Full Judgment Text
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2202 OF 2012
Adivasis for Social and
Human Rights Action …Appellant
versus
Union of India & Ors. ...Respondents
J U D G M E N T
ABHAY S. OKA, J.
FACTUAL ASPECTS
In exercise of powers under subclause (2) of Clause 6
1.
st
of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India, on 31
December 1977, the Hon’ble President of India declared the
entire District of Sundargarh in the State of Orissa as a
Scheduled Area (for short, ‘the Scheduled Area’). The
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
Indu Marwah
Date: 2023.05.10
18:50:26 IST
Reason:
appellant, a society registered under the Societies
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Registration Act, 1860, invoked the writ jurisdiction of the
High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
The first contention raised in the writ petition was that in
the Scheduled Area, except for the members of the
Scheduled Tribes, no one has the right to settle down. A
contention was raised in the writ petition that every person,
who does not belong to Scheduled Tribe and residing in the
Scheduled Area, is an unlawful occupant and, therefore, is
disentitled to exercise his right to vote in any constituency
in the Scheduled Area. Further contention raised was that
every constituency in the Scheduled Area should be
declared as a reserved constituency under Articles 330 and
332 of the Constitution of India. It was also contended that
no candidate, other than the candidates belonging to the
Scheduled Tribes, should have the right to contest the
elections of the Legislative Assembly or the Lok Sabha in
the Scheduled Area.
2. Another contention raised in the petition is that in
view of subclause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule
unless there is a specific notification issued by the Hon’ble
Governor of the State applying any particular Central or
State law to a Scheduled Area, none of the provisions of the
Central or State laws are applicable to that particular
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Scheduled Area. Therefore, it was urged that the
Representation of the People Act, 1950 (for short, ‘the 1950
Act’) and the Delimitation Act, 2002 (for short, ‘the 2002
Act’) are not applicable to the Scheduled Area in the
absence of any such notification. A Division Bench of the
High Court of Orissa, by the impugned judgment, dismissed
the writ petition. Being aggrieved by the decision of the
High Court of Orissa, the present appeal has been preferred
pursuant to the grant of leave by this Court vide order
th
dated 14 February 2012.
SUBMISSIONS
3. The first contention raised by the learned counsel
appearing for the appellant is that none of the laws enacted
by the Central or the State Legislature are applicable to a
Scheduled Area unless there is a specific notification issued
under subclause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule by
the Hon’ble Governor declaring that any particular law will
be applicable to the Scheduled Area. He submitted that
Article 244(1) provides that the provisions of the Fifth
Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of
the Scheduled Areas. Therefore, what is provided in Fifth
Schedule shall be considered as a law made by the
Constitution of India. His submission is that no law made
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by the Central or the State Legislature can be applied to a
Scheduled Area in the absence of a specific notification
issued by the Hon’ble Governor, and therefore, such law
shall be treated as null and void. He submitted that only
the laws made under the Constitution of India in exercise of
power under the Fifth Schedule will apply to the Scheduled
Areas. He submitted that any law made by the State or the
Central Legislature in its application to the Scheduled Area
will be in derogation of the provisions of Article 244 of the
Constitution of India and therefore, such laws are void.
4. He submitted that the Hon’ble Governor of the State
must first decide which Acts of the Parliament or the State
Legislature should apply to Scheduled Areas of the State.
After satisfying himself that a particular enactment needs to
be applied to a particular Scheduled Area, he must issue a
notification making applicable the law to the Scheduled
Area. He submitted that unless a specific notification is
issued by the Hon’ble Governor clearly incorporating the
title and other particulars of every Act of the Parliament and
the State Legislature, which will be applied to the
Scheduled Area, no Act of Parliament or State Legislature is
applicable to a Scheduled Area.
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5. Inviting our attention to the Fundamental Rights
guaranteed under subclause (e) of Clause (1) of Article 19
of the Constitution of India, he submitted that what prevails
in the Scheduled Areas is the law made in accordance with
Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule.
The learned counsel relied upon the decisions of the
6.
Federal Court in the case of
Raja Bahadur Kamakshya
Narain Singh of Ramgarh v. Commissioner of Income
1
Tax Bihar and in the case of Chatturam v.
