   lingam   in   the   eastern   side,   these imprint of bedding are not visible by naked eyes. 3.2.2 Studies based instrument: (a) Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer: On the basis of visual observation as well as studies based on remote   sensing   technique   with   the   instrument   named Spectroradiometer was adopted to identify the rock and ascertain its composition. Two experts Geologist one from GSI Nagpur & another   from   GSI   Kolkata   along   with   Spectroradiometer Instrument have carried out studies of the lingam. The team has collected spectral signature of lingam rock on 11/09/2017 and 62 matched these signature with the standard spectral signature of rocks available in the library at GSI headquarter Kolkata. Total 10 no of spectral signature from a different part of the Shiva Lingam was collected. This study also confirms that the Lingam rock is quartzite,   mainly   composed   of   quartz,   orthoclase   and   a   minor amount of mica in the matrix.  (b) Portable XRF studies: Portable XRF studies of lingam rock were felt necessary to cross­ check the identification made by visual observation as well as with the remote sensing technique, therefore one Chemist from GSI Jaipur was called to carry out a study of Lingam with Portable XRF machine. Total 19 observation points were recorded by the instrument on 12/09/2017 on lingam. The objective of this study was to ascertain the approximate composition of lingam rock in weathered part as well as on non­weathered part for confirmation of its identification. Based on these studies remedial measures were worked out to reduce the extent of chemical weathering. The composition of Lingam rock worked by this instrument conform its sedimentary nature with the presence of minerals of zirconium and   titanium   in   traces.   Observation   at   19   spots   from   the instruments over the lingam rock was taken and the silica percent ranges from  66 to  92.6%  in  10  samples,  out  of  which 7  spot samples have more than 75% silica. It conforms that the rock is orthoquartzite. Methodology and analytical result are enclosed as Annexure­III.  3.3   Water   analysis   by   portable   water   analysis   kit   and   ICP­MS Instruments: Water analysis of the temple premises was carried out at seven selected locations and it was found that the pH value of water being used in the offering is high ranging from 8.4 to 8.7   Water   is   a   universal   solvent   and   dynamic   medium   which necessitates its analysis. Ionic Product of pure water at 25°C is 1x ­14 + ­ 1O .Water is composed of H  ion and OH  ion. +  ­  H2O   H + OH (Ionic product) + ­ In pure water of the hydrogen ion (H ) and hydroxyl ion (OH ) is + equal. Hydrogen ion (H ) is responsible for acidity and hydroxyl ­ ion   (OH )   is   responsible   for   the   alkalinity   of   medium   i.e.   if + hydrogen ion (H ) increases in the medium the acidity will increase 63 ­ and if hydroxyl ion (OH ) concentration increases in the medium +   ­   than   alkalinity   will   increase.   The   H and   OH concentration   is measured in terms of pH value which is the negative logarithm of + H  concentration in water. + pH = ­ Log [H ] If any liquid is having pH less than 7 then it will be acidic, and if it is   more   than,   it   will   be   alkaline/   basic   in   nature.   pH   7   is considered neutral. Weathering of rock increases on exposure to acidic as well as, as well   as   two   expert   scientists   from   Nagpur   office,   medium   as compared to neutral medium; due to increase in electrochemical reaction. On exposure of high silica material to acidic medium have   no   significant   weathering   effect   but   on   exposure   to basic/alkaline medium weathering increases by following reaction: SiO 2  + 2KOH –> K 2 SiO 3  + H 2 O On the bacterial decomposition of any organic matter, carbon dioxide gas (C0 2 ) releases with the rise of temperature and C0 2 react with water to produce carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) CO 2  + H 2 O –> H 2 CO 3 Sansthan Storage tank below lingam produced carbonic acid may react with   alkaline   water   having   high   pH   and   up   to   some   extent neutralization reaction may happen as: ­ H 2 C0 2 +2KOH­>K 2 C0 2 +H 2 0+Heat The pH of the tank is less than the water of Kotiteerth pond, which   is   alkaline   in   nature   and   deleterious   to   the   siliceous material. 3.3.1 Ash analysis: Three ash samples (1), from Bhasmaaarti of Jyotirlingam, (2), cow   dung used for making bhasma in mahakal temple and (3) from Bhopal were analyzed for comparative studies. Bhasma is being used in the bhasmaaarti range in pH from  9.07 to  10.2  in an aqueous medium having 7 pH; on the other hand, the water of Kotiteerath pond is alkaline in nature. If alkaline water is mix with  bhosmo.  , the combination will further enhance pH of the medium and produce a more adverse effect on lingam 64 and increase rote of chemical weathering (Annexure IV c). Use of cow ghee, milk, curd, honey etc is a regular phenomenon. As a matter of fact pH of some of these articles might induce deterioration but in view of the religious sentiments, the age­old practices cannot be stopped, but the amount of the material may be restricted in order to reduce further deterioration. The only effect of these semisolids appears to be their pH value in general pH value of cow milk ranges between 6.6 to  6.8,  pH of curd 4.5 to 6.0,   pH of coconut water (matured) will be 5.2 and honey may range from 3.9 to  6.0  in pHs  3.4 Discussion and interpretation : ­ Since centuries the temple is a center of attraction to the Hindu society. It was situated on the bank of kshipra River. The great kshipra had changed its course in past it was flowing close to the Mahakal temple and gradually shifted its course to the present channel, now local people talk about guptkshipra which flows below the kotiteerath pond and supplying water to the temple premises since years. 3.4.1 Extent of weathering: The lingam rock is hard and compact medium to fine­grained well­sorted   orthoquartzite   as   seen   in   above   photos   from   a different direction. Majority of the grains are quartz along with minor   orthoclase   giving   light   pinkish   brown   colour   to   the Jyotirlingam   rock.   The   cementing   material   is   siliceous   with minor   ferruginous   impurities.   It   is   hard   and   compact   and sustainable in the ideal natural environment. Close observation of   lingam   reveals   that   there   is   the   signature   of   chemical weathering   on   the   eastern   and   western   side   of   the   lingam. Observation of day to puja pattern and offering of milk curd, honey bhang etc. as well as the traditional ritual it is seen that the   effect   of   chemical   weathering   is   more   pronounced   in   the eastern and western side of the lingam. The northern side (Front, facing devotees) is devoid of any weathering pits. Similarly, the back   side   is   also   least   affected   by   the   process   of   chemical weathering. The causative factors for the localised development of pits are the topic of research for our team. We have gone through   the   ill   side   effect   of   offering   material   and   the   area affected by the offering. 3.4.2: Causative factor: 65 (1) The ambiance and climatic parameter of Jyotirlinga room are somewhat   similar   to   a   subtropical   climatic   condition   where alternate   wet   and   dry   spell   is   in   practice.   The   offering   supply's bacteria   through   curd   organic   compound   and   lodging   of   these compounds   in   pits   enhance   the   process   of   attacking   and dissolving cryptocrystalline siliceous cement in the rock resulting in   loosing   and   removal   of   grains   in   this   way   the   chemical weathering is progressing. (2)   Silico   is   stable   and   inert   in   most   of   the   form   but   the cryptocrystalline form of silica is prone to attack by the alkaline substance (like potassium hydroxide KOH) and will dissolve at room temperature in alkaline solution as express in this reaction. (reference from Google). SiO 2 +2KOH=K 2 Si0 3 +H 2 0 The formation of potassium meta­silicate is the cause of chemical weathering which is soluble in water the rate of reaction is very slow but continuous with the passage of time. Water quality of the Kotiteerath pond has pH value 8.4 which is alkaline   in   nature,   this   water   being   offered   continuously   to Lingam rock during Jalabhishek. Ash offered in the bhasmaarti also   contains   alkaline   compound   and   the   pH   value   of   ash  in aqueous   media   using   pure   water   is   9.1   which   is   highly deleterious to siliceous rock. During Bhashmaarti ash are poured over the lingam and then after water of Kotiteerath are used in jalabhishek which is reacting and producing causative factor to enhance the chemical reaction stated above resulting in the form of   chemical   weathering   and   removal   of   silica   grains   and development of pits in lingam rock.   3.4.3: Weathering through ages: Though   the   rate   of   weathering   is   very   slow   and   cannot   be perceived by single observation as these pits have been spotted 60 years ago when Hon'ble first President of India. Shri Rajendra Prasad and Hon’ble first Vice President and second President of India, Shri Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan were spotted worshipping of Jyotirlingam in Mahakal temple at Ujjain and the  patch of Pits in the eastern side of the Lingam has also been spotted during that time. In a span of 60 years, these pits have increased at a slow rate in number and size. (Photo no.5­8) Projecting the rate of erosion   there   is   no   alarming   situation   at   present   but   some precautions are necessary a s a  remedial measure to protect the 66 lingam for posterity and manage the deterioration. CHAPTER∙ IV A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. The Jyotirlingam rock has been identified as orthoquartzite which   is   hard   and   compact   and   highly   siliceous   in   nature   in which the silica content varies from   75­92%   analyzed by portable XRF studies. Apart from visual observation spectral signature  by spectroradiometer   were   collected,   matched   with   the   standard signature of orthoquortzite available in  GSI,  spectral lab. 2. The deterioration of lingam has Sandstones and increased in last   40­50   years as depicted in photos no   1­4   and   5­8;   the deterioration   is   continuous   Sandstone   can   be   managed   with remedial measures. 3. The water of temple premises used in Jalabhishek is highly alkaline in nature the pH value ranges from 8.4 to 8.7 which is reactive with the cryptocrystalline siliceous cementing material of orthoquartzite at room temperature and causing deterioration in Jyotirlingam. 4. The tradition of Bhasmaarti using ash of Cow dung (as per temple pujaris) has pH value ranges from   9.07   to   10.20   in an aqueous medium. 5. The age­old practices cannot be stopped but the amount of material   can   be   restricted/   minimized   in   order   to   reduce deterioration.   The   quantity   of   offering   as   listed   in   Annexure   I contain milk, curd. into, honey, sugar, leaves, petals, and flowers, accumulate   in   pits   promote   the   growth   of   bacteria   at   room temperature   resulting   in   pH   variation   is   also   a   cause   of deterioration. 6. Presence of major and minor oxide and trace elements of rock enhance the electrical conductivity of the water to a high level   which   can   cause   deposition   of   salt   in   pores/   pits   and chipping of material by chemical weathering. 7. Poor   drainage   sanitation   and   water   spillage   were   also spotted in the temple  premises. 8. The Use of water (jal /Ganga Jal) throughout the day for 67 Abhishekas of the  Jyotirlinga  by the devotees should be restricted to a minimum. 9. Use of milk and other milk products including ghee and honey   should   be   minimized   to   a   small   quantity   and   made symbolic in nature to satisfy the religious requirement. 10. Rubbing  of  Jaggary  /  Sugar  powder  and  other  powdery material on the Jyotirlinga may be restricted/ minimized. 11. Use of a lot of flowers / Bel Patra etc. may also be made symbolic as the  use  of such huge materials keep the Jyotirlinga wet all the time and hinders natural breathing of the stone which is essential for the good state of the Jyotirlinga. 12. Use  of metal  buckets, offerings  pots, and other utensils should  be  replaced  with wooden / Good Plastic materials in order to avoid mechanical abrasions. 13. lf  possible,  entry of devotees  in  the   Garbhgriha  may  be limited   by   making   a   management   plan.   Devotees   may   be permitted for  short duration at a time  to avoid the crowd in grabhgraha. This is important as there is only single entry door which is also used as an exit door.  14. Every effort should be made to keep the Garbhgriha dry and clean including the passage and surroundings. 15. All   the damaged area  of  marble   floorings  and  sealing of joints etc. should be repaired to avoid water percolation through the damaged area. 16. 1f possible  provision  may be made for air circulation in the Garbhagriha. 17. Arrangements for disposal of waste may be improved and should be made more effective. 18. Scientific   /  Chemical  treatment   of   any  stone   object   with periodical inspection and preventive conservation may, however, help to preserve the object  for quite long  time  but  in case  of Jyotirlinga  it  may not be appropriate to consider such treatment 68 as the treatment of the Jyotirlinga may not be acceptable to the common people because of their great faith and religious beliefs. Only preventive conservation methods may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlinga in the best of its conservation state. 19. Sincere efforts should be made to preserve the originality of the main temple and other structures of historical importance in the  premises.  Modern materials  should  be avoided  for general maintenance. 20. The antiquarian remains of the premise including the main temple of Mahakal can be classified mainly into four groups; a: Some stone sculptures in loose and fixed nature assigned to  7th ­ th th th 8   century AD,   Some sculptures of 11   ­12   century AD,   b:   c: th Main temple and other subsidiary shrines of 18  century and  d: Other remains viz wooden box, copper drum, seating benches and th th some   metal   work   etc   of   19   ­20   century.   Numbers   of   stone sculptures placed in the temple premise at different places like embed in the walls, on the floors, and in the abandoned rooms needs   to   be   properly   maintained,   documented,   identified   and displayed in a proper place so that they could be preserved for future generation and could be in use of researchers and students of art and architecture. st 21. Some unwanted restoration works have been done on the 1 nd and 2  floors of the Mahakal temple by laying of modern tiles on the floor. This sort of flooring does not match in any way with the ambiance and old architecture of the temple. On the north and south sides of the temple, iron scaffoldings are placed attached to the main temple. We were told that the scaffoldings are provided for installing iron stairs for climbing of the visitors to the temple on the top floor to worship Chandranageshwar. On this floor, a sculpture of Chandranageshwar with his consort is placed inside a  niche  covered  with  a   glass  window  and  devotees  or  visitors would   be   allowed   to   reach   there.   During   our   visit,   we   were informed that earlier temporary arrangement was made there by way of installation of iron stairs in the occasion of  Nagapanchami when lacs of visitors used to visit here. Providing of this sort of installation is not only the eyesore in the ancient temple premise but it would lead a new tradition in future and put an adverse effect on the old temples when such a huge crowd of devotees will reach the top floor. Therefore, it should be avoided for the safety of the public and to maintain the ambiance of the temples. 69 22.   While   the   campus   consisting   of   old   temples   have   been reflecting with white, cream and red colours as outer walls and shikhara  of almost all the temples are painted with these colours and  flooring  with   tiles   and   red   stones.   Beside  that   some   new constructions   have   Abhishek   the   carried   out.   This   sort   of constructions   and   development   in   an   ancient   heritage   place should be avoided and proper conservation should be carried out with the help of conservators and expert of ancient architecture.  23. The significance of Mahakal temple and Ujjain is not only for the people of Ujjain and Madhya Pradesh, rather for the people of the whole country too, therefore keeping this thing in mind, it is inevitably required to develop this most religious and heritage sire with proper care and maintenance so that its cultural and tangible   fabric   could   not   be   disturbed.   Presently   there   are numbers of the temples inside the temple premise probably of the same   period   as   the   Mahakal   temple   but   these   temples   are conserved in crappy manner by adding eyesore paintings on the walls and some weird addition to the old structures. Some new constructions   are   done   and   some   other   constructions   are presently going on there. Therefore, it is suggested that no new construction   may   be   allowed   within   the   temple   premise   and restoration and development of the old temples and structures of the premise may be rectified and restored with the assistance of Archaeological Conservators. Apart from the various activities as referred above, Temple committee can create a heritage cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the premise. 24. It is stated earlier that Ujjain is a very ancient city and there are numbers of old structures, temples, ponds, houses, platforms near­infrared etc around the temple premise still in extent, these old structures ore the valuable heritage and integral part   of   temple   premise,   needs   to   be   identified   and   restored accordingly. If it is possible for the state government, 500 m all around the temple premise can be preserved with old structures and   removed   from   the   modern   constructions.   Wherever   open space is found, that can be landscaped and developed so that its religious ambiance could be maintained and preserved. B: REMEDIAL MEASURES: 1. Water   quality   of   the   temple   premises   may   be   improved; special care should be taken to water used in Jalabhishek ritual, 70 potable   water   range   in   pH   from   6.8   to   7.2   are   ideal   for jalabhishek and cleaning of the Jyotirlingam. 2. Ash used in bhasmaarti ranges in pH from 9.07 to 10.2 in aqueous media is one of the causes of deterioration in lingam, the ritual can be minimized to symbolic in nature so that the deterioration can be minimized. The lingam should be thoroughly cleaned   after   bhasmaarti   and   ensured   that   no   trace   of   ash remains over it, then only Jalabhishek may be allowed. 3. The ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgrah may be 17­20 degree Celsius and efforts may be made to keep dryness in most of the time of the lingam to minimize the rate of chemical reaction, bacterial and fungal growth.  4. Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey, etc. is a regular item of offering   since   ages,   therefore,   cannot   be   stopped,   but   the quantity and quality of material may be minimized in order to minimize the deterioration. 5. Proper disposal of temple garbage may be arranged and insured  that it  should  not  contaminate  the  kotiteerath  pond. Improvement in sewer line and sanitation may also be managed to keep the premises neat and clean.  An arrangement may be made to stop draining off rain and used water into kotiteerath pond. 6. Periodical monitoring of all these remedial measures is also essential   to   check   further   deterioration   and   to   maintain garbhagriha   and   Jyotirlingam   and   to   maintain   its   natural ambiance.  ANNEXURE ­I WORSHIP SCHEDULE AND OFFERING MATERIAL OF JYOTIRLINGAM, MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN
TIMEEVENT
04:00 AMOpening of Temple door
04:00 to 04: 15 AMTemple cleaning followed by an offer of<br>Panchamrit (Milk, Curd, Ghee, Honey<br>and Sugar)
71
04: 15 to 04:40AMJalabhishek by Pilgrims (Katitirathpond<br>water), 15 to 20 minutes.
04:40 to 05:00 AMAbhishek by Priest (Material list<br>attached).
05:00 to 05:15 AMCleaning and Drying by dry cloths
05:15 to 05:30 AMDecoration.
05:30 to 05:35 AMBhasamaarti (Ash worship) by ash and<br>bearing ornaments.
06:00 to 6:45 AMAgain Jalabhishek by pilgrims, water<br>offered.
06:45 to 07:00AMEntry closed and cleaning of the temple.
07:00 to 07:15 AMWorship of other deities
07: 15 to 07:30 AMChandan­Abhishek­after cleaning.
07:30 to 07:45 AMAarti
07:45 to 09:45 AMAgain Jalabhishek by pilgrims (using<br>Ujjain Municipal Supply water)
09:45 to 10:00 AMCleaning.
10: 00 to 10:45 AMChandan­abhishek and Bhogaarti.
10: 45 AM to 04:45 PMMilk­Water Abhishek by Pilgrims and<br>worship
05:00 to 05:20 PMnear­infrared started by panchamrit<br>Abhishek.
05:20 to 05:45 PMDecoration by Bhang and Chandan.
05:45 to 07:00 PMDry worship.
07:00 to 07:45 PMEvening Milk Bhog.
07:45 to 10:30 PMOpen to Public for Worship with flowers<br>and belpatra
10:30 to 11: 00 PMSayan Aarti (Sleeping worship).
ANNEXURE II SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF JYOTIRLINGAM OF MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH By: Prem Babu, Director and Uday Kumar Ghosh, Sr. Geologist  is the study of light as a function of wavelength Spectroscopy that has been emitted, reflected or scattered from solid, liquid 72 or gas (Clark, 1999). Reflectance and emittance spectroscopy of natural  surfaces   are   sensitive   to   specific   chemical   bonds   in materials, whether solid, liquid or gas. Moreover, spectroscopy has the advantage of being sensitive to both crystalline and amorphous materials, unlike some diagnostic methods, like X­ ray   diffraction   (Clark,1999).   Spectroscopy's   other   main advantage is that it can be used for near (e.g. in the laboratory) to far away (e.g. to look down on the Earth, or up at other planets) objects. Laboratory and field spectroscopic studies of rocks/minerals/other   materials   help   in   understanding   the entire realm  of variability in spectral signature  of particular rocks/minerals/other materials. Reflectance spectra have been used for many years to obtain compositional information of the Earth   surface.   Therefore,   spectroscopy   is   being   used increasingly in geoscientific studies to detect the mineralogical composition   of   rocks/minerals   of   earth   surfaces   and   other planets of the universe. Different types of minerals absorb and scatter incident energy in   the   different   wavelength   region.   When   we   examine   the maxima and minima of spectral reflectance curve, minima are caused   by   molecular   absorption   and   we   call   these   as absorption   features   or   absorption   bands.   Absorption   of   a particular mineral rock depends upon its atomic structure and chemical   composition.   Absorption   of   a   particular   object depends   upon   the   electronic   and   vibrational   process.   The electronic processes are very sensitive invisible to near infrared (VNIR)   region   whereas   vibrational   processes   are   sensitive   in shortwave   infrared   (SWIR)   region.   The   VNIR   region   is   very important to detect ferric & ferrous iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel etc., whereas SWIR region is useful in detection of hydroxyl bearing minerals, carbonate, phosphate, borates, arsenates, vanadates, silicates etc, The hydroxyl (OH­) is generally bound to Mg, Feor AI. The water molecule (H20) gives rise to overtones as seen in the reflectance spectra of H20 bearing minerals. The first stretches of OH­ occur at 1.4 um: and the combination of H­O­H bond with the OH­ stretches are found   near   1.9   um.   The   OH­  group   commonly   occurs   in multiple   crystallographic   sites   of   a   specific   mineral   and   is attached to metalions. Thus, a combination of metal OH plus OH   stretch   occurs   at   2.2­2.3   um   and   is   the   diagnostic   of mineralogy. Spectroscopic study of Mahakaleshwer Lingam was carried out using high­end portable field spectroradiometer to know the compositional information of the surface of Lingam at Ujjain. Madhya Pradesh. Spectroradiometer used in the present study has a very good signal to noise ratio (SNR), with finer 73 spectral resolution and spectral interval suitable for detecting the subtle absorption features characteristic of the constituent minerals   of   the   rock   exposed   on   the   surface   under examination.   It   detects   the   energy   reflected   by   the   surface material.   Spectra   Vista   Corporation   (SVC   HR   1024i) spectroradiometer used in the present study has two types of detectors one 512 element Si photodiode detector operative in 350­1000 nm and two separate, In Go As photodiodes operative in 1000­2500 nm. Collection   of   Spectral   Signature   using   'SVC   1024i' Spectroradiometer.  Before taking the spectral measurement of Mahakaleshwer Lingam the entire area was properly cleaned and dried (using drier) to obtain maximum reflectance from the field of view. The rest of the area was covered with dark cloth to avoid unwanted reflectance from the surroundings. Measurement Procedure: The   SYC   HR   1024i   spectroradiometer   has   spectral  range   of 350­2500   nanometer   (nm),   with   finer   spectral   resolution   of 3.5nm   @   350­1000,9.5   nm   @1000­   1850nm   and   6.5nm   @ 1850­   2500.   The   instrument   was   optimized   properly   before taking a spectral measurement. Measurement of the radiance of a white reflector (reference panel) is also essential before initiating   the   measurement,   as   it   helps   in   recording   the irradiance  of the  illuminator  for  a reflectance  measurement. The   light   source   for   illuminating   (using   a   tungsten   halogen source lamp) the sample was kept at approximately 45° angle and measurement was token by pointing sensor (fore optics as well   as   fibre   optics)   vertically   over   the   sample   to   make   the phase   angle   of   45°   (phase   angle   corresponds   to   the   angle between the illumination source and measurement point) so that   the   measurements   which   speak   about   the   volume   of reflected energy emanated from the rock (characteristic of the internal   chemistry)   are   collected   and   it   would   reduce   the specular   reflection   from   the   object   which  is   dominantly   the result of surface smoothness. The 40 optical lens was used while taking the spectral signature of the Lingam.  The following necessary steps were taken into consideration while making the measurements. 1. Source of the illumination is well calibrated so that there should be minimal fluctuation in irradiance in successive 74 measurement. 2. Precautions   were   taken   so   that   there   is   no   physical blockade of light and shadow of the person who is taking measurements does not fall over the sample. 3. The sample should be larger in dimensions than the ground sample diameter ( GSD)  of fore­optics. 4. Data   was   saved   in   personal   digital   assistance   (PDA)   and downloaded into the computer for further analysis. Processing of Spectral Curve: Spectral   signatures   thus   collected   is   processed   using   SVC   HR 1024i software to remove the overlap at the junction of visible (VIS)   &   near infrared   (NIR)   and   NIR   &   SWIR region and remove higher order kinks to derive the curve with characteristic "spectral features".  The   spectral  file   format generated  in  the   SVC  1024i spectroradiometer instrument is saved as sig file format which stores wavelength and full width at half maximum   (FWHM)   values (spectral resolution) and other necessary information. After pre­ processing   the   signature   is   exported   to   ENVI   software   for generation   of   spectral   library.   The   ENVI   software   retrieves   the wavelength data and  FWHM  value from the spectral reflectance files and   appends   it   to   the   header   file   created   for   each   spectral signature. ENVI has a spectral library builder tool to generate new   spectral   library   builder   tool   to   generate   a   new   spectral library from a variety of spectra sources, including ASCll files, other spectral libraries, ROI means, spectral profiles and plots. The collected spectra are automatically resampled to an input wavelength space using   FWHM   information. After feeding all the necessary information finally, the rock library is generated by using lab spectra.  The spectral signature  of  Mahakaleshwer lingam, Ujjain, MP: The   spectral   signature   was   collected   at   different   faces   of Mahakaleshwer  Lingam  like near top, back, left, right, primary bedding plane, pitted surface etc. For each location number of measurements   using   fore­optics   as   well   as   fiber   optics   were taken and were later averaged to get the final spectra.   Interpretation 75 The spectral signature of left and right side shows absorption at 2.19   µ m  indicating  presence  of   phyllosilicate  minerals   (AI­OH bearing minerals) and absorption in V NIR   (O.568 µm) region is due to iron oxide stains. But the fore optic spectra show high reflectance   in   NIR   as   compared   to   fiber   optic   spectra   that   is possibly due to the presence of some organic material on the surface and also due to the differential field of view of spectral measurement. The combination of H­ O­H  bend &  OH­  stretches is found at 1.93  µ m that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OH­ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. The spectra of near top   &   back side show absorption at 2.19 µm that indicate the presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI­ OH  ) and absorption in V NIR  (O.543 µm) region bearing minerals is due to iron oxide stains. But the fore optic spectra show high reflectance in NIR as compared to fiber optic spectra that are again due to the  presence of some organic material in the surface and also due  to the  differential field of view of spectral measurement. The combination of H­ O­H bend  &  OH­ stretches is found at 1.93 µm that indicate the presence of  water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OH­ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. The fiber optic spectra of all pitted surface show absorption at 2.19 µm indicate the presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI­OH bearing minerals, and absorption in VNIR region is due to iron oxide stains. The variation of absorption depth at VNIR has been noticed which varies from 0.565 to 0.731 µm and this is due to the presence of differential iron  oxide  stains at the different pitted surface.   The   combination   of   H­O­H   bend   &   OHˉ   stretches   is found at 1.93  µm  that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OHˉ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µ m . From overall observation, it is found that most of the diagnostic absorption occurs at 2.19 µm and absorption in VNIR region is possibly   due   to   differential   iron   oxide   staining   at   different surfaces. No other diagnostic absorption due to other alteration mineral was noticed. All   the   spectral   signatures   were   analysed   with   existing   rock library of GSI as well as USGS mineral spectra and it the that the spectral signatures fit well with quartzite based on its absorption features in  SWIR  region. Continuum removed (continuum or background is the overall 76 albedo   of   the   reflectance   curve)   spectra   of   Lingam   &   USGS phyllosilicate mineral  shows  diagnostic  spectral  absorption  at 2.19 µm which confirms the presence of phyllosilicate mineral.  Summary: Based on the spectroscopic study of the lingam of Mahakaleshwer temple Ujjain, MP,   it   can be summarised that the spectral signatures of the surface of lingam show presence of   quartz   with   a   minor   amount   of   phyllosilicates.   Beside presence of some organic matter at a few locations could also be noticed. References:   Clark,   R.N.   1999;   Spectroscopy   of   Rocks   and Minerals,   and   Principles   of   spectroscopy(pp3),   http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov  . XRF STUDY OF JYOTIRLlNGAM OF MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN The   XRF   study   of   the   Jyotirlingam   of   Mahakaleshwar   temple, Ujjain was carried out using portable Skyray­Explorer 5000 ED­ XRF instrument.  ED   (Energy   Dispersive)   X­ray   spectrometer   is   based   on   the principle of X­ray fluorescence (XRF) which is a non­destructive technique. The atoms, illuminated by high­energy X­ray, emit X­ ­ ray spectra with certain characteristics, the wavelength of which is related   to   the   atomic   number   of   an   element.   Therefore,   by determining   the   wavelength,   we   find   the   composition   of   the sample and start the qualitative analysis; by measuring the line intensity and comparing with a known standard, we get to know about   the   content   of   the   element   and   start   the   quantitative analysis. The Explorer­5OOO instrument consists of mainly three systems:   excitation,   optics   and   detector   system .   The   excitation system, including a miniature X­ray source, filter, and collimator, is   used   to   generate   X­rays.   X­rays   irradiating   to   the   sample produce   X­ray   fluorescence   with   sample   characteristics, transforming into  voltage signals through the detector, the signal, after being amplified and data acquisition, is sent for computer processing   to   get   the   required   test   data.   The   detection   system mainly includes i) AMP and digital multi­channel data acquisition system,   ii)   Embedded   PDA   ­   Equipped   with   dedicated   X­ray fluorescence   analytical   software.   The   detection   limit   is   down   to ppm level. 77 The XRF study of the lingam was carried out by directly placing the nosepiece   carefully   on   the   Lingam   surface   by   holding   the instrument in hand. The surface of the lingam was more or less rough  at   all  points   scanned   using   the   is.   On   each   side   of   the lingam, we started to analyze from the bottom position to the top position. The total scanning time for each point was 60 seconds. For qualitative analysis of the elements in the sample, whether it is a natural one or in a strange shape, this instrument can be directly used for a test. But for accurate quantitative analysis, we need to do   some   sample   processing.   There   is   some   inherent   limitation which   may   lead   to   measurement   error;   rough   surface, inhomogeneity in composition etc. APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGAM ROCK BY PORTABLE XRF INSTRUMENT
FRONT FACING NORTHBACK FACING NORTH
SPEC<br>NAMELING<br>AM-4LINGAM<br>– 3LINGAM<br>– 2LINGAM<br>– 1<br>BOTTOMLINGAM<br>– 6<br>(CEMENT<br>ING<br>PORTION<br>OF THE<br>BASE)LING<br>AM –<br>BAC<br>K5LINGAM<br>– BACK4<br>(TOP<br>MOST)LINGAM<br>– BACK3LING<br>AM<br>BACK<br>2LINGA<br>M<br>BACK1<br>(BOTT<br>OM<br>MOST)
Mg O<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.22080.00000.0000
5.87686.13190.00000.71625.31218.083<br>16.30685.716311.731<br>93.4060
SiO 2<br>(%)92.627<br>989.454337.148013.384616.779388.73<br>0074.774174.621781.186<br>216.0813
P (%)0.56680.79920.57960.40260.83950.335<br>80.44420.33370.34350.2922
As (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Se (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Rb (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Sr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Y (%)0.00200.00250.00140.00140.00000.001<br>70.00100.00080.00100.0000
Zr (%)0.01090.03280.00000.00000.00000.009<br>50.02520.01420.00000.0000
Nb (%)0.01910.01950.00800.01000.01040.018<br>60.01190.01440.01380.0096
Mo<br>(%)0.08890.09030.04270.04810.02020.085<br>60.06690.05990.08140.0281
Pd (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ad (%)0.01730.01780.01640.01650.01010.017<br>40.01700.01750.01740.0155
Cd (%)0.02340.05130.04270.04850.00000.0610.03050.03370.05680.0120
78
3
Sn (%)0.10470.10210.10330.10330.10210.102<br>80.10290.10310.10270.1036
Sb (%)0.00000.00800.00160.00000.00720.011<br>10.00000.00460.00420.0000
Ba (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Hf (%)0.00020.00010.00010.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0003
Ta (%)0.00000.00000.00160.00180.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
W (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Au<br>(PPm)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
P2O3<br>(%)1.29821.83031.32750.92201.92280.769<br>01.01730.76430.78680.6691
S (%)0.00000.02110.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.21730.09050.05210.0000
SO4<br>(%)0.00000.06340.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.65190.27140.15630.0000
K (%)0.11040.59550.35390.47350.46650.839<br>50.63040.34450.22750.3164
K2O<br>(%)0.13330.71900.42730.57170.56321.013<br>60.76110.41600.27470.3821
Ca (%)0.47312.57451.50761.18066.10201.551<br>61.77481.57671.51070.1713
CaO<br>(%)0.54412.96061.73371.35777.01721.784<br>32.04101.81320.1970
Ti (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
TiO<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
V (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Mn<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00090.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Fe (%)0.07540.09910.04210.02740.04960.152<br>20.15980.14520.13130.0277
Fe2 O3<br>(%)0.10770.14150.06020.03920.07090.217<br>40.22830.20740.18750.0396
Co (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ni (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cu (%)0.00310.00000.00170.00000.00000.000<br>00.00700.01590.01010.0000
Zn (%)0.00000.00000.02290.06380.00000.000<br>00.00000.00710.09730.0000
Hg (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Pb (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.07110.000<br>00.00000.00110.00410.0000
Bi (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000.00000.00000.00000.0000
79
0
Peak1653.<br>00001653.<br>00001647.<br>00001649.<br>00001655.<br>00001655.<br>00001652.<br>00001651.<br>00001649.<br>00001645.<br>0000
Cps17391.<br>000018507.<br>000015614.<br>000015688.<br>000012188.<br>00001775<br>4.<br>000016378.<br>000015787.<br>000016737.<br>000013791.<br>0000
Count52249<br>6.<br>0000555942.<br>0000468960.<br>0000471219.<br>0000366273.<br>00005332<br>49.<br>0000491980.<br>0000474277.<br>000050261<br>4.<br>0000414329.<br>0000
APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGAM ROCK BY PORTABLE XRF INSTRUMENT
LEFT FACING WESTRIGHT FACING EAST
SPEC<br>NAM<br>ELINGAM<br>- LEFT 5<br>(TOP<br>MOST)LINGA<br>M – 4LINGA<br>M – 2LINGA<br>M – 1<br>BOTTO<br>MLINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT5<br>(TOP<br>MOST)LINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT6LINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT4LINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT2LINGAM<br>-RIGHT1<br>(BOTTO<br>M MOST)
Mg O<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00003.77270.00000.00000.00000.0000
0.00003.46127.51091.96633.34071.90811.44157.20042.7364
SiO 2<br>(%)43.560768.992377.250445.910668.134343.969744.846266.240616.6197
P (%)0.35310.81930.74400.72900.20990.68190.39620.60410.5817
P2O<br>3%0.80871.87661.70391.66970.48081.56170.90741.38361.3322
S (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
SO4<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
K (%)0.27900.98320.64340.85250.45241.21420.05890.92660.2368
K2O<br>(%)0.33681.18720.77691.02940.54621.46600.07111.11880.2860
Ca<br>(%)0.79071.13990.14930.00000.21150.40310.56220.25490.1753
CaO<br>(%)0.90930.16080.17170.00000.21150.40310.56220.25490.1753
Ti (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00830.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
TiO2<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.01390.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
V (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Mn<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Fe (%)0.03960.05970.02440.07400.06220.08220.02670.05830.0299
Fe2<br>O3(%)0.05660.08520.03490.10570.08880.11750.03810.08330.0427
Co(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ni (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cu<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Zn<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
As0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
80
(%)
Se (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Rb<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Sr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Y (%)0.00000.00200.00000.00230.00090.00270.00000.00130.0000
Zr (%)0.00000.02310.00020.03170.00000.01240.00000.00400.0001
Nb<br>(%)0.01360.01450.01210.01500.01130.01440.01250.01390.0073
Mo<br>(%)0.04680.07330.03820.08200.03900.06510.03900.08180.0361
Pd<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ag<br>(%)0.01550.01690.01470.01710.01620.01730.01550.01680.0144
Cd<br>(%)0.01600.04150.02040.01340.04740.04710.01250.00000.0091
Sn<br>(%)0.10330.10100.10240.10210.10270.10410.10320.10360.1024
Sb<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.02430.01360.00760.0000
Ba<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Hf<br>(%)0.00000.00070.00000.00030.00000.00040.00010.00030.0003
Ta (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
W (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Au<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Hg<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Pb<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Bi (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Peak1657.<br>00001650.<br>00001651.<br>00001644.<br>00001653.<br>00001655.<br>00001652.<br>00001650.<br>00001650.<br>0000
Cps14256.<br>000016559.<br>000013441.<br>000017087.<br>000015057.<br>000017596.<br>000013714.<br>000016334.<br>000013452.<br>0000
Count428321.<br>0000497363.<br>0000403741.<br>0000513179.<br>0000452296.<br>0000528369.<br>0000411934.<br>0000490609.<br>0000404073.<br>0000
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWAR TEMPLE PREMISES, UJJAIN
S.<br>N<br>o.Ref.<br>NoSampl<br>e<br>locati<br>on/<br>timepHTempCon<br>d. at<br>25*<br>C<br>µs/<br>cmTDSSAL<br>INI<br>TYCO<br>3HCO<br>3Total<br>hardnes<br>sCaMgClN<br>aKNo3PO<br>4SO<br>4
Unit(*C)ppmSPUppmppmppmpp<br>mppmpp<br>mpp<br>mpp<br>mppmpp<br>mpp<br>m
81
1UJT/0<br>1/w/2<br>017Pot<br>above<br>linga<br>m @<br>5.15<br>PM7.7828.528705220.46NIL274.53207615.6170671160254
2UJT/0<br>2/w/2<br>017Pot<br>below<br>linga<br>m @<br>5.15<br>PM8.2027.48864518046Nil3173307614.41257011120350
3UJT/0<br>3/w/2<br>017Kotite<br>erth@<br>1.45<br>PM8.4129.88173<br>610410.9566353.85006839.620512<br>012<br>81400.773
4UJT/0<br>4/w/2<br>017Rudra<br>sagar<br>@<br>5.00<br>PM8.7029.288495090.45182442704020.415010<br>31905424
5UJT/0<br>5/w/2<br>017Shipr<br>a<br>River<br>@<br>8.45<br>PM8.3229.059205330.496292.83408415.6135731119448
6UJT/1<br>A/M<br>W/17Lalad<br>hariw<br>ater@<br>3.45<br>PM7.628.06173<br>910430.96NILNIL92036<br>02.428514<br>021<br>918016194
7UJT/2<br>A/M<br>W/17Nirma<br>lya @<br>3.45<br>PM6.228.71134<br>98090.73NILNIL66020<br>019.220092747514101
ISO<br>10500<br>standa<br>rd<br>value6.5-<br>8.5500200300753025020<br>0<br>(<br>W<br>H<br>O)50200
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN WATER SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, PREMISE All value in ppb
Sample<br>Name19997-I19997-219997-319997-419997-519997-619997-7
Ref NoUJT/03/W/2<br>017UJT/1A/WM/20<br>017UJT/1B/<br>WM/201<br>7UJT/4/<br>W/2017UJT/01/W/<br>2017UJT/2/W/2<br>017UJT/05/W/<br>2017
Locatio<br>nKotiTirath<br>PondMahakalJal<br>adhari baseTank-<br>2,OffereRudraSa<br>gar LakeMunicipal<br>WaterJaladhari<br>water afterShipra<br>River,
82
d Waterbefore<br>offeringjalavishekRamghat
Be<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1
Sc2.341.191.17<0.7<0.710.700.7
V90.2913.07<510.1711.5311.1811.26
Cr<423.4326.31<4<4<4<4
Mn<0.590.75237.162.26268.51269.4237.07
Fe519.391991.711448.52164.02299.64265.58259..34
Co0.120.740.720.340.640.630.06
Ni<0.55.752.90<0.5<.0.5<.0.50.0<
Cu1.2313.91<0.5<0.517.5610.55<0.5
Zn<0.2812.03219.970.216.400.69<0.2
Ga<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1
As12.985.962.934.782.692.662.64
Se<100<100<100<100<100<100<100
Rb13.47202.1565.193.486.436.476.21
Sr968.51574.94432.10253.36369.56376.06405.15
Y<0.10.110.04<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
Cd<0.010.100.06<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
Cs0.080.590.19<0.2<0.20.020.02
Ba36.1173.6983.9125.7451.7751.5155.32
La<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03
Ce<0.040.400.13<0.04<0.04<0.04<0.04
Pr<0.0050.050.03<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005
Nd<0.030.220.110.01<0.03<0.03<0.03
Sm<0.030.050.04<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03
Eu<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03
Gd<0.020.050.03<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02
Tb<0.0020.01<0.002<0.002<0.002<0.002<0.002
Dy0.0080.050.03<0.008<0.008<0.008<0.008
Ho0.0030.010.01<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003
Er<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005
Tm<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003
Yb<0.0060.020.01<0.006<0.006<0.006<0.006
Lu<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003
Pb<0.056..032.61<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5
Bi0.180.07<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.030.31
Th<01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
U1.27<0.02<0.2<0.20.620.640.76
Ti6.9728.1514.127.615.775.735.12
Ge<1<1<1<1<1<1<1
Zr<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05
Nb<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.01<0.1
Mo10.365.231.381.371.542,212.06
W<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5
Re0.010.010.01<0.002<0.0020.010.01
Hg<1<1<1<1<1<1<1
83 Hg sample analysed by P.R. Nimje Chemist Chemical Division Central Region Geological Survey of India Nagpur Lab on 15.9.2017 and other samples are analysed by M.S. Dahat, Sr. Chemist, P. Vamshi Krishna, Asst.   Chemist   under   the   supervision   of   Smt.   Shobha   Rani   Suptd Chemist   on   19.9.2017   at   Chemical   Division   Southern   Region,   GSI Hyderabad Lab. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BHASMA OF LINGAM AND ASH SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE
S.NORef. No.pHSiO<br>2%Cao%P%PO%<br>2 5
1Ash (Bhasham) from the<br>Lingam mix in standard water<br>media (7 pH)9.0742.0511.2010.0823.0
2Ash from cow dung mix in<br>standard water media (7pH)<br>Ujjain Market9.6651.7512.324.229.67
3Ash from cow dung mix in<br>standard water media (7 pH)<br>Bhopal Market10.246.317.203.227.37
As aforesaid report was furnished on 13.10.2017, thereafter suggestions and objections were invited.  RESPONSE OF THE TEMPLE COMMITTEE TO REPORT OF EXPERT  FROM ASI/ GSI : 24. Response to the report has been filed by the Temple Committee on 13.10.2017.  The same is extracted hereunder: “RESPONSE OF THE RESPONDENT NO.1/ MANDIR SAMITI TO THE REPORT ON THE STUDY/ SUR­ VEY/ANALYSIS/ EXAMINATION OF MAHAKALESH­ WAR   JYOTIRLINGAM   OF   UJJAIN   (M.P.0   DATED 02.10.2017   CONDUCTED   BY   THE   COMMITTEE CONSTITUTED BY THIS HON’BLE COURT. It   is   submitted   that   this   Hon’ble   Court   vide   order dated 25.08.2017 constituted an Expert Committee consisting of two officers of Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of Geological Survey of India. 84 This Hon‘ble Court directed the Committee so consti­ tuted   to   study/survey/analyse/examine   Ma­ hakaleshwar Jyotirlingam of Ujjain (M.P.) and prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking place, if any, and mea­ sures/ steps/ precautions to be taken to ensure that this deterioration/ shrinkage of the Lingam stops.  Let the Committee also study the other structures and also the temple and submit wheat steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation.  Further, the Committee was also directed to make a study and report inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last three­four decades and what remedial steps have to be taken.  In compliance with the same, the Committee consti­ tuted by this Hon'ble Court has submitted a report dated 02.10.2017 on 03.10.2017. This Hon’ble Court vide order dated 03.10.2017 al­ lowed the Answering Respondent to file their sugges­ tions/objections with respect to the Report.  The   Answering   Respondent   is   submitting   its   point­ wise response to the suggestions, recommendations and remedial measures made by the Committee con­ stituted by this Hon'ble Court vide Annexure R­1. In   view   of   the   foregoing   is   the   most   respectfully prayed  that  this  Hon'ble  Court  may be  pleased  to pass appropriate order as deem fit and proper and thus render Justice.  The Answering Respondent un­ dertakes   to   comply   with   all   the   directions,   this Hon'ble Court may render in the interest of protection of the Idol.
