ADIVASIS FOR SOCIAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS ACTION vs. UNION OF INDIA

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 10-05-2023

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2202 OF 2012   Adivasis for Social and  Human Rights Action       …Appellant versus Union of India & Ors.             ...Respondents   J  U  D  G  M  E  N  T ABHAY S. OKA, J. FACTUAL ASPECTS In exercise of powers under sub­clause (2) of Clause 6 1. st of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India, on 31 December 1977, the Hon’ble President of India declared the entire District of Sundargarh in the State of Orissa as a Scheduled   Area   (for   short,   ‘the   Scheduled   Area’).     The Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Indu Marwah Date: 2023.05.10 18:50:26 IST Reason: appellant,   a   society   registered   under   the   Societies Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 1 of 21 Registration Act, 1860, invoked the writ jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The first contention raised in the writ petition was that in the   Scheduled   Area,   except   for   the   members   of   the Scheduled Tribes, no one has the right to settle down.   A contention was raised in the writ petition that every person, who does not belong to Scheduled Tribe and residing in the Scheduled Area, is an unlawful occupant and, therefore, is disentitled to exercise his right to vote in any constituency in the Scheduled Area.  Further contention raised was that every   constituency   in   the   Scheduled   Area   should   be declared as a reserved constituency under Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution of India.  It was also contended that no candidate, other than the candidates belonging to the Scheduled   Tribes,   should   have   the   right   to   contest   the elections of the Legislative Assembly or the Lok Sabha in the Scheduled Area. 2. Another contention raised in the  petition is that in view of sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule unless there is a specific notification issued by the Hon’ble Governor of the State applying any particular Central or State law to a Scheduled Area, none of the provisions of the Central   or   State   laws   are   applicable   to   that   particular Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 2 of 21 Scheduled   Area.     Therefore,   it   was   urged   that   the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (for short, ‘the 1950 Act’) and the Delimitation Act, 2002 (for short, ‘the 2002 Act’)   are   not   applicable   to   the   Scheduled   Area   in   the absence of any such notification.  A Division Bench of the High Court of Orissa, by the impugned judgment, dismissed the writ petition.   Being aggrieved by the decision of the High Court of Orissa, the present appeal has been preferred pursuant  to  the   grant  of   leave  by   this   Court  vide   order th dated 14  February 2012. SUBMISSIONS  3. The   first   contention   raised   by   the   learned   counsel appearing for the appellant is that none of the laws enacted by the Central or the State Legislature are applicable to a Scheduled Area unless there is a specific notification issued under sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule by the Hon’ble Governor declaring that any particular law will be applicable to the Scheduled Area.   He submitted that Article   244(1)   provides   that   the   provisions   of   the   Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the Scheduled Areas.  Therefore, what is provided in Fifth Schedule   shall   be   considered   as   a   law   made   by   the Constitution of India.  His submission is that no law made Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 3 of 21 by the Central or the State Legislature can be applied to a Scheduled   Area   in   the   absence   of   a   specific   notification issued by the Hon’ble Governor, and therefore, such law shall be treated as null and void.  He submitted that only the laws made under the Constitution of India in exercise of power under the Fifth Schedule will apply to the Scheduled Areas.  He submitted that any law made by the State or the Central Legislature in its application to the Scheduled Area will be in derogation of the provisions of Article 244 of the Constitution of India and therefore, such laws are void. 4. He submitted that the Hon’ble Governor of the State must first decide which Acts of the Parliament or the State Legislature should apply to Scheduled Areas of the State. After satisfying himself that a particular enactment needs to be applied to a particular Scheduled Area, he must issue a notification   making   applicable   the   law   to   the   Scheduled Area.   He submitted that unless a specific notification is issued by the Hon’ble Governor clearly incorporating the title and other particulars of every Act of the Parliament and the   State   Legislature,   which   will   be   applied   to   the Scheduled Area, no Act of Parliament or State Legislature is applicable to a Scheduled Area.  Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 4 of 21 5. Inviting   our   attention   to   the   Fundamental   Rights guaranteed under sub­clause (e) of Clause (1) of Article 19 of the Constitution of India, he submitted that what prevails in the Scheduled Areas is the law made in accordance with Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule. The learned counsel relied upon the decisions of the 6. Federal Court in the case of   Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Narain Singh of Ramgarh v. Commissioner of Income 1 Tax   Bihar   and   in   the   case   of   Chatturam   v. 2 Commissioner   of   Income   Tax   in   support   of   the interpretation made by him of sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule.  In the statement of case, the appellant has submitted that as the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is not notified   by   the   Hon’ble   Governor,   the   said   law   is   not applicable to the Scheduled Area.  We have also heard the learned counsel appearing for the respondents. OUR VIEW The   first   question   to   be   answered   by   this   Court  is 7. whether   the   Central   and   the   State   Acts   can   apply   to   a Scheduled Area unless a specific notification making the said Acts applicable to the Scheduled Area is issued by the 1 (1947) Federal Court Reports 130 2 AIR 1947 FC 32 Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 5 of 21 Hon’ble Governor.   Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule reads thus:  “5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas. — (1)   Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,   the   Governor   may   by public   notification   direct   that   any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in   the   State   or   shall   apply   to   a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the   State   subject   to   such   exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the   notification   and   any   direction given under this sub­paragraph may be given   so   as   to   have   retrospective effect.   (2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in a State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area. In particular and without prejudice to the generality   of   the   foregoing   power,   such regulations may—  (a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;  (b)   regulate   the   allotment   of   land   to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area; Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 6 of 21 (c) regulate the carrying on of business as money­lender by persons who lend money to   members   of   the   Scheduled   Tribes   in such area.  (3) In making any such regulation as is referred   to   in   sub­paragraph   (2)  of   this paragraph,   the   Governor   may   repeal   or amend   any   Act   of   Parliament   or   of   the Legislature   of   the   State   or   any   existing law which is for the time being applicable to the area in question.  (4)   All   regulations   made   under   this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the   President  and,  until assented   to  by him, shall have no effect. (5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph   unless   the   Governor   making the   regulation   has,   in   the   case   where there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the State, consulted such Council. (emphasis added) 8. On a plain reading of sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule, the power of the Hon’ble Governor under the said sub­clause (1) extends to: i. directing by a notification that a particular Central or State legislation will not apply to a Scheduled Area in the State, and; Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 7 of 21 ii. directing by a notification that a particular State or Central Act will apply to a Scheduled Area subject to certain modifications. The first part of sub­clause (1) proceeds on the footing that all the State and Central legislations applicable to a State are applicable to the Scheduled Areas within the said State. Otherwise, there was no reason to confer a power on the Hon’ble Governor to declare that particular legislation will not apply to a particular Scheduled Area. 9. For   interpreting   Clause   5,   the   learned   counsel appearing for the appellant has relied upon the decisions of 1 the   Federal   Court   in   the   cases   of   Raja   Bahadur   and 2 .   Both the decisions deal with Section 92 of Chhaturam the Government of India Act, 1935, which reads thus:   “Administration of Excluded Areas and Partially Excluded Areas: 92.   (1)   The   executive   authority   of   a Province extends to excluded and partially excluded   areas   therein,   but, notwithstanding   anything   in   this   Act, no Act of the Federal Legislature or of the Provincial Legislature, shall apply to an excluded area or a partially excluded area,   unless   the   Governor   by   public Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 8 of 21 notification   so   directs,   and   the Governor in giving such a direction with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall in its application to the area, or   to   any   specified   part   thereof,   have effect   subject   to   such   exceptions   or modifications as he thinks fit. (2) The Governor may make regulations for the   peace   and   good   Government   of   any area in a Province which is for the time being   an   excluded   area,   or   a   partially excluded   area,   and   any   regulations   so made may repeal or amend any Act of the Federal   Legislature   or   of   the   Provincial