2
Commissioner of Income Tax in support of the
interpretation made by him of subclause (1) of Clause 5 of
the Fifth Schedule. In the statement of case, the appellant
has submitted that as the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is not
notified by the Hon’ble Governor, the said law is not
applicable to the Scheduled Area. We have also heard the
learned counsel appearing for the respondents.
OUR VIEW
The first question to be answered by this Court is
7.
whether the Central and the State Acts can apply to a
Scheduled Area unless a specific notification making the
said Acts applicable to the Scheduled Area is issued by the
1 (1947) Federal Court Reports 130
2 AIR 1947 FC 32
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Hon’ble Governor. Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule reads
thus:
“5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas.
— (1) Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, the Governor may by
public notification direct that any
particular Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of the State shall not apply
to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof
in the State or shall apply to a
Scheduled Area or any part thereof in
the State subject to such exceptions
and modifications as he may specify in
the notification and any direction
given under this subparagraph may be
given so as to have retrospective
effect.
(2) The Governor may make regulations
for the peace and good government of any
area in a State which is for the time being
a Scheduled Area.
In particular and without prejudice to the
generality of the foregoing power, such
regulations may—
(a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land
by or among members of the Scheduled
Tribes in such area;
(b) regulate the allotment of land to
members of the Scheduled Tribes in such
area;
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(c) regulate the carrying on of business as
moneylender by persons who lend money
to members of the Scheduled Tribes in
such area.
(3) In making any such regulation as is
referred to in subparagraph (2) of this
paragraph, the Governor may repeal or
amend any Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of the State or any existing
law which is for the time being applicable
to the area in question.
(4) All regulations made under this
paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to
the President and, until assented to by
him, shall have no effect.
(5) No regulation shall be made under this
paragraph unless the Governor making
the regulation has, in the case where
there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the
State, consulted such Council. ”
(emphasis added)
8. On a plain reading of subclause (1) of Clause 5 of the
Fifth Schedule, the power of the Hon’ble Governor under
the said subclause (1) extends to:
i. directing by a notification that a particular Central
or State legislation will not apply to a Scheduled
Area in the State, and;
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ii. directing by a notification that a particular State or
Central Act will apply to a Scheduled Area subject
to certain modifications.
The first part of subclause (1) proceeds on the footing that
all the State and Central legislations applicable to a State
are applicable to the Scheduled Areas within the said State.
Otherwise, there was no reason to confer a power on the
Hon’ble Governor to declare that particular legislation will
not apply to a particular Scheduled Area.
9. For interpreting Clause 5, the learned counsel
appearing for the appellant has relied upon the decisions of
1
the Federal Court in the cases of Raja Bahadur and
2
. Both the decisions deal with Section 92 of
Chhaturam
the Government of India Act, 1935, which reads thus:
“Administration of Excluded Areas and
Partially Excluded Areas:
92. (1) The executive authority of a
Province extends to excluded and partially
excluded areas therein, but,
notwithstanding anything in this Act,
no Act of the Federal Legislature or of
the Provincial Legislature, shall apply to
an excluded area or a partially excluded
area, unless the Governor by public
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notification so directs, and the
Governor in giving such a direction with
respect to any Act may direct that the
Act shall in its application to the area,
or to any specified part thereof, have
effect subject to such exceptions or
modifications as he thinks fit.
(2) The Governor may make regulations for
the peace and good Government of any
area in a Province which is for the time
being an excluded area, or a partially
excluded area, and any regulations so
made may repeal or amend any Act of the
Federal Legislature or of the Provincial
Legislature, or any existing Indian law,
which is for the time being applicable to
the area in question.
Regulations made under this subsection
shall be submitted forthwith to the
GovernorGeneral and until assented to by
him in his discretion shall have no effect,
and the provisions of this Part of this Act
with respect to the power of His Majesty to
disallow Acts shall apply in relation to any
such regulations assented to by the
GovernorGeneral as they apply in relation
to Acts of a Provincial Legislature assented
to by him.
(3) The Governor shall, as respects any
area in a Province which is for the time
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being, an excluded area, exercise his
functions in his discretion. ”
(emphasis added)
10. By virtue of Article 395, the Government of India Act,
1935 has been repealed. SubSection (1) of Section 92 of
the Government of India Act, 1935 and subclause (1) of
Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule are completely different.