S.<br>No<br>.SUGGESTIONS,
RECOMMENDATION
S AND REMEDIAL
MEASURES MADE
BY THE EXPERT
COMMITTEE
RESPONSE OF THE
MANDIR SAMITI TO
THE SUGGESTIONS,
RECOMMENDATION
S AND REMEDIAL
MEASURES MADE
85
CONSTITUTED BY<br>THIS HON’BLE<br>COURTBY THE COMMITTEE<br>CONSTITUTED BY<br>THIS HON’BLE<br>COURT
1.The Jyotirlingam rock<br>has been identified as<br>orthoquartzite which<br>is hard and compact<br>and highly siliceous in<br>nature in which the<br>silica content caries<br>from 75­92% analyzed<br>by portable XRF<br>studies. Apart from<br>visual observation<br>spectral signature by<br>spectroradiometer<br>were collected,<br>matched with the<br>standard signature of<br>orthoquartzite<br>available in GSI,<br>spectral lab.Agree with the<br>observation.
2.The deterioration of<br>lingam has been<br>noticed and increased<br>in last 40­50 years as<br>depicted in photos no<br>1­4 and 5­8; the<br>deterioration is<br>continuous in nature<br>can be managed with<br>remedial measures.That the report is<br>based on photographs<br>taken in the year viz:<br>photo No.1 to 8. The<br>Mandir Samiti is<br>ready and willing to<br>take all necessary<br>remedial measures as<br>recommended by the<br>expert committee<br>constituted by this<br>Hon'ble Court to<br>conserve the lingam<br>namely; minimizing<br>and regulating the<br>water, flowers, and<br>offerings immediately.
3.The water of temple<br>premises used inThe Mandir Samiti<br>shall install an R.O.
86
Jalabhishek is highly<br>alkaline in nature the<br>pH value ranges from<br>8.4 to 8.7 which is<br>reactive with the<br>cryptocrystalline<br>siliceous cementing<br>material of<br>orthoquartzite at room<br>temperature and<br>causing deterioration<br>in Jyotirlingam.plant to maintain the<br>pH value of the water<br>at around 7. The<br>devotees shall be<br>allowed to use on 500<br>ml of water in a<br>copper vessel only.
4.The tradition of<br>Bhasmaarti using ash<br>of cow dung (as per<br>temple pujaris) has<br>pH value ranges from<br>9.07 to 10.20 in<br>aqueous medium.The Mandir Samiti<br>submits that before<br>pouring of ash over<br>the Lingam the<br>Committee is ready to<br>cover the Lingam with<br>a cotton cloth and<br>after pouring of ash<br>idol would be<br>completely cleaned by<br>superfine cotton cloth.
5.The age­old practices<br>cannot be stopped but<br>the amount of<br>material can be<br>restricted/ minimized<br>in order to reduce<br>deterioration. The<br>quantity of offering as<br>listed in Annexure I<br>contain milk, curd,<br>ghee, honey, sugar,<br>leaves, petals, and<br>flowers, accumulate in<br>pits promote the<br>growth of bacteria at<br>room temperature in<br>pH variation is also a<br>cause of deterioration.Use of ghee, milk,<br>curd, honey etc. shall<br>be restricted to not<br>more than 1.25 litres<br>per devotee. Further,<br>this material shall be<br>of ISI standard and a<br>random check of these<br>puja materials shall<br>be insured by the<br>Committee.
6.Presence of major andAfter Jalabhishek by
87
minor oxide and trace<br>elements of rock<br>enhance the electrical<br>conductivity of the<br>water to a high level<br>which can cause<br>deposition of salt in<br>pores/ pits and<br>chipping of material<br>by chemical<br>weathering.the Lingam which<br>concluded by 5 p.m.<br>every day. The<br>Lingam shall be<br>properly cleaned and<br>dried to minimize the<br>water content and<br>thereafter only dry<br>pooja shall be<br>permitted every day.
7Poor drainage<br>sanitation and water<br>spillage were also<br>spotted in the temple<br>premises.The Mandir Samiti<br>submits that the<br>process of expansion<br>of drainage system is<br>under the process and<br>shall be completed at<br>the earliest.
8The use of water<br>(jal/Gangajal)<br>throughout the day for<br>Abhishekas of the<br>Jyotirlinga by the<br>devotees should be<br>restricted to a<br>minimum.The Mandir Samiti<br>shall install an R.O.<br>Plant to maintain the<br>pH value of the water<br>at around 7. The<br>devotees shall be<br>allowed to use only<br>500 ml of water in a<br>copper vessel only.
9Use of milk and other<br>milk products ghee<br>and honey should be<br>minimized to a small<br>quantity and made<br>symbolic in nature to<br>satisfy the religious<br>requirement.Use of ghee, milk,<br>curd, honey etc. shall<br>be restricted to not<br>more than 1.25 litres<br>per devotee. Further,<br>these materials shall<br>be of ISI standard and<br>a random check of<br>these pooja materials<br>shall be insured and<br>used.
10Rubbing of<br>Jaggary/Sugar<br>powder and other<br>powdery on the<br>Jyotirlinga may beRubbing of Sugar<br>powder shall be<br>banned.
88
restricted/minimized.
11Use of lost of<br>flowers/Bel Patra etc.<br>may also be made<br>symbolic as the use of<br>such huge materials<br>keep the Jyotirlinga<br>wet all the time and<br>hinders natural<br>breathing of the stone<br>which is essential for<br>the good state of the<br>Jyotirlinga.Dryers and fans will<br>be used to avoid<br>moisture. Belpatra<br>and flowers are used<br>on the upper part of<br>shivling and do not at<br>all hinder natural<br>breathing of the stone.
12Use of metal buckets,<br>offerings posts, and<br>other utensils should<br>be replaced with<br>wooden/Good Plastic<br>materials in order to<br>avoid mechanical<br>abrasions.There are no<br>mechanical abrasions<br>since metallic utensils<br>used for jalabhishek<br>do not touch or abrase<br>the jyotirlinga.
13If possible, entry of<br>devotees in the<br>Grabhgriha may be<br>limited by making a<br>management plan.<br>Devotees may be<br>permitted for short<br>duration at a time to<br>avoid the crowd in<br>grabhgraha. This is<br>important as there is<br>long single entry door<br>which is also used as<br>an exit door.Offering by devotees<br>cannot be avoided as<br>it relates to the<br>religious faith of the<br>devotees. However, a<br>management plan is<br>already made and<br>implemented wherein<br>only limited devotees<br>are permitted at a<br>time.
14.Every effort should be<br>made to keep the<br>Garbhgriha dry and<br>clean including the<br>passage andTo maintain the<br>ambient temperature<br>of the lingam room<br>(Grabhgarh) at 17­20<br>degree Celsius, more
89
surroundingsair conditioners shall<br>be installed. Further,<br>all efforts shall be<br>made to keep the<br>Grabhagarh and its<br>surroundings dry and<br>clean.
15.All the damaged area<br>of marble floorings<br>and sealing of joints<br>etc. should be<br>repaired to avoid<br>water percolation<br>through the damaged<br>area.Accepted
16.If possible provision<br>may be made for air<br>circulation in the<br>GarbhyagrihaAccepted
17.Arrangements for<br>disposal of waste<br>may be improved and<br>should be made more<br>effective.Accepted. It is<br>submitted that Shri<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>temple is ranked in<br>top 10 most clean<br>Iconic places by<br>Government of India<br>in Swwach Bharat<br>Abhiyan.
18.Scientific/Chemical<br>treatment of any stone<br>object with periodical<br>inspection and<br>preventive<br>conservation may,<br>however, help to<br>preserve the object for<br>quite long time but in<br>case of Jyotirlinga it<br>may not be<br>appropriate to<br>consider such<br>treatment as theAccepted
90
treatment of the<br>Jyotirlinga may be<br>acceptable to the<br>common people<br>because of their the<br>faith and religious<br>beliefs. Only<br>preventive<br>conservation methods<br>may be helpful to<br>keep the Jyotirlinga in<br>the best of its<br>conservation state.
19.Sincere efforts should<br>be made to preserve<br>the originality of the<br>main temple and other<br>structures of historical<br>importance in the<br>premises. Modern<br>materials should be<br>avoided for general<br>maintenance.Offering by devotees<br>cannot be avoided as<br>it relates to the<br>religious faith of the<br>devotees. However, a<br>management plan is<br>already made<br>wherein only limited<br>devotees are<br>permitted at a time.<br>Crowd management<br>and lives of devotees<br>will be of utmost<br>priority forth temple<br>committee.
20.The antiquarian<br>remains of the<br>premise including<br>main temple of<br>Mahakal can be<br>classified mainly into<br>four groups; a: some<br>stone sculptures in<br>loose and fixed nature<br>assigned to 7th ­8th<br>century AD, b: some<br>sculptures of 11th<br>12th century AD, c:<br>Main temple and otherAccepted.
91
subsidiary shrines of<br>18th century and d:<br>Other remains viz.<br>wooden box, copper<br>drum, seating<br>benches and some<br>metal work etc of 19th<br>­ 20th century.<br>Numbers of stone<br>sculptures placed in<br>the temple premises<br>at different placed like<br>embed in the walls,<br>on the floors, and in<br>the abandoned rooms<br>needs to the properly<br>maintained,<br>documented,<br>identified and<br>displayed in a proper<br>place so that they<br>could be preserved for<br>future generation and<br>could be in use of<br>researchers and<br>students of art and<br>architecture.
21.Some unwanted<br>restoration works<br>have been done on the<br>1st and 2nd floors of<br>the Mahakal temple<br>by laying of modern<br>tiles on the floor. This<br>sort of flooring does<br>not match in any way<br>with the ambience<br>and old architecture of<br>the temple. On the<br>north and south sides<br>of the temple, iron<br>scaffoldings are<br>placed attached to theThe Mandir Samiti<br>submits that the<br>constructions work<br>being carried out for<br>best and convenient<br>passage for devotees.<br>Necessary and<br>precautionary works<br>will be done as lakhs<br>of devotees throng the<br>temple during<br>Nagpanchmi.
92
main temple. We were<br>told that the<br>scaffoldings are<br>provided for installing<br>iron stairs for climbing<br>of the visitors to the<br>temple on the top floor<br>to worship<br>Chandranageshwar.<br>On this floor, a<br>sculpture of<br>Chandranageshwar<br>with his consort is<br>placed inside a niche<br>covered with a glass<br>window and devotees<br>or visitors would be<br>allowed to reach<br>there. During our visit,<br>we were informed<br>that earlier temporary<br>arrangement was<br>made there by way of<br>installation of iron<br>stairs in the occasion<br>of nagapanchami<br>when lacs of visitors<br>used to visit here.<br>Providing of this sort<br>of installation is not<br>only the eyesore in<br>the ancient temple<br>premise but it would<br>lead a new tradition<br>in future and put an<br>adverse effect on the<br>old temples when<br>such a huge crowd of<br>devotees will reach<br>Abhishek the top floor.<br>Therefore, it should be<br>avoided for the safety<br>of the public and to<br>maintain the
93
ambiance of the<br>temples.
22.While the campus<br>consisting of old<br>temples have been<br>reflecting with white,<br>cream and red colors<br>as outer walls and<br>shikhara of almost all<br>the temples are<br>painted with these<br>colors and flooring<br>with tiles and red<br>stones. Besides that,<br>some new<br>constructions have the<br>carried out. This sort<br>of constructions and<br>development in an<br>ancient heritage place<br>should be avoided<br>and proper<br>conservation should<br>be carried out with the<br>help of conservators<br>and expert of ancient<br>architecture.Accepted<br>Mandir Samiti is<br>carrying out works to<br>restore the heritage<br>look of the temple.
23.The significance of<br>Mahakal temple and<br>Ujjain is not only for<br>the people of Ujjain<br>and Madhya Pradesh,<br>rather for the people<br>of the whole country<br>too, therefore keeping<br>this thing in mind, it is<br>inevitably required to<br>develop this most<br>religious and heritage<br>site with proper care<br>and maintenance so<br>that its cultural andAccepted<br>Shree<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>temple management<br>committee has plans<br>to create a heritage<br>cell for maintenance<br>and restoration of the<br>old temple and<br>structures inside the<br>premise.
94
tangible fabric could<br>not be disturbed.<br>Presently there are<br>numbers of the<br>temples inside the<br>temple premise<br>probably of the same<br>period as the Mahakal<br>temple but these<br>temples are conserved<br>in crappy manner by<br>adding eyesore<br>paintings on the walls<br>and some weird<br>addition to the old<br>structures. Some new<br>constructions are<br>done and some other<br>constructions are<br>presently going on<br>there. Therefore, it is<br>suggested that no<br>new construction may<br>be allowed within the<br>temple premise and<br>restoration and<br>development of the old<br>temples and<br>structures of the<br>premise may be<br>rectified and restored<br>with the assistance of<br>Archaeological<br>Conservators. Apart<br>from the various<br>activities as referred<br>above, Temple<br>committee can create<br>a heritage cell for<br>maintenance and<br>restoration of the old<br>temples and<br>structures inside the<br>premise.
95
24.It is stated earlier that<br>Ujjain is a very<br>ancient city and there<br>are numbers of old<br>structures, temples,<br>ponds, houses,<br>platforms etc around<br>the temple premise<br>still in extant, these<br>old structures are the<br>valuable heritage and<br>integral part of temple<br>premise needs to be<br>identified and<br>restored accordingly.<br>If it is possible for the<br>state government, 500<br>m all around the<br>temple premise can be<br>preserved with old<br>structures and<br>removed from the<br>modern construction.<br>Wherever open space<br>is found, that can be<br>landscaped and<br>developed so that its<br>religious ambiance<br>could be maintained<br>and preserved.Accepted<br>Subject to necessary<br>repairs and<br>maintenances for the<br>preservation of the<br>heritage building to be<br>carried out from time<br>to time by temple<br>committee.
25. On 13.10.2017, following order was passed by this Court: “Heard learned counsel for the parties. This   Court   had   constituted   a   Committee   on 25.08.2017 consisting of Shri Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director (Archaeologist), ASI, Central Region, Bhopal;   (ii)   Dr.   V.   K.   Saxena,   Director   (Science), (Archaeological   Chemist),   ASI,   Science   Branch, Dehradun; (iii) Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi, Dy. Director, General, State Unit, Madhya Pradesh, GSI, Bopal; and 96 (iv)   Shri   L.L.   Vishwakarma,   Director,   Su:   MP,   GSI, Bhopal. They have submitted their reports which are exhaustive.   Respondent   No.1   Temple   Committee   has filed   its   response   to   various   proposals   made   by   the Expert Committee. They have filed point­wise response contained in Annexure R1. The Temple Committee has suggested   certain   remedial   measures.   In   the circumstances, it is appropriate to request the Temple Committee to consider the various recommendations. It was also stated that let the Committee take a decision for implementation of the recommendations which are to be   accepted  as   it   is   a  primary  responsibility for the Committee to manage the affairs. Let a considered firm decision The opening regarding implementation. We appreciate the gesture of the counsel for the parties as it is not adversarial litigation but in order to improve the overall situation and to protect and preserve the Lingam of Mahakaleshwar. It was also stated that the Committee has decided to regulate the timings etc. and various suggestions were made during the course of hearing. Let Committee take a decision considering the overall interest and rise to the occasion by doing the needful. Let the Committee consider the report of the experts and its stand taken in the annexure R/1 filed by them and pass appropriate resolutions as prayed by counsel for respondent No.1. Be listed on 27.10.2017.” RESOLUTION   DATED   26.10.2017   PASSED   BY   TEMPLE COMMITTEE: 26. Pursuant   to  the   order   dated   13.10.2017,   resolution   has   been passed by the Committee on 26.10.2017 filed as Annexure R­1 and the same is extracted hereunder : “Keeping   in   consideration   the suggestions/objections   and   recommendations   of   the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court   and   also   in   compliance   of   the   order   dated 13.10.2017 passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Temple   Management   Committee   hereby   passes   the following   Resolution   covering   point   1   to   24   of   the 97 suggestions/objections   and   recommendations   of   the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to protect and preserve the Mahakal Shivlinga :­ 1. That the devotees shall be permitted a fixed amount of water measuring 500 ml in an appropriate small pot per devotee for Jalabhishek. 2. That the water for Jalabhishek shall be taken from the R.O. machine installed during Simhastha, 2016, for which a connection shall be provided near the Garbh Grih to maintain the pH value at ‘7’. 3. That at present during Bhashma Aarti, half of the lingam   is   being   covered   with   cloth   but   as   per   the directions, in fifteen days, the whole of the Shivalingam shall be fully covered with a dry cotton cloth during Bhasma Aarti. 4.   That   for   Abhishek   only   up   to   maximum   1.25­liter mil/panchamruit per devotee shall be permitted. 5.   That   after   Jalabhishek   by   the   lingam   which   is concluded by 5 P.M. every day. The Lingam shall be properly   cleaned   and   dried   to   minimize   the   water content and thereafter only dry pooja shall be permitted every day. 6. At present captive sewerage, treatment technique is being   used   for   treatment   and   the   same   shall   be continued till the sewerage treatment plant is installed for   which   steps   are   being   taken   which   will   require minimum one year time. 7. That rubbing of sugar powder on Shivlinga has been fully banned and instead the use of Khandsari is being promoted. 8. That dryers and fans will be used to avoid moisture. Bel Patra and flowers shall be used on the upper part of shivling to avoid any obstruction in natural breathing of stone. 98 9. That the crowd management shall be strictly followed as   done   on   big   festivals   namely   Simhashtha,   2016, Mahashivratri,   Nagpanchmi   and   month   of   Shravan where maximum crowd appears on those holidays and weekends.   During   such   time   the   committee   is   using barricades   for   dong   Darshna   from   outside   the   main Garbhgrih and limited devotee are also permitted in the garbhgrih   at   a   time.   Similar   arrangement   shall   be ensured on normal days also. Various  IT proposals  have  been received to use technology for effective crowd managing strategies, e.g. IT based queue management. 10. That all possible efforts shall be taken to maintain an ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgarh) at 17­20 degree Celsius. The Garbhgrih shall be kept dry, neat and tidy. Further, an AUTOMATIC CLIMATE CONTROL   SYSTEM   using   sensors   shall   be   fitted   in Garbhgrih to give information about temperature and humidity which shall help in effective regulation and monitoring of environmental factors. 11. That damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints   etc.   shall   be   repaired   within   a   period   of   six months. 12.   That   all   efforts   should   be   made   for   creating   of heritage   cell   and   for   restoration/repairs   and maintenance of all items of historical importance. Steps are being taken for the structure and role of the heritage cell. 13.   To   preserve   antiques   in   premises   of   temple nameplates are being affixed in front of various small temples mentioning the names of the temples and their era etc. 14.   It   shall   be   ensured   that   no   new   significant construction is carried out in temple premises but so far as the convenience and smooth passage in the premises is   concerned   construction   will   be   done   with   a   due permission of the competent authorities. 99 15. It The application that in order to implement the above resolution a minimum period from one month to one   Year   may   be   sought   from   the   Hon'ble   Supreme Court." ORDER DATED 27.10.2017 27. Following is the relevant portion of the order was passed by this Court on 27.10.2017 :
During the course of hearing on behalf of respon­
dent No.1­Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir Committee, a
copy of the Resolution that has been unanimously
passed on 26‘" October 2017 has been placed on record.
It is stated that Resolution No.1 to 8 are being imple­
mented.
Mr. Ashok Chitale learned senior counsel for the
petitioner has raised objections to some of the Resolu­
tions that have been passed and seeks time to file re­
ply/suggestions which would be in the interest of all.
Let the suggestions be filed by the petitioner and other
respondents, if any, within a period of fifteen days from
today. Reply thereto may also be filed by the Temple
Committee within next seven days.
Geological Survey of India and Archeological Sur­
vey of India may also submit their proposals within a
period of fifteen days from today on the basis of the res­
olution that has been passed by respondent No.1 on
26.10.2017 and objections/suggestions to the aforesaid
resolution.
List on 30thNovember 2017."