Legislature,   or   any   existing   Indian   law, which is for the time being applicable to the area in question. Regulations made under this sub­section shall   be   submitted   forthwith   to   the Governor­General and until assented to by him in his discretion shall have no effect, and the provisions of this Part of this Act with respect to the power of His Majesty to disallow Acts shall apply in relation to any such   regulations   assented   to   by   the Governor­General as they apply in relation to Acts of a Provincial Legislature assented to by him. (3)   The   Governor   shall,   as   respects   any area in a Province which is for the time Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 9 of 21 being,   an   excluded   area,   exercise   his functions in his discretion. (emphasis added) 10. By virtue of Article 395, the Government of India Act, 1935 has been repealed.   Sub­Section (1) of Section 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935 and sub­clause (1) of Clause   5   of   the   Fifth   Schedule   are   completely   different. Sub­Section (1) of Section 92 provides that no Act of the Federal Legislature or a Provincial Legislature shall apply to an   Excluded   Area   unless   the   Governor   by   a   public notification so directs.  However, sub­Clause (1) of Clause 5 of   the   Fifth   Schedule   confers   a   power   on   the   Hon’ble Governor   to   issue   a   notification   for   directing   that   a particular enactment, either State or Central, will not apply to a Scheduled Area.  He also has the power to direct that a particular enactment will apply to a Scheduled Area with modifications as may be specified by him in the notification. Sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule proceeds on the basis that all the State and the Central laws which are otherwise applicable to a State apply to Scheduled Areas in the State.   Whereas, sub­Section (1) of Section 92 of the Government   of   India   Act,   1935   provides   that   no   law   of Federal or Provincial Legislature will apply to an Excluded Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 10 of 21 Area unless a notification is issued by the Hon’ble Governor issuing a specific direction to that effect.  Thus, the reliance placed on sub­Section (1) of Section 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935 is not at all relevant.  11. The   contention   raised   by   the   appellant   that   unless there   is   a   specific   notification   issued   by   the   Hon’ble Governor   applying  Central  or  State   laws  to a  Scheduled Area, the said laws will not apply to the said Scheduled Area, to say the least, is preposterous.  In fact, the issue is no longer   res integra.    There is a binding decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of   Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh & 3 In paragraph 2 of the said decision, the Constitution Ors .   Bench   formulated   the   questions   which   required consideration.  Paragraph 2 of the said decision reads thus: “2.  Several   questions   have   been   referred for consideration in the order dated 11­1­ 2016 [ Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao  v.  State of   A.P. ,   (2021)   11   SCC   526].   We   have renumbered Questions 1( a ), ( b ), ( c ) and ( d ) based   on   interconnection.   The   questions are as follows: ( Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao  [  v.  case Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao State of 3 (2021) 11 SCC 401 Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 11 of 21
A.P., (2021) 11 SCC 526], SCC p. 527, para<br>1)
(1) What is the scope of Para 5(1),<br>Schedule V to the Constitution of India?
(a) Does the provision empower the<br>Governor to make a new law?
(b) Does the power extend to<br>subordinate legislation?
(c) Can the exercise of the power<br>conferred therein override fundamental<br>rights guaranteed under Part III?
(d) Does the exercise of such power<br>override any parallel exercise of power by<br>the President under Article 371­D?
(2) Whether 100% reservation is<br>permissible under the Constitution?
(3) Whether the notification merely<br>contemplates a classification under Article<br>16(1) and not reservation under Article<br>16(4)?
(4) Whether the conditions of eligibility (i.e.<br>origin and cut­off date) to avail the benefit<br>of reservation in the notification are<br>reasonable?”
(emphasis added)
In paragraph 39.1, the Constitution Bench held thus:  “39. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  .. .. .. .. ..  Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 12 of 21
39.1. Para 5(1) of Schedule V does not<br>confer upon Governor power to enact a law<br>but to direct that a particular Act of<br>Parliament or the State Legislature shall<br>not apply to a Scheduled Area or any part<br>thereof or shall apply with exceptions and<br>modifications, as may be specified in the<br>notification. The Governor is not<br>authorised to enact a new Act under the<br>provisions contained in Para 5(1) of<br>Schedule V to the Constitution. Area<br>reserved for the Governor under the<br>provisions of Para 5(1) is prescribed. He<br>cannot act beyond its purview and has<br>to exercise power within the four<br>corners of the provisions.
39.2. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..”