SubSection (1) of Section 92 provides that no Act of the
Federal Legislature or a Provincial Legislature shall apply to
an Excluded Area unless the Governor by a public
notification so directs. However, subClause (1) of Clause 5
of the Fifth Schedule confers a power on the Hon’ble
Governor to issue a notification for directing that a
particular enactment, either State or Central, will not apply
to a Scheduled Area. He also has the power to direct that a
particular enactment will apply to a Scheduled Area with
modifications as may be specified by him in the notification.
Subclause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule proceeds on
the basis that all the State and the Central laws which are
otherwise applicable to a State apply to Scheduled Areas in
the State. Whereas, subSection (1) of Section 92 of the
Government of India Act, 1935 provides that no law of
Federal or Provincial Legislature will apply to an Excluded
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Area unless a notification is issued by the Hon’ble Governor
issuing a specific direction to that effect. Thus, the reliance
placed on subSection (1) of Section 92 of the Government
of India Act, 1935 is not at all relevant.
11. The contention raised by the appellant that unless
there is a specific notification issued by the Hon’ble
Governor applying Central or State laws to a Scheduled
Area, the said laws will not apply to the said Scheduled
Area, to say the least, is preposterous. In fact, the issue is
no longer res integra. There is a binding decision of the
Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of
Chebrolu
Leela Prasad Rao & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh &
3
In paragraph 2 of the said decision, the Constitution
Ors .
Bench formulated the questions which required
consideration. Paragraph 2 of the said decision reads thus:
“2. Several questions have been referred
for consideration in the order dated 111
2016 [ Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao v. State
of A.P. , (2021) 11 SCC 526]. We have
renumbered Questions 1( a ), ( b ), ( c ) and ( d )
based on interconnection. The questions
are as follows: ( Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao
[ v.
case Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao State of
3 (2021) 11 SCC 401
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| A.P., (2021) 11 SCC 526], SCC p. 527, para<br>1) | ||
|---|---|---|
| (1) What is the scope of Para 5(1),<br>Schedule V to the Constitution of India? | ||
| (a) Does the provision empower the<br>Governor to make a new law? | ||
| (b) Does the power extend to<br>subordinate legislation? | ||
| (c) Can the exercise of the power<br>conferred therein override fundamental<br>rights guaranteed under Part III? | ||
| (d) Does the exercise of such power<br>override any parallel exercise of power by<br>the President under Article 371D? | ||
| (2) Whether 100% reservation is<br>permissible under the Constitution? | ||
| (3) Whether the notification merely<br>contemplates a classification under Article<br>16(1) and not reservation under Article<br>16(4)? | ||
| (4) Whether the conditions of eligibility (i.e.<br>origin and cutoff date) to avail the benefit<br>of reservation in the notification are<br>reasonable?” | ||
| (emphasis added) | ||
In paragraph 39.1, the Constitution Bench held thus:
“39. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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| 39.1. Para 5(1) of Schedule V does not<br>confer upon Governor power to enact a law<br>but to direct that a particular Act of<br>Parliament or the State Legislature shall<br>not apply to a Scheduled Area or any part<br>thereof or shall apply with exceptions and<br>modifications, as may be specified in the<br>notification. The Governor is not<br>authorised to enact a new Act under the<br>provisions contained in Para 5(1) of<br>Schedule V to the Constitution. Area<br>reserved for the Governor under the<br>provisions of Para 5(1) is prescribed. He<br>cannot act beyond its purview and has<br>to exercise power within the four<br>corners of the provisions. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 39.2. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..” | |||
| (emphasis added) | |||
In paragraph 40, the Constitution Bench proceeded to hold
thus:
“40. The Act of Parliament or the
appropriate legislature applies to the
Scheduled Areas. The Governor has the
power to exclude their operation by a
notification. In the absence thereof, the
Acts of the legislature shall extend to
such areas. In Jatindra v. Province of
Bihar [ Jatindra v. Province of Bihar , 1949
SCC OnLine FC 23 : ILR (1949) 28 Pat
703 : 1949 FLJ 225] , it was held that the
power of the Governor under Para 5 is a
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legislative power and the Governor is
empowered to change or modify the
provisions of the Act or the section as he
deems fit by way of issuing a notification.