100 RESPONSE OF EXPERT COMMITTEE TO THE RESOLUTION DATED 26.10.2017 OF THE TEMPLE COMMITTEE: 28. With respect to the resolution passed by the Temple Committee dated 26.10.2017, the Expert Committee appointed by this Court of ASI and Geological Survey of India has submitted the following suggestions: “The   Expert   Committee   has   gone   through   the resolution   passed   by   the   temple   committee   and submitting following suggestion: We have described in our original report that many offerings   including   Jal   used   during   the   rituals   of abhisheka are the main cause of deterioration to the Jyotirlingam.   We   have   suggested   all   offerings   of   the material to be symbolic in nature with pure quality and treated water of potable quality with pH value range from 6.8 to 7.2 to minimize the adverse effect.   Apart from   this,   the   periodical   monitoring   and   proper management of these crucial parameters are required to manage this problem. Suggestions/ Objections on the resolution passed by the temple committee are as below: Resolution of temple Committee: Keeping in consideration the suggestions/ objections and   recommendations   of   the   Expert   Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court and also in compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 passed by the  Hon’ble  Supreme  Court,  the   Temple  Management Committee   hereby   passes   the   following   Resolution covering point 1 to 24 of the suggestions/ objections and   recommendations   of   the   Expert   Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to protect and preserve the Mahakal Shivlinga:­ 1. That the devotees shall be permitted a fixed amount of water measuring 500 ml in an appropriate small pot per devotee for Jalabhishek. 101 Expert Committee’s comment:  Agrees 2. That the water for Jalabhishek shall a   from the R.O. machine installed during Simhastha, 2016 for which a connection shall be provided near the Garbh Griha to maintain the pH value at ‘7’. Agrees Expert Committee’s comment:  The pH value of jalabhishek water may Suggestions:   vary as per variation in the source of supply of water which has to be controlled by treatment ranging from 6.8 to 7.2 pH, but a periodical monitoring may be done for maintaining the above­mentioned range. 3. That   at   present   during   Bhashma   Aarti,   half   of   the lingam is being covered with clothThe similar but as per the   directions,   in   fifteen   days,   the   whole   of   the Shivalingam shall be fully covered with a dry cotton cloth during Bhasma Aarti. Expert Committee’s suggestion:  Due to bhasma aarti ash particle retained in the pits over the lingam will react with water and increase its pH value, resulting aggravate the corrosion process of the lingam, therefore, the  lingam   should  be  fully covered   with thick cotton cloth/ transparent polyfilm during bhasma aarti. The Lingam   should   be   thoroughly   cleaned   after   Bhasma aarti and ensure that all residual ash particle should be removed from the lingam, then only jalabhishek with clean and potable water with pH value range from 6.8 7.2 may be allowed. 4. That for Abhishek only up to maximum 1.25­litre milk/ panchamruit per devotee shall be permitted. Expert Committee’s suggestion: That for Abhishek only up to maximum 1.25­litre milk/panchamruit   per   devotee   are   appropriate,   but during the rush time and special occasions such amount may increase enormously, therefore, it is suggested that the quantity may be reduced to symbolic in nature.  102 5. That after Jalabhishek of the lingam with is concluded by   5   P.M.   every   day.   The   Lingam   shall   be   properly cleaned and dried to minimize the water content and thereafter only dry pooja shall be permitted every day.  Agrees. Expert committee’s comment:  6. At   present   captive   sewerage,   treatment   technique   is being   used   for   treatment   and   the   same   shall   be continued till the sewerage treatment plant is installed for   which   steps   are   being   taken   with   will   require minimum one year time. Expert   committee’s   suggestion:   Kotiteerath   water may be treated periodically and ensure that rainwater of the temple premises, as well as drain off water from the   temple   premises,  should   not  be   drained   into  the pond and contaminate the kotiteerath pond. 7. That rubbing of sugar powder on Shivlinga has been fully banned and instead the use of Khandsari is being promoted. Expert Committee suggestion:  rubbing of any offering material may be banned to stop further abrasion of the lingam. A devotee may be allowed to offer their offering symbolically   but   shall   not   be   allowed   to   rub   any material over the lingam. 8. That dryers and fans will be used to avoid moisture. Belpatra and flowers shall be used on the upper part of Shivling to avoid any obstruction in natural breathing of stone. Expert Committee’s comment:  Agrees 9. That the crowd management shall be strictly followed as   done   on   big   festivals   namely   Simhashtha,   2016, Mahashivratri,   Nagpanchmi   and   month   of   Shravan where maximum crowd appears on those holidays and weekends.   During such time the Committee is using barricades   for   dong   Darshna   from   outside   the   main 103 Garbhgrih and limited devotee are also permitted in the Garbhgrih   at   a   time.     Similar   arrangement   shall   be ensured on normal days also. Various   IT   proposals   have   been   received   to   use technology for effective crowd managing strategies, e.g. IT based queue management. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  10. That all possible efforts shall be taken to maintain an ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgrah) at 17­20 degree Celsius.  The Garbhgrih shall be kept dry, neat   and   tidy.     Further,   an   AUTOMATIC   CLIMATE CONTROL   SYSTEM   using   sensors   shall   be   fitted   in Garbhgrih to give information about temperature and humidity which shall help in effective regulation and monitoring of environmental factors. Expert committee’s comment:  Agrees 11. That damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints   etc.   shall   be   repaired   within   a   period   of   six months. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  12. That   all   efforts   should   be   made   for   the   creation   of heritage   cell   and   for   restoration/   repairs   and maintenance of all items of historical importance.  Steps are being taken for the structure and role of the heritage cell. Expert committee’s comment:  Agrees 13. To preserve antiques in premises of temple nameplates are   being   affixed   in   front   of   various   small   temples mentioning the names of the temples and their era etc. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  14. It shall be ensured that no new significant construction is   carried   out   in   temple   premises   but   so   far   as   the convenience   and   smooth   passage   in   the   premises   is 104 concerned   construction   will   be   done   with   a   due permission of the competent authorities. Expert committee’s comment:  Agrees 15. It   is   further   resolved   that   in   order   to   implement   the above resolution a minimum period from one month to one   Year   may   be   sought   from   the   Hon’ble   Supreme Court. Agrees” Expert committee’s comment:  ORDER DATED 30.11.2017: 29. Following order was passed by this Court on 30.11.2017 : We are concerned, and so express our anguish, as to the way in which the orders which have been passed so far in the matter are being misrepresented in media and   otherwise.   We   have   not   passed   any   interim direction   with   regard   to   the   manner   in   which   the religious ceremonies have to be performed in the Temple at Mahakaleshwar, Ujjain. This Court has not passed any order whatsoever that, during the Bhasma Aarti, what rituals can, or what rituals cannot be, performed, and neither it is the job of this Court to interfere in such rituals. This Court has not passed any order in this regard.   We   are   concerned   in   the   petition   about   the protection of the lingam and how it can be done. For this purpose,   this   Court   has   appointed   a   Committee   of Experts of G.S.I. as well as the A.S.I., and they have submitted   their   reports.   They   are   yet   to   be   finally considered by this Court. A  notice   issued   by  the   Managing   Committee   on Board has been placed before us today, indicating that this Court has directed that how much water has to be offered   on   the   lingam   by   the   devotees   or   about   the quantity of Panchamrit etc. This Court had issued no such direction. In fact, it appears that the Committee itself has taken various decisions and they are being implemented. The Notice Board which has been put by 105 the   Managing   Committee   of   the   Temple   should   be removed forthwith i.e. by today itself, and it is open to the Committee to put it on the Notice Board as per its resolutions   if   any.   In   case   any   wrong   or   misleading reporting is made by the media, in any form, at the instance of any person about the order passed by this Court,   the   person   so   responsible   for   such   wrong reporting,  misrepresentation  about   the  order shall   be liable to be dealt with in accordance with law. It is regrettable   that   there   has   been   wrong   reporting   at somebody's instance. We caution the parties before us that   they   should   not   indulge   in   any   such   wrong reporting, in any manner whatsoever, and if it is found that any wrong reporting is made, the same shall be viewed seriously, and the person responsible for it shall be dealt with in accordance with law.  List the matter for further hearing on 4th December 2017." 30. As it was noticed that misrepresentation was being made with respect to the order passed by this Court and unrest was tried to be created on the ground that this Court is interfering with the religious rituals   to   be   performed   in   the   temple   during   Pooja.   Thus   we   have clarified that we have not interfered with the same. Aforesaid direction holds good for this order also and to be scrupulously observed by all concerned. The only objective of entertaining the writ petition on the aforesaid question was just to ensure that all the rituals which may be necessary be performed however to ensure that the Lingam does not deteriorate any further. 31. It is apparent from the report that there is a decay of the Lingam and certain damage has been noted by the Expert Committee. Negative 106 factors   have   also   been   pointed   out   in   extensive   details.   Activities regarding   the   daily   cleaning   of   temple   premises,   gaushala,   Vedic samsthan, mandir, rasoi of the temple etc. have been pointed out. The study has been done by Spectroradiometer, portable XRF studies, water analysis,   ash   analysis,   the   extent   of   weathering   etc.   Various suggestions   and   recommendations   had   been   made   including   the remedial measures   Mr. Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director, ASI, Central Region, Bhopal report is contained in the first chapter. The second chapter contains the report submitted by Dr. V. K. Saxena, Director (Science), ASI, Science Branch, Dehradun. The third chapter deals   with   the   Geo­scientific   study   of   the   Shivalinga   made   by   Mr. Hemraj Suryavanshi, Deputy Director General and Mr. L. Vishvakarma, Director, Geological Survey of India, Bhopal. 32. It has been noticed in the report of the experts of the ASI and GSI that deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last 40 to 50 years as depicted in photos 1 to 4 and 5 to 8 annexures with the report. It is further observed that the deterioration is continuous in nature and can be managed with remedial measures.  33. It has been pointed out that the water analysis of the temple premises used in the Jalabhishekam is highly alkaline in nature and pH   value   ranges   from   8.4   to   8.7.   Various   other   causes   have   been delineated in the report of the experts. In all 24 causes have been given. Milk particularly contaminated one, sugar, leaves, petals and flowers, 107 poor drainage sanitation and water spillage, use of the water should be minimum. Rubbing of jaggery/sugar powder should be restricted or minimized. Use of a lot of flowers and leaves also keeps the Jyotirlingam wet   all   the   time   and   hinders   natural   breathing   of   the   stone   of Jyotirlingam. Use of metal buckets, pots, utensils also causes abrasions to the Lingam. If possible entry of devotees in Garbh Griha should be limited. Garbh Griha should be kept dry and clean. There should be proper air circulation in Garbh Griha. Arrangements for disposal of waste   may   be   improved   and   should   be   made   more   effective.   Since scientific/chemical   treatment   may   not   be   acceptable,   preventive conservation methods may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlingam in the best of its conservation state. Considering the historical importance of the   premises,   use   of   modern   materials   in   the   premises   should   be avoided so as to maintain the antiquity. There is a need to identify the sculptures   and   they   are   required   to   be   properly   documented   and identified. 34. Some unwarranted restoration work has also been noticed by the Committee   in   para   21.   That   should   be   looked   after   and   remedial measures should be taken as suggested in the report. 35. In para 22 certain new constructions have been pointed out. Let the conservation be carried out with the help of conservator and experts of   ancient   architecture.   Other   suggestions   have   been   made   in   the 108 report. Paras 1 to 24 of these are required to be looked into and suitable remedial   measures   should   be   taken   by   the   Temple   Committee. Remedial   measures   suggested   in   the   report   with   respect   to   water quality,   maintaining   the   pH   value   from   6.8   to   7.2,   cleaning   of Jyotirlingam, also requires to be observed in the best possible manner by the Committee and ambient temperature be maintained from 17 to 20 degree Celsius. Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey etc. be minimized.   36. There should be proper disposal of temple garbage and it should be ensured that it does not contaminate the Kotiteerath Pond. Better use of flowers would be that they are recycled for the production of scent/itra. For that project may be prepared by the administration with the help of concerned bodies or on the basis of PPP. Cleaning methods should be modernized. 37. It is apparent from the response of the Committee filed pursuant to the order dated 25.8.2017 of this Court that the Committee has agreed (1) to save the Lingam by minimizing the flowers and offerings material. (2) It has also been resolved that the Temple Committee shall install an RO plant to maintain pH value of water at 7 and devotees should be allowed to use minimum water. (3) Temple Committee has also resolved that during Bhasma Aarti also they will take appropriate steps which may be permissible. (4) As permissible, use of ghee, milk, curd, and honey shall be restricted per devotee. These materials shall be of ISI standards. (5) Lingam shall be properly cleaned and dried after 109 Puja.   (6)   Expansion   of   drainage   system   was   under   process   and   be completed at the earliest. (7) Rubbing of sugar powder on the Lingam shall be banned. (8) It would be ensured that there is no harm caused to the Jyotirlingam. (9) There is a management plan to permit limited devotees at one time in Garbh Griha so that there is no stampede. (10) They are ready to maintain the temperature of garbhgriha from 17 to 20 degree Celsius. There should be more air conditioners. (11) Damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints shall be repaired. (12) Provision has to made for proper circulation of air in garbh griha. (13) Arrangements for disposal of wastes have to be improved.  38. Preventive conservation methods shall be used by the Committee. Efforts shall be made to preserve the originality and antiquity of the temple.  39. They have to also ensure that they will undertake necessary steps for saving structure and life of devotees during Nagpanchmi. Let a plan in this regard be prepared within two months. It is also directed that let them make an effort for the preservation of historical monument the new development work if any, should only  be made to match with ancient nature of the temple so that its heritage look is maintained. As to the recommendations as mentioned in para 22 of the report of the Experts Committee, same have been accepted by the Committee. Let the   Committee   implement   the   recommendations   as   agreed   to   and 110 resolved by it. Considering the national and international importance, Temple Committee has rightly resolved to create a Heritage Cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the premises. Let such cell be created at the earliest.                  40. In compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 the Committee has passed various resolutions accepting various recommendation of the Expert Committee quoted above. The Expert Committee of ASI and GSI has filed response to the various resolutions passed by the Committee. The Expert Committee has also agreed with most of the resolutions. However, it has made certain suggestions which are to be considered by the Committee and implemented in best possible manner.  41. Expert Committee suggestion in respect of Kotiteerath Pond water to be treated periodically and to ensure that the rainwater of temple premises, as well as drainage water from the temple premises, should not be drained into the pond and contaminate the Kotiteerath Pond. Has to be implemented in true spirit.  42. Committee   of   expert   has   also   suggested   that   rubbing   of   any offering by devotees may be stopped. Devotees may be allowed to offer their offerings symbolically but not to be allowed to rub any material over the Lingam. Let the Committee consider the aforesaid aspects and to ensure that as far as possible no rubbing is done by the devotees on the Lingam or by any material. The committee has also pointed out that 111 no new significant construction to be carried out in the temple premises except so far as convenience and smooth passage in the premises is concerned, let the resolutions be carried out and fully implemented as resolved by the Committee on time bound basis for different stages within one year.  43. With respect to the method of “lingarchan”,   i.e.   the method of th linga pooja, the 27  chapter of “Ling Mahapuranm” has been placed on record. That contains a detailed method of lingarchan running into 54 strotam.   Apart   from   that   “Shiv   Mahapuranam”,   Vayveey   Sanhita containing   details   of   Shastrokt   Shiv   Poojan   method   in   twentyforth chapter has been placed on record. Pooja of different lingam may be somewhat different. It is for the experts in the field of religion to decide about the rituals and ceremonies to be performed. It is not for this Court to make suggestions in this regard.    44. It is not within the jurisdiction of this Court to dictate or to prescribe or restrain the religious practices and Pujas to be performed in temple. They are required to be performed, as rightly pointed out, in accordance with the ancient rituals and practices but, at the same time, it has to be ensured that no damage is caused to the lingam. The temple which is known as Mritunjaya Mahadev and is most ancient Jyotirlingam in one of the ancient cities of India, Ujjain. ‘Simhast’ is also organised 6 years and 12 years which has international importance 112 visited by several millions of people. The Government spends thousands of crores of rupees for development of infrastructure in Ujjain for each such occasion and lot of development has taken place. Owing to all these development work, Ujjain has come up. But at the same time very cause of all developments, the Lingam of Lord Shiva requires to be preserved, protected by way of preventive conservation methods. 45. In order to ensure purity of pooja materials and to prevent further erosion of Lingam it would be appropriate and fitness of things that a plan is prepared regarding the entire offering materials on the lingam to be manufactured and provided by temple itself as is done in several famous temples in the Southern part of India and other places. By pouring the adulterated Milk, Ghee, Kumkum, Gulal, Abir containing chemicals due to adulteration is improper and cannot be permitted to be part of the ritual. Lingam cannot be permitted to be destroyed by chemical reactions of impure materials or by pouring of the dirty water such acts of offerings cannot be allowed and as are done innocently by the people unaware of ill effect on lingam. Had devotees been aware of all these, adverse effect of their Puja on the Lingam of their God itself of which they are performing Puja for the spiritual or other gains they would not have even dreamt of doing it. Let the Temple Committee and other stakeholders rise to the occasion and take positive steps in this direction in reasonable time.  113 46. It was also pointed out that use of Bhang (cannabis) has been started in recent past. It has been started approximately for the last 50 years and that is one of the causes of erosion as per the petitioner. Earlier it used to be offered symbolically. It is for the Temple Committee to decide on these rituals and which material to be used by it and in which quantity for purpose of Puja by Temple and for how much time, in what  manner  Bhang should be applied and in what  rituals. Let Committee consider it with help of scriptures and experts.  How its use can   be   best   modulated   by   the   Committee   itself,   considering   past practices, as the ultimate duty of Committee is to make preservation of the Lingam itself for its existence and for that it has to consider and adopt what is the best mode of performing the rituals, what are the materials which should be used and in what quantity but it has to be ensured   that   the   materials   are   not   impure   and   are   without   such chemicals which may cause erosion of the lingam itself otherwise the very purpose of Puja would be defeated. 47. Puja   is   to   be   performed   in   such   a   manner   which   should   be befitting to the deity and not to cause erosion itself of lingam for which so   much   infrastructure   exists.   Lingam   is   known   as   ‘Mrityunjaya Mahadev’, who prevents from destruction, it cannot be permitted to be destructed.  Lingam cannot be permitted to be exploited in a manner it is destroyed. If one believes in the concept of real pooja, such Pooja is to be performed by pure materials as purest of thoughts. No spiritual or 114 other gain can come if Puja is performed in a manner which damages the deity itself as that would amount to displeasing the saviour. That would   be   against   the   basic   tenets   of   performance   of   Pooja   and   of making offerings.   48. Let the Temple Committee also invite and consider various views for further improvement of the temple. Let the Temple Committee make an endeavour along with other stakeholders to prepare/manufacture the offering material in purest of the form and by such time it becomes a reality to make an arrangement in such a manner that only pure and unadulterated materials are offered in pooja on Lingam. No impure and  adulterated material is offered in Puja and the resolutions made by the Temple Committee are scrupulously observed by all concerned.  49. Let   a   concrete   plan   be   made   by   the   Committee   for   further improvement   including   its   Gaushalas.   Let   existing   Gaushala   and kitchen   be   improved  and  modernize   and  for   that   purpose,   in  case, additional land is required, plan be prepared and implemented with the help of all concerned so that temple becomes self­sufficient to provide all pooja material based on milk product etc. 50. On merits, we find that the decision by the Single Bench has rightly been set aside by the Division Bench for the various reasons mentioned in the order and in particular in view of the fact that in the impugned   order   the   Division   Bench   has   relied   on   decision   in 115 Ramchandra Mangilal & Ors. v. State of M.P . ILR (1991) MP 444 = (1987) MPLJ 668 which had been affirmed by this Court as SLP against it was dismissed. Hence no case for interference on merits is made out.   51. We   appreciate   the   gesture   to   all   concerned   in   acting   with positivity for the preservation of Lingam.   We direct the ASI and GSI teams as has been constituted that has visited and had submitted the report to make a visit in January 2019 and submit a report in this regard with respect to the position of the lingam and improvements made as per suggestions made in the report. 52. Before parting with the judgment, we would like to reiterate that there should not be any misreporting of the Court’s order, as specified in our order dated 30.11.2017. Any violation on this count shall be viewed seriously and sternly with appropriate consequences, wherever necessary. It is hereby made clear that we have not interfered with religious ceremonies to be performed in the Temple. Registry is directed to preserve the original combined report of the Expert Committee as part of the record as it is a valuable document.  53. The appeal is accordingly disposed of.  54. We appreciate the assistance rendered by Mr. Tushar Mehta, the Additional   Solicitor   General   of   India,   and   all   other   counsel   who 116 appeared in this case for various parties and also appreciate the gesture of the experts of the Expert Committee.  . ……………………………J.               (ARUN MISHRA)   …………………………….J.          (UDAY UMESH LALIT) NEW DELHI; MAY 02, 2018. 117 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4676 2018 (arising out of S.L.P. (C) No.15459 of 2017) SARIKA      …APPELLANT(S) VERSUS ADMINISTRATOR,  SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR  COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) & ORS.      ...RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T ARUN MISHRA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The petition pertains to famous Mahakaleshwar temple, Ujjain. The appellant has impugned the judgment and order passed in Writ Appeal No.37/2014 by the Division Bench of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore thereby setting aside the order passed by the Single Bench on 4.12.2013 in W.P. No.10712 of 2013. 3. Mahakaleshwar is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva.  In order to understand the importance of the Lingam it is necessary to consider it, in brief, the history of Mahakal – Shiva, worshipping of statues and Lingam, origin of Mahakal, same as defined in scriptures etc. as pointed 118 out in the reply of Mahant Prakash Giri of Shri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani is as under: “   BRIEF HISTORY OF MAHAKAL SHIVA Since   ancient   times   in   Hindu   culture   definitions   are found   in   name   of   Shiva,   Pasupati,   Rudra,   Ishaan,   etc. Undoubtedly, the Vedas are the only authentic and well­being book of Hindu religion, when and where it was created it is matter of search. But it can be said that at least 5000 years ago, it was in complete existence.  Shiva is the instrument of discussion in Veda Mantras, but that discussion is on shapeless god. Somewhere nature's body is also addressed by various names of Shiva, part of Vedic   treatises   of   the   Swaithashwar   influx,   it   has   been discussed   by   the   'Sweth'   sage   on   the   basis   of   the   Vedic Mantras in the spiritual form of Shiva.  As briefly stated, [Abstract from Swaithashwar influx] : The   creator   treats   himself   and   all   the   controlling   Divine powers   differently,   therefore,   it   remains   entangled   in   the creation of universe [In the enjoyment of nature] And when that incomparable divine power is experienced, then attain liberation, that is salvation.  Indestructible or destructible, visible  and  not visible  it nourishes the divine (the supreme power) of this whole world, the   creature   attracted   to   the   qualities   of   nature,   treating himself as his boss, stays in the same nature, and when that creature is experiencing that divine, attracted by the qualities of nature, creatures [Jeev] keep himself tied by the attribute of the same nature, and when that creature experiences that divine, then he is exempted from all bondage.  The   destructive   staple   and   indestructible   life­force   is formulated   by   a   god   called   ‘Har’,   with   the   thought   of   its contemplation, and by the feeling of its element, the person achieves   the   retirement   of   the   cycle   (nature)   of   the reincarnation after liberation.  Braham in the soul should forever be known, there is no more known qualified entity than this, the creator (creature), 119 the usable material (nature), and the inspiration (God), this is the only way Brahma said in three ways.  While commenting on this stanza, 'Shankaracharya' has written with the reference of Shiva, that performers [Yogi] see Shiva's not in idols but in soul, a person who relinquish Shiv from his inner soul to worship outer Shiv, he feels as if he has dropped his hands morsel (Food yoga substance) and licks his empty palm, as the blind person can't see the rising sun, in the same way, the uneducated person can't view the calm form   of   Shiva.   The   person   who   view   the   omniscient (everywhere present) calm form of Shiva, Shiva resides in his heart, but those who can't see Shiva located in their souls, those people use to search him at pilgrimage place. In the interpretation of this stanza, it is written with reference to Vishnu Purana that's the goal that is proven by the mind's axiomatic   (complete)   Inconsistent   (Due   to   meditation   and distinction between patience) the form is assumed, it is called a Samadhi.  The   power   called   a   Rudra   is   governed   by   the   entire Universe, it is situated within all the organisms and creates the entire universe (many planets located in space and space), protects   them   and   destroys   (destruction   of   the   universe) means it merges in itself. Rudra Dev originates all the creation and creatures.  Nature is to be known as illusion and Maheshwar as Elusive this entire world (universe) is the Action Format of both of them.  At the beginning of creation by becoming one [supreme power] and being special by its power without any purpose many types of characters [Special form] holds and in the end the world dissolves in it and same supreme power provide pure intelligence.  Supreme power is the fire, the same sun, the same air, the same moon, the same Venus, the same Brahma, the same water, and the same is Prajapati. Dev (supreme power) exists in fire, which is in water, and is occupied (everywhere) in the entire universe and which is present in the Medicine and the vegetation also that god (God). This soul is neither a woman, nor a man, nor an important, the one who holds the body remains the same.  120 The supreme power, (the power that exists everywhere), that power is the form of knowledge, which is the power time (time).   Who   is   the   virtuous   and   Omniscient   [all   knowing] Inspired   by   that   the   earth,   water,   fire,   air,   and   sky, established In their own deed, keeps interaction, think of that supreme   power.   Head­Neck­and   chest   keeping   the   body together, by controlling all the indices by concentrating peace of mind, strengthen the meditation while uttering the sound ‘Om’.    To control the mind, do pranayama. These actions are to be held at quiet, secluded, and in a clean place.  In   this   way,   where   ever   Yogi   does   Yoga,   the   Yogi experience the Brahma Tattva (God) with the illuminating self, similar to the lamp, That yogi is free from all unborn, steady, and all elements, he releases himself from all bounding by knowing that God.  Thus,   from   this   brief   description   of   Shvetashwar Upanishad, it can be understood that the Shiva as described in Veda, he is the only creator of the Universe, is rearing the universe, is also the destroyer, spreads everywhere known as power form of formless God.  It is submitted that Vedas are the foundation of Hindu religion,   all   types   of   basic   knowledge   and   science   are available. This is the first knowledge book of the universe, on basis of this Vedas, all Purans and Hindu texts are written or spoken, now it can be seen brief form of Shiv from Hindu texts written after Vedas. The 'Shev sect' is known for worshiping different forms of Shiva by believing it as God, this sect. has its own elaborate literature how much is truth, it is the matter of research but in Bharat it has been recognized at least 2500 years ago it is known from the available evidence, how old is this from it is a matter of research. The main forms of Shiva People whom people in Bharat or abroad worship him as God in the form of idol or phallus. The visual part of Shiv is as follows:  2. Panchamukhi Shiva  2. Asht Vidh Shiva 3. Ekadash Rudra 121 4. Various Incarnations of Shiva 5. Bhairav 6. Shiva's Yogavatar  The Origin of Lingas:   The origin of the Linga's in the Puranas in such a way that when this creation was taking place, there was a fierce battle between Brahma and Vishnu, and in that war a huge Jyotipunj appeared between them, As a result of this sudden incident, both of them stopped fighting together and went to know the secrets of this light; they went up and down in the form of swan and wind, but there was no end to it then both of them came back and gathered and explored Lingas at that time they heard a sound ‘Om’ coming out of that Jyotirmay Lingas, and universe was created, first of all it came in form of Golden egg and it remain in same format for thousand years after that egg got divided which created Sky and Earth Brahma and Vishnu performed the prayer   of   Jyotirlinga   with   Om   Mantras   then   from   that Jyotirlingas in form of words [a,aa,e,ee,u,oo,r,tr,others) Shiv along with Uma manifested when he lift his head again and looked upwards then from sound of Omkar he visualize 38 words Ishan Mantras, 24 words Tatpurush Mantra, 33 words Aghor Mantras, 35 words Sadhojat Mantras and 66 words Vamdev Mantras knowing these five mantras Vishnu started Chanting these mantras and prayed Shiva by these in Mantra form from here onwards the origin of worship Jyotipunj Lingas started, the main meaning of the word lingas is symbol, i.e. here,   we   understand   from   Shivling   that   in   entire   universe Shivaling is considered to be the symbol of the ultimate power which prevails inside and outside of it, word Shiva it the only power who  runs, creates, .and  destroy this  universe. This universe is its direct symbol, hence Shivling is considered as symbol of God.   There are two main types of Different types of lingas: lingas the first type of lingas is called as swambhu, meaning of swamboo is who is self­generated, second type of Lingas are produced, Lingas are produced from Mercury, Gold, Silver, Diamond, Sfetik, Precious Stones, stones and Mud, it can be made from other materials also, Shiv Lingas made of mud are dissolved in water after worshipping daily balance type of Lingas are permanent. According to tradition every piece of stone found in Narmada river is treated as Lingas. Apart from this trees and plants are also symbol of Shiv Lingas.  122 Legislation of worshiping Statues and Lingas:  Shiva statue created along Human shape is called Pratima, Customs of worshiping the Idols and Lingas are almost same.    In addition to Worshiping of Shiva's Formless Lingas: external worship, internal worship is also mentioned in the Puranas, for spiritual contemplation and meditation two types of   Lingas   have   been   defined   Lingas   created   by   physical materials available outside and interior Lingas, for the sake of emotional fulfillment of common mass concept of Solid outside form   of   Lingas,   has   been   perceived,   the   epicenter   lingus which means the spiritual astral body, which does not have direct experience the same ignorant persons perform prayer etc   everything   outside   by   imagining   it   externally,   by meditating Jnan meditation yoga, in meditation, that subtle Lingas symbol of Shiva sees himself sitting in his own right. Once this knowledge is attained, there is liberation this is worshiping   the   formless   Lingas.   Knowledgeable   people perform   meditation  yoga  by  the  equator  were   he   visualize subtle shape Shiva sitting within itself when his knowledge is attained he gets Liberation, this is the way to worship the formless Lingus.  Pasupat ki Utpatti:  According to Ling Purana, Pasupat vrat Yoga scriptures and Kapil Samkhya are composed by Shiva and Pasupat was created earlier and it's the best. Shiva had   very   first   preached   to   Vishnu   etc   deities   of   Pasupat second time he preached at time when he inhale poison occur from sea churn, third time he preached to Prajapati Daksh on the occasion when Daksh oblation [Yag] was vandalize. Shiva 28   yoga   avatars   were   also   holders   of   pasupat   vrat   they spread   the   Pasupat   through   their   disciples.   Pasupat   vrat which   was   originated   by   Lord   Shiva,   after   him   the   Yoga incarnation held at different times by different people took forward but all of them are not available in Holy book [Grant] but they are discussed in the context here and there. Out of these the last Yoga avatar his name was 'Lakuleesh' and he was born presently known as Gujarat in Vadaodra district, according to time he reached Ujjain their he delivered his first preach to Kushik and other disciples on manner in which Shiv performed   and   practiced   the   Pasupat   vrat,   and   Mahadev south   facing   statute   i.e   sacraments   or   pledge   the   bhasma purified  by  Sadhojatadi  5   Shiva   Mantra's   to   Mahakal  this 123 prime   action   has   been   interpreted   in   Pasupat   Sutra   by authentic   interpreter   'kodilya'   in   his   first   Sutra.   Mahadev authentic south­direction Linga formation is the only one at 'Mahakaleshwar Jyotirling' besides this the accreditation is that it doesn't exist at any other   place.   Persons who adopt Pasupat yog should take bath thrice with Bhasam, should sleep on bed of Bhasma, even after taking food etc he should put Bhasam on his body, should possess Shiva Nirmaalya, such   as   House   holders   and   people   living   in   the   other hermitage have their own special symbols likewise Bathing with   Bhasam   [Bhasam   ashnan],   Sleeping   on   Bhasam, Anuashnan   Shiva   Nirmaalya   are   symbol   of   person   of Pasupatl's,   Pasupati   should   chant   five   Braharn   mantra purified   by   'Sadvoiata'all   these   should   be   performed   in congruence of south facing staue of Lord  Mahadev.ln  brief it has been narrated about Pasupat,  Pasupat tradition originated from Lord Shiva has always been followed regularly in Bharat today they are known as 'Naga   Sadhu',   There  is  evident proof of  Pasupat  and  Naga Sadhu's are time to time mentioned in ancient books [Grants], and are been quoted in scripts of others religion [Jainism and others].   Origin   of   Mahakal   :  According   to   Shiva   Mahapurana Kotirudra sanhita Update 16, a Brahmin lived with his four sons in Ujjain [Ujjani] city, that Brahman daily used to perform Agni horn  terrestrial Shiva Linga, at the same time an evil demon called Dushan lived on the mountain called Ratanmal. On day when Brahman was delighted in meditation of Lord Shiva then only Dushan monster arrived along with his army and tried to kill Brahman then only Lord Shiva manifest from the terrestrial Linga worshiped by the Brahman, said that I am Mahakal who destroys evil demon like you, move away from this Brahman, and by a single word 'Hunkar' reduced that  evil demon along with his army into ashes, after the killing of Dushan these Brahmins prayed to Lord Shiva to stay their and Lord Shiv accepted it stable himself in form of Lingas and known as Mahakal. In the 17th chapter of this mythology, King Chandra Sen of Ujjain and one Gope child also worship the Mahakaleshwar Lingas.  Pasupat and Mahakal : In the Puranas and many other literature,   the   material   related   to   Mahakal   is   obtained, 124 according to available evidence, current Mahakal temple is the only authentic South facing Shiva Linga, ,in the past there was crematorium at this place, this is the only Shiv Lingas in the universe on which from unknown time ashes of funeral pyre brought from crematorium by pronouncing Sadyojata Five mantras is plated by Naga [Pasupatis] Sadhu. This tradition is not experimented anywhere else except Mahakal no other sect in   the   universe   except   Pasupat   loves   Bhasam   and crematorium, he is worshiper of south facing Shiva and uses bhasam   purified   by   Pach   Braham[   Sadyojata]   mantras. Current format of Pasupat which was preached by Lukulish in Ujjain these probes that Pasupat and Mahakal are mutually related and according to the said behavior in Mahakal before and during today's time, Mahant of Nag a Sadhu's at Mahakal is   following   the   tradition   of   Pasupat.   Swet   Saga   the   first Pasupat acharya in Swetashwer upnished have mentioned at different   places   about   Divine   power   of   Shiva   especially   in chapter (4­20) He has praise a special appearance of Rudra's southern face, In mahabharat chapter Anushasan parv Shiva told Uma that I have delivered the preaching on Pasupat from my   Southern   face,   in   Shiv   Mahapuran,   Ling   Mahapuran, Panchbrahmhopnishad volumes south facing Shiva has been called Aghor, It is famous the crematorium is very dear to Shiva   and   Shaiv   Aghories,   in   Ling   Mahapuran   worshiping South   facing   Shiva   by   Bhasam   has   been   mentioned specifically, proof in these texts certify  it is evident that the present Jyotilinga of Mahakal south facing aghor shiva statue, that's why Naga Sadhu's (Followers of Pasupat branch) are offering  Bhasam   ashnan  daily to  him, since  ancient   times (according to the evidence of Kondilya it is 1500 years back) is being performed even today. The ritual of performing Bhasma ashnan to Mahakal can be carried out only and only by Naga sadhu's nobody else can do nor should it can be attempted. If attempted   it   will   destroy   the   tradition   and   will   hurt   the sentiments of Hindu religion. Today even the Hindu devotees visit Mahakal to visualize the Bhasma Ashnan of Maharaja Mahakal. Antiquity of Mahakal and Pasupat:   By 1735 when Ujjain has come under domination of Marathas at that time Ranoji  Schinde  who  was  appointed  by Peshwas, and  has given   charge   of   Ujjain   to   Diwan   Ramchandra   this   Diwan Ramchandra had rebuilt the present Mahakal Temple, approx 1235 Shamsuddin Alatmas had robbed and  destroyed the 125 Mahakal   Mandir.   Restoration   of   Mahakal   Temple   was executed by Raja Bhoj approx during 1010, state poet Ban Bhat of Harshvardan who ruled the state during 590­647 has also   described   about   Mahakal   &   Pasupat   in   his   poem Harshcharit   Kadambari. During the time of Vikramaditya great   Poet   Kalidas   has   specifically   mentioned   Mahakal Temple in his Poetry Raghuvansh and Meghdoot it is difficult to specify the time of Kalidas, but  at least 1650 years is prevalent   in   the   past   not   less   than   that.   Apart   these description   of   Mahakal   are   found   in   Puranas   and   Tantra shastra also, but time can be mentioned by Historians, we can't. In book Heart of Jannisium written by Stevenson has also mentioned that Founder of Jain religion Mahaveer also visited Ujjain and has performed austerity, famous Mahakal Temple was established in Ujjaini. What is the truth we can't say but from the available scripts it can be mentioned that approx   2000   years   past   existence   of   Mahakal   Temple   is evident   because   Historian   has   predicted   the   time   of composition and preaching of Pasupat 150 B.C to 1st A.D and there is indirect form of discussion of Mahakal in Pasupat Sutra. Now briefly we should view the ancientity of Pasupat. From 1295 to 1385 a person named Acharya Madhav has mentioned briefly about  Nakulish Pasupat Sight to Shavya Sect   in   his   book   called   Sarvya   Darshan.   In   eight   century Shankracharya   has   specifically   discussed   about   Pashupat Sect in his Vedant Sutra chapter 2, fart 2, formula 37 which is an   authentic   book.   This   Formula   of   Vedant   has   clearly mentioned of Pasupat Sect by mentioning word Pati so the Pasupat   is   ancient   the   Braham   Sutra   and   the   time   of composition of Vedant sutra is between 4000 B.C to 450 B.C as described by historian in their own way, so it is difficult to predict the exact time, approx 2000 years back Pasupat Sect was fully established or it was' in the beginning shape this can be said.Preservation of Mahakaleshwar Linga: 4. This Court has primarily entertained the petition vide order dated 5.5.2017 as it transpired that the idol of Lord Shiva in the form of 126 Lingam is in danger due to various causes and it has deteriorated as such notice was issued to ensure its preservation.  5. The appellant has filed an additional affidavit in the matter of erosion of Lingam. It has been pointed out that due to the erosion of Omkareshwar   Jyotirlingam,   offerings   have   been   banned. Omkareshwsar Jyotirlingam is situated nearby Ujjain. In this regard, newspaper report dated 15.11.2006 as to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam has also been filed.  6. Following   is   the   report   dated   15.11.2006   published   in   the newspaper UNI :
Mahakal Jyotirlinga eroding:
Published: Wednesday, November 15, 2006, 11:40 [IST]
Indore, Nov 15 (UNI) 'Jyotirlingam' of Lord Mahakal at
temple town Ujjain is gradually getting eroded. More
than 30 square cm scalp of the holy 'lingam' has come
out with nearly 7­8 mm thickness from the eastern side
along with 3­4 similar circular patches, having 2­2.5 cm
diameter and 6.5 mm depth, just above the bigger
patch. The entire holy 'lingam' is having geological scal­
ing on the western side. Two vertical carving has raised
concern that the 'lingam' will have enough chances of
splitting into three pieces in future.