(emphasis added)
In paragraph 40, the Constitution Bench proceeded to hold  thus:  “40.   The   Act   of   Parliament   or   the appropriate   legislature   applies   to   the Scheduled Areas. The Governor has the power to exclude their operation by a notification. In the absence thereof, the Acts of the legislature shall extend to such   areas.   In  Jatindra  v.  Province   of Bihar  [ Jatindra  v.  Province   of   Bihar ,   1949 SCC   OnLine   FC   23   :   ILR   (1949)   28   Pat 703 : 1949 FLJ 225] , it was held that the power of the Governor under Para 5 is a Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 13 of 21 legislative   power   and   the   Governor   is empowered   to   change   or   modify   the provisions of the Act or the section as he deems fit by way of issuing a notification. The power under Para 5(1) is limited to the application   of   the   Governor's   decision   to apply   an   Act   or   making   modification   or creating exceptions. Though the power is legislative to some extent, that is confined to   applicability,   modification,   or   creating exceptions   concerning   the   Act   of Parliament  or   the   State.   While   Para  5(2) confers   the   power   of   independent legislation,   the   Governor   has   plenary power of framing regulations for the peace and good governance of a Scheduled Area. He is the repository of faith to decide as to the necessity. The Governor is empowered by Para 5(3) to repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or State Legislature, following the   procedure   prescribed   therein,   in exercise of making regulations as provided under Para 5(2) of Schedule V. The aspect of   power   was   considered   in  Ram   Kirpal Bhagat  v.  State   of   Bihar  [ Ram   Kirpal Bhagat  v.  State   of   Bihar ,   (1969)   3   SCC 471 : 1970 SCC (Cri) 154] thus : (SCC pp. 478­80, paras 21­23) “ 21 . The  second  question which falls for consideration   is   whether   the   Bihar Regulation  I  of   1951  is   in  excess  of   the Governor's powers. The contentions were: first, that the Regulation I of 1951 could not at all have been made; secondly, that Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 14 of 21 Regulations   deal   with   the   subject­matter and did not mean power to apply law and thirdly, the power to extend a law passed by another legislature was said to be not a legislative function, but was a conditional legislature. The legislation, in the present case, is in relation to what is described as Scheduled Areas. The Scheduled Areas are dealt   with   by   Article   244   of   the Constitution and the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution. Prior to the Constitution, the excluded areas were dealt with by Sections 91 and 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935.   The   excluded   and   the   partially excluded areas were areas so declared by Order   in   Council   under   Section   91   and under Section 92.   No act of the Federal Legislature   or   of   the   Provincial Legislature was to apply to an excluded or a partially excluded area unless the Governor   by   public   notification   so directed. Sub­section (2) of Section 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935 conferred   power   on   the   Governor   to make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in a Province which   was   an   excluded   or   a   partially excluded   area   and   any   regulations   so made might repeal or amend any Act of the Federal Legislature or the Provincial Legislature   or   any   existing   Indian   law which was for the time being applicable to the area in question.  The extent of the Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 15 of 21
legislative power of the Governor under<br>Section 92 of the Government of India Act,<br>1935 in making regulations for the peace<br>and good government of any area conferred<br>on the Governor in the words of Lord<br>Halsbury “an utmost discretion of<br>enactment for the attainment of the objects<br>pointed to.” (See Riel v. R. [Riel v. R., (1885)<br>LR 10 AC 675 (PC)], AC p. 678.) In that<br>case the words which fell for consideration<br>by the Judicial Committee were “the power<br>of Parliament of Canada to make provisions<br>for the administration, peace, order and<br>good government of any territory not for the<br>time being included in any province”. It was<br>contended that if any legislation differed<br>from the provisions which in England had<br>been made for the administration, peace,<br>order and good government then the same<br>could not be sustained as valid. That<br>contention was not accepted. These words<br>were held to embrace the widest power to<br>legislate for the peace and good government<br>for the area in question.””
(emphasis added)
Again, in paragraph 52, the Constitution Bench answered Question (1)(b) as under: “52.  We   are   of   the   opinion   that   the Governor's   power   to   make   new   law   is not   available   in   view   of   the   clear language   of   Para   5(1),   Fifth   Schedule does   not   recognise   or   confer   such Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 16 of 21
power, but only power is not to apply<br>the law or to apply it with exceptions or<br>modifications. Thus, the notification is<br>ultra vires to Para 5(1) of Schedule V to the<br>Constitution.”<br>(emphasis added)
12. In paragraph 80, the Constitution Bench answered<br>Question (1)(c). Paragraph 80 reads thus:
“80. The power is conferred on the<br>Governor to deal with the Scheduled<br>Areas. It is not meant to prevail<br>over the Constitution. The power of<br>the Governor is pari passu with the<br>legislative power of Parliament and the<br>State. The legislative power can be<br>exercised by Parliament or the State<br>subject to the provisions of Part III of<br>the Constitution. In our considered<br>opinion, the power of the Governor<br>does not supersede the fundamental<br>rights under Part III of the<br>Constitution. It has to be exercised<br>subject to Part III and other<br>provisions of the Constitution. When<br>Para 5 of the Fifth Schedule confers<br>power on the Governor, it is not meant<br>to be conferral of arbitrary power. The<br>Constitution can never aim to confer<br>any arbitrary power on the<br>constitutional authorities. They are to<br>be exercised in a rational manner
Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 17 of 21
keeping in view the objectives of the<br>Constitution. The powers are not in<br>derogation but the furtherance of the<br>constitutional aims and objectives.”