The power under Para 5(1) is limited to the
application of the Governor's decision to
apply an Act or making modification or
creating exceptions. Though the power is
legislative to some extent, that is confined
to applicability, modification, or creating
exceptions concerning the Act of
Parliament or the State. While Para 5(2)
confers the power of independent
legislation, the Governor has plenary
power of framing regulations for the peace
and good governance of a Scheduled Area.
He is the repository of faith to decide as to
the necessity. The Governor is empowered
by Para 5(3) to repeal or amend any Act of
Parliament or State Legislature, following
the procedure prescribed therein, in
exercise of making regulations as provided
under Para 5(2) of Schedule V. The aspect
of power was considered in Ram Kirpal
Bhagat v. State of Bihar [ Ram Kirpal
Bhagat v. State of Bihar , (1969) 3 SCC
471 : 1970 SCC (Cri) 154] thus : (SCC pp.
47880, paras 2123)
“ 21 . The second question which falls for
consideration is whether the Bihar
Regulation I of 1951 is in excess of the
Governor's powers. The contentions were:
first, that the Regulation I of 1951 could
not at all have been made; secondly, that
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Regulations deal with the subjectmatter
and did not mean power to apply law and
thirdly, the power to extend a law passed
by another legislature was said to be not a
legislative function, but was a conditional
legislature. The legislation, in the present
case, is in relation to what is described as
Scheduled Areas. The Scheduled Areas are
dealt with by Article 244 of the
Constitution and the Fifth Schedule to the
Constitution. Prior to the Constitution, the
excluded areas were dealt with by Sections
91 and 92 of the Government of India Act,
1935. The excluded and the partially
excluded areas were areas so declared by
Order in Council under Section 91 and
under Section 92.
No act of the Federal
Legislature or of the Provincial
Legislature was to apply to an excluded
or a partially excluded area unless the
Governor by public notification so
directed. Subsection (2) of Section 92
of the Government of India Act, 1935
conferred power on the Governor to
make regulations for the peace and good
government of any area in a Province
which was an excluded or a partially
excluded area and any regulations so
made might repeal or amend any Act of
the Federal Legislature or the Provincial
Legislature or any existing Indian law
which was for the time being applicable
to the area in question. The extent of the
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| legislative power of the Governor under<br>Section 92 of the Government of India Act,<br>1935 in making regulations for the peace<br>and good government of any area conferred<br>on the Governor in the words of Lord<br>Halsbury “an utmost discretion of<br>enactment for the attainment of the objects<br>pointed to.” (See Riel v. R. [Riel v. R., (1885)<br>LR 10 AC 675 (PC)], AC p. 678.) In that<br>case the words which fell for consideration<br>by the Judicial Committee were “the power<br>of Parliament of Canada to make provisions<br>for the administration, peace, order and<br>good government of any territory not for the<br>time being included in any province”. It was<br>contended that if any legislation differed<br>from the provisions which in England had<br>been made for the administration, peace,<br>order and good government then the same<br>could not be sustained as valid. That<br>contention was not accepted. These words<br>were held to embrace the widest power to<br>legislate for the peace and good government<br>for the area in question.”” | |
|---|---|
| (emphasis added) |
Again, in paragraph 52, the Constitution Bench answered
Question (1)(b) as under:
“52. We are of the opinion that the
Governor's power to make new law is
not available in view of the clear
language of Para 5(1), Fifth Schedule
does not recognise or confer such
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| power, but only power is not to apply<br>the law or to apply it with exceptions or<br>modifications. Thus, the notification is<br>ultra vires to Para 5(1) of Schedule V to the<br>Constitution.”<br>(emphasis added) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 12. In paragraph 80, the Constitution Bench answered<br>Question (1)(c). Paragraph 80 reads thus: | ||
| “80. The power is conferred on the<br>Governor to deal with the Scheduled<br>Areas. It is not meant to prevail<br>over the Constitution. The power of<br>the Governor is pari passu with the<br>legislative power of Parliament and the<br>State. The legislative power can be<br>exercised by Parliament or the State<br>subject to the provisions of Part III of<br>the Constitution. In our considered<br>opinion, the power of the Governor<br>does not supersede the fundamental<br>rights under Part III of the<br>Constitution. It has to be exercised<br>subject to Part III and other<br>provisions of the Constitution. When<br>Para 5 of the Fifth Schedule confers<br>power on the Governor, it is not meant<br>to be conferral of arbitrary power. The<br>Constitution can never aim to confer<br>any arbitrary power on the<br>constitutional authorities. They are to<br>be exercised in a rational manner |
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| keeping in view the objectives of the<br>Constitution. The powers are not in<br>derogation but the furtherance of the<br>constitutional aims and objectives.” | |
|---|---|
| (emphasis added) |
Therefore, to conclude;
13.