Dr. Ram S Shrivastava, a known scientist closely ob­
serving the holy lingam since 1953, is convinced that if
due care was not taken then "we will have to cut a sorry
figure in future." He said the Mahakal was the oldest
'Jyotirlingams' out of 12 'Jyotirlingams' in the country
and the only one facing south. The Mahakal temple was
destroyed by Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish of Delhi in
127
1235 and it was later restored by the Scindias in the
19thcentury.
There is a 5,000­year­old record available for worships.
It is believed that the 'Jyotirlingam' was found inside the
Koti Teerth Kunda in the Mahakal campus and the tem­
ple was first constructed by King Vikramaditya. Dr.
Shrivastava said one of the reasons for erosion could be
pouring of chlorinated water ­nearly 25,000 litres a day
­besides about 80 'pundits' from 16 Brahmin families
massaging the lingam on rotation basis using Bhat
Shringar, Bhang Shirngar etc. Milk' and other offerings
could be accounted in tonnes. Almost every visitor
touched the holy shrine and often rubbed and pressed it
during prayers.
7. Yet another report dated 7.7.2014 about banning of offerings of sugar, ghee, milk, curd etc. in the temple at Ujjain has been placed on record.   That   management   wanted   experts   to   check   erosion   of Jyotirlinga of Mahakaleshwar Temple at Ujjain. Following is the report dated 7.7.2014 :
Mahakal management wants experts to check
erosion of jyotirlinga
TNN | Jul 7, 2014 11.42 AM IST
UJJAlN: Mahakaleshwar temple administration has
written a letter to the commissioner of state archaeol­
ogy department to send a team of experts to examine
reported erosion in treasured stone jyotirlinga at the
temple.
District collector and temple committee head BM
Sharma told newspersons on Saturday that steps
needed to prevent the erosion would follow the report
and suggestions of experts expected to visit the tem­
ple shortly.
The issue of erosion of Shivling has been in news for 128
over a decade, prompting the issuance of guidelines.
But norms were not implemented. .It has been re­
ported several times that use of impure puja materials
like sugar, ghee, milk, curd, and others is causing ero­
sion in two­and­half­feet high shivling. The adminis­
tration even restricted the use of these materials to
1.25 liter per devotee a few years ago, but it was not
controlled and monitored. Similarly, a suggestion to
establish kiosk of Sanchi milk in temple corridor to en­
sure pure milk, ghee to pilgrims, is gathering dust.
The shops outside the temple are selling sub­stan­
dard puja materials and devotees have no option but
to buy them.
The shivling at Mahakal is much in height compared
to jyotirlinga at Onkareshwar temple in Khandwa dis­
trict and the administration there a few months ago
the restricted use of panchamruit material to avoid
the erosion. Use of sugar granules is already banned
in other Mangalnath temple inUijain and devotees
have been asked to use powdered sugar.”
Reasons for decay and conservation of heritage monument have also been placed on record.  8. Later on, an application under Article 142 of the Constitution of India   has   also   been   filed   by   the   appellants   for   the   issuance   of appropriate directions for the preservation of Lingam and prayer has also been made for the appointment of Expert Committee.  9. Mahakaleshwar   Jyotirlingam   has   so   much   importance   for spiritual and other gains, there is a constitutional duty to protect it as envisaged in Article 25, Art. 26 read with Article 49, at the same time there is a fundamental duty under Article 51A of the Constitution to 129 promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood as provided in Article 51A and to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. It is also the duty to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual   and   collective   activity   as   provided   in   Article   51A   (a)­(j). Articles 51A (a), (e), (f) and (j) are extracted hereunder: “ [51A.  Fundamental Duties.­ It shall be the duty of every citizen of India­ (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (e)   to   promote   harmony   and   the   spirit   of   common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement. ” 10. In  Ms. Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors . (2002) 7 SCC 368,   this   Court   has   considered   the   importance   of   moral   values   in religions and it was observed that the religion is the foundation for the value­based survival of human beings in a civilized society. The force and sanction behind civilized society depend on moral values. Religion should not be misunderstood. The secular democracy requires where even a very weak man hopes to prevail over a very strong man on the strength of rule of law by proper understanding of duties towards the society. In  Aruna Roy  (supra) this Court has observed thus:   130 “ 30.   Undisputedly,   the   aforesaid   S.B.   Chavan Committee's   report   was   placed   before   Parliament   for discussion. None can also dispute that the past five decades have witnessed a constant erosion of the essential social, moral and spiritual values and increase in cynicism at all levels. We are heading for a materialistic society disregarding the entire value based social system. None can also dispute that in a secular   society,   moral   values   are   of   utmost   importance.   A society where there are no moral values, there would neither be social   order   nor   secularism.   Bereft   of   moral   values   secular society  or   democracy   may  not   survive.   As   observed   by  the Committee, values  are virtues in an individual and  if these values deteriorate, it will hasten or accelerate the breakdown of the family, society, and the nation as a whole. In a society where there is constant evaporation of social and moral values for getting property, power or post, ­­ is it not advisable to have a solid social foundation from the base level so that a grown­up person   would   fight   against   all   kinds   of   fanaticism,   ill­will, violence, dishonesty, corruption, and exploitation? The answer would obviously be ­­ 'yes.' 31. Further, for controlling wild animal instinct in human beings and for having a civilized cultured society, it appears that   religions   have   come   into   existence.   Religion   is   the foundation   for   value   based   survival   of   human   beings   in   a civilized society. The force and sanction behind civilized society depend upon moral values. The philosophy of coexistence and how to coexist is thought over by the saints all over the world which is revealed by various philosophers. How to coexist, not only with  human  beings  but  all  living  beings  on  the  earth, maybe animals, vegetation and the environment including air and   water,   is   thought   over   and   discussed   by   saints   and leaders all over the world which is reflected in religions. If that is  taught,  it   cannot   be  objected   as   it   is  neither  violative   of constitutional or legal rights nor it offends moral values. This has been dealt with elaborately by the S.B. Chavan Committee. The Committee as stated above had invited suggestions from noted   educationists   on   various   aspects   of   value­based education. As stated by the Committee it had benefited by the views of eminent experts/NGOs doing pioneering work in this area. Further, no one can dispute that truth (satya), righteous conduct (dharma), peace (shanti), love (prem) and non­violence (ahimsa) are the core universal values accepted by all religions. The Committee has also pointed out that religion is the most 131 misused and misunderstood concept. However, the process of making the students acquainted with the basics of all religions, the values inherited therein and also a comparative study of the philosophy of all religions should begin; students have to be made aware that the basic concept behind every religion is common, only the practices differ. If these recommendations made by the Parliamentary Committee are accepted by NCERT and are sought to be implemented, it cannot be stated that its action is arbitrary or unjustified. 32. Further, it appears to be a totally wrong presumption and   contention   that   knowledge   of   different   religions   would bring disharmony in the society. On the contrary, knowledge of various religious philosophies is material for bringing communal harmony as ignorance breeds hatred because of wrong notions, assumptions,   preaching   and   propaganda   by   misguided interested persons. ” 11. There is a pious purpose of all the religious activities, no religion breeds hatred. It is in order to bring harmony and to understand basic human values and for self­realization and to visualize the concept of equality   pilgrimages   by   the   various   sections   of   people   of   various religions. Secularism is the basic structure of the Constitution that has to be given the meaning that is developing understanding and respect towards   different   religions.   The   essence   of   secularism   is   non­ discrimination   of   people   by   the   State   on   the   basis   of   religious differences. In  the Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt   [AIR 1954 SC 282], this Court has considered the concept of religion under Article 25. It has been observed that it secures to every person, subject to public order,   health   and   morality,   a   freedom   not   only   to   entertain   such 132 religious belief, as may be approved of by his judgment and conscience but also to exhibit his belief in such outward acts as he thinks proper and to propagate or disseminate his ideas for the edification of others. This   Court   has   observed   that   the   question   relating   to   the administration of properties belonging to a religious group or institution are not matters of religion. Religion is a matter of faith with individuals or communities. It is not necessarily theistic. In the said case it was observed that "there are well­known religions in India like Buddhism and Jainism which do not believe in God or in any Intelligent First Cause. A religion undoubtedly has its basis in a system of beliefs or doctrines which are regarded by those who profess that religion as conducive to their spiritual well­being, but it would not be correct to say that religion is nothing else but a doctrine or belief. A religion may not only lay down a code of ethical rules for its followers to accept, it might   prescribe   rituals   and   observances,   ceremonies   and   modes   of worship which are regarded as integral parts of religion. The guarantee under   our   Constitution   not   only   protects   the   freedom   of   religious opinion but it protects also acts done in pursuance of a religion and this is made clear by the use of the expression practice of religion." 12. In  Prafull Goradia v. Union of India  [2011 2 SCC 568] this Court has   observed   that   if   Government   is   making   small   expenditures separately   for   separate   religions,   therefore   granting   support   to   Haj 133 pilgrims was not violative of Article 14 or 15. This Court has observed thus: “ 8.   In   our   opinion   Article   27   would   be   violated   if   a substantial part  of the entire  income  tax  collected in India, or a substantial part of the entire central excise or the customs duties or sales tax, or a substantial part of any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. In other words, suppose 25 % of the entire income tax collected in India was utilized for promoting   or   maintaining   any   particular   religion   or religious denomination, that, in our opinion, would be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution. 10. In our opinion, if only a relatively small part of any   tax   collected   is   utilized   for   providing   some conveniences or facilities or concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution. It is only when a substantial part of the tax is utilized for any particular religion that Article 27 would be violated. 14. Hence, in our opinion, there is no violation of Article 27 of the Constitution. There is also no violation of Articles 14 and 15 because facilities are also given, and expenditures incurred, by the Central and  State Governments in India for other religions. Thus there is no discrimination. ” 13. This Court in   Transport & Dock Workers Union v. Mumbai Port Trust   (2011) 2 SCC 575 has considered the essential spending of the government money on religions when it can be violative of Article 27 and has laid down thus:   “ 10.   Insofar   as   the   provision   of   Section   9A   of   the Industrial Disputes Act is concerned, it was submitted that since by the policy decision no change in relation to the personnel who were working was intended to be brought   about,   there   was   no   question   of   giving   any notice of change. 134 11. The learned Counsel appearing for the appellants relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court in People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 1473 to contend that a writ petition by workers, when they claim any violation of fundamental right, is maintainable. The  learned counsel also relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court in Moti Ram v. North East Frontier Railway AIR 1964 SC 600 to claim that the   respondent­Port   could   not   have   framed   a   policy which   violates   the   guarantee   of   Article   14   of   the Constitution.  12. The learned counsel appearing for the appellants further relied on the judgment of the Supreme Court the Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC 180 to contend that even if an undertaking is given, that   undertaking   does   not   stop   the   person   who   has given the undertaking from asserting his fundamental right. 13. The learned counsel for the respondents on the other hand relied on the judgments of the Supreme Court, in Ravi Paul v. Union of India 1995 (3) SCC 300, and M.P. State Textile Corporation Ltd. v. Mahendra 2005 (10) SCC 675, and submitted that in one establishment there can be employees having separate duty hours. 14.   In   our   opinion,   the   writ   petition   filed   by   the appellants   should   have   been   dismissed   by   the   High Court   on   the   ground   of   existence   of   an   alternative remedy   under   the   Industrial   Disputes   Act.   It   is   well settled that writ jurisdiction is discretionary jurisdiction, and the discretion should not ordinarily be exercised if there   is   an   alternative   remedy   available   to   the appellant. In  this  case  there  was  a clear  alternative remedy   available   to   the   appellants   by   raising   an industrial dispute and hence we fail to understand why the High Court entertained the writ petition. It seems to us that some High Courts by adopting an over liberal approach   are   unnecessarily   adding   to   their   load   of arrears   instead   of   observing   judicial   discipline   in following settled legal principles. However, we may also consider the case on merits. ” 135 14. The Government spends a huge amount on Kumbh/Simhasth Melas being organized at such places. Even otherwise, when there is a large number of a gathering of persons every day and in particular during melas and other festival times, State has obligation to provide the   basic   amenities   to   the   pilgrims.   It   is   the   bounden   duty   of   the Government to make proper arrangement to provide shelter places, for maintenance of law and order and to sanction the amount without fear of violation of the concept of secularism. Right to life includes mental and intellectual growth which is laid down in   Shantistar Builders v. Narayan Khimalal Totame  (1990) 1 SCC 520. In  P.G. Gupta v. State of Gujarat & Ors . (1995) Supp 2 SCC 182, considering the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, food, clothing, and shelter have been held as part of Article 21.  15. There   is   a   constitutional   obligation   to   preserve   the   religious practices of all religions, culture and there is also a corresponding duty to act in that direction. Similarly, such acts which are necessary for the preservation of such historical monuments/deities. State is duty bound to spend the amount so that not only the archaeological, historical and ancient monuments are preserved but sanctum sanctorum, as well as the deity otherwise no useful purpose would be served by spending so much   amount   on  Simhastha/  Kumbh   Melas  in  case  deity,   is  itself permitted   to   be   deteriorated   as   it   has   happened   at   other   places 136 particularly   nearby   Omkareshwar   Jyotirlingam   by   offerings   and rubbing it etc. has deteriorated and now barricades have been erected around the lingam and nobody is permitted to touch it. Same is true with respect to other important temples of which reports have been filed. It is apparent from the reports published about Omkareshwar that the administration had banned offering of milk, ghee, water, curd and other traditional materials to save the Jyotirlingam from further erosion. It is regrettable that we have not been able to preserve and protect   our   Jyotirlingas   of   immense   importance   and   there   was   a proposal to install new Lingam at Omkareshwar in place of original. In 2006, also there was a report of erosion of Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam at Ujjain and it was feared that Jyotirlingam owing to the two vertical carvings had enough chances of splitting into three pieces in future. On the strength of a report of known scientist referred to therein, who had observed Jyotirlinga since 1953, in his opinion, if due care was not taken we will have to cut a sorry figure in future. Mahakaleshwar is the oldest   Jyotirlingam   out   of   dwadash   (twelve)   Jyotirlingams   in   the country. The main cause of constant erosion of Lingam was water and other impure material.  16. News Report dated 7.7.2014 also reflects that Mahakaleshwar temple   management   wanted   experts   to   check   the   erosion   that   was caused by impure puja materials like sugar, ghee, milk, and curd etc. It was   regretted   that   suggestion   to   establish   kiosk   of   Sanchi   milk   in 137 temple corridor to ensure pure milk, ghee etc. to pilgrims was gathering dust.   Devotees   have   no   option   but   to   purchase   sub­standard   and adulterated materials.  17. As  per   the   report   on  famous   ‘Mangalnath   temple'   situated   at Ujjain   itself,   there   special   Puja   and   Abhishekam   is   performed   for ‘Mangal Grih Shanti'. The report indicates that District Administration has banned offering of sugar, vermilion as rubbing thereof was causing damage to the Shivling. Use of sugar had been banned with immediate effect as it was causing highest damage and use of other materials had also   to   be   limited.   Use   of   sub­standard   and   chemical   contained vermilion and turmeric powder was also proposed to be checked and it was decided that herbal articles would be made available for pooja. It is regrettable that in temple of such immense importance the deities are being destroyed due to aforesaid impure materials of Puja which are being  offered. A report dated 12.5.2014 had been placed on record indicating   a   ban   on   touching   idol   of   Muktinath   Lingam   inside Muktinath Temple in Mustang district of Nepal. It was also mentioned that   the   Government   team   was   working   on   a   master   plan   for   the development   of   Muktinath   temple.   Said   temple   is   a   holy   place   for Buddhists and Hindus. 18. There   are   other   reports   placed   on   record   with   respect   to   the damage   being   caused   to   other   important   deities   in   the   temple   like 138 Mahalaxmi Temple at Kolhapur and Bhoramdev Shivling at Kavardha in State of Chhattisgarh. Report of erosion of Shivling at Trimbakeshwar temple in Nasik, Maharashtra. The report indicates that erosion is due to use of excessive use of water etc.  We   had   initially   called   the suggestions from Temple Committee itself for preservation of Linga. INITIAL SUGGESTIONS OF TEMPLE COMMITTEE 19. In compliance of the order dated 5.5.2017 passed by this Court the Temple Committee has filed following suggestions: “ 2.   That   in   compliance   of   the   same   the   committee sought   a   report   from   the   Department   of   Geology, Vikram University, Ujjain, Prof. P.K. Verma, Professor of Applied Geology submitted the report. Hereto an­ nexed and marked as  ANNEXURE R­1/3  is the true and correct copy of the report dated 11.06.2017. 3. It is submitted that as per the report of Professor Verma dated 11.06.2017, the corrosion of Shivlinga is mainly due to touching of Shivlinga with a variety of impure puja material including adulterated milk, curd, sugar, sugarcane juice, flowers etc during Abhishek or other special pooja which are performed regularly, since time immemorial. 4. Though, as per the observation of Professor Verma, the process of chemical reaction is supposed to be of very   low   intensity,   practically   negligible.   The   other constituents (other than silica) of the rock, however, are vulnerable to such impure/adulterated pooja ma­ terials. He had suggested that these chemical reac­ tion & corrosion can be reduced by avoiding usage of the impure or chemically adulterated pooja materials over Shivlinga. 139 5. That keeping in view the suggestion made by Pro­ fessor Verma and also with earnest desire of the tem­ ple committee to protect any corrosion of Shivlinga, a special sub­committee was constituted by the Collec­ tor, who also is the President of the committee to dis­ cuss issue of corrosion as well as to explore the pro­ posal and remedial measures for avoiding any further corrosion of Shivlinga. The sub­committee consisted of the following 7 members .
1.Pt. Shri Anand Vyas, Archeologist
2.Pt. Ghanshyam Sharma / Representative,<br>Shri M.T.S., Ujjain
3.Pt. Pradeep Sharma, Ex­Samiti member of<br>Shri M.T.S., Ujjain
4.Pt. Ashok Sharma – Purohit
5.Shri Prakashendra Mathur, Archeologist
6.Representative of Pollution Control Board
7.Administrator, Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir<br>Samiti, Ujjain
6.   The first meeting of the sub­committee took place on 13.06.2017 where the Food Controller of the State Government also participated in the said meeting. Af­ ter a detailed discussion on the remedial measures to protect the corrosion of Shivlinga the following reme­ dial measures were proposed by the committee :
S.No<br>.SubjectSuggestion
1.Consideration/discussio<br>n on the milk to be<br>offered to the God<br>(Bhagwan)There is a tradition<br>of Dugdhbhishek of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar. In<br>this regard, it was<br>suggested that
140
high­quality milk<br>may be used. There<br>must not be any<br>adulteration in the<br>milk. Stringent rules<br>may be made in<br>this regard. For this<br>purpose, the Temple<br>Committee (Mandir<br>Samiti) may make<br>arrangement for<br>milk at its own<br>level. For this<br>purpose, ‘Sanchi'<br>can be used and in<br>future, by<br>upgrading Temple<br>Gaushala more, the<br>milk may be<br>brought directly<br>from the Gaushala<br>to the temple and<br>the milk imported<br>from outside<br>sources may be<br>strictly prohibited.
2.Consideration/discussio<br>n on the issue of<br>Panchamrut Poojan<br>(offering)The Panchamrut<br>ablution is done<br>every day to God<br>Shiva. In this<br>regard, it was<br>suggested that<br>Panchamrut may be<br>prepared by the<br>Temple<br>Committee/Samiti<br>itself. For this<br>purpose, it may<br>provide high­quality<br>milk and curd at its<br>own level and may<br>not directly mix<br>sugar in the<br>Panchamrut. For
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this purpose, sugar<br>dust may be used.<br>The quantity of<br>Panchamrut, as<br>already prescribed<br>for 1 ¼ liter, may be<br>complied with.<br>Honey (Shahad) etc<br>may be made<br>available from the<br>Gramodyog etc.
3.Consideration /<br>discussion on worship /<br>offering materialsOn the shops<br>situated outside the<br>temple, the<br>offering/worship<br>articles are sold,<br>viz. Abeer, Gulal,<br>Kumkum (Saffron)<br>etc. In this regard, it<br>was suggested that<br>the Mandir Samiti<br>(Temple Committee)<br>may fix a shop or<br>the Samiti may<br>itself run a shop<br>where pure worship<br>materials may be<br>available. The<br>worship materials<br>being sold presently<br>in the outside area<br>of the Temple may<br>be<br>prohibited/restricte<br>d immediately.
4.Discussion on ‘Jalpaatra’For Jalabhishek<br>(water ablution) of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar, the<br>Jalpatra has been<br>installed at the<br>Jaldwar (Watergate).<br>The said Jalpatra
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may be cleaned<br>every day with hot<br>water so that the<br>acid being gathered<br>in the pipe etc may<br>not be<br>gathered/accrued.
5.Consideration of the<br>issue of constantly being<br>big garland etc. on the<br>‘Jyotirling of Bhagwan<br>(the God)'.Constant<br>Jalabhishek (water<br>ablution) is done to<br>the Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>from 06 O’clock<br>morning till 4.30 PM<br>in the evening. For<br>this purpose, a big<br>garland etc may<br>remain constantly on<br>the ‘Jyotirling of<br>Bhagwan’ so that<br>water, milk etc. may<br>not fall directly on<br>the Jyotirling.
6Consideration of the<br>issue of a test of water,<br>milk, and articles etc.This suggestion was<br>received in the<br>meeting that the<br>articles and<br>materials from<br>which the worship<br>etc. of Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar is<br>done every day, all<br>these may be tested<br>once, from which<br>this fact may be<br>clear that which<br>material is<br>positive/suitable for<br>the Jyotirling and<br>which materially<br>affects the Jyotirling<br>negatively.
143 Hereto annexed and marked as ANNEXURE R­1/4 is the true and correct copy of the minutes of the meet­ ing dated 13.06.2017. That the said proposal has been accepted by the com­ mittee for implementation and the temple committee is accordingly taking steps to protect the Shivlinga. The above   proposal   is   according   submitted   before   the Hon’ble Court.” REPORT BY PROF. PRAMOD K. VERMA DATED 11.06.2017 20. A Report by Prof. Pramod K. Verma dated 11.6.2017 has also been filed by the Committee in the form of Annexure R­1/3, which is as under: JAI SHRI MAHAKAL th 11  June 2017  This brief description comprises visual observation of Lord Mahakaleshwara Shiv Linga for its potential erosion due to pooja offerings by devotees.   By   an   invitation   from   Mahakaleshwara   Mandir Samiti,  I   along   with   Dr.Awadesh   Bhatt   visited   the Lord Mahakaleshwar Temple on 08th June 2017 at 2:00 pm for performing the above task. For obvious reasons, it was possible to have an only limited ob­ servation and thus, only torch and hand lens was used.  The following observations were made: ­ 1. The Sacred Shiva Linga is approximately 2 feet in diameter and 2 feet in height. 2. The Shiva Linga is made up of Sandstone (looks very similar to Vindhya Sandstone which occurs in the nearby areas). 144 3. The sandstone is of arenaceous in nature with the major percentage of quartz clasts of the size generally less than 2 mm. The clasts are clearly visible through a hand lens. 4. The other clast material appears to be feldspar (or­ thoclase) giving the rock a typical pinkish colour.  5. The matrix is also of an almost similar composition. 6. The cementing material is mostly siliceous. How­ ever, a small amount of calcareous/feldspathic (not distinguished by lens observation) cementing materi­ als is also present. 7. The cementing material other than siliceous matter is likely to undergo dissolution when exposed to the acidic environment. As a result, there may develop tiny depressions (or pits) over the Shiva Linga. 8. The depressions or pits may occur when adulter­ ated/impure pooja materials are offered over Shiva Linga during Abhisheks. The corrosion, in the long run, may occur due to touching of Shiva Linga with a variety of impure pooja materials including adulter­ ated milk, curd, sugar, sugarcane juice, flowers etc during Abhishek or other special pooja which are per­ formed regularly. 10. Once even a small pit is formed, these materials may get into the rock and, may try to loosen the bond­ ing by various chemical processes. 11. As the rock is largely composed of a siliceous ma­ terial, the process of chemical reaction is supposed to be of  very low intensity, practically negligible. The other constituents (other than silica) of the rock, how­ ever, are vulnerable to such impure/adulterated pooja materials. 12.   A   more   systematic   and   scientific   investigation may be needed to come to a firm conclusion. 145 13. Nonetheless, at this stage, it is suggested that im­ pure or chemically adulterat4ed pooja materials must be avoided by offering over Shiva Linga ." 21. The   Minutes   of   the   Meeting   dated   13.6.2017   of   the   Temple Committee have also been placed on record vide R­1/4. The relevant portion is extracted hereunder: “   SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR SAMITI, UJ­ JAIN MINUTES OF MEETING DATED 13.06.2017  Today a meeting was held in the Administrative of­ fice of Mahakaleshwar Temple under the Chairman­ ship of Shri S.S. Rawat, Administrator, and Joint Col­ lector, with regard to as to how Lord Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga can be best protected. The following mem­ bers were present:­ 1. Dr. Prakashendra Mathur Archeologist 2. Pt. Pradeep Sharma Ex­Samiti Member 3. Pt. Ashish Sharma       Representative of  Pujari 4. Pt. Ashok Sharma           Purohit 5. Shri D.V.S. Rawat         Pollution  Department 6. Shri Shailesh Kumar Gupta   Food Controller   A discussion was held by the members present at the meeting in respect of erosion in the Jyotirling and following suggestions were proposed by the Commit­ tee
S.N<br>.SubjectSuggestion
1.Consideration/discussion on<br>the milk to be offered to the<br>God (Bhagwan)There is a tradition<br>of Dugdhbhishek of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar. In
146
this regard, it was<br>suggested that high­<br>quality milk may be<br>used. There must<br>not be any<br>adulteration in the<br>milk. Stringent rules<br>may be made in this<br>regard. For this<br>purpose, the Temple<br>Committee (Mandir<br>Samiti) may make<br>arrangement for<br>milk at its own level.<br>For this purpose,<br>‘Sanchi' can be used<br>and in future, by<br>upgrading Temple<br>Gaushala more, the<br>milk may be brought<br>directly from the<br>Gaushala to the<br>temple and the milk<br>imported from<br>outside sources may<br>be strictly<br>prohibited.
2.Consideration/discussion on<br>the issue of Panchamrut<br>Poojan (offering)The Panchamrut<br>ablution is done<br>every day to God<br>Shiva. In this<br>regard, it was<br>suggested that<br>Panchamrut may be<br>prepared by the<br>Temple Committee /<br>Samit itself. For this<br>purpose, it may<br>provide high­quality<br>milk and curd at its<br>own level and may<br>not directly mix<br>sugar in the
147
Panchamrut. For<br>this purpose, sugar<br>dust may be used.<br>The quantity of<br>Panchamrut, as<br>already prescribed<br>for 1 ¼ liter, may be<br>complied with.<br>Honey (Shahad) etc<br>may be made<br>available from the<br>Gramodyog etc.
3.Consideration/discussion on<br>worship/offering materialsOn the shops<br>situated outside the<br>temple, the<br>offering/worship<br>articles suggestion<br>in, viz. Abeer, Gulal,<br>Kumkum (Saffron)<br>etc. In this regard, it<br>was suggested that<br>the Mandir Samiti<br>(Temple Committee)<br>may fix a shop or<br>the Samiti may itself<br>run a shop where<br>pure worship<br>materials may be<br>available. The<br>worship materials<br>being sold presently<br>in the outside area<br>of the Temple may<br>be prohibited/<br>restricted<br>immediately.
4.Discussion on ‘Jalpaatra’For Jalabhishek<br>(water ablution) of<br>Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar, the<br>Jalpaatra has been<br>installed at the<br>Jaldwar
148
(Watergate). The<br>said Jalpatra may<br>be cleaned every<br>day with hot water<br>so that the acid<br>being gathered in<br>the pipe etc. may<br>not be gathered/<br>accrued.
5.Consideration of the issue of<br>constantly being Sandstone<br>garland etc on the ‘Jyotirling<br>of Bhagwan (the God).Constant<br>Jalabhishek (water<br>ablution) is done to<br>the Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>from 06 O’clock<br>morning till 4.30 PM<br>in the evening. For<br>this purpose, a big<br>garland etc may<br>remain constantly<br>on the ‘Jyotirling of<br>Bhagwan’ so that<br>water, milk etc may<br>not fall directly on<br>the Jyotirling.
6.Consideration of the issue of<br>a test of water, milk, and<br>articles etc.This suggestion in<br>the meeting that the<br>articles and<br>materials from<br>which the worship<br>etc of Bhagwan<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>crowd every day, all<br>these may be tested<br>once, from which<br>this fact may be<br>clear that which<br>material is<br>positive/suitable for<br>the Jyotirling and<br>which materially<br>affects the Jyotirling
149
negatively.