(emphasis added)
Therefore, to conclude;  13. (i) All   the   Central   and   the   State   laws   which   are applicable to the entire State of Orissa will continue to apply to the Scheduled Area unless, in exercise of powers under sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth   Schedule,   there   is   a   specific   notification issued by the Hon’ble Governor making a particular enactment inapplicable, either fully or partially;  (ii) The power of the Hon’ble Governor under Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule is restricted to directing that a particular law will not apply to the Scheduled Area or it will apply with such modifications as may be specified   in   the   notification   issued   under   sub­ clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule or while making Regulations in terms of sub­clause (2) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule; The power of the Hon’ble Governor under Clause 5 (iii) of   the   Fifth   Schedule   does   not   supersede   the Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 18 of 21 Fundamental   Rights   under   Part   III   of   the Constitution of India; and (iv) Therefore,   the   Fundamental   Rights   conferred   by sub­clause (e) of Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India   on   the   citizens   can   also   be   exercised   in relation to the Scheduled Area. 14. Under sub­clause (e) of Clause (1) of Article 19 of the Constitution of India, every citizen has a right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.   However, by making a law, reasonable restrictions can be put on the said Fundamental Right as provided in Clause (5) of Article 19.     Therefore,   we   reject   the   argument   that   non­Tribals have no right to settle down in a Scheduled Area. 15. The argument that the Fifth Schedule is a law made by the Parliament is misconceived.  Even assuming that Fifth Schedule is a law, it does not put any constraints on the exercise of the Fundamental Rights under Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India. 16. Now, we come to the second question whether a non­ Tribal has the right to vote in a Scheduled Area.  As far as the right to vote is concerned, the 1950 Act is applicable to Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 19 of 21 the   Scheduled   Area   and   therefore,   the   appellant   cannot contend that only a person belonging to Scheduled Tribe can cast a vote in elections of the constituencies in the Scheduled Area.  The right to vote will be governed by Part III of the 1950 Act.   Every eligible voter is entitled to be registered in the electoral roll of a constituency, in which he is ordinarily residing.  Therefore, any person eligible to vote who is ordinarily residing in the Scheduled Area has a right to vote, even if he is a non­Tribal. 17. As regards providing reservation for all the Lok Sabha and   the   State   Legislative   constituencies   in   a   Scheduled Area,   the   appellant   cannot   contend   that   all   the constituencies in a Scheduled area should be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes.  Reservation is required to be made in   terms  of  Articles   330   and   332   of   the   Constitution   of India.     These   provisions   do   not   provide   that   all   the constituencies in the Scheduled Areas shall be reserved for Scheduled Tribes.  Moreover, the 2002 Act is applicable to the Scheduled Area.     Therefore, even the said prayer to issue a writ of  mandamus , as regards the reservation for the Scheduled Tribes, deserves to be rejected.  Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 20 of 21 18. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was made applicable to   the   whole   of   India   except   the   State   of   Jammu   and Kashmir.   In the absence of the exercise of power by the Hon’ble Governor under sub­clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth   Schedule,   the   said   law   was   applicable   to   the Scheduled Area.  19. We are, therefore, of the view that there is absolutely no merit in the appeal, and the High Court was right when it dismissed the writ petition filed by the appellant. Only in view   of   the   claim   that   the   appellant   is   working   for   the welfare   of   the   tribals   that   we   refrain   from   saddling   the appellant with costs. 20. Hence, the appeal is dismissed with no order as to costs. …..….……………J.     (Abhay S. Oka) …...………………J.             (Rajesh Bindal) New Delhi; May 10, 2023.    Civil Appeal No.2202 of 2012 Page 21 of 21