(i) All the Central and the State laws which are
applicable to the entire State of Orissa will continue
to apply to the Scheduled Area unless, in exercise
of powers under subclause (1) of Clause 5 of the
Fifth Schedule, there is a specific notification
issued by the Hon’ble Governor making a particular
enactment inapplicable, either fully or partially;
(ii) The power of the Hon’ble Governor under Clause 5
of the Fifth Schedule is restricted to directing that a
particular law will not apply to the Scheduled Area
or it will apply with such modifications as may be
specified in the notification issued under sub
clause (1) of Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule or while
making Regulations in terms of subclause (2) of
Clause 5 of the Fifth Schedule;
The power of the Hon’ble Governor under Clause 5
(iii)
of the Fifth Schedule does not supersede the
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Fundamental Rights under Part III of the
Constitution of India; and
(iv) Therefore, the Fundamental Rights conferred by
subclause (e) of Article 19(1) of the Constitution of
India on the citizens can also be exercised in
relation to the Scheduled Area.
14. Under subclause (e) of Clause (1) of Article 19 of the
Constitution of India, every citizen has a right to reside and
settle in any part of the territory of India. However, by
making a law, reasonable restrictions can be put on the
said Fundamental Right as provided in Clause (5) of Article
19. Therefore, we reject the argument that nonTribals
have no right to settle down in a Scheduled Area.
15. The argument that the Fifth Schedule is a law made by
the Parliament is misconceived. Even assuming that Fifth
Schedule is a law, it does not put any constraints on the
exercise of the Fundamental Rights under Article 19(1) of
the Constitution of India.
16. Now, we come to the second question whether a non
Tribal has the right to vote in a Scheduled Area. As far as
the right to vote is concerned, the 1950 Act is applicable to
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the Scheduled Area and therefore, the appellant cannot
contend that only a person belonging to Scheduled Tribe
can cast a vote in elections of the constituencies in the
Scheduled Area. The right to vote will be governed by Part
III of the 1950 Act. Every eligible voter is entitled to be
registered in the electoral roll of a constituency, in which he
is ordinarily residing. Therefore, any person eligible to vote
who is ordinarily residing in the Scheduled Area has a right
to vote, even if he is a nonTribal.
17. As regards providing reservation for all the Lok Sabha
and the State Legislative constituencies in a Scheduled
Area, the appellant cannot contend that all the
constituencies in a Scheduled area should be reserved for
the Scheduled Tribes. Reservation is required to be made
in terms of Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution of
India. These provisions do not provide that all the
constituencies in the Scheduled Areas shall be reserved for
Scheduled Tribes. Moreover, the 2002 Act is applicable to
the Scheduled Area. Therefore, even the said prayer to
issue a writ of mandamus , as regards the reservation for the
Scheduled Tribes, deserves to be rejected.
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18. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was made applicable
to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and
Kashmir. In the absence of the exercise of power by the
Hon’ble Governor under subclause (1) of Clause 5 of the
Fifth Schedule, the said law was applicable to the
Scheduled Area.
19. We are, therefore, of the view that there is absolutely
no merit in the appeal, and the High Court was right when
it dismissed the writ petition filed by the appellant. Only in
view of the claim that the appellant is working for the
welfare of the tribals that we refrain from saddling the
appellant with costs.
20. Hence, the appeal is dismissed with no order as to
costs.
…..….……………J.
(Abhay S. Oka)
…...………………J.
(Rajesh Bindal)
New Delhi;
May 10, 2023.
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