Sd/­       Administrator & Joint Collector                                                 Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir Samiti                                                                       Ujjain” CONSTITUTION OF COMMITTEE OF ASI/ GSI BY THIS COURT 22. This   Court   vide   order   dated   25.8.2017   had   constituted   a Committee of two officers of the Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of the Geological Survey of India to submit the report. Following is the relevant extract of the order: A proposal has been submitted by Mr. Tushar Mehta,   learned   ASG  for  a  constitution  of   an  Expert Committee and to nominate the names of two officers of Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of Geological   Survey   of   India.   It   is   submitted   by   Mr. Mehta that the officers are experts in the field. The  Central  Government  suggests  the  following team  : 
1.For Archaeological<br>Survey of India1. Shri Madan Singh<br>Chauhan, Regional<br>Director, (Archaeologist),<br>ASI, Central Region,<br>Bhopal<br>2. Dr. V.K.Saxena,<br>Director (Science),<br>(Archaeological Chemist),<br>ASI, Science Branch,<br>Dehradun
2.For Geological Survey<br>of India1. Shri Hemraj<br>Suryavanshi, Dy. Director,<br>General, State Unit,<br>Madhya Pradesh, GSI,
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Bhopal.<br>2. Shri L.L. Vishwakarma,<br>Director, GSI, Bhopal
The Union of India shall bear the expenses of the Committee so formed. The Committee to study/survey/ analyze/examine Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlingam of Ujjain (MP) and to prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking place, if any, and the measures/ steps/ precautions to be taken to   ensure   that   this   deterioration/shrinkage   of   the Lingam stops. Let the Committee also study the other structures and also the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation. Let the Committee make a study and report seeing as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last three­four decades and what remedial steps have to be another part. Let   the   Committee   submit   a   report   be   within   a period of four weeks from today. A copy of the report as and when submitted be furnished to the learned counsel for the parties. We request the Administrator to extend fullest co­operation. List the matter on Tuesday i.e. 03.10.2017.” REPORT BY EXPERT COMMITTEE OF ASI/ GSI 23. Following is the report (excluding photographs) submitted by the aforesaid Experts of ASI and GSI:  REPORT ON THE STUDY / SURVEY / ANALYSIS / EXAMINATION OF MAHAKALESHWAR JYOTIRLlNGAM OF UJJAIN (MP) BY : 1: Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director, A.S.I., Central Region, 151 Bhopal  2:   Dr.   V.K.   Saxena.   Director   (Science),   A.S.I.,   Science,   Branch Dehradun  3: Hemraj Suryavanshi, Dy. Director General, GSI, Bhopal  4: L.L. Vishwakarma, Director (G.S.I.), Bhopal ABOUT THE REPORT  This report is being submitted to the Additional Solicitor General of India by   the   Committee Members of Archaeological Survey of   India (ASI) and Geological Survey of India. Conservation status and the causes of decay/deterioration of the Jyotirlinga in general on the basis of his knowledge of the subject and experience in the field.  The report is divided into  4  (Four) Chapters.  st 1   Chapter of the report deals with the archaeological and religious significance   of   the   Mahakal   temple   and   need   for   its   proper maintenance   and   restoration   made   by   Madan   Singh   Chauhan, Regional Director, ASI, Central Region, Bhopal. nd 2   Chapter of the report deals with the general observations made by Dr.   V. K.   Saxena, Director (Science), ASI with respect to the overall decay/deterioration of the Jyotirlinga on the   basis   of his knowledge of the subject and experience in the field.  rd 3   Chapter deals with the Geo­scientific study of the Shivalinga made   by   Hemraj   Suryavanshi   Dy.   Director   General   and   L.L. Vishvakarma, Director, Geological Survey of India, Bhopal. th 4   Chapter deals with the suggestions and recommendations and remedial measures.  CONTENTS  CHAPTER∙ I  1:   ­RELIGIOUS   AND   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   SIGNIFICANCE   OF UJJAIN AND MAHAKAL TEMPLE  1.1: Introduction  1.2: Religious and historical significance  1.3: Prevalence of tangible and intangible heritage in Ujjain   1.4: Archaeological evidence 152 1.5:  Mahakal temple and premise  1.6: Condition of garbhagriha and shivalinga  1.7  A:­ Shivalinga, modification, and effect   B:­Morning worship and material used in the worship  1.8: Maintenance and restoration of temple premise and activities CHAPTER ­ II 2: NATURAL (PHYSICO~CHEMICAL) WEATHERING OF STONE WITH REFERENCE TO MAHAKAL JYOTIRLlNGA  2.1 General Chemical Characteristics of Some of the Offerings Used  During Rituals:   Milk   Dahi or curd   Homemade deshi Ghee   Honey   Sugar products   Sandal or Chandan   Bhang (Cannabis)   Abir or Gulal   Kanku or Kumkum   Fruit juices   Bhasm/ Ashes of cow dunks cake   Oil lamps, Dhoop or incense sticks  2.2. Natural Weathering of sandstone A:  Water ­  A  major cause of the decay of stone B: Biological decay or Biodeterioration of stone 2.3. Examination of the Mahakal Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha A:  General Observation of the Jyotirlinga  B: Drainage facilities for the disposal of the liquids and solids  C: Electrical fittings  2.4. ­Other  Observations  CHAPTER ­III GEO­SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JYOTIRLINGAM MAHAKALESHWER,  UJJAIN 3.1 I ntroduction 3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlingam 3.2.1 Visual observation  3.2.2 Studies based instrument  3.2.2(a)  Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer  153 3.2.2(b) Portable XRF studies  3.3 Water analysis by portable water analysis kit and ICP­MS Instruments  3.3.1 Ash analysis  3.4 Discussion and interpretation  3.4.1 Extent of weathering  3.4.2 Causative factor 3.4.3  Weathering through ages  CHAPTER­ IV  A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  B: REMEDIAL MEASURES  DETAILS OF ANNEXURES  I.   Worship   schedule   and   offering   material   of   Jyotirlingam, Mahakaleshwer Temple, Ujjain II. Spectroscopy study of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer temple, Madhya Pradesh, XRF Study of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer Temple, Ujjain   III(a) Approximate chemical analysis of Lingam rock by portable XRF instrument  IV(a)   Chemical   analysis   of   water   samples   from   Mahakaleshwer temple premises, Ujjain  (b) Trace element analysis in water samples from Mahakaleshwer premises Ujjain  IV(c) Chemical analysis of bhashma offered to Jyotirlingam: and ash samples from Mahakal temple   1.1 INTRODUCTION : On the direction of the Additional Solicitor General  of   India,   the   Director   General,   Archaeological  Survey  of India,   in   his   office   letter   no.   33/BO/2017­M   dated   24.8.2017 recommended names of undersigned for the Committee to assess the deterioration of Shivalinga of Mahakal Temple at Ujjain and to prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking place during lost three­four decades, if any, and the measures/steps/precautions to be taken to ensure this deterioration/ shrinkage of the Lingam stops. Beside that to study the other structures and also the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to the overall improvement of the entire   premise   and   for   its   preservation.   In   pursuance   of   the direction,   the   temple   known   as   Mahakal   or   Mahakaleshwar   at 154 Ujjain   was   inspected   by   the   Committee   Members   jointly   on 7.9.2017.  Before   putting   the   observation   on   the   assessment   of   the Shivalinga  and   temple  of   Mahakal  and   other  subsidiary shrines inside   the   premise   it   was   felt   inevitable   by   the   committee   to highlight its Archaeological, Historical and religious significance so that, on that perspective, an assessment could be made. In Ujjain, Mahakal temple is located in the west of the city on the bank of River Kshipra in ancient time that area was known as Mahakala Vana (Mahakal forest). It is 192 km west of capital city Bhopal and takes around three hours by road journey from Bhopal to reach here. Mahakal temple is one of the most venerated temples known by this name and one of the twelve famous Jyotirlingas shrines of the country.  1.2 RELIGIOUS AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE   The grandiose of Mahakal and Ujjain / Avanti occurs equally in the   ancient   texts   of   Brahmanical,   Buddhist   and   Jaina   sects. Avanti has been referred as country and Ujjain as its capital in the   ancient   texts.   The   first   name   of   "Avanti   "is   liter   in   the Yajurveda for the meaning of protection. It is said that Ujjain was also named as Avanti and this name is nomenclatured after the name   of   Avanti:   a   son   of   Kartaviryaarjuna   of   Mahishamati kingdom. In Meghadut of Kalidasa, Abhidhanchintamani and in Naradapurana   it   was   termed   as   Avantika,   Avantikapuri, Avantinagari   or   Avantikapur,   Vishala,   Pushkarandini,   Nandini, Amravati,   Kanakashringa,   Kushasthali,   Padmavati,   Kumudvati, and Pratikalpa. It is believed, existed in six kalpas and in each Kalpa   it   was   called   as   Swarnashringa,   Kushasthali,   Avantika, Amravati, Chudamoni, and Padmawati. In kathasaritsagara, it is mentioned that Ujjain was called in four names in four yugas like Padmavati Bhogawati, Hiranyawati, and Ujaini. In Kuvalayamala its name is referred as Kushal Nagari.  It is said that during the churning of the sea by the gods and demons then begun the wild scramble for immortality with the demons chasing the gods across the skies and in the process, a  few  drops   of   nectar   were   split   and   fell  at   Hardwar,   Prayag, Nasik, and Ujjain. 155 There   are   different   meanings   of   "Ujjain'   and   'Ujhain".   It means protection, a tradition wherein people worshipped Indra for rain, in Gujarati and Prakrit  it  means a picnic, in Sanskrit, it is called   as   udyan   or   garden.   In   the   north   Himalayan   region,   it means attempt for any special task while in the Malwa tradition this word is called when people worship Lord Indra by keeping fast for rain. ln   Pali   language   it   is   called   Ujani,   in   Prakrit   Ujaiyani, Ptolemy referred   it   as Ozen, Huen­Tsang calls   it   Ujayana, Arab geographer referred  it  as Ujjhen and in the coins, name occurred th as Ujani. In the Mrichchakatika play of Sudraka of 5  century AD, Ujjain   was   inhabited   by   various   communities   viz .   Shakas, Tushars,   Greeks,   Persians,   Magadha,   Kirata,   Kalinga,   Bongo, Mahishak, Chole, Pandya, trader of Kerala and several prostitutes. In the Skandapurana there are references to seven seas or Saptasagaras   mentioned   as   Pushkar   Sagara,   Kshira   Sagara, Goverdhan   Sagara.   Rantnakar   Sagara,   Vishnu   Sagara, Purishottama   Sagara   and   Rudra   Sagara.   The   Rudra   Sagara   is mentioned in the Mahakal Vana (nearby the Mahakal temple).  As a religious city, Ujjain occupied the same place as of the Benaras, Goya, Mayapuri, and Kanchipuram. By the 6th century BC, Avanti with its capital at Ujjain is mentioned in Buddhist literature as one   of   the   four   great   powers   along   with   Vatsa,   Kosala,   and Magadha.   Ujjain   locates   on   the   ancient   trade   route   which connected   north   India   to   the   south   via   Mathura­   Ujjain­ Mahishmati­ Paithan and then to western Asia. Periplus gave the accounts   of  Ujjain   referred  by  him   as   Ozene   is  to   the   east  of Barygaza   (Broach)   which   fed   all   commodities   of   the   trade   like onyx,   porcelain,   fine   muslins.   mellow   coloured   muslins   and cotton, spikenard and costusbodellium. In the Udaipur, prashasti mentions Vakati I of Paramara dynasty as the king of Avanti and they are said to form their capital at Mahakala vana at present Ujjain. The Mahipal and his kalachuri confederate Bhamana deva are said to have conquered the territory up to banks of Narmada including Ujjain and Dhar. The downfall of this wealthy city begun in 1234 with the invasion of IItutamish of Slave dynasty of Delhi who   along   with   the,   also   dismantled   Mahakafa   temple   and   in search of treasure he dismantled Shivalinga from the  jaladhari or pithika and thrown into kotitirtha and picked up golden idols including idol of Vikramaditya and brought to Delhi.  During  the   time   of  Mughal   king  Akbar,  a   city   wall   was constructed around the city for the defense of Ujjainisand Nandi 156 Darwaja, Kaliadeh Darwaja, Sati Darwaja, Dewas darwaja and Indore darwaja were the various entrances to the city.  In  1658  a battle took place near Ujjain in which Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur who was fighting on behalf of Prince Dara.  Thereafter Sawai Jai Singh was made governor of Malva by Muhammad Shah who built an observatory and several other temples over there. In the  17th  century, this region of Malwa came under the sway of Maratha who constructed numbers of temples in Ujjain and modern Ujjain came into existence. During this period the artists especially painters of Poona and Kangra styles flourished their art in the structures of Ujjain and distinctive wooden carving on the balconies and galleries were decorated in Ujjain. Thereafter this legendary city of Ujjain came under the control of Scindias from  1750­ 1810.  Ramoji Scindia was powerful Sardar of Maratha who made Ujjain the capital of Malwa. He remained   always   busy   in   the   wars   hence   his   diwan Ramachandra baba look after the affairs of Ramoji Scindia. On the   information   supplied   by   the   local   brahmins   regarding dumping   of   Shivalinga   into   the   kotitirtha   by   Iltutamisha, Ramachandra baba exposed that Shivalinga and installed inside the main place and constructed temple over the original place. Thus present temple is of Maratha period. In   1810   Doulat Rao Scindia shifted his capital at Gwalior and subsequently, Ujjain lost its commercial importance.  1.3 PREVALENCE OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN  UJJAIN   As stated above that Ujjain is a very ancient city of great religious and   heritage   significance   even   today   there   are   numbers   of temples with living tradition existing over here preserving both tangible and intangible heritage   of the country. Apart from the Mahakal temple, other known temples in Ujjain are 84 temples dedicated to Lord Shiva in different names as below; 1: Augusteshwara Mahadev,  2: Gurihshwar Mahadev,  3: Dudeshwar Mahadev,  4: Damrukeshwar Mahadev,  5: Anadikalpeshwor Mahodev,  6: Swaranjaleshwar Mahadev,  7: Tivisthpeshwar Mahadev,  157 8: Kapaleshwar Mahdev,  9: Swargdwareshwar Mahadev,  10: Karkotakeshwar Mahadev,  11: Siddheshwar Mahadev,  12: Lokapaleshwar Mahadev,  13: Kameshwar Mahadev,  14: Kutumbeshwar Mahadev,  15: Indradumneshwar Mahadev,  16: Ishaneshwar Mahadev,  17: Apsareshwar Mahadev,  18: Kolkleshwor Mahadev,  19: Nagchandreshwar Mahadev,  20: Pratihareshwar Mahadev,  21: Kukuteshwar Mahadev,  22: Karkateshwar Mahadev,  23: Meghnadeshwar Mahadev,  24: Mahalayeshwar Mahadev,  25: Mukteshwar Mahadev,  26: Someshwar Mahadev,  27:Anarkeshwar Mahadev,  28: Jateshwar Mahadev,  29: Rameshwar Mahadev,  30: Chavaneshwar Mahadev,  31: Khandeshwar Mahadev,  32: Pattaneshwar Mahadev,  33: Anandeshwar Mahadev,  34: Kanthadeshwar Mahadev,  35: Indraeshwar Mahadev,  36: Markandeshwara Mahadev,  37: Shiveshwara Mahadev,  38: Kusumeshwara Mahadev,  39: Akrureshwara Mahadev,  40: Kundeshwara Mahadev,  41: Lumpeshwara Mahadev,  42: Gangaeshwara Mahadev,  43: Angarkeshwar Mahadev.  44: Utaareshwar Mahadev,  45: Trilochaneshwara Mahadev, 46: Veereshwara Mahadev,  47: Nripeshwara Mahadev,  48: Abhayeshwara Mahadev,  49: Prithukeshwara Mahadev,  50: Sthavareshwara Mahadev,  51: Shooleshwara Mahadev,  52: Onkareshwara Mahadev,  53: Shree Vishveshwara Mahadev,  158 54: Kanheshwara Mahadev,  55: Singheshwara Mahadev,  56: Revanteshwora Mahadev,  57: Ghanteshwara Mahadev,  58: Prayageshwara Mahadev, 59: Siddheshwara Mahadev,  60: Matangeshwara Mahadev,  61: Soubhageshwara Mahadev,  62: Rupeshara Mahadev,  63: Sahastradhanukeshwara Mahadev,  64: Pashupateshwara Mahadev,  65: Brahameshwara Mahadev, 66: Jalpeshwara Mahadev,  67: Kedareshwara Mahadev,  68: Pishachamukteshwara Mahadev,  69: Sangameswar Mohadev,  70: Dudhareshwar Mahadev,  71: Yogeshwar Mahadev.  72: Chandradityayeshwara Mahadev,  73: Karbheshwar Mahadev,  74:  Rajsthaleshwar Mahadev,  75: Badleshwar Mahadev, 76: Aruneshwar Mahadev,  77: Pushpadanteshwara Mahadev,  78: Abhimukteshwara Mahadev,  79: Hanumanteshwara Mahadev,  80: Swapneshwara Mahadev,  81:  Pingleshwara Mahadev, 82: Kayavarohaneshwar Mahadev,  83: Bitkeshwar Mahadev, Durdureshwar Mahadev.   These Mahadeva's temples are in the Ujjain city itself while out   of   eighty­four   the   temples   of   four   are   within   the   same premise   of   the   Mahakaleshwara   temple.   These   are Anadikalpeshwara   Mahadev,   Thrivisthapreshwara   Mahadev, Chandradityeshwara Mahadev, and Swapneshwara Mahadev.  Besides Shiva temples in the city, there are nine temples dedicated   to   lord   Vishnu   known   by   "Nau   Narayana"   (nine Narayana)   are;   1:   Ananta   Narayana,   2:   Satya   Narayana,   3: Purushottama Narayana, 4: Adi Narayana 5: Shesha Narayana, 6: Padma Narayana, 7: Laxmi Narayana, 8: Badri Narayana, 9: Chaturbhuja Narayana.  Other religious and heritage places are Avanti devi temple, Bade Ganesh temple, Harsiddhi Shakti Peeth, Ramghat, Datta 159 Akhada,   Chaubis   Khamba,   Gopal   Temple,   Yogeshwar   tekri (Tope), Nagar kot Maharani temple, Chaunsath Yogini, Sandipani Ashram,   Mangalnath,   Angareshwor,   Ramajanardan   temple, Chitragupta temple, Gada Kalika temple, Vindhyavasini temple, Tomb   of   Matsyanath,   Bhrutahari   cave,   Kalbhairava   temple, Siddhvatta,   Kaliadehmahal,   Ashtachiranjivi,   Rinmukteshwar, Aagyabetal,   Veer   Durgadas   ki   chhatri,   Vedshala,   Chintamani Ganesha,   Novagriha   temple,   Iskon   temple,   Ramanujakot,   and Archaeological Museum.  1.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: The site of ancient Ujjain is not however identical with the modern city of Ujjain. As the time passed, the so­called Mahakal vana converted into a populous city while the ancient city is now a desolate waste and known as Garh which is situated at the north of the modern city of Ujjain and converted into a tabled land of about 9 ­ 15 m above the adjoining plain. The excavation carried out in the pre­independent era and after was done in a different location nearby the city. In the first excavation   of   the   site   in   Ujjain   in   1938­39   Garde,   its archaeological potentiality was proved by the findings of a large miscellany of coins, terracotta, beads, and pottery etc. after that further excavation was carried out in vaishya tekri, kumhar tekri and   pallevali   or   kankar   tekri   where   excavation   yielded   brick stupas.   In   the   Kumahar   tekri,   other   antiquities   were   also st recovered dated of 1   century BC. Thereafter further excavation was carried out in 1955­58 and 1964­65.   In 1955 ­  58,  Site of excavation was chosen at Garh Kalika mound where significant result was found in; period I; 750 to 500 BC; black and red ware, bright­ redware, double slipware and few sherds of PGW and remains of rampart and remains of mud brick fortification   of   about   74.67   to   197   m   wide   enclosed   by   moat, evidence of road of 7.32 m wide, other objects of iron which may go back about 1000 BC. In period 11, NBPW with the association of thick grey ware and unslipped redware remains of structure made of mud, mud brick and stone rubble, ring wells, punch mark nd coins and ivory seal bearing inscription dated 2  century BC was obtained. In period III, evidence included antiquities and remains dated in three phases i.e.  from  Sunga, Satvahana, Kushana, and Gupta period (200 BC­SOO AD). From late Gupta to early Parmara period (500AD­ 900 AD) and from Parmara to Muslim (900 ­ 1300 AD).   In   the   period   IV,   apart   from   other   antiquities   coins   of 160 Aurangazeb,   Shah   Alam,   Daulat   Rao   Scindia   and   Jankoji   Rao Scindia were recovered.   In  1964­ 65  excavations a small structure of limestone basin was found associated with NBP.   There are total 142 small 1.5 MAHAKAL TEMPLE AND PREMISE:   and  large   temples  including  Mahakal  temple   inside  the   temple premise, of them, some are raised independently on the floor of the premise and some attached in the niches and cells of the main and other temples but all are counted  and venerated separately. At the south­west of the Mahakal temple has Anadikalpeshwar Mahadev temple on a slightly raised platform now converted into a new construction in red stone flooring all around the temple and   steps   at  the   north   side   for  reaching  to   the   temple.  This temple   also   faces   east   and   consists   of   a   Nandi   mandapa, saonotnorciooa,  mandapa,  and  garbhagriha. Garbhgriha  enshrines a Shivalinga   within   jaladhari.   The   garbhagrih a,   mandapa,   and pillars of  sabhamandapa and  Nandi   mandal  appear old while the roof of the latter two are new constructions and painted in pink colour. On   the   right   of   the   Anadikalpeshwar   temple   has Briddhakaleshwar  temple  on the same level of floor as the former laid in red stone flooring like Anadikalpeshwar, this temple is also   repaired   with   unmatched   paintings   on   the   roof   of   main shikhara   and   mandapa,   while   on   the   walls   of   mandapa,   new stones are added in between the pillars to cover the  mandapa.  Just backside of the Briddhakaleshwar temple is a small shrine  constructed  only to  enshrine   an  old   sculpture   of  Lord Vishnu which is now in a poor state of preservation as a thick patina of oil and other offering material has been developed over this image. On   the   east   side   of   the   Anadikalpeshwar   and Briddhakaleshwar   temples   are   other   shrines   of   various dimensions dedicated to different deities. All these are painted in pink and red colors. They all are raised on the different level of the floor covered in red stone flooring. All the shrines are more or less modified with marble, red stone, and modern tile flooring and paintings of  many different colors especially at  the  inner sides   of   the   shrines.   In   some   of   the   temples   like   Balavijaya Maruti temple whole interior and exterior has been changed with 161 modern tiles used on the floor and walls. On   the   west   side   of   the   Mahakal   temple   is   kotitirtha (ancient   pond)   surrounded   by   the   modern   structures   and dharamshalas at north, west and south sides. In between the kotitirtha and structures, there is a sufficient space developed with stone steps all around for leading to the kotitirtha. Besides that, numbers  of miniature shrines raised in four pillars and topped   by   round   dome   like   shikhara   enshrining   each   with Shivalinga,   are   built   around   the   pond   indicating   of   kotitirtha (innumerable pilgrimage).  Beside that numbers of small shrines are raised at the front side   (east­north)   of   the   main   temple   in   varying   sizes   and dimensions.  The   garbhagriha   (sanctum) of Mahakal appears basically a cave enshrined with  Shivalinga It is quite deep below the ground level.  There  is no  physical   evidence available  there   about   the construction   of   original   temple,   but   as   of   now,   the   temple existing over the main sanctum is of very late period probably of th Maratha period (18   century AD) wherein some of the traits of bhumija  style of  Parmara  period appears adopted in the walls and shikhara  of the shrine. Therefore, it can be inferenced that prior to this temple of Maratha period, here was the temple in  the Bhumija style of which traits were adopted in the present temple.   Over the sanctum, Mahakal temple faces east, supported by total 48 pillars arranged in 7 rows but when sanctum, where the main Jyotirlingam enshrines, is   entered, it can be reached from two the narrow passages from east and west sides through two doorframes on the south and the north sides. The general public is allowed to enter through north side doorframe while south   doorframe   has   been   used   by   the   staff   and   VIPs   for entering   into   the   garbhagriha   (sanctum).   The   south   side doorframe is composed  of three  shakhas  and is approached by a flight   of   steps   down   to   the   ground   floor   whence   another doorframe of plain design opens at south into the  garbh grih a.  On the north side, doorframe, plain in design, has cladded in silver metal   and   ornamented in religious figurines, symbols and canopied  by  snake at the fintel.  In the premise, Mahakal temple occupies a central place. Besides that, there are about 142 other temples in small and 162 large   size   constructed   within   the   premise.   Of   them Briddhakaleshwar   and   Anadikalpeshwar   temples   are considerably larger and almost corresponding in core style and both locates at south of the Mahakal temple, other dedicated to Sakhshigopal,   Veerbhadra   Mahadev,   Ichcha   Ganesh, Mangalnath   Avantikadevi,   Koteshwar   Mahadev,   Rakeshwar Mahadev,   Suryamukhi   Hanuman,   Balahanuman,   Bhadrakali, Siddha   tantra,   Ram   mandi,   Narsimha,   Nilakantheshwar, Kashivishvanath,   Annapurna   Devi,   Gayatridevi,   vitthalnath   ere are small. Mahakal temple is constructed in three floors above the ground   floor.   Each   floor   at   the   front   is   provided   by   a   portico supported with pillars. The underground floor is dedicated to the Mahakal wherein garbhagriha  enshrines a shivalinga, ground floor to Omkareshwar wherein another small shivaling enshrines, the first floor has a cell, and second consists of a sanctum with Shivallinga, also a sculpture of Nagchandreshwar is placed inside a niche on the nd north wall of the 2  floor and covered by a glass window.  On the south side at the ground floor, a doorframe opens st nd into narrow steps leading to the 1   and 2   floors which appear not   for   general   public   but   only   for   pujaris   for   worshipping Nagchandreshwar. It appears that prior to Maratha period whole temple might have constructed in parmara style and when fallen it was probably attempted to restore in the same style but could not be adopted in ditto, therefore, a new Pushpa had evolved with a blend of Parmara ­ Maratha style. Architecturally, the temple can   be   classified   into   three   broad   part   from   below   to   top consisting of vedibandha, jangha,  and  shikhara.  From the ground, each projection raises equally up to the   jangha   and then to the top where it terminates into a large finial. On the ground floor, there is each portico provided on the north, west and south sides to enter the sanctum of this floor by doorframe of plain design. There is no extraordinary decoration on the outer walls except moldings at lower walls and miniature shrines at the  shikhara.  At the ground level whole temple has been supported with 48 pillars on front side and pilasters on the corners of the walls.  1.6:   ­   CONDITION   OF   GARBHAGRIHA   AND   JYOTIRLINGA/ SHIVLINGA/ LINGAM  In the ground floor, the  garbhogriho  of Mahakal is almost a square cell measuring 4.16 x 4.16 m enshrining with a Shivalinga within jaladhari with  silver encasing measuring a length of 2.08 m 163 and dia in 1.27 m. Generally, the mouth of jaladhari opens into the north side but here it opens at the east direction.  The inner walls and ceiling of the sanctum are cladded with the silver sheets and decorated with different religious symbols and images and  niches on  the  east,  west and  north  walls are provided   and   enshrined   with   a   metal   sculpture   of   Kartikeya, Ganesha, and Goddess Parvati  respectively and they are in folkish style. In 1996 these sculptures made of silver were placed inside the niches which earlier were in marble stones.  A silver sheet embossed with tracery has been provided on walls of the garbhgriha in 2016. The walls are tracered in two parts; the lower half with the motifs of ( +)  design while upper with the motifs of   Pushpa, Kalasha,   trishula, swasthik, ardhachandra, shankha,   dhanusha­Bana,   gada,   kamandal,   Nandi,   chimta, swastika  dwaja,  Simha  and such many other religious symbols.  The ceiling has been interestingly incised with Rudrayantra of 271 distichs. We were informed by the local Pujaris that this silver ceiling has been provided in 1996 when earlier ceiling which was of silver plaque inlayed with stones, were fallen. The yantra was recreated in the same style as it was in  original and installed in the silver sheet and fixed slightly upward than the earlier one.  There   are   two   silver   lamp­stands   (deepdaan)   inside   the garbhagriha  on either side of the Shivalinga which originally are of stone  but  encased in brass. In 1994 brass encasing of both were replaced with silver cladding.  1.7 A: ­SHIVALINGA, MODIFICATION, AND EFFECT Shivalinga/ Jyotirlinga of Mahakal is considered as   sthavara   or Achala   and   Swayambhulinga   or   Uttamottamalinga   (most   superior linga). In the kamikagama,   Swayambhulinga   is described as one which rose up and came into existence by itself and had existed from   time   immemorial.   As   such   even   if   such   type   of   linga   is slightly damaged they need no  jirnodhwaro  (resetting up).  In the  garbhagriha  sandstone shivaling is directly rose at the center and within the  jaladhari (Saluka  )  facing east. It is  67.5 c ms in height and   42.97   cms India within the jaladhari of   127   cms India and  208  cms in length. In  28.12.1924  portion of  Jalandhari  of silver   which   cost   12   and   was   stolen   from   the   main   temple, another  jaladhari  of silver were installed in  20.9.1925  along with a 164 brass parapet  (Katra)   around the shivalinga. In  1994   again brass parapet donated by the devotee was replaced with silver. There is no  brahamasutra   line found on the east surface of the shivalinga rather in place of it, two semi­round lines at the bottom are, in such a way that one line comes within the other. This sort of line appears natural not by the man­made. On the same side, the depressions have occurred on the bottom and lower side. On the west surface of shivalinga, depressions are noticed at the bottom and lower side while on the upper side they are least. On the north side, there is no depression noticed. On the south side. whence devotees can have a view the Shivalinga from the hall, there is no such depression noticed except a round delve on the bottom occurred due to chipped off.   There is a tradition of six­time worships performed in a day inside the  garbhogriha  and it is called as Bhasma Arti, Datyodak, Bhoga Arti, sandhya pooja, sandhya arti and shayana arti. These worships the starting from early morning to night between 4­6 am, 7 ­ 7:45 am, 10 ­ 10:45  am,  5 ­ 5:45 pm, 7 ­ 7:45 pm and 10­ 10:45 pm respectively. The main ingredients offered in the pooja   are   water,   milk,   curd,   honey,   ghee   and   sugar,   liquid perfume, a pest of sandalwood, pest of cannabis and flowers. In the first morning pooja apart from these, the ash of dry cow­dung has sprinkled over the shivalinga at the last.  There   are   37   families   of   Brahmins   of   Ujjain   who   are responsible for conducting pooja in the temple in a traditionally scheduled time and for each pooja, at least 3 to 5 Poojaris are deployed at a time and in special occasion more are deployed.  B: ­ MORNING WORSHIP AND MATERIAL USED IN THE WORSHIP  A group of Brahmins attends the Mahakal pooja at morning hour wherein at least five Brahmins take part. Morning worship of Lord Mahakal is very interesting. It starts at around 4 am daily and for that devotees remains in the queue since early midnight so that they could have a view of the god and pour a lota of water over the Shivalinga.  At the beginning every devotee pours water over Shivalinga one by one and then worship starts with chanting of mantras and offering of   doodh   (milk), shakkor   (sugar),   dahi   (curd), shahad (honey),   panchamrita   (mixture of five],   gangajal   and at last   itra (liquid perfume) over the linga (liquid perfume) over the linga. 165 After offering of all these stuff, shivalinga is cleaned by the water then process of decoration begins followed by putting handful pile   of   cooked   rice   on   the   top   of   the   shivalinga   then   three garlands one by one around the pile, preparing of forehead by using pest of sandalwood, then pundarika, eyes, nose, lips etc. The   eyes   are   decorated   by   putting   silver   pieces   and   lips  by Vermilion, thus a face of Shiva is prepared towards the south side of  linga  whence it can be viewed by devotees seating at the south side hall. At least five Brahmins attend the pooja of them one does this ornamentation, other   perform other activities like giving articles (samagri) to him, cleaning and bringing other parts of   the   sanctum   and   providing   other   articles   of   worship   (pooja samagris)   into   the   garbhagriha.   After   completing   decoration,   a garment is worn over the Shivalinga in such a way that top and sides  the  while  face  remains  open.  Then  kundala,  kapalamala made of silver are worn followed by a chhatra, over the Shivalinga, made of same metal. After that worship begins by offering dhoop with a dhoopadan made of silver. After that Shivalinga is covered by a garment and one of the Pujari made an announcement that lady devotee may avoid to see   the   Shivalinga now, because they were   going   to   pour   dry   ash   of   cow   dung   (bhasma)   over   the Shivalinga. , is a kind of indication of digamber (nude) form of Shiva that's why lady devotees are called to veil. By doing so poojari takes a bale of ash in his right hand and sprinkles over the Shivalinga till  it  is finished and for that, it takes around five to seven minutes while the whole process of pooja takes more than one and half hour to finish. At last, Shivalinga is cleared from the articles offered over the linga and ornamentation and one by one Arti added earlier for decoration is removed and it is cleaned again by the plain water. Thereafter group of ladies of the city enter the garbhagriha to offer milk over the lingo followed by other devotes, thus the order of coming devotees and pouring milk over the redware begins whole day except the pooja hours as referred above. In the pooja of 5 pm, the decoration of the lingo is again done almost in the same pattern as stated above while in the rest four pooja at 7 am, 10 am, 7 pm and 10 pm decoration is not done. As per the information provided by the temple poojari the offering material used in the morning pooja includes; milk (5 litre) curd   (1   kg),   ghee   (1   kg),   honey   (1   kg),   sugar   (250   grams), sandalwood   paste   (100   grams),   cannabis   (100   grams),   liquid perfume,   abeer   (100   gram),   gulaal   (100   grams),   kanku   (100 grams), rice (250 grams), garland (5 nos), flowers (1 kg), vilvapatra (1008 nos), gangajal, gulabjal, juice of fruits (5 kg), coconut water 166 (1 litre) and juice of sugarcane (litre). For the decoration of lingo cannabis (1 kg), cashew nut   (250 gram), almond (250 grams), pistachios (250 grams) and chooroli (250 grams).  1.8 MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION OF TEMPLE PREMISE AND ACTIVITIES  As stated above, in the temple premise has numbers of small   and   large   temples   corresponding   to   more   or   less   in architecture to each other. But except main temple and walls of Briddhakaleshwar   and   Anadikalpeshwar   temples,   rest   of   the shrines are reflected as modern temples due to modification, crappy restoration and paintings are done in white, cream and red colours.   At the interior of the main temple, silver cladding in the garbhagriha,  tiles in  the walls of the passage leading to  garbhagriha, tiles in the walls of cells and  niches, tiles on the first and second floors have been provided. In the Anadikalpeshwar temple, the roof   of   the   sabhamandapa   and   mandapa   are   altered.   In   the Anadikalpeshwar temple, the roof and walls of the mandapa have been replaced with new one. In the Balavijay Hanuman temple whole the interior and exterior walls and roof of the temple has been replaced with modern vitrified tiles and painting and pillars, arches of outer courtyard and ceilings with oil paintings.   The floor of the premise is constructed in red flog stones and level of the floor of each temple arranged with steps. Besides that, some new constructions have been also constructed between the old temples and some are still going on in the premise. Apart from the daily worship in the temple, there are other activities being carried out and looked after by the Mahakaleshwar Temple Management Committee. These activities are:  A: D aily cleaning of the temple premise,  gaushala, Vedic samsthan, Vikram Kirti Mandir, rasoi  of the temple and surrounding area of the temple premise. Cleaning is done by outsourcing. B:  Rasoi  is maintained by the committee wherein about 55­60 staff is engaged in cooking and serving  bhog  to the visitors free of cost. The  Bhog  is available from morning 11:00 am to night 11: 00 pm. C:   An   another   Laddu   Prasad   unit   is   also   being   run   by   the committee,   which   cooked   laddu   as   a   prasad   and   sale   to   the devotees every day,  167 D:   Temple   committee   runs   two   ambulances   for   giving   medical assistance to the peoples of nearby villages. One doctor and one nurse have been also engaged to render free medical checkup and medicines to the public.  E:  One   Shavavahan   is  kept  for  free   carrying  of   dead   bodies   to deliver at the cremation place for the funeral. It is a free service. F: One bus is also run by the committee for carrying visitors to  show important religious places of Ujjain. G: In the pravachan hall several programmes are organized in the   month   of   the   Sravan   month   (Monday),   Uma   sanjhimahotsava   in Ashvin   month   which   includes   preaching   by   renowned   kathakar, shastriyo   sangeet,   and   other   cultural   programmes   like bharatnatyamma  etc. programme.  H:   Temple Vedic Sansthan is established to educate students of class VI to XlI on Vedic literature and Sanskrit. Presently about 6 teachers are educating 70 students in the Sansthan.   I:   Temple committee is maintaining   gaushala   at Chintamani area wherein about 100 cows are reared. The milk of the cow has been used in the worship and other ceremonies of the temple. CHAPTER ­11  NATURAL   (PHYSICO~CHEMICAL)   WEATHERING   OF   STONE WITH REFERENCE TO MAHAKAL JYOTIRLINGA  In this chapter, natural causes (Physico­Chemical) of weathering of   stone   in   the   context   of   Jyotirlinga   have   been   discussed   in general keeping in view the offerings (ingredients) used during the prayers/rituals of the lingam.  Rituals including Bhasm (Ash) Aarti and Abhishekas on the lingam   starts   right   from   the   dawn   of   the   day   and   continue throughout   with  short   intermittent   breaks.   A   large   number   of devotees visit the temple daily and offer many ingredients and puja samagree as a part of the ritual with great religious belief and Astha. The number of devotees increases appreciably on any auspicious day or during festivals. These offerings due to their physical or chemical characteristics may interact differently with the   minerals   of   natural   stone   (Ungam).   This   continuous interaction, in the long run, may be responsible for appreciable 168 damage to the substrate (Lingam). 2.1 General Chemical Characteristics of Some of the Ingredients:  It   is   important   and   imperative   to   consider   the   Normal Chemical Characteristics of the ingredients which are generally offered by the devotees in order to have a better understanding of the   physicochemical   or   Geo­Chemical   Interactions   of   these products with the stone of which this jyotirlinga is carved out. These are briefly discussed below: Milk:   The   milk   is   a   biological   fluid   having   following   gross composition:
Srl.<br>NoName<br>of<br>CattleWaterFatProteinLactoseAsh
1Buffalo84.206.63.95.00.7
2Cow86.304.93.44.00.7
Physico Chemical analysis of Dahi in percentage 
fatProteinAshTotalLactosepHTotal plateTotal coli
dissolvecountform count
solid(cfu/ml)<br>(107)
3.603.27 ±0.68±15.63±4.73±0.5.057.68 ±0.012.32±0.11
±0.430.020.101±
0.500.21
Homemade Desi Ghee:  The chemical composition of Homemade Pure Ghee:
ColourflavorTextureM.P.RefractiveMoisture%
IndexAcidity
WhitePleasantGranular29°C1.45300.43.0
Small chain saturated fatty acid (SFA): 12.5% Mono­saturated fatty acid (MUFA): 19.91% Long Chain fatty acids (SFA): 73.77% Medium­chain Fatty acid (SFA): 20.17% 169 ­  Honey:  Average Composition of floral and honeydew Honey is as below
SN.Characteristics orFloral Honey (%)Honey Dew Honey (%)
Constitution
1Granular TendencyFew clumps of crystals<br>1/8 to ¼ each layerFew clamps of crystals<br>1/16 to 1/8 inch layer
2ColourDark half of WhiteLight of amber
3Moisture17.216.3
4Laevulose38.1931.80
5Dextrose31.2826.08
6Sucrose1.310.80
7Maltose7.318.80
8High Sugar1.504.70
9pH3.914.45
10Free acidity22.0349.07
1 1Lactones7.115.08
12Total acidity29.1254.88
13Ash0.160.73
SNCompositionAverage in percentage
1Sucrose8.1­8.7%
2Reducing Sugar3­6%
3Oligosaccharides0.06­ 0.6%
4Polysaccharides0.2­0.8%
(includingGumsand
Dextrans)
Sugar Products:  Average Chemical Composition of Sugar Products is: Sandal (Chandan):  Major compositions of sandalwood powder or Oil are: Alpha Santatot ­  170 41.0 ­ 55% and Beta Santalol­ 41.0­ 55  %.  Bhang (Cannabis):  The buds and leaves of Cannabis are ground into a paste to prepare Bhang.   The Biodeterioration component is  Cannabidiol and delta­9­ tetrahydrocannabinol.  These compounds believed to have Antifungal, Antibacterial and  Antibiotic property.   Abir or Abeer and Gulal:  If  these products are not derived from natural flowers/herbs, may contain   synthetic   dyes   which   are   manufactured   through   the chemical process most likely with non­standard parameters and hence the resulting colours may have toxic effects of abrasion on sensitive objects.  Kanku (Kumkum):  It is either made from turmeric or any other local material. The dried turmeric powder is mixed with slaked lime which turns the rich   yellow   colour   of   the   turmeric   into   a   red   colour.   Modern Kumkum   (Sindoor)   mainly   uses   Vermilion.   Orange­red   pigment vermilion is purified and powdered form of cinnabar or mercury sulfide.  Fruits Juices:  On many occasions, devotees offer fruit juices of a different variety. These fruit juices may have a different chemical composition and pH value depending upon the nature of the fruit. The pH value of some of the fruit juices is given below. This pH value represents the acid or basic character of any solution.
S No.Seasonal Fruits (Juice)pH
1Cheekoo5.36
2Plums3.60­4.30
3Apple3.30­ 4.00
4Mango3.40­4.80
5Watermelon5.18­5.60
6Pineapple3.20­4.00
7Pomegranate2.93­3.20
8Papaya5.20­6.00
9Guava3.6­4.10
10Orange3.30­4.19
11Grapes3.00­3.75
12Sugarcane5.2­6.8 (Crude Juice 3A)
13Coconut water11.57­1 5.2
Bhasm /  Ashes  of  Cow Dung  Cakes:  We have been informed that ashes of Cow Dung Cakes are being used during the Bhasm Aarti. Good quantity of ash is generally used every day through sprinkling using a muslin cloth. Sample has been collected and   our   preliminary   analysis   (XRF)   (courtesy:   Wadio   Institute   of Himalaya Geology,   Dehradun) revealed that the ash collected is quite rich in Silica Content (around 63%), Oxide of Calcium (10.75%), oxide of Magnesium, Aluminium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Iron and traces of oxides of Titanium and Manganese. The solubility of the Bhasma in water is almost negligible, however, in acid,  it  is sparingly soluble.  Microscopic observation of the bhasmas carried out in the laboratories   of   the   Director   (Science)   Dehradun   revealed   the amorphous­crystalline   character   of   the   Bhasm.   This characteristic of the Bhasm expected to have abrasive action on the soft objects.  Burning of Oil Lamps, Dhoop or Essence Sticks: Oil lamps, Dhoop or essence sticks use carbon/charcoal powder   mixed   with   some   oil   and   aromatic   compounds.   When allowed to burn, thick smoke or fumes are emitted into the air which generally creates the biofilm of black soot on the interior wall surface of the temple. This may be aesthetically unpleasing but more importantly, may induce a slow process of decay in the material on which it deposits. Note:   Above   analytical data represent the chemical composition and general characteristics  of  the materials  as  per references available and does   not   speak   about   the actual materials except Bhasm being   used 172 during  the rituals  or  about any sample  of  those materials. 2.2. NATURAL WEATHERING OF THE SANDSTONE Sandstones are Clastic Sedimentary Rock and are susceptible to decay if exposed to the natural environment or manmade adverse deteriorating conditions.  (Details  of  the formation /genesis of such rocks and their geological/mineralogical properties are discussed in Part  of  the  report). While   examining   the   Mahakal   Jyotirlinga,   its   decay/ damage/deterioration due to the use of different ingredients used during   the   daily   ritual,   it   is   necessary   to   refer   to   the   Natural weathering   process   of   Sandstone   of   which   this   Jyotirlinga   is carved out. It is very important, but also very difficult to assess where the natural process of weathering of stone finishes and the damage induced in the stone due to human activity starts to exacerbate stone decay. To recognize the mechanisms of stone decay it is necessary to examine the natural processes of weathering. A: Water ­ A Major Cause of Decay of Stone: Stone decay depends on many factors. The wet climate is one of the slipware factors of decay and ingress of water or moisture in the core of the stone causes dissolution of active mineral cement (Fe and Mg Carbonates]. The decay of feldspars and the swelling of kaolinite   further   weaken   the   subsurface,   the   weak   zone encouraging the detachment of the surface patina, and granular disintegration subsequently. As a result, the most common decay types   encountered   include   granular   disintegration,   pitting, blistering, flaking, dissolution, the formation of fissures, and crust formation. The precise character and the effects of, depending on the mineralogy of the rock and durability of sandstone, therefore, depends   on   its   framework   mineral   composition   and   secondary cement. The environment of High humidity is equally injurious to stone as it keeps the stone wet for a long time and triggers the process of solubilization of minerals. Water may contain some soluble salts and ingress of water in the matrix of the stone may carry these salts   within   the   stone.   Wet   and   dry   cycle   thereafter   cause efflorescence of salt on the surface and may result in peeling off of the top layer of the stone. 173 B: Biological Decay or Bio­deterioration of sand Stone: The   qualitative   and   quantitative   development   of   Biological Elements on stone and resulting process of Biological Decay is strictly linked to environmental conditions as a whole. The biological decay of stone may be induced as a result of Bio­ Geo­Chemical   interactions   of   the   microbiological   metabolites secreted   by   different   categories   of   macro   and   microbiological species with the stone matrix. These biological species may be Phototrophic or Non­phototrophic. In the present context, non­phototrophic biological species have a significant role to play as far as the decay of the Jyotirlinga is concerned. The growth of the micro­organisms of this category and   the   action   of   their   biological   metabolites   on   the   stone depends on the following factors:  Light  Nutritive Factors  Environment to which Stone is exposed However, macro and microbiological species may cause both mechanical and chemical damage to the substrate but in the present context, the chemically induced damage is important to be considered. Some of the metabolites may be chelating and some may have a different affinity of reaction to certain metals elements. As   during   the   rituals   and   Abhishekas   milk/   curd/   or   any other   milk/   fruit   product   are   used,   the   bacterial   action   is generally expected on the stone  if  the fermented products rich in certain   species   of   bacteria   are   not   washed   away   at   regular interval of time. Different   species   of   Lactobacillus   bacteria   are   generally present   in   milk   products   and   under   optimum   conditions   i.e. suitable temperature and humidity, they start to multiply with appreciable rate utilizing the lactose a  good nutrient for bacteria present in the milk products. During the process of multiplication of the bacteria and consequent fermentation process, lactic acid is expected to be released in different quantity in the solution. If this fermented product is not discarded or utilized, it may result in the formation of a by­product of more acidic nature which may be more injurious to the substrate. General Chemical reaction involved in  the  process is given below. 174 C 12 H 22 O 11  + H 2 0    C 6 H 12 0 6  +    C 6 H 12 0 6 Lactose Galactose Glucose C 6 H 12 0 6 OH COOH Galactose Lactic Acid Other   species   of   bacteria   (Sulphur   and   Nitrogen)   are   also expected   to   grow   in   the   stagnant   medium   rich   in   cellulosic material and carbohydrate. The   large   amount   of   flowers,   Bilva   Patra   and   other   materials offered by the devotees to the Jyotirlinga when not removed with a periodical interval, attract bacterial action on these materials. This bacterial action may also be injurious to the stone including sandstone   because   mild   acid   products   released   through   the metabolic activities of micro­organisms may react with the metal ions of the sandstone very easily causing disintegration of the substrate through leaching of the cementing material. 2.3.   EXAMINATION   OF   THE   MAHAKAL   JYOTIRLINGA   AND GARBHGRIHA: th The   Jyotirlinga   was   carefully   examined   by   the   team   on   7 September   2017   after   the   Bhasm   Aarti   in   order   to   make   an assessment with regard to its decay due to the use of different materials during rituals. We have also been present during the early morning Bhasm Aarti to record the process of this great ritual and to have information about the ingredients generally used during the puja. A: General Observations of the Jyotirlinga: There is only one entrance door on the Southern side for the devotees to enter in the Garbhgriha and there is no room for Parikrama around the Jyotirlinga. All the devotees offer materials for rituals and do Abhishekas on  the   Jyotirlinga from the Western and Northern side of the Garbhgriha. Jyotirlinga is fixed on a circular pedestal of silver metal. It was not possible to visualize the bottom portion of the Lingam and its depth under the floor surface. The  dimension  of the lingam above  the  pedestal has already been discussed earlier. As far as general conservation 175 status of the Jyotirlinga is concerned, chipping of the polished layer may be seen mostly on the eastern and western side having caused depressions or pits. These characteristics may be seen elsewhere also on the lingam. The top of the Jyotirlinga appears to have good polish but on the southern side the polish has been considerably damaged and fine minerals of sandstone are exposed. The polish on the top of the lingam is difficult to differentiate if it is the original polish   or   has   been   developed   and   is   maintained   due   to   the rubbing of the offering materials on the Lingam particularly on the   top   portion   during   the   Bhasm   Aarti.   A   half­spherical chipped off the mark on the stone is visible on the Southern side and two  parallel  spherical marks originated from top of the lingam moving downwards on the Eastern side. The team has also witnessed that liters of water / Ganga jal are offered   by   the devotees daily. Good quantity of milk,  curd, a small quantity of honey, ghee and other materials are also Katra during the Bhasm  Aarti  including a lot of flowers and belpatra. However, during the Abhishekas of Jyotirlinga, water/Ganga jal is supposed to wash away the milk products and carbohydrates but at many places especially on the bottom of the lingam, we have observed thick accumulation of sticky, slimy fermented by­ products of milk including carbohydrates. This accumulation is expected to invite bacterial action if not, washed away regularly. The bacterial action on the stone is, however, a slow process but expected to cause damage to the substrate if not controlled in time.   The   bacterial   action   on   the   flowers   and   other   offering materials may also invite fungal growth which in combination with the bacterial action may be more harmful to the substrate. Bhang is also offered to the Jyotirlinga during the Bhasm Aarti but the bhang paste generally contains alkaloids and phenolic compounds   which   are   not   expected   to   cause   damage   to   the stone. The presence of alkaloids and phenolic compounds rather help to control biodegradation as these compounds also show antibacterial and antifungal properties. The offering of Bhasm and other powder offering materials are expected to have certain chemical compounds, the rubbing of which on the lingo may cause damage to the top layer of the stone. The offering of fruit juices is also  expected  to be injurious to the stone because of their low  PH  value and  acidic characters. The sealing of joints around the Jyotirlinga has been observed to be severely damaged which may be a cause for infiltration of offerings including water which may also lead to bacterial action 176 and moisture related damage to the stone. The Marble flooring has also developed pits most likely a sign of deterioration as a result of cumulative actions of all deteriorating factors. The walls of Garbhgriha are now covered with a silver metal sheet which   has   lost   original   polish.   As   far   as   general   ambiance   of Garbhagriha is concerned, the average temperature between 4 A.M o   to 6 A.M has been recorded as  23.5  and humidity as 78%. The high percentage of the humidity is also important as retention of moisture within the Garbhagriha creates favorable conditions for biological activities. This also keeps the Jyotirlinga  wet  throughout the  day which is  a negative feature as  far as the decay  of  the lingam is concerned. B: Drainage Facility for the Disposal of the liquids and Solids: The committee has observed that all the liquid and solid waste are generally collected through drainage in a small pit outside the Garbhagriha from where these are pumped out with the help of the electrical motor. It would be appropriate if this disposal system is improved so that humidity  level  in the  vicinity of the Garbhgriha  is maintained suitably and cleanliness may be ensured in the surrounding area. (C)   Electrical   fittings   in   the   Garbhgriha   also   demand   major renovation keeping in view the safety reasons and to make the environment of the Garbhgriha more healthy and pleasing. 2.4 OTHER OBSERVATIONS: Besides the Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha of the Mahakal Temple, following observations have also been made by the Committee and   the   Committee   feels   that   action   may   be   taken   for   better Conservation and Preservation of ancient structures and stone figures.   Periodical   Inspections,   Preventive   conservation,   and Preservation may be ensured for such ancient stone figures of religious importance. CHAPTER­ III 177 GEO­SCIENTIFIC   STUDY   OF   LINGAM   MAHAKALESHWER UJJAIN, MP 3.1 Introduction: In the proceeding of Court No 10 of Honorable Supreme court of India, SLP Civil No 15459  of  2017.Upon hearing the counsel and on the proposal submitted of Learned Additional Solicitor General Shri Tushar Mehta, the Court made the following committee from GSI and ASI comprise of Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi and Shri L.L. Vishwakarma from GSI and Shri Madan Mohan Chouhan and Dr. V.K.   Saxena   from   ASI   to   study   /   survey/   analysis   examine Mahakaleshwer Jyotilingam of Ujjain (MP) and to prepare a report containing   the   rate   of   which   the   deterioration   in   the   size   of Lingam   is   taking   place,   if   any,   and   the measures/steps/precautions   to   be   taken   to   ensure   that   this deterioration/shrinkage   of   Lingam   stops.   The   Committee   also study the other structures and the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and   for   its   preservation.   The   Committee   makes   a   study   and reports inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last three­four decades and what remedial steps have to Sardar. The committee Members of ASI and GSI jointly visited Ujjain on 7.9.2017   to   assess   the   deterioration   of   Jyotirlingam   of Mahakaleshwer and to discuss the scope of the area of work for the GSI and ASI team. The   GSI   will   carry   out   identification   of   rock   type   and   its composition of Jyotirlingam workout causes of deterioration in the size of Jyotirlingam if any and suggest remedial measure. ASI will  study   the  archaeological  and  conservational   aspect   of   the temple   premises,   apart   from   carrying   out   chemical   studies   of offering material to the Jyotirlingam Geological   Survey   of   India,   Bhopal   team   has   assessed   the limitation and accordingly methodology and instrumentation has been selected for the detailed study of the lingam rock. Since rock sample cannot be taken out from the Jyotirlingam for detail studies, therefore, visual observation, as well as  studies based on non­destructive   methods   like   remote   sensing   technique   with   an instrument named Spectroradiometer, was adopted to identify the  rock and ascertain its composition. The instrument as well as two expert   scientists   from   Nagpur   office   were   called.   The   Nagpur 178 team was reached Ujjain on 10/9/2017 and carried out his work on   11/9/2017.   The   team   has   collected   spectral   signature   of lingam   rock   and   matched   with   standard   spectral   signature available with spectral library of CHQ of GSI, Kolkata. Another   non­destructive   method   by   portable   XRF   studies   of lingam rock was felt necessary to cross checks the identification made by the remote sensing technique. Therefore, one portable XRF instrument along with one scientist was called from GSI, Jaipur. Portable XRF machine was used to collect information on 12/09/2017   at   19   points   in   Jyotirlingam   rock   to   study   the composition of Jyotirlingam rock in weathered part as well as on non­weathered part of Lingam. Based on these studies remedial measures   ware   worked   out   to   reduce   the   extent   of   chemical weathering. Apart from this water sample, ash samples, samples of offering items   like   bhang,   cow   dung   were   collected   and   analyzed   to ascertain the real cause of chemical weathering and to suggest suitable remedial measure to improve the overall environment of the temple premises ware suggested. 3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlinga: 3.2.1 Visual observation:  The Shiva Lingam measuring 67 cm in height   and   47.97   cm   in   diameter   situated   over   silver   coated Jaladhari of 208x127x30 cm in size. The lingam rock is pinkish buff coloured orthoquartzite similar to quartzite of Vindhayans. It is massive, hard and compact fine to medium grained, well sorted arenaceous quartzite compose of quartz occasionally with minor feldspar with the siliceous matrix. Majority of the grains are quartz  along with minor orthoclase giving light pinkish brown shade to the lingam rock. The cementing material is siliceous with minor ferruginous impurities. There are traces of two bedding plane on the left side of the lingam rock with a minor change in grain size and composition along these plane. These  bedding planes are visualized as an imprint in the forms   of   a   slightly   depressed   linear  groove­like   structure   due   to differential weathering, but on the fresh surface exposed in pits developed   in   lower   part   of   lingam   in   the   eastern   side,   these imprint of bedding are not visible by naked eyes. 3.2.2 Studies based instrument: 179 (a) Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer: On the basis of visual observation as well as studies based on remote   sensing   technique   with   the   instrument   named Spectroradiometer was adopted to identify the rock and ascertain its composition. Two experts Geologist one from GSI Nagpur & another   from   GSI   Kolkata   along   with   Spectroradiometer Instrument have carried out studies of the lingam. The team has collected spectral signature of lingam rock on 11/09/2017 and matched these signature with the standard spectral signature of rocks available in the library at GSI headquarter Kolkata. Total 10 no of spectral signature from a different part of the Shiva Lingam was collected. This study also confirms that the Lingam rock is quartzite,   mainly   composed   of   quartz,   orthoclase   and   a   minor amount of mica in the matrix.  (b) Portable XRF studies: Portable XRF studies of lingam rock were felt necessary to cross­ check the identification made by visual observation as well as with the remote sensing technique, therefore one Chemist from GSI Jaipur was called to carry out a study of Lingam with Portable XRF machine. Total 19 observation points were recorded by the instrument on 12/09/2017 on lingam. The objective of this study was to ascertain the approximate composition of lingam rock in weathered part as well as on non­weathered part for confirmation of its identification. Based on these studies remedial measures were worked out to reduce the extent of chemical weathering. The composition of Lingam rock worked by this instrument conform its sedimentary nature with the presence of minerals of zirconium and   titanium   in   traces.   Observation   at   19   spots   from   the instruments over the lingam rock was taken and the silica percent ranges from  66 to  92.6%  in  10  samples,  out  of  which 7  spot samples have more than 75% silica. It conforms that the rock is orthoquartzite. Methodology and analytical result are enclosed as Annexure­III.  3.3   Water   analysis   by   portable   water   analysis   kit   and   ICP­MS Instruments: Water analysis of the temple premises was carried out at seven selected locations and it was found that the pH value of water being used in the offering is high ranging from 8.4 to 8.7   Water   is   a   universal   solvent   and   dynamic   medium   which 180 necessitates its analysis. Ionic Product of pure water at 25°C is 1x ­14 + ­ 1O .Water is composed of H  ion and OH  ion. +  ­  H2O   H + OH (Ionic product) + ­ In pure water of the hydrogen ion (H ) and hydroxyl ion (OH ) is + equal. Hydrogen ion (H ) is responsible for acidity and hydroxyl ­ ion   (OH )   is   responsible   for   the   alkalinity   of   medium   i.e.   if + hydrogen ion (H ) increases in the medium the acidity will increase ­ and if hydroxyl ion (OH ) concentration increases in the medium +   ­   than   alkalinity   will   increase.   The   H and   OH concentration   is measured in terms of pH value which is the negative logarithm of + H  concentration in water. + pH = ­ Log [H ] If any liquid is having pH less than 7 then it will be acidic, and if it is   more   than,   it   will   be   alkaline/   basic   in   nature.   pH   7   is considered neutral. Weathering of rock increases on exposure to acidic as well as, as well   as   two   expert   scientists   from   Nagpur   office,   medium   as compared to neutral medium; due to increase in electrochemical reaction. On exposure of high silica material to acidic medium have   no   significant   weathering   effect   but   on   exposure   to basic/alkaline medium weathering increases by following reaction: SiO 2  + 2KOH –> K 2 SiO 3  + H 2 O On the bacterial decomposition of any organic matter, carbon dioxide gas (C0 2 ) releases with the rise of temperature and C0 2 react with water to produce carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) CO 2  + H 2 O –> H 2 CO 3 Sansthan Storage tank below lingam produced carbonic acid may react with   alkaline   water   having   high   pH   and   up   to   some   extent neutralization reaction may happen as: ­ H 2 C0 2 +2KOH­>K 2 C0 2 +H 2 0+Heat The pH of the tank is less than the water of Kotiteerth pond, which   is   alkaline   in   nature   and   deleterious   to   the   siliceous material. 3.3.1 Ash analysis: 181 Three ash samples (1), from Bhasmaaarti of Jyotirlingam, (2), dung used for making bhasma in mahakal temple and (3) cow   from Bhopal were analyzed for comparative studies. Bhasma is being used in the bhasmaaarti range in pH from  9.07 to  10.2  in an aqueous medium having 7 pH; on the other hand, the water of Kotiteerath pond is alkaline in nature. If alkaline water is mix with  bhosmo.  , the combination will further enhance pH of the medium and produce a more adverse effect on lingam and increase rote of chemical weathering (Annexure IV c). Use of cow ghee, milk, curd, honey etc is a regular phenomenon. As a matter of fact pH of some of these articles might induce deterioration but in view of the religious sentiments, the age­old practices cannot be stopped, but the amount of the material may be restricted in order to reduce further deterioration. The only effect of these semisolids appears to be their pH value in general pH value of cow milk ranges between 6.6 to  6.8,  pH of curd 4.5 to 6.0,   pH of coconut water (matured) will be 5.2 and honey may range from 3.9 to  6.0  in pHs  3.4 Discussion and interpretation : ­ Since centuries the temple is a center of attraction to the Hindu society. It was situated on the bank of kshipra River. The great kshipra had changed its course in past it was flowing close to the Mahakal temple and gradually shifted its course to the present channel, now local people talk about guptkshipra which flows below the kotiteerath pond and supplying water to the temple premises since years. 3.4.1 Extent of weathering: The lingam rock is hard and compact medium to fine­grained well­sorted   orthoquartzite   as   seen   in   above   photos   from   a different direction. Majority of the grains are quartz along with minor   orthoclase   giving   light   pinkish   brown   colour   to   the Jyotirlingam   rock.   The   cementing   material   is   siliceous   with minor   ferruginous   impurities.   It   is   hard   and   compact   and sustainable in the ideal natural environment. Close observation of   lingam   reveals   that   there   is   the   signature   of   chemical weathering   on   the   eastern   and   western   side   of   the   lingam. Observation of day to puja pattern and offering of milk curd, honey bhang etc. as well as the traditional ritual it is seen that the   effect   of   chemical   weathering   is   more   pronounced   in   the eastern and western side of the lingam. The northern side (Front, 182 facing devotees) is devoid of any weathering pits. Similarly, the back   side   is   also   least   affected   by   the   process   of   chemical weathering. The causative factors for the localised development of pits are the topic of research for our team. We have gone through   the   ill   side   effect   of   offering   material   and   the   area affected by the offering. 3.4.2: Causative factor: (1) The ambiance and climatic parameter of Jyotirlinga room are somewhat   similar   to   a   subtropical   climatic   condition   where alternate   wet   and   dry   spell   is   in   practice.   The   offering   supply's bacteria   through   curd   organic   compound   and   lodging   of   these compounds   in   pits   enhance   the   process   of   attacking   and dissolving cryptocrystalline siliceous cement in the rock resulting in   loosing   and   removal   of   grains   in   this   way   the   chemical weathering is progressing. (2)   Silico   is   stable   and   inert   in   most   of   the   form   but   the cryptocrystalline form of silica is prone to attack by the alkaline substance (like potassium hydroxide KOH) and will dissolve at room temperature in alkaline solution as express in this reaction. (reference from Google). SiO 2 +2KOH=K 2 Si0 3 +H 2 0 The formation of potassium meta­silicate is the cause of chemical weathering which is soluble in water the rate of reaction is very slow but continuous with the passage of time. Water quality of the Kotiteerath pond has pH value 8.4 which is alkaline   in   nature,   this   water   being   offered   continuously   to Lingam rock during Jalabhishek. Ash offered in the bhasmaarti also   contains   alkaline   compound   and   the   pH   value   of   ash  in aqueous   media   using   pure   water   is   9.1   which   is   highly deleterious to siliceous rock. During Bhashmaarti ash are poured over the lingam and then after water of Kotiteerath are used in jalabhishek which is reacting and producing causative factor to enhance the chemical reaction stated above resulting in the form of   chemical   weathering   and   removal   of   silica   grains   and development of pits in lingam rock.   3.4.3: Weathering through ages: Though   the   rate   of   weathering   is   very   slow   and   cannot   be perceived by single observation as these pits have been spotted 60 183 years ago when Hon'ble first President of India. Shri Rajendra Prasad and Hon’ble first Vice President and second President of India, Shri Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan were spotted worshipping of Jyotirlingam in Mahakal temple at Ujjain and the  patch of Pits in the eastern side of the Lingam has also been spotted during that time. In a span of 60 years, these pits have increased at a slow rate in number and size. (Photo no.5­8) Projecting the rate of erosion   there   is   no   alarming   situation   at   present   but   some precautions are necessary a s a  remedial measure to protect the lingam for posterity and manage the deterioration. CHAPTER∙ IV A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. The Jyotirlingam rock has been identified as orthoquartzite which   is   hard   and   compact   and   highly   siliceous   in   nature   in which the silica content varies from   75­92%   analyzed by portable XRF studies. Apart from visual observation spectral signature  by spectroradiometer   were   collected,   matched   with   the   standard signature of orthoquortzite available in  GSI,  spectral lab. 2. The deterioration of lingam has Sandstones and increased in last   40­50   years as depicted in photos no   1­4   and   5­8;   the deterioration   is   continuous   Sandstone   can   be   managed   with remedial measures. 3. The water of temple premises used in Jalabhishek is highly alkaline in nature the pH value ranges from 8.4 to 8.7 which is reactive with the cryptocrystalline siliceous cementing material of orthoquartzite at room temperature and causing deterioration in Jyotirlingam. 4. The tradition of Bhasmaarti using ash of Cow dung (as per temple pujaris) has pH value ranges from   9.07   to   10.20   in an aqueous medium. 5. The age­old practices cannot be stopped but the amount of material   can   be   restricted/   minimized   in   order   to   reduce deterioration.   The   quantity   of   offering   as   listed   in   Annexure   I contain milk, curd. into, honey, sugar, leaves, petals, and flowers, accumulate   in   pits   promote   the   growth   of   bacteria   at   room temperature   resulting   in   pH   variation   is   also   a   cause   of deterioration. 184 6. Presence of major and minor oxide and trace elements of rock enhance the electrical conductivity of the water to a high level   which   can   cause   deposition   of   salt   in   pores/   pits   and chipping of material by chemical weathering. 7. Poor   drainage   sanitation   and   water   spillage   were   also spotted in the temple  premises. 8. The Use of water (jal /Ganga Jal) throughout the day for Abhishekas of the  Jyotirlinga  by the devotees should be restricted to a minimum. 9. Use of milk and other milk products including ghee and honey   should   be   minimized   to   a   small   quantity   and   made symbolic in nature to satisfy the religious requirement. 10. Rubbing  of  Jaggary  /  Sugar  powder  and  other  powdery material on the Jyotirlinga may be restricted/ minimized. 11. Use of a lot of flowers / Bel Patra etc. may also be made symbolic as the  use  of such huge materials keep the Jyotirlinga wet all the time and hinders natural breathing of the stone which is essential for the good state of the Jyotirlinga. 12. Use  of metal  buckets, offerings  pots, and other utensils should  be  replaced  with wooden / Good Plastic materials in order to avoid mechanical abrasions. 13. lf  possible,  entry of devotees  in  the   Garbhgriha  may  be limited   by   making   a   management   plan.   Devotees   may   be permitted for  short duration at a time  to avoid the crowd in grabhgraha. This is important as there is only single entry door which is also used as an exit door.  14. Every effort should be made to keep the Garbhgriha dry and clean including the passage and surroundings. 15. All   the damaged area  of  marble   floorings  and  sealing of joints etc. should be repaired to avoid water percolation through the damaged area. 16. 1f possible  provision  may be made for air circulation in the Garbhagriha. 185 17. Arrangements for disposal of waste may be improved and should be made more effective. 18. Scientific   /  Chemical  treatment   of   any  stone   object   with periodical inspection and preventive conservation may, however, help to preserve the object  for quite long  time  but  in case  of Jyotirlinga  it  may not be appropriate to consider such treatment as the treatment of the Jyotirlinga may not be acceptable to the common people because of their great faith and religious beliefs. Only preventive conservation methods may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlinga in the best of its conservation state. 19. Sincere efforts should be made to preserve the originality of the main temple and other structures of historical importance in the  premises.  Modern materials  should  be avoided  for general maintenance. 20. The antiquarian remains of the premise including the main temple of Mahakal can be classified mainly into four groups; a: Some stone sculptures in loose and fixed nature assigned to  7th ­ th th th 8   century AD,   b:   Some sculptures of 11   ­12   century AD,   c: th Main temple and other subsidiary shrines of 18  century and  d: Other remains viz wooden box, copper drum, seating benches and th th some   metal   work   etc   of   19   ­20   century.   Numbers   of   stone sculptures placed in the temple premise at different places like embed in the walls, on the floors, and in the abandoned rooms needs   to   be   properly   maintained,   documented,   identified   and displayed in a proper place so that they could be preserved for future generation and could be in use of researchers and students of art and architecture. st 21. Some unwanted restoration works have been done on the 1 nd and 2  floors of the Mahakal temple by laying of modern tiles on the floor. This sort of flooring does not match in any way with the ambiance and old architecture of the temple. On the north and south sides of the temple, iron scaffoldings are placed attached to the main temple. We were told that the scaffoldings are provided for installing iron stairs for climbing of the visitors to the temple on the top floor to worship Chandranageshwar. On this floor, a sculpture of Chandranageshwar with his consort is placed inside a  niche  covered  with  a   glass  window  and  devotees  or  visitors would   be   allowed   to   reach   there.   During   our   visit,   we   were informed that earlier temporary arrangement was made there by 186 way of installation of iron stairs in the occasion of  Nagapanchami when lacs of visitors used to visit here. Providing of this sort of installation is not only the eyesore in the ancient temple premise but it would lead a new tradition in future and put an adverse effect on the old temples when such a huge crowd of devotees will reach the top floor. Therefore, it should be avoided for the safety of the public and to maintain the ambiance of the temples. 22.   While   the   campus   consisting   of   old   temples   have   been reflecting with white, cream and red colours as outer walls and shikhara  of almost all the temples are painted with these colours and  flooring  with   tiles   and   red   stones.   Beside  that   some   new constructions   have   Abhishek   the   carried   out.   This   sort   of constructions   and   development   in   an   ancient   heritage   place should be avoided and proper conservation should be carried out with the help of conservators and expert of ancient architecture.  23. The significance of Mahakal temple and Ujjain is not only for the people of Ujjain and Madhya Pradesh, rather for the people of the whole country too, therefore keeping this thing in mind, it is inevitably required to develop this most religious and heritage sire with proper care and maintenance so that its cultural and tangible   fabric   could   not   be   disturbed.   Presently   there   are numbers of the temples inside the temple premise probably of the same   period   as   the   Mahakal   temple   but   these   temples   are conserved in crappy manner by adding eyesore paintings on the walls and some weird addition to the old structures. Some new constructions   are   done   and   some   other   constructions   are presently going on there. Therefore, it is suggested that no new construction   may   be   allowed   within   the   temple   premise   and restoration and development of the old temples and structures of the premise may be rectified and restored with the assistance of Archaeological Conservators. Apart from the various activities as referred above, Temple committee can create a heritage cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the premise. 24. It is stated earlier that Ujjain is a very ancient city and there are numbers of old structures, temples, ponds, houses, platforms near­infrared etc around the temple premise still in extent, these old structures ore the valuable heritage and integral part   of   temple   premise,   needs   to   be   identified   and   restored accordingly. If it is possible for the state government, 500 m all around the temple premise can be preserved with old structures 187 and   removed   from   the   modern   constructions.   Wherever   open space is found, that can be landscaped and developed so that its religious ambiance could be maintained and preserved. B: REMEDIAL MEASURES: 1. Water   quality   of   the   temple   premises   may   be   improved; special care should be taken to water used in Jalabhishek ritual, potable   water   range   in   pH   from   6.8   to   7.2   are   ideal   for jalabhishek and cleaning of the Jyotirlingam. 2. Ash used in bhasmaarti ranges in pH from 9.07 to 10.2 in aqueous media is one of the causes of deterioration in lingam, the ritual can be minimized to symbolic in nature so that the deterioration can be minimized. The lingam should be thoroughly cleaned   after   bhasmaarti   and   ensured   that   no   trace   of   ash remains over it, then only Jalabhishek may be allowed. 3. The ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgrah may be 17­20 degree Celsius and efforts may be made to keep dryness in most of the time of the lingam to minimize the rate of chemical reaction, bacterial and fungal growth.  4. Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey, etc. is a regular item of offering   since   ages,   therefore,   cannot   be   stopped,   but   the quantity and quality of material may be minimized in order to minimize the deterioration. 5. Proper disposal of temple garbage may be arranged and insured  that it  should  not  contaminate  the  kotiteerath  pond. Improvement in sewer line and sanitation may also be managed to keep the premises neat and clean.  An arrangement may be made to stop draining off rain and used water into kotiteerath pond. 6. Periodical monitoring of all these remedial measures is also essential   to   check   further   deterioration   and   to   maintain garbhagriha   and   Jyotirlingam   and   to   maintain   its   natural ambiance.  ANNEXURE ­I WORSHIP SCHEDULE AND OFFERING MATERIAL OF JYOTIRLINGAM, MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN 188
TIMEEVENT
04:00 AMOpening of Temple door
04:00 to 04: 15 AMTemple cleaning followed by an offer of<br>Panchamrit (Milk, Curd, Ghee, Honey<br>and Sugar)
04: 15 to 04:40AMJalabhishek by Pilgrims (Katitirathpond<br>water), 15 to 20 minutes.
04:40 to 05:00 AMAbhishek by Priest (Material list<br>attached).
05:00 to 05:15 AMCleaning and Drying by dry cloths
05:15 to 05:30 AMDecoration.
05:30 to 05:35 AMBhasamaarti (Ash worship) by ash and<br>bearing ornaments.
06:00 to 6:45 AMAgain Jalabhishek by pilgrims, water<br>offered.
06:45 to 07:00AMEntry closed and cleaning of the temple.
07:00 to 07:15 AMWorship of other deities
07: 15 to 07:30 AMChandan­Abhishek­after cleaning.
07:30 to 07:45 AMAarti
07:45 to 09:45 AMAgain Jalabhishek by pilgrims (using<br>Ujjain Municipal Supply water)
09:45 to 10:00 AMCleaning.
10: 00 to 10:45 AMChandan­abhishek and Bhogaarti.
10: 45 AM to 04:45 PMMilk­Water Abhishek by Pilgrims and<br>worship
05:00 to 05:20 PMnear­infrared started by panchamrit<br>Abhishek.
05:20 to 05:45 PMDecoration by Bhang and Chandan.
05:45 to 07:00 PMDry worship.
07:00 to 07:45 PMEvening Milk Bhog.
07:45 to 10:30 PMOpen to Public for Worship with flowers<br>and belpatra
10:30 to 11: 00 PMSayan Aarti (Sleeping worship).
ANNEXURE II 189 SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF JYOTIRLINGAM OF MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH By: Prem Babu, Director and Uday Kumar Ghosh, Sr. Geologist Spectroscopy  is the study of light as a function of wavelength that has been emitted, reflected or scattered from solid, liquid or gas (Clark, 1999). Reflectance and emittance spectroscopy of natural  surfaces   are   sensitive   to   specific   chemical   bonds   in materials, whether solid, liquid or gas. Moreover, spectroscopy has the advantage of being sensitive to both crystalline and amorphous materials, unlike some diagnostic methods, like X­ ray   diffraction   (Clark,1999).   Spectroscopy's   other   main advantage is that it can be used for near (e.g. in the laboratory) to far away (e.g. to look down on the Earth, or up at other planets) objects. Laboratory and field spectroscopic studies of rocks/minerals/other   materials   help   in   understanding   the entire realm  of variability in spectral signature  of particular rocks/minerals/other materials. Reflectance spectra have been used for many years to obtain compositional information of the Earth   surface.   Therefore,   spectroscopy   is   being   used increasingly in geoscientific studies to detect the mineralogical composition   of   rocks/minerals   of   earth   surfaces   and   other planets of the universe. Different types of minerals absorb and scatter incident energy in   the   different   wavelength   region.   When   we   examine   the maxima and minima of spectral reflectance curve, minima are caused   by   molecular   absorption   and   we   call   these   as absorption   features   or   absorption   bands.   Absorption   of   a particular mineral rock depends upon its atomic structure and chemical   composition.   Absorption   of   a   particular   object depends   upon   the   electronic   and   vibrational   process.   The electronic processes are very sensitive invisible to near infrared (VNIR)   region   whereas   vibrational   processes   are   sensitive   in shortwave   infrared   (SWIR)   region.   The   VNIR   region   is   very important to detect ferric & ferrous iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel etc., whereas SWIR region is useful in detection of hydroxyl bearing minerals, carbonate, phosphate, borates, arsenates, vanadates, silicates etc, The hydroxyl (OH­) is generally bound to Mg, Feor AI. The water molecule (H20) gives rise to overtones as seen in the reflectance spectra of H20 bearing minerals. The first stretches of OH­ occur at 1.4 um: and the combination of H­O­H bond with the OH­ stretches are found   near   1.9   um.   The   OH­  group   commonly   occurs   in 190 multiple   crystallographic   sites   of   a   specific   mineral   and   is attached to metalions. Thus, a combination of metal OH plus OH   stretch   occurs   at   2.2­2.3   um   and   is   the   diagnostic   of mineralogy. Spectroscopic study of Mahakaleshwer Lingam was carried out using high­end portable field spectroradiometer to know the compositional information of the surface of Lingam at Ujjain. Madhya Pradesh. Spectroradiometer used in the present study has a very good signal to noise ratio (SNR), with finer spectral resolution and spectral interval suitable for detecting the subtle absorption features characteristic of the constituent minerals   of   the   rock   exposed   on   the   surface   under examination.   It   detects   the   energy   reflected   by   the   surface material.   Spectra   Vista   Corporation   (SVC   HR   1024i) spectroradiometer used in the present study has two types of detectors one 512 element Si photodiode detector operative in 350­1000 nm and two separate, In Go As photodiodes operative in 1000­2500 nm. Collection   of   Spectral   Signature   using   'SVC   1024i' Spectroradiometer.  Before taking the spectral measurement of Mahakaleshwer Lingam the entire area was properly cleaned and dried (using drier) to obtain maximum reflectance from the field of view. The rest of the area was covered with dark cloth to avoid unwanted reflectance from the surroundings. Measurement Procedure: The   SYC   HR   1024i   spectroradiometer   has   spectral  range   of 350­2500   nanometer   (nm),   with   finer   spectral   resolution   of 3.5nm   @   350­1000,9.5   nm   @1000­   1850nm   and   6.5nm   @ 1850­   2500.   The   instrument   was   optimized   properly   before taking a spectral measurement. Measurement of the radiance of a white reflector (reference panel) is also essential before initiating   the   measurement,   as   it   helps   in   recording   the irradiance  of the  illuminator  for  a reflectance  measurement. The   light   source   for   illuminating   (using   a   tungsten   halogen source lamp) the sample was kept at approximately 45° angle and measurement was token by pointing sensor (fore optics as well   as   fibre   optics)   vertically   over   the   sample   to   make   the phase   angle   of   45°   (phase   angle   corresponds   to   the   angle between the illumination source and measurement point) so that   the   measurements   which   speak   about   the   volume   of reflected energy emanated from the rock (characteristic of the internal   chemistry)   are   collected   and   it   would   reduce   the specular   reflection   from   the   object   which  is   dominantly   the 191 result of surface smoothness. The 40 optical lens was used while taking the spectral signature of the Lingam.  The following necessary steps were taken into consideration while making the measurements. 5. Source of the illumination is well calibrated so that there should be minimal fluctuation in irradiance in successive measurement. 6. Precautions   were   taken   so   that   there   is   no   physical blockade of light and shadow of the person who is taking measurements does not fall over the sample. 7. The sample should be larger in dimensions than the ground sample diameter ( GSD)  of fore­optics. 8. Data   was   saved   in   personal   digital   assistance   (PDA)   and downloaded into the computer for further analysis. Processing of Spectral Curve: Spectral   signatures   thus   collected   is   processed   using   SVC   HR 1024i software to remove the overlap at the junction of visible (VIS)   &   near infrared   (NIR)   and   NIR   &   SWIR region and remove higher order kinks to derive the curve with characteristic "spectral features".  The   spectral  file   format generated  in  the   SVC  1024i spectroradiometer instrument is saved as sig file format which stores wavelength and full width at half maximum   (FWHM)   values (spectral resolution) and other necessary information. After pre­ processing   the   signature   is   exported   to   ENVI   software   for generation   of   spectral   library.   The   ENVI   software   retrieves   the wavelength data and  FWHM  value from the spectral reflectance files and   appends   it   to   the   header   file   created   for   each   spectral signature. ENVI has a spectral library builder tool to generate new   spectral   library   builder   tool   to   generate   a   new   spectral library from a variety of spectra sources, including ASCll files, other spectral libraries, ROI means, spectral profiles and plots. The collected spectra are automatically resampled to an input wavelength space using   FWHM   information. After feeding all the necessary information finally, the rock library is generated by using lab spectra.  The spectral signature  of  Mahakaleshwer lingam, Ujjain, MP: 192 The   spectral   signature   was   collected   at   different   faces   of Mahakaleshwer  Lingam  like near top, back, left, right, primary bedding plane, pitted surface etc. For each location number of measurements   using   fore­optics   as   well   as   fiber   optics   were taken and were later averaged to get the final spectra.   Interpretation The spectral signature of left and right side shows absorption at 2.19   µ m  indicating  presence  of   (AI­OH phyllosilicate  minerals   bearing minerals) and absorption in V NIR   (O.568 µm) region is due to iron oxide stains. But the fore optic spectra show high reflectance   in   NIR   as   compared   to   fiber   optic   spectra   that   is possibly due to the presence of some organic material on the surface and also due to the differential field of view of spectral measurement. The combination of H­ O­H  bend &  OH­  stretches is found at 1.93  µ m that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OH­ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. The spectra of near top   &   back side show absorption at 2.19 µm that indicate the presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI­ OH  bearing minerals ) and absorption in V NIR  (O.543 µm) region is due to iron oxide stains. But the fore optic spectra show high reflectance in NIR as compared to fiber optic spectra that are again due to the  presence of some organic material in the surface and also due  to the  differential field of view of spectral measurement. The combination of H­ O­H bend  &  OH­ stretches is found at 1.93 µm that indicate the presence of  water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OH­ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. The fiber optic spectra of all pitted surface show absorption at 2.19 µm indicate the presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI­OH bearing minerals, and absorption in VNIR region is due to iron oxide stains. The variation of absorption depth at VNIR has been noticed which varies from 0.565 to 0.731 µm and this is due to the presence of differential iron  oxide  stains at the different pitted surface.   The   combination   of   H­O­H   bend   &   OHˉ   stretches   is found at 1.93  µm  that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OHˉ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µ m . From overall observation, it is found that most of the diagnostic absorption occurs at 2.19 µm and absorption in VNIR region is possibly   due   to   differential   iron   oxide   staining   at   different 193 surfaces. No other diagnostic absorption due to other alteration mineral was noticed. All   the   spectral   signatures   were   analysed   with   existing   rock library of GSI as well as USGS mineral spectra and it the that the spectral signatures fit well with quartzite based on its absorption features in  SWIR  region. Continuum removed (continuum or background is the overall albedo   of   the   reflectance   curve)   spectra   of   Lingam   &   USGS phyllosilicate mineral  shows  diagnostic  spectral  absorption  at 2.19 µm which confirms the presence of phyllosilicate mineral.  Summary: Based on the spectroscopic study of the lingam of Mahakaleshwer temple Ujjain, MP,   it   can be summarised that the spectral signatures of the surface of lingam show presence of   quartz   with   a   minor   amount   of   phyllosilicates.   Beside presence of some organic matter at a few locations could also be noticed. References:   Clark,   R.N.   1999;   Spectroscopy   of   Rocks   and Minerals,   and   Principles   of   spectroscopy(pp3),   http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov  . XRF STUDY OF JYOTIRLlNGAM OF MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN The   XRF   study   of   the   Jyotirlingam   of   Mahakaleshwar   temple, Ujjain was carried out using portable Skyray­Explorer 5000 ED­ XRF instrument.  ED   (Energy   Dispersive)   X­ray   spectrometer   is   based   on   the principle of X­ray fluorescence (XRF) which is a non­destructive technique. The atoms, illuminated by high­energy X­ray, emit X­ ­ ray spectra with certain characteristics, the wavelength of which is related   to   the   atomic   number   of   an   element.   Therefore,   by determining   the   wavelength,   we   find   the   composition   of   the sample and start the qualitative analysis; by measuring the line intensity and comparing with a known standard, we get to know about   the   content   of   the   element   and   start   the   quantitative analysis. The Explorer­5OOO instrument consists of mainly three systems:   excitation,   optics   and   detector   system .   The   excitation system, including a miniature X­ray source, filter, and collimator, is   used   to   generate   X­rays.   X­rays   irradiating   to   the   sample 194 produce   X­ray   fluorescence   with   sample   characteristics, transforming into  voltage signals through the detector, the signal, after being amplified and data acquisition, is sent for computer processing   to   get   the   required   test   data.   The   detection   system mainly includes i) AMP and digital multi­channel data acquisition system,   ii)   Embedded   PDA   ­   Equipped   with   dedicated   X­ray fluorescence   analytical   software.   The   detection   limit   is   down   to ppm level. The XRF study of the lingam was carried out by directly placing the nosepiece   carefully   on   the   Lingam   surface   by   holding   the instrument in hand. The surface of the lingam was more or less rough  at   all  points   scanned   using   the   is.   On   each   side   of   the lingam, we started to analyze from the bottom position to the top position. The total scanning time for each point was 60 seconds. For qualitative analysis of the elements in the sample, whether it is a natural one or in a strange shape, this instrument can be directly used for a test. But for accurate quantitative analysis, we need to do   some   sample   processing.   There   is   some   inherent   limitation which   may   lead   to   measurement   error;   rough   surface, inhomogeneity in composition etc. APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGAM ROCK BY PORTABLE XRF INSTRUMENT
FRONT FACING NORTHBACK FACING NORTH
SPEC<br>NAMELING<br>AM-4LINGAM<br>– 3LINGAM<br>– 2LINGAM<br>– 1<br>BOTTOMLINGAM<br>– 6<br>(CEMENT<br>ING<br>PORTION<br>OF THE<br>BASE)LING<br>AM –<br>BAC<br>K5LINGAM<br>– BACK4<br>(TOP<br>MOST)LINGAM<br>– BACK3LING<br>AM<br>BACK<br>2LINGA<br>M<br>BACK1<br>(BOTT<br>OM<br>MOST)
Mg O<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.22080.00000.0000
5.87686.13190.00000.71625.31218.083<br>16.30685.716311.731<br>93.4060
SiO 2<br>(%)92.627<br>989.454337.148013.384616.779388.73<br>0074.774174.621781.186<br>216.0813
P (%)0.56680.79920.57960.40260.83950.335<br>80.44420.33370.34350.2922
As (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Se (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Rb (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Sr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Y (%)0.00200.00250.00140.00140.00000.001<br>70.00100.00080.00100.0000
195
Zr (%)0.01090.03280.00000.00000.00000.009<br>50.02520.01420.00000.0000
Nb (%)0.01910.01950.00800.01000.01040.018<br>60.01190.01440.01380.0096
Mo<br>(%)0.08890.09030.04270.04810.02020.085<br>60.06690.05990.08140.0281
Pd (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ad (%)0.01730.01780.01640.01650.01010.017<br>40.01700.01750.01740.0155
Cd (%)0.02340.05130.04270.04850.00000.061<br>30.03050.03370.05680.0120
Sn (%)0.10470.10210.10330.10330.10210.102<br>80.10290.10310.10270.1036
Sb (%)0.00000.00800.00160.00000.00720.011<br>10.00000.00460.00420.0000
Ba (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Hf (%)0.00020.00010.00010.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0003
Ta (%)0.00000.00000.00160.00180.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
W (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Au<br>(PPm)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
P2O3<br>(%)1.29821.83031.32750.92201.92280.769<br>01.01730.76430.78680.6691
S (%)0.00000.02110.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.21730.09050.05210.0000
SO4<br>(%)0.00000.06340.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.65190.27140.15630.0000
K (%)0.11040.59550.35390.47350.46650.839<br>50.63040.34450.22750.3164
K2O<br>(%)0.13330.71900.42730.57170.56321.013<br>60.76110.41600.27470.3821
Ca (%)0.47312.57451.50761.18066.10201.551<br>61.77481.57671.51070.1713
CaO<br>(%)0.54412.96061.73371.35777.01721.784<br>32.04101.81320.1970
Ti (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
TiO<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
V (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Mn<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00090.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Fe (%)0.07540.09910.04210.02740.04960.152<br>20.15980.14520.13130.0277
Fe2 O3<br>(%)0.10770.14150.06020.03920.07090.217<br>40.22830.20740.18750.0396
Co (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
196
Ni (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cu (%)0.00310.00000.00170.00000.00000.000<br>00.00700.01590.01010.0000
Zn (%)0.00000.00000.02290.06380.00000.000<br>00.00000.00710.09730.0000
Hg (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Pb (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.07110.000<br>00.00000.00110.00410.0000
Bi (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.000<br>00.00000.00000.00000.0000
Peak1653.<br>00001653.<br>00001647.<br>00001649.<br>00001655.<br>00001655.<br>00001652.<br>00001651.<br>00001649.<br>00001645.<br>0000
Cps17391.<br>000018507.<br>000015614.<br>000015688.<br>000012188.<br>00001775<br>4.<br>000016378.<br>000015787.<br>000016737.<br>000013791.<br>0000
Count52249<br>6.<br>0000555942.<br>0000468960.<br>0000471219.<br>0000366273.<br>00005332<br>49.<br>0000491980.<br>0000474277.<br>000050261<br>4.<br>0000414329.<br>0000
APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGAM ROCK BY PORTABLE XRF INSTRUMENT
LEFT FACING WESTRIGHT FACING EAST
SPEC<br>NAM<br>ELINGAM<br>- LEFT 5<br>(TOP<br>MOST)LINGA<br>M – 4LINGA<br>M – 2LINGA<br>M – 1<br>BOTTO<br>MLINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT5<br>(TOP<br>MOST)LINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT6LINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT4LINGA<br>M –<br>RIGHT2LINGAM<br>-RIGHT1<br>(BOTTO<br>M MOST)
Mg O<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00003.77270.00000.00000.00000.0000
0.00003.46127.51091.96633.34071.90811.44157.20042.7364
SiO 2<br>(%)43.560768.992377.250445.910668.134343.969744.846266.240616.6197
P (%)0.35310.81930.74400.72900.20990.68190.39620.60410.5817
P2O<br>3%0.80871.87661.70391.66970.48081.56170.90741.38361.3322
S (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
SO4<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
K (%)0.27900.98320.64340.85250.45241.21420.05890.92660.2368
K2O<br>(%)0.33681.18720.77691.02940.54621.46600.07111.11880.2860
Ca<br>(%)0.79071.13990.14930.00000.21150.40310.56220.25490.1753
CaO<br>(%)0.90930.16080.17170.00000.21150.40310.56220.25490.1753
Ti (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00830.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
TiO2<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.01390.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
V (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Mn0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
197
(%)
Fe (%)0.03960.05970.02440.07400.06220.08220.02670.05830.0299
Fe2<br>O3(%)0.05660.08520.03490.10570.08880.11750.03810.08330.0427
Co(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ni (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Cu<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Zn<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
As<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Se (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Rb<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Sr (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Y (%)0.00000.00200.00000.00230.00090.00270.00000.00130.0000
Zr (%)0.00000.02310.00020.03170.00000.01240.00000.00400.0001
Nb<br>(%)0.01360.01450.01210.01500.01130.01440.01250.01390.0073
Mo<br>(%)0.04680.07330.03820.08200.03900.06510.03900.08180.0361
Pd<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Ag<br>(%)0.01550.01690.01470.01710.01620.01730.01550.01680.0144
Cd<br>(%)0.01600.04150.02040.01340.04740.04710.01250.00000.0091
Sn<br>(%)0.10330.10100.10240.10210.10270.10410.10320.10360.1024
Sb<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.02430.01360.00760.0000
Ba<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Hf<br>(%)0.00000.00070.00000.00030.00000.00040.00010.00030.0003
Ta (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
W (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Au<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Hg<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Pb<br>(%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Bi (%)0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
Peak1657.<br>00001650.<br>00001651.<br>00001644.<br>00001653.<br>00001655.<br>00001652.<br>00001650.<br>00001650.<br>0000
Cps14256.<br>000016559.<br>000013441.<br>000017087.<br>000015057.<br>000017596.<br>000013714.<br>000016334.<br>000013452.<br>0000
Count428321.<br>0000497363.<br>0000403741.<br>0000513179.<br>0000452296.<br>0000528369.<br>0000411934.<br>0000490609.<br>0000404073.<br>0000
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWAR TEMPLE PREMISES, UJJAIN 198
S.<br>N<br>o.Ref.<br>NoSampl<br>e<br>locati<br>on/<br>timepHTempCon<br>d. at<br>25*<br>C<br>µs/<br>cmTDSSAL<br>INI<br>TYCO<br>3HCO<br>3Total<br>hardnes<br>sCaMgClN<br>aKNo3PO<br>4SO<br>4
Unit(*C)ppmSPUppmppmppmpp<br>mppmpp<br>mpp<br>mpp<br>mppmpp<br>mpp<br>m
1UJT/0<br>1/w/2<br>017Pot<br>above<br>linga<br>m @<br>5.15<br>PM7.7828.528705220.46NIL274.53207615.6170671160254
2UJT/0<br>2/w/2<br>017Pot<br>below<br>linga<br>m @<br>5.15<br>PM8.2027.48864518046Nil3173307614.41257011120350
3UJT/0<br>3/w/2<br>017Kotite<br>erth@<br>1.45<br>PM8.4129.88173<br>610410.9566353.85006839.620512<br>012<br>81400.773
4UJT/0<br>4/w/2<br>017Rudra<br>sagar<br>@<br>5.00<br>PM8.7029.288495090.45182442704020.415010<br>31905424
5UJT/0<br>5/w/2<br>017Shipr<br>a<br>River<br>@<br>8.45<br>PM8.3229.059205330.496292.83408415.6135731119448
6UJT/1<br>A/M<br>W/17Lalad<br>hariw<br>ater@<br>3.45<br>PM7.628.06173<br>910430.96NILNIL92036<br>02.428514<br>021<br>918016194
7UJT/2<br>A/M<br>W/17Nirma<br>lya @<br>3.45<br>PM6.228.71134<br>98090.73NILNIL66020<br>019.220092747514101
ISO<br>10500<br>standa<br>rd<br>value6.5-<br>8.5500200300753025020<br>0<br>(<br>W<br>H<br>O)50200
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN WATER SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, PREMISE All value in ppb 199
Sample<br>Name19997-I19997-219997-319997-419997-519997-619997-7
Ref NoUJT/03/W/2<br>017UJT/1A/WM/20<br>017UJT/1B/<br>WM/201<br>7UJT/4/<br>W/2017UJT/01/W/<br>2017UJT/2/W/2<br>017UJT/05/W/<br>2017
Locatio<br>nKotiTirath<br>PondMahakalJal<br>adhari baseTank-<br>2,Offere<br>d WaterRudraSa<br>gar LakeMunicipal<br>Water<br>before<br>offeringJaladhari<br>water after<br>jalavishekShipra<br>River,<br>Ramghat
Be<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1
Sc2.341.191.17<0.7<0.710.700.7
V90.2913.07<510.1711.5311.1811.26
Cr<423.4326.31<4<4<4<4
Mn<0.590.75237.162.26268.51269.4237.07
Fe519.391991.711448.52164.02299.64265.58259..34
Co0.120.740.720.340.640.630.06
Ni<0.55.752.90<0.5<.0.5<.0.50.0<
Cu1.2313.91<0.5<0.517.5610.55<0.5
Zn<0.2812.03219.970.216.400.69<0.2
Ga<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1
As12.985.962.934.782.692.662.64
Se<100<100<100<100<100<100<100
Rb13.47202.1565.193.486.436.476.21
Sr968.51574.94432.10253.36369.56376.06405.15
Y<0.10.110.04<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
Cd<0.010.100.06<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
Cs0.080.590.19<0.2<0.20.020.02
Ba36.1173.6983.9125.7451.7751.5155.32
La<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03
Ce<0.040.400.13<0.04<0.04<0.04<0.04
Pr<0.0050.050.03<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005
Nd<0.030.220.110.01<0.03<0.03<0.03
Sm<0.030.050.04<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03
Eu<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.03
Gd<0.020.050.03<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02
Tb<0.0020.01<0.002<0.002<0.002<0.002<0.002
Dy0.0080.050.03<0.008<0.008<0.008<0.008
Ho0.0030.010.01<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003
Er<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005
Tm<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003
Yb<0.0060.020.01<0.006<0.006<0.006<0.006
Lu<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003<0.003
Pb<0.056..032.61<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5
Bi0.180.07<0.03<0.03<0.03<0.030.31
Th<01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
U1.27<0.02<0.2<0.20.620.640.76
Ti6.9728.1514.127.615.775.735.12
Ge<1<1<1<1<1<1<1
Zr<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05<0.05
Nb<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.01<0.1
Mo10.365.231.381.371.542,212.06
200
W<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5
Re0.010.010.01<0.002<0.0020.010.01
Hg<1<1<1<1<1<1<1
Hg sample analysed by P.R. Nimje Chemist Chemical Division Central Region Geological Survey of India Nagpur Lab on 15.9.2017 and other samples are analysed by M.S. Dahat, Sr. Chemist, P. Vamshi Krishna, Asst.   Chemist   under   the   supervision   of   Smt.   Shobha   Rani   Suptd Chemist   on   19.9.2017   at   Chemical   Division   Southern   Region,   GSI Hyderabad Lab. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BHASMA OF LINGAM AND ASH SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE
S.NORef. No.pHSiO<br>2%Cao%P%PO%<br>2 5
1Ash (Bhasham) from the<br>Lingam mix in standard water<br>media (7 pH)9.0742.0511.2010.0823.0
2Ash from cow dung mix in<br>standard water media (7pH)<br>Ujjain Market9.6651.7512.324.229.67
3Ash from cow dung mix in<br>standard water media (7 pH)<br>Bhopal Market10.246.317.203.227.37
As aforesaid report was furnished on 13.10.2017, thereafter suggestions and objections were invited.  RESPONSE OF THE TEMPLE COMMITTEE TO REPORT OF EXPERT  FROM ASI/ GSI : 24. Response to the report has been filed by the Temple Committee on 13.10.2017.  The same is extracted hereunder: “RESPONSE OF THE RESPONDENT NO.1/ MANDIR SAMITI TO THE REPORT ON THE STUDY/ SUR­ VEY/ANALYSIS/ EXAMINATION OF MAHAKALESH­ WAR   JYOTIRLINGAM   OF   UJJAIN   (M.P.0   DATED 02.10.2017   CONDUCTED   BY   THE   COMMITTEE CONSTITUTED BY THIS HON’BLE COURT. 201 It   is   submitted   that   this   Hon’ble   Court   vide   order dated 25.08.2017 constituted an Expert Committee consisting of two officers of Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of Geological Survey of India. This Hon‘ble Court directed the Committee so consti­ tuted   to   study/survey/analyse/examine   Ma­ hakaleshwar Jyotirlingam of Ujjain (M.P.) and prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking place, if any, and mea­ sures/ steps/ precautions to be taken to ensure that this deterioration/ shrinkage of the Lingam stops.  Let the Committee also study the other structures and also the temple and submit wheat steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation.  Further, the Committee was also directed to make a study and report inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last three­four decades and what remedial steps have to be taken.  In compliance with the same, the Committee consti­ tuted by this Hon'ble Court has submitted a report dated 02.10.2017 on 03.10.2017. This Hon’ble Court vide order dated 03.10.2017 al­ lowed the Answering Respondent to file their sugges­ tions/objections with respect to the Report.  The   Answering   Respondent   is   submitting   its   point­ wise response to the suggestions, recommendations and remedial measures made by the Committee con­ stituted by this Hon'ble Court vide Annexure R­1. In   view   of   the   foregoing   is   the   most   respectfully prayed  that  this  Hon'ble  Court  may be  pleased  to pass appropriate order as deem fit and proper and thus render Justice.  The Answering Respondent un­ dertakes   to   comply   with   all   the   directions,   this Hon'ble Court may render in the interest of protection of the Idol.
S.
No
SUGGESTIONS,
RECOMMENDATION
RESPONSE OF THE
MANDIR SAMITI TO
202
.S AND REMEDIAL<br>MEASURES MADE<br>BY THE EXPERT<br>COMMITTEE<br>CONSTITUTED BY<br>THIS HON’BLE<br>COURTTHE SUGGESTIONS,<br>RECOMMENDATION<br>S AND REMEDIAL<br>MEASURES MADE<br>BY THE COMMITTEE<br>CONSTITUTED BY<br>THIS HON’BLE<br>COURT
1.The Jyotirlingam rock<br>has been identified as<br>orthoquartzite which<br>is hard and compact<br>and highly siliceous in<br>nature in which the<br>silica content caries<br>from 75­92% analyzed<br>by portable XRF<br>studies. Apart from<br>visual observation<br>spectral signature by<br>spectroradiometer<br>were collected,<br>matched with the<br>standard signature of<br>orthoquartzite<br>available in GSI,<br>spectral lab.Agree with the<br>observation.
2.The deterioration of<br>lingam has been<br>noticed and increased<br>in last 40­50 years as<br>depicted in photos no<br>1­4 and 5­8; the<br>deterioration is<br>continuous in nature<br>can be managed with<br>remedial measures.That the report is<br>based on photographs<br>taken in the year viz:<br>photo No.1 to 8. The<br>Mandir Samiti is<br>ready and willing to<br>take all necessary<br>remedial measures as<br>recommended by the<br>expert committee<br>constituted by this<br>Hon'ble Court to<br>conserve the lingam<br>namely; minimizing<br>and regulating the
203
water, flowers, and<br>offerings immediately.
3.The water of temple<br>premises used in<br>Jalabhishek is highly<br>alkaline in nature the<br>pH value ranges from<br>8.4 to 8.7 which is<br>reactive with the<br>cryptocrystalline<br>siliceous cementing<br>material of<br>orthoquartzite at room<br>temperature and<br>causing deterioration<br>in Jyotirlingam.The Mandir Samiti<br>shall install an R.O.<br>plant to maintain the<br>pH value of the water<br>at around 7. The<br>devotees shall be<br>allowed to use on 500<br>ml of water in a<br>copper vessel only.
4.The tradition of<br>Bhasmaarti using ash<br>of cow dung (as per<br>temple pujaris) has<br>pH value ranges from<br>9.07 to 10.20 in<br>aqueous medium.The Mandir Samiti<br>submits that before<br>pouring of ash over<br>the Lingam the<br>Committee is ready to<br>cover the Lingam with<br>a cotton cloth and<br>after pouring of ash<br>idol would be<br>completely cleaned by<br>superfine cotton cloth.
5.The age­old practices<br>cannot be stopped but<br>the amount of<br>material can be<br>restricted/ minimized<br>in order to reduce<br>deterioration. The<br>quantity of offering as<br>listed in Annexure I<br>contain milk, curd,<br>ghee, honey, sugar,<br>leaves, petals, and<br>flowers, accumulate in<br>pits promote the<br>growth of bacteria at<br>room temperature inUse of ghee, milk,<br>curd, honey etc. shall<br>be restricted to not<br>more than 1.25 litres<br>per devotee. Further,<br>this material shall be<br>of ISI standard and a<br>random check of these<br>puja materials shall<br>be insured by the<br>Committee.
204
pH variation is also a<br>cause of deterioration.
6.Presence of major and<br>minor oxide and trace<br>elements of rock<br>enhance the electrical<br>conductivity of the<br>water to a high level<br>which can cause<br>deposition of salt in<br>pores/ pits and<br>chipping of material<br>by chemical<br>weathering.After Jalabhishek by<br>the Lingam which<br>concluded by 5 p.m.<br>every day. The<br>Lingam shall be<br>properly cleaned and<br>dried to minimize the<br>water content and<br>thereafter only dry<br>pooja shall be<br>permitted every day.
7Poor drainage<br>sanitation and water<br>spillage were also<br>spotted in the temple<br>premises.The Mandir Samiti<br>submits that the<br>process of expansion<br>of drainage system is<br>under the process and<br>shall be completed at<br>the earliest.
8The use of water<br>(jal/Gangajal)<br>throughout the day for<br>Abhishekas of the<br>Jyotirlinga by the<br>devotees should be<br>restricted to a<br>minimum.The Mandir Samiti<br>shall install an R.O.<br>Plant to maintain the<br>pH value of the water<br>at around 7. The<br>devotees shall be<br>allowed to use only<br>500 ml of water in a<br>copper vessel only.
9Use of milk and other<br>milk products ghee<br>and honey should be<br>minimized to a small<br>quantity and made<br>symbolic in nature to<br>satisfy the religious<br>requirement.Use of ghee, milk,<br>curd, honey etc. shall<br>be restricted to not<br>more than 1.25 litres<br>per devotee. Further,<br>these materials shall<br>be of ISI standard and<br>a random check of<br>these pooja materials<br>shall be insured and<br>used.
10Rubbing ofRubbing of Sugar
205
Jaggary/Sugar<br>powder and other<br>powdery on the<br>Jyotirlinga may be<br>restricted/minimized.powder shall be<br>banned.
11Use of lost of<br>flowers/Bel Patra etc.<br>may also be made<br>symbolic as the use of<br>such huge materials<br>keep the Jyotirlinga<br>wet all the time and<br>hinders natural<br>breathing of the stone<br>which is essential for<br>the good state of the<br>Jyotirlinga.Dryers and fans will<br>be used to avoid<br>moisture. Belpatra<br>and flowers are used<br>on the upper part of<br>shivling and do not at<br>all hinder natural<br>breathing of the stone.
12Use of metal buckets,<br>offerings posts, and<br>other utensils should<br>be replaced with<br>wooden/Good Plastic<br>materials in order to<br>avoid mechanical<br>abrasions.There are no<br>mechanical abrasions<br>since metallic utensils<br>used for jalabhishek<br>do not touch or abrase<br>the jyotirlinga.
13If possible, entry of<br>devotees in the<br>Grabhgriha may be<br>limited by making a<br>management plan.<br>Devotees may be<br>permitted for short<br>duration at a time to<br>avoid the crowd in<br>grabhgraha. This is<br>important as there is<br>long single entry door<br>which is also used as<br>an exit door.Offering by devotees<br>cannot be avoided as<br>it relates to the<br>religious faith of the<br>devotees. However, a<br>management plan is<br>already made and<br>implemented wherein<br>only limited devotees<br>are permitted at a<br>time.
14.Every effort should beTo maintain the
206
made to keep the<br>Garbhgriha dry and<br>clean including the<br>passage and<br>surroundingsambient temperature<br>of the lingam room<br>(Grabhgarh) at 17­20<br>degree Celsius, more<br>air conditioners shall<br>be installed. Further,<br>all efforts shall be<br>made to keep the<br>Grabhagarh and its<br>surroundings dry and<br>clean.
15.All the damaged area<br>of marble floorings<br>and sealing of joints<br>etc. should be<br>repaired to avoid<br>water percolation<br>through the damaged<br>area.Accepted
16.If possible provision<br>may be made for air<br>circulation in the<br>GarbhyagrihaAccepted
17.Arrangements for<br>disposal of waste<br>may be improved and<br>should be made more<br>effective.Accepted. It is<br>submitted that Shri<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>temple is ranked in<br>top 10 most clean<br>Iconic places by<br>Government of India<br>in Swwach Bharat<br>Abhiyan.
18.Scientific/Chemical<br>treatment of any stone<br>object with periodical<br>inspection and<br>preventive<br>conservation may,<br>however, help to<br>preserve the object for<br>quite long time but in<br>case of Jyotirlinga itAccepted
207
may not be<br>appropriate to<br>consider such<br>treatment as the<br>treatment of the<br>Jyotirlinga may be<br>acceptable to the<br>common people<br>because of their the<br>faith and religious<br>beliefs. Only<br>preventive<br>conservation methods<br>may be helpful to<br>keep the Jyotirlinga in<br>the best of its<br>conservation state.
19.Sincere efforts should<br>be made to preserve<br>the originality of the<br>main temple and other<br>structures of historical<br>importance in the<br>premises. Modern<br>materials should be<br>avoided for general<br>maintenance.Offering by devotees<br>cannot be avoided as<br>it relates to the<br>religious faith of the<br>devotees. However, a<br>management plan is<br>already made<br>wherein only limited<br>devotees are<br>permitted at a time.<br>Crowd management<br>and lives of devotees<br>will be of utmost<br>priority forth temple<br>committee.
20.The antiquarian<br>remains of the<br>premise including<br>main temple of<br>Mahakal can be<br>classified mainly into<br>four groups; a: some<br>stone sculptures in<br>loose and fixed nature<br>assigned to 7th ­8thAccepted.
208
century AD, b: some<br>sculptures of 11th<br>12th century AD, c:<br>Main temple and other<br>subsidiary shrines of<br>18th century and d:<br>Other remains viz.<br>wooden box, copper<br>drum, seating<br>benches and some<br>metal work etc of 19th<br>­ 20th century.<br>Numbers of stone<br>sculptures placed in<br>the temple premises<br>at different placed like<br>embed in the walls,<br>on the floors, and in<br>the abandoned rooms<br>needs to the properly<br>maintained,<br>documented,<br>identified and<br>displayed in a proper<br>place so that they<br>could be preserved for<br>future generation and<br>could be in use of<br>researchers and<br>students of art and<br>architecture.
21.Some unwanted<br>restoration works<br>have been done on the<br>1st and 2nd floors of<br>the Mahakal temple<br>by laying of modern<br>tiles on the floor. This<br>sort of flooring does<br>not match in any way<br>with the ambience<br>and old architecture of<br>the temple. On theThe Mandir Samiti<br>submits that the<br>constructions work<br>being carried out for<br>best and convenient<br>passage for devotees.<br>Necessary and<br>precautionary works<br>will be done as lakhs<br>of devotees throng the<br>temple during<br>Nagpanchmi.
209
north and south sides<br>of the temple, iron<br>scaffoldings are<br>placed attached to the<br>main temple. We were<br>told that the<br>scaffoldings are<br>provided for installing<br>iron stairs for climbing<br>of the visitors to the<br>temple on the top floor<br>to worship<br>Chandranageshwar.<br>On this floor, a<br>sculpture of<br>Chandranageshwar<br>with his consort is<br>placed inside a niche<br>covered with a glass<br>window and devotees<br>or visitors would be<br>allowed to reach<br>there. During our visit,<br>we were informed<br>that earlier temporary<br>arrangement was<br>made there by way of<br>installation of iron<br>stairs in the occasion<br>of nagapanchami<br>when lacs of visitors<br>used to visit here.<br>Providing of this sort<br>of installation is not<br>only the eyesore in<br>the ancient temple<br>premise but it would<br>lead a new tradition<br>in future and put an<br>adverse effect on the<br>old temples when<br>such a huge crowd of<br>devotees will reach<br>Abhishek the top floor.
210
Therefore, it should be<br>avoided for the safety<br>of the public and to<br>maintain the<br>ambiance of the<br>temples.
22.While the campus<br>consisting of old<br>temples have been<br>reflecting with white,<br>cream and red colors<br>as outer walls and<br>shikhara of almost all<br>the temples are<br>painted with these<br>colors and flooring<br>with tiles and red<br>stones. Besides that,<br>some new<br>constructions have the<br>carried out. This sort<br>of constructions and<br>development in an<br>ancient heritage place<br>should be avoided<br>and proper<br>conservation should<br>be carried out with the<br>help of conservators<br>and expert of ancient<br>architecture.Accepted<br>Mandir Samiti is<br>carrying out works to<br>restore the heritage<br>look of the temple.
23.The significance of<br>Mahakal temple and<br>Ujjain is not only for<br>the people of Ujjain<br>and Madhya Pradesh,<br>rather for the people<br>of the whole country<br>too, therefore keeping<br>this thing in mind, it is<br>inevitably required to<br>develop this mostAccepted<br>Shree<br>Mahakaleshwar<br>temple management<br>committee has plans<br>to create a heritage<br>cell for maintenance<br>and restoration of the<br>old temple and<br>structures inside the<br>premise.
211
religious and heritage<br>site with proper care<br>and maintenance so<br>that its cultural and<br>tangible fabric could<br>not be disturbed.<br>Presently there are<br>numbers of the<br>temples inside the<br>temple premise<br>probably of the same<br>period as the Mahakal<br>temple but these<br>temples are conserved<br>in crappy manner by<br>adding eyesore<br>paintings on the walls<br>and some weird<br>addition to the old<br>structures. Some new<br>constructions are<br>done and some other<br>constructions are<br>presently going on<br>there. Therefore, it is<br>suggested that no<br>new construction may<br>be allowed within the<br>temple premise and<br>restoration and<br>development of the old<br>temples and<br>structures of the<br>premise may be<br>rectified and restored<br>with the assistance of<br>Archaeological<br>Conservators. Apart<br>from the various<br>activities as referred<br>above, Temple<br>committee can create<br>a heritage cell for<br>maintenance and
212
restoration of the old<br>temples and<br>structures inside the<br>premise.
24.It is stated earlier that<br>Ujjain is a very<br>ancient city and there<br>are numbers of old<br>structures, temples,<br>ponds, houses,<br>platforms etc around<br>the temple premise<br>still in extant, these<br>old structures are the<br>valuable heritage and<br>integral part of temple<br>premise needs to be<br>identified and<br>restored accordingly.<br>If it is possible for the<br>state government, 500<br>m all around the<br>temple premise can be<br>preserved with old<br>structures and<br>removed from the<br>modern construction.<br>Wherever open space<br>is found, that can be<br>landscaped and<br>developed so that its<br>religious ambiance<br>could be maintained<br>and preserved.Accepted<br>Subject to necessary<br>repairs and<br>maintenances for the<br>preservation of the<br>heritage building to be<br>carried out from time<br>to time by temple<br>committee.
25. On 13.10.2017, following order was passed by this Court: “Heard learned counsel for the parties. This   Court   had   constituted   a   Committee   on 25.08.2017 consisting of Shri Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director (Archaeologist), ASI, Central Region, 213 Bhopal;   (ii)   Dr.   V.   K.   Saxena,   Director   (Science), (Archaeological   Chemist),   ASI,   Science   Branch, Dehradun; (iii) Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi, Dy. Director, General, State Unit, Madhya Pradesh, GSI, Bopal; and (iv)   Shri   L.L.   Vishwakarma,   Director,   Su:   MP,   GSI, Bhopal. They have submitted their reports which are exhaustive.   Respondent   No.1   Temple   Committee   has filed   its   response   to   various   proposals   made   by   the Expert Committee. They have filed point­wise response contained in Annexure R1. The Temple Committee has suggested   certain   remedial   measures.   In   the circumstances, it is appropriate to request the Temple Committee to consider the various recommendations. It was also stated that let the Committee take a decision for implementation of the recommendations which are to be   accepted  as   it   is   a  primary  responsibility for the Committee to manage the affairs. Let a considered firm decision The opening regarding implementation. We appreciate the gesture of the counsel for the parties as it is not adversarial litigation but in order to improve the overall situation and to protect and preserve the Lingam of Mahakaleshwar. It was also stated that the Committee has decided to regulate the timings etc. and various suggestions were made during the course of hearing. Let Committee take a decision considering the overall interest and rise to the occasion by doing the needful. Let the Committee consider the report of the experts and its stand taken in the annexure R/1 filed by them and pass appropriate resolutions as prayed by counsel for respondent No.1. Be listed on 27.10.2017.” RESOLUTION   DATED   26.10.2017   PASSED   BY   TEMPLE COMMITTEE: 26. Pursuant   to  the   order   dated   13.10.2017,   resolution   has   been passed by the Committee on 26.10.2017 filed as Annexure R­1 and the same is extracted hereunder : “Keeping   in   consideration   the suggestions/objections   and   recommendations   of   the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme 214 Court   and   also   in   compliance   of   the   order   dated 13.10.2017 passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Temple   Management   Committee   hereby   passes   the following   Resolution   covering   point   1   to   24   of   the suggestions/objections   and   recommendations   of   the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to protect and preserve the Mahakal Shivlinga :­ 1. That the devotees shall be permitted a fixed amount of water measuring 500 ml in an appropriate small pot per devotee for Jalabhishek. 2. That the water for Jalabhishek shall be taken from the R.O. machine installed during Simhastha, 2016, for which a connection shall be provided near the Garbh Grih to maintain the pH value at ‘7’. 3. That at present during Bhashma Aarti, half of the lingam   is   being   covered   with   cloth   but   as   per   the directions, in fifteen days, the whole of the Shivalingam shall be fully covered with a dry cotton cloth during Bhasma Aarti. 4.   That   for   Abhishek   only   up   to   maximum   1.25­liter mil/panchamruit per devotee shall be permitted. 5.   That   after   Jalabhishek   by   the   lingam   which   is concluded by 5 P.M. every day. The Lingam shall be properly   cleaned   and   dried   to   minimize   the   water content and thereafter only dry pooja shall be permitted every day. 6. At present captive sewerage, treatment technique is being   used   for   treatment   and   the   same   shall   be continued till the sewerage treatment plant is installed for   which   steps   are   being   taken   which   will   require minimum one year time. 7. That rubbing of sugar powder on Shivlinga has been fully banned and instead the use of Khandsari is being promoted. 8. That dryers and fans will be used to avoid moisture. Bel Patra and flowers shall be used on the upper part of 215 shivling to avoid any obstruction in natural breathing of stone. 9. That the crowd management shall be strictly followed as   done   on   big   festivals   namely   Simhashtha,   2016, Mahashivratri,   Nagpanchmi   and   month   of   Shravan where maximum crowd appears on those holidays and weekends.   During   such   time   the   committee   is   using barricades   for   dong   Darshna   from   outside   the   main Garbhgrih and limited devotee are also permitted in the garbhgrih   at   a   time.   Similar   arrangement   shall   be ensured on normal days also. Various  IT proposals  have  been received to use technology for effective crowd managing strategies, e.g. IT based queue management. 10. That all possible efforts shall be taken to maintain an ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgarh) at 17­20 degree Celsius. The Garbhgrih shall be kept dry, neat and tidy. Further, an AUTOMATIC CLIMATE CONTROL   SYSTEM   using   sensors   shall   be   fitted   in Garbhgrih to give information about temperature and humidity which shall help in effective regulation and monitoring of environmental factors. 11. That damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints   etc.   shall   be   repaired   within   a   period   of   six months. 12.   That   all   efforts   should   be   made   for   creating   of heritage   cell   and   for   restoration/repairs   and maintenance of all items of historical importance. Steps are being taken for the structure and role of the heritage cell. 13.   To   preserve   antiques   in   premises   of   temple nameplates are being affixed in front of various small temples mentioning the names of the temples and their era etc. 14.   It   shall   be   ensured   that   no   new   significant construction is carried out in temple premises but so far as the convenience and smooth passage in the premises 216 is   concerned   construction   will   be   done   with   a   due permission of the competent authorities. 15. It The application that in order to implement the above resolution a minimum period from one month to one   Year   may   be   sought   from   the   Hon'ble   Supreme Court." ORDER DATED 27.10.2017 27. Following is the relevant portion of the order was passed by this Court on 27.10.2017 :
During the course of hearing on behalf of respon­
dent No.1­Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir Committee, a
copy of the Resolution that has been unanimously
passed on 26‘" October 2017 has been placed on record.
It is stated that Resolution No.1 to 8 are being imple­
mented.
Mr. Ashok Chitale learned senior counsel for the
petitioner has raised objections to some of the Resolu­
tions that have been passed and seeks time to file re­
ply/suggestions which would be in the interest of all.
Let the suggestions be filed by the petitioner and other
respondents, if any, within a period of fifteen days from
today. Reply thereto may also be filed by the Temple
Committee within next seven days.
Geological Survey of India and Archeological Sur­
vey of India may also submit their proposals within a
period of fifteen days from today on the basis of the res­
olution that has been passed by respondent No.1 on
26.10.2017 and objections/suggestions to the aforesaid
resolution.
List on 30thNovember 2017."
217 RESPONSE OF EXPERT COMMITTEE TO THE RESOLUTION DATED 26.10.2017 OF THE TEMPLE COMMITTEE: 28. With respect to the resolution passed by the Temple Committee dated 26.10.2017, the Expert Committee appointed by this Court of ASI and Geological Survey of India has submitted the following suggestions: “The   Expert   Committee   has   gone   through   the resolution   passed   by   the   temple   committee   and submitting following suggestion: We have described in our original report that many offerings   including   Jal   used   during   the   rituals   of abhisheka are the main cause of deterioration to the Jyotirlingam.   We   have   suggested   all   offerings   of   the material to be symbolic in nature with pure quality and treated water of potable quality with pH value range from 6.8 to 7.2 to minimize the adverse effect.   Apart from   this,   the   periodical   monitoring   and   proper management of these crucial parameters are required to manage this problem. Suggestions/ Objections on the resolution passed by the temple committee are as below: Resolution of temple Committee: Keeping in consideration the suggestions/ objections and   recommendations   of   the   Expert   Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court and also in compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 passed by the  Hon’ble  Supreme  Court,  the   Temple  Management Committee   hereby   passes   the   following   Resolution covering point 1 to 24 of the suggestions/ objections and   recommendations   of   the   Expert   Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to protect and preserve the Mahakal Shivlinga:­ 218 16. That the devotees shall be permitted a fixed amount of water measuring 500 ml in an appropriate small pot per devotee for Jalabhishek. Expert Committee’s comment:  Agrees 17. That the water for Jalabhishek shall a  from the R.O. machine installed during Simhastha, 2016 for which a connection shall be provided near the Garbh Griha to maintain the pH value at ‘7’. Expert Committee’s comment:  Agrees Suggestions:   The pH value of jalabhishek water may vary as per variation in the source of supply of water which has to be controlled by treatment ranging from 6.8 to 7.2 pH, but a periodical monitoring may be done for maintaining the above­mentioned range. 18. That at present during Bhashma Aarti, half of the lingam is being covered with clothThe similar but as per the   directions,   in   fifteen   days,   the   whole   of   the Shivalingam shall be fully covered with a dry cotton cloth during Bhasma Aarti. Due to bhasma aarti Expert Committee’s suggestion:  ash particle retained in the pits over the lingam will react with water and increase its pH value, resulting aggravate the corrosion process of the lingam, therefore, the  lingam   should  be  fully covered   with thick cotton cloth/ transparent polyfilm during bhasma aarti. The Lingam   should   be   thoroughly   cleaned   after   Bhasma aarti and ensure that all residual ash particle should be removed from the lingam, then only jalabhishek with clean and potable water with pH value range from 6.8 7.2 may be allowed. 19. That   for   Abhishek   only   up   to   maximum   1.25­litre milk/ panchamruit per devotee shall be permitted. Expert Committee’s suggestion: That for Abhishek only up to maximum 1.25­litre milk/panchamruit   per   devotee   are   appropriate,   but during the rush time and special occasions such amount 219 may increase enormously, therefore, it is suggested that the quantity may be reduced to symbolic in nature.  20. That   after   Jalabhishek   of   the   lingam   with   is concluded by 5 P.M. every day. The Lingam shall be properly   cleaned   and   dried   to   minimize   the   water content and thereafter only dry pooja shall be permitted every day.  Expert committee’s comment:  Agrees. 21. At present captive sewerage, treatment technique is being   used   for   treatment   and   the   same   shall   be continued till the sewerage treatment plant is installed for   which   steps   are   being   taken   with   will   require minimum one year time. Expert   committee’s   suggestion:   Kotiteerath   water may be treated periodically and ensure that rainwater of the temple premises, as well as drain off water from the   temple   premises,  should   not  be   drained   into  the pond and contaminate the kotiteerath pond. 22. That rubbing of sugar powder on Shivlinga has been fully banned and instead the use of Khandsari is being promoted. rubbing of any offering Expert Committee suggestion:  material may be banned to stop further abrasion of the lingam. A devotee may be allowed to offer their offering symbolically   but   shall   not   be   allowed   to   rub   any material over the lingam. 23. That dryers and fans will be used to avoid moisture. Belpatra and flowers shall be used on the upper part of Shivling to avoid any obstruction in natural breathing of stone. Expert Committee’s comment:  Agrees 24. That the crowd management shall be strictly followed as   done   on   big   festivals   namely   Simhashtha,   2016, 220 Mahashivratri,   Nagpanchmi   and   month   of   Shravan where maximum crowd appears on those holidays and weekends.   During such time the Committee is using barricades   for   dong   Darshna   from   outside   the   main Garbhgrih and limited devotee are also permitted in the Garbhgrih   at   a   time.     Similar   arrangement   shall   be ensured on normal days also. Various   IT   proposals   have   been   received   to   use technology for effective crowd managing strategies, e.g. IT based queue management. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  25. That all possible efforts shall be taken to maintain an ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgrah) at 17­20 degree Celsius.  The Garbhgrih shall be kept dry, neat   and   tidy.     Further,   an   AUTOMATIC   CLIMATE CONTROL   SYSTEM   using   sensors   shall   be   fitted   in Garbhgrih to give information about temperature and humidity which shall help in effective regulation and monitoring of environmental factors. Expert committee’s comment:  Agrees 26. That damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints   etc.   shall   be   repaired   within   a   period   of   six months. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  27. That   all   efforts   should   be   made   for   the   creation   of heritage   cell   and   for   restoration/   repairs   and maintenance of all items of historical importance.  Steps are being taken for the structure and role of the heritage cell. Expert committee’s comment:  Agrees 28. To preserve antiques in premises of temple nameplates are   being   affixed   in   front   of   various   small   temples mentioning the names of the temples and their era etc. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  221 29. It shall be ensured that no new significant construction is   carried   out   in   temple   premises   but   so   far   as   the convenience   and   smooth   passage   in   the   premises   is concerned   construction   will   be   done   with   a   due permission of the competent authorities. Agrees Expert committee’s comment:  30. It   is   further   resolved   that   in   order   to   implement   the above resolution a minimum period from one month to one   Year   may   be   sought   from   the   Hon’ble   Supreme Court. Agrees” Expert committee’s comment:  ORDER DATED 30.11.2017: 29. Following order was passed by this Court on 30.11.2017 : We are concerned, and so express our anguish, as to the way in which the orders which have been passed so far in the matter are being misrepresented in media and   otherwise.   We   have   not   passed   any   interim direction   with   regard   to   the   manner   in   which   the religious ceremonies have to be performed in the Temple at Mahakaleshwar, Ujjain. This Court has not passed any order whatsoever that, during the Bhasma Aarti, what rituals can, or what rituals cannot be, performed, and neither it is the job of this Court to interfere in such rituals. This Court has not passed any order in this regard.   We   are   concerned   in   the   petition   about   the protection of the lingam and how it can be done. For this purpose,   this   Court   has   appointed   a   Committee   of Experts of G.S.I. as well as the A.S.I., and they have submitted   their   reports.   They   are   yet   to   be   finally considered by this Court. A  notice   issued   by  the   Managing   Committee   on Board has been placed before us today, indicating that this Court has directed that how much water has to be offered   on   the   lingam   by   the   devotees   or   about   the 222 quantity of Panchamrit etc. This Court had issued no such direction. In fact, it appears that the Committee itself has taken various decisions and they are being implemented. The Notice Board which has been put by the   Managing   Committee   of   the   Temple   should   be removed forthwith i.e. by today itself, and it is open to the Committee to put it on the Notice Board as per its resolutions   if   any.   In   case   any   wrong   or   misleading reporting is made by the media, in any form, at the instance of any person about the order passed by this Court,   the   person   so   responsible   for   such   wrong reporting,  misrepresentation  about   the  order shall   be liable to be dealt with in accordance with law. It is regrettable   that   there   has   been   wrong   reporting   at somebody's instance. We caution the parties before us that   they   should   not   indulge   in   any   such   wrong reporting, in any manner whatsoever, and if it is found that any wrong reporting is made, the same shall be viewed seriously, and the person responsible for it shall be dealt with in accordance with law.  List the matter for further hearing on 4th December 2017." 30. As it was noticed that misrepresentation was being made with respect to the order passed by this Court and unrest was tried to be created on the ground that this Court is interfering with the religious rituals   to   be   performed   in   the   temple   during   Pooja.   Thus   we   have clarified that we have not interfered with the same. Aforesaid direction holds good for this order also and to be scrupulously observed by all concerned. The only objective of entertaining the writ petition on the aforesaid question was just to ensure that all the rituals which may be necessary be performed however to ensure that the Lingam does not deteriorate any further. 223 31. It is apparent from the report that there is a decay of the Lingam and certain damage has been noted by the Expert Committee. Negative factors   have   also   been   pointed   out   in   extensive   details.   Activities regarding   the   daily   cleaning   of   temple   premises,   gaushala,   Vedic samsthan, mandir, rasoi of the temple etc. have been pointed out. The study has been done by Spectroradiometer, portable XRF studies, water analysis,   ash   analysis,   the   extent   of   weathering   etc.   Various suggestions   and   recommendations   had   been   made   including   the remedial measures   Mr. Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director, ASI, Central Region, Bhopal report is contained in the first chapter. The second chapter contains the report submitted by Dr. V. K. Saxena, Director (Science), ASI, Science Branch, Dehradun. The third chapter deals   with   the   Geo­scientific   study   of   the   Shivalinga   made   by   Mr. Hemraj Suryavanshi, Deputy Director General and Mr. L. Vishvakarma, Director, Geological Survey of India, Bhopal. 32. It has been noticed in the report of the experts of the ASI and GSI that deterioration of Lingam has taken place during the last 40 to 50 years as depicted in photos 1 to 4 and 5 to 8 annexures with the report. It is further observed that the deterioration is continuous in nature and can be managed with remedial measures.  33. It has been pointed out that the water analysis of the temple premises used in the Jalabhishekam is highly alkaline in nature and 224 pH   value   ranges   from   8.4   to   8.7.   Various   other   causes   have   been delineated in the report of the experts. In all 24 causes have been given. Milk particularly contaminated one, sugar, leaves, petals and flowers, poor drainage sanitation and water spillage, use of the water should be minimum. Rubbing of jaggery/sugar powder should be restricted or minimized. Use of a lot of flowers and leaves also keeps the Jyotirlingam wet   all   the   time   and   hinders   natural   breathing   of   the   stone   of Jyotirlingam. Use of metal buckets, pots, utensils also causes abrasions to the Lingam. If possible entry of devotees in Garbh Griha should be limited. Garbh Griha should be kept dry and clean. There should be proper air circulation in Garbh Griha. Arrangements for disposal of waste   may   be   improved   and   should   be   made   more   effective.   Since scientific/chemical   treatment   may   not   be   acceptable,   preventive conservation methods may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlingam in the best of its conservation state. Considering the historical importance of the   premises,   use   of   modern   materials   in   the   premises   should   be avoided so as to maintain the antiquity. There is a need to identify the sculptures   and   they   are   required   to   be   properly   documented   and identified. 34. Some unwarranted restoration work has also been noticed by the Committee   in   para   21.   That   should   be   looked   after   and   remedial measures should be taken as suggested in the report. 225 35. In para 22 certain new constructions have been pointed out. Let the conservation be carried out with the help of conservator and experts of   ancient   architecture.   Other   suggestions   have   been   made   in   the report. Paras 1 to 24 of these are required to be looked into and suitable remedial   measures   should   be   taken   by   the   Temple   Committee. Remedial   measures   suggested   in   the   report   with   respect   to   water quality,   maintaining   the   pH   value   from   6.8   to   7.2,   cleaning   of Jyotirlingam, also requires to be observed in the best possible manner by the Committee and ambient temperature be maintained from 17 to 20 degree Celsius. Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey etc. be minimized.   36. There should be proper disposal of temple garbage and it should be ensured that it does not contaminate the Kotiteerath Pond. Better use of flowers would be that they are recycled for the production of scent/itra. For that project may be prepared by the administration with the help of concerned bodies or on the basis of PPP. Cleaning methods should be modernized. 37. It is apparent from the response of the Committee filed pursuant to the order dated 25.8.2017 of this Court that the Committee has agreed (1) to save the Lingam by minimizing the flowers and offerings material. (2) It has also been resolved that the Temple Committee shall install an RO plant to maintain pH value of water at 7 and devotees should be allowed to use minimum water. (3) Temple Committee has also resolved that during Bhasma Aarti also they will take appropriate 226 steps which may be permissible. (4) As permissible, use of ghee, milk, curd, and honey shall be restricted per devotee. These materials shall be of ISI standards. (5) Lingam shall be properly cleaned and dried after Puja.   (6)   Expansion   of   drainage   system   was   under   process   and   be completed at the earliest. (7) Rubbing of sugar powder on the Lingam shall be banned. (8) It would be ensured that there is no harm caused to the Jyotirlingam. (9) There is a management plan to permit limited devotees at one time in Garbh Griha so that there is no stampede. (10) They are ready to maintain the temperature of garbhgriha from 17 to 20 degree Celsius. There should be more air conditioners. (11) Damaged area of marble flooring and sealing of joints shall be repaired. (12) Provision has to made for proper circulation of air in garbh griha. (13) Arrangements for disposal of wastes have to be improved.  38. Preventive conservation methods shall be used by the Committee. Efforts shall be made to preserve the originality and antiquity of the temple.  39. They have to also ensure that they will undertake necessary steps for saving structure and life of devotees during Nagpanchmi. Let a plan in this regard be prepared within two months. It is also directed that let them make an effort for the preservation of historical monument the new development work if any, should only  be made to match with ancient nature of the temple so that its heritage look is maintained. As 227 to the recommendations as mentioned in para 22 of the report of the Experts Committee, same have been accepted by the Committee. Let the   Committee   implement   the   recommendations   as   agreed   to   and resolved by it. Considering the national and international importance, Temple Committee has rightly resolved to create a Heritage Cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the premises. Let such cell be created at the earliest.                  40. In compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 the Committee has passed various resolutions accepting various recommendation of the Expert Committee quoted above. The Expert Committee of ASI and GSI has filed response to the various resolutions passed by the Committee. The Expert Committee has also agreed with most of the resolutions. However, it has made certain suggestions which are to be considered by the Committee and implemented in best possible manner.  41. Expert Committee suggestion in respect of Kotiteerath Pond water to be treated periodically and to ensure that the rainwater of temple premises, as well as drainage water from the temple premises, should not be drained into the pond and contaminate the Kotiteerath Pond. Has to be implemented in true spirit.  42. Committee   of   expert   has   also   suggested   that   rubbing   of   any offering by devotees may be stopped. Devotees may be allowed to offer their offerings symbolically but not to be allowed to rub any material 228 over the Lingam. Let the Committee consider the aforesaid aspects and to ensure that as far as possible no rubbing is done by the devotees on the Lingam or by any material. The committee has also pointed out that no new significant construction to be carried out in the temple premises except so far as convenience and smooth passage in the premises is concerned, let the resolutions be carried out and fully implemented as resolved by the Committee on time bound basis for different stages within one year.  43. With respect to the method of “lingarchan”,   i.e.   the method of th linga pooja, the 27  chapter of “Ling Mahapuranm” has been placed on record. That contains a detailed method of lingarchan running into 54 strotam.   Apart   from   that   “Shiv   Mahapuranam”,   Vayveey   Sanhita containing   details   of   Shastrokt   Shiv   Poojan   method   in   twentyforth chapter has been placed on record. Pooja of different lingam may be somewhat different. It is for the experts in the field of religion to decide about the rituals and ceremonies to be performed. It is not for this Court to make suggestions in this regard.    44. It is not within the jurisdiction of this Court to dictate or to prescribe or restrain the religious practices and Pujas to be performed in temple. They are required to be performed, as rightly pointed out, in accordance with the ancient rituals and practices but, at the same time, it has to be ensured that no damage is caused to the lingam. The 229 temple which is known as Mritunjaya Mahadev and is most ancient Jyotirlingam in one of the ancient cities of India, Ujjain. ‘Simhast’ is also organised 6 years and 12 years which has international importance visited by several millions of people. The Government spends thousands of crores of rupees for development of infrastructure in Ujjain for each such occasion and lot of development has taken place. Owing to all these development work, Ujjain has come up. But at the same time very cause of all developments, the Lingam of Lord Shiva requires to be preserved, protected by way of preventive conservation methods. 45. In order to ensure purity of pooja materials and to prevent further erosion of Lingam it would be appropriate and fitness of things that a plan is prepared regarding the entire offering materials on the lingam to be manufactured and provided by temple itself as is done in several famous temples in the Southern part of India and other places. By pouring the adulterated Milk, Ghee, Kumkum, Gulal, Abir containing chemicals due to adulteration is improper and cannot be permitted to be part of the ritual. Lingam cannot be permitted to be destroyed by chemical reactions of impure materials or by pouring of the dirty water such acts of offerings cannot be allowed and as are done innocently by the people unaware of ill effect on lingam. Had devotees been aware of all these, adverse effect of their Puja on the Lingam of their God itself of which they are performing Puja for the spiritual or other gains they would not have even dreamt of doing it. Let the Temple Committee and 230 other stakeholders rise to the occasion and take positive steps in this direction in reasonable time.  46. It was also pointed out that use of Bhang (cannabis) has been started in recent past. It has been started approximately for the last 50 years and that is one of the causes of erosion as per the petitioner. Earlier it used to be offered symbolically. It is for the Temple Committee to decide on these rituals and which material to be used by it and in which quantity for purpose of Puja by Temple and for how much time, in what  manner  Bhang should be applied and in what  rituals. Let Committee consider it with help of scriptures and experts.  How its use can   be   best   modulated   by   the   Committee   itself,   considering   past practices, as the ultimate duty of Committee is to make preservation of the Lingam itself for its existence and for that it has to consider and adopt what is the best mode of performing the rituals, what are the materials which should be used and in what quantity but it has to be ensured   that   the   materials   are   not   impure   and   are   without   such chemicals which may cause erosion of the lingam itself otherwise the very purpose of Puja would be defeated. 47. Puja   is   to   be   performed   in   such   a   manner   which   should   be befitting to the deity and not to cause erosion itself of lingam for which so   much   infrastructure   exists.   Lingam   is   known   as   ‘Mrityunjaya Mahadev’, who prevents from destruction, it cannot be permitted to be 231 destructed.  Lingam cannot be permitted to be exploited in a manner it is destroyed. If one believes in the concept of real pooja, such Pooja is to be performed by pure materials as purest of thoughts. No spiritual or other gain can come if Puja is performed in a manner which damages the deity itself as that would amount to displeasing the saviour. That would   be   against   the   basic   tenets   of   performance   of   Pooja   and   of making offerings.   48. Let the Temple Committee also invite and consider various views for further improvement of the temple. Let the Temple Committee make an endeavour along with other stakeholders to prepare/manufacture the offering material in purest of the form and by such time it becomes a reality to make an arrangement in such a manner that only pure and unadulterated materials are offered in pooja on Lingam. No impure and  adulterated material is offered in Puja and the resolutions made by the Temple Committee are scrupulously observed by all concerned.  49. Let   a   concrete   plan   be   made   by   the   Committee   for   further improvement   including   its   Gaushalas.   Let   existing   Gaushala   and kitchen   be   improved  and  modernize   and  for   that   purpose,   in  case, additional land is required, plan be prepared and implemented with the help of all concerned so that temple becomes self­sufficient to provide all pooja material based on milk product etc. 232 50. On merits, we find that the decision by the Single Bench has rightly been set aside by the Division Bench for the various reasons mentioned in the order and in particular in view of the fact that in the impugned   order   the   Division   Bench   has   relied   on   decision   in . ILR (1991) MP 444 = (1987) Ramchandra Mangilal & Ors. v. State of M.P MPLJ 668 which had been affirmed by this Court as SLP against it was dismissed. Hence no case for interference on merits is made out.   51. We   appreciate   the   gesture   to   all   concerned   in   acting   with positivity for the preservation of Lingam.   We direct the ASI and GSI teams as has been constituted that has visited and had submitted the report to make a visit in January 2019 and submit a report in this regard with respect to the position of the lingam and improvements made as per suggestions made in the report. 52. Before parting with the judgment, we would like to reiterate that there should not be any misreporting of the Court’s order, as specified in our order dated 30.11.2017. Any violation on this count shall be viewed seriously and sternly with appropriate consequences, wherever necessary. It is hereby made clear that we have not interfered with religious ceremonies to be performed in the Temple. Registry is directed to preserve the original combined report of the Expert Committee as part of the record as it is a valuable document.  53. The appeal is accordingly disposed of.  233 54. We appreciate the assistance rendered by Mr. Tushar Mehta, the Additional   Solicitor   General   of   India,   and   all   other   counsel   who appeared in this case for various parties and also appreciate the gesture of the experts of the Expert Committee.  . ……………………………J.               (ARUN MISHRA)   …………………………….J.          (UDAY UMESH LALIT) NEW DELHI; MAY 02, 2018. 234