Sh. Mahender Yadav vs South Delhi Municipal Corporation And Anr

Court
Delhi High Court
Case type
Misc Application
Decided on
23-03-2026
<div> <br /> <br /> $~9 &amp; 10 <br /> * <b>IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI </b><br /> <b><i>rd</i></b><br /> <b>% </b> <b> </b> <b> </b> <b><i>Date of decision: 23</i></b> <b><i> March 2026 </i></b><br /> <b><i> </i></b><br /> (9) <br /> + <b>MAC.APP. 248/2021 </b><br /> SH. MAHENDER YADAV .....Appellant <br /> Through: Mr. Manish Maini, Adv. <br /> <br /> versus <br /> <br /> SOUTH DELHI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AND ANR <br /> .....Respondents <br /> Through: Mr. Siddhant Nath, Standing Counsel <br /> with Mr. Bhavishya Makhija and Mr. <br /> Amaan Khan, Advs. for MCD. <br /> (10) <br /> + <b>MAC.APP. 84/2022 &amp; CM APPL.14468/2022</b> <br /> SOUTH DELHI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION .....Appellant <br /> Through: Mr. Siddhant Nath, Standing Counsel <br /> with Mr. Bhavishya Makhija and Mr. <br /> Amaan Khan, Advs. for MCD. <br /> versus <br /> <br /> MAHENDER YADAV &amp; ANR. .....Respondents <br /> Through: Mr. Manish Maini, Adv. <br /> <br /> <b>CORAM:</b> <br /> <b>HON&#x27;BLE MR. JUSTICE ANISH DAYAL</b> <br /> <b>JUDGMENT</b> <br /> <b> </b> <b> </b> <b> </b> <br /> <b>ANISH DAYAL, J (ORAL) </b><br /> 1. <b><i>MAC.APP. 248/2021</i></b> has been filed by claimant seeking enhancement <br /> of compensation awarded by the MACT, South-West District, Dwarka <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 1 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> th<br /> Courts, New Delhi [‘ <b><i>MACT</i></b> ’] by award dated 26 June 2020 in <b><i>MACP </i></b><br /> <b><i>No.175/2016</i></b> for <i>Rs.8,00,000/-</i> with interest at 9% per annum from the date <br /> of the filing of the Detailed Accident Report [ <b><i>DAR</i></b> ]. <br /> 2. <b><i>MAC.APP. 84/2022</i></b> has been filed by the South Delhi Municipal <br /> Corporation [now Municipal Corporation of Delhi (“ <b><i>MCD</i></b> ”)] seeking <br /> reduction of compensation, which has been awarded by the MACT. <br /> th<br /> 3. Accident occurred on 6 April 2014 at about 10:35 a.m. when <br /> <i>Mahender Yadav</i> [ <b><i>claimant</i></b> ] was going on a cycle to perform his duty. He <br /> was riding on the extreme left side of the road. When he reached <i>Old Palam </i><br /> <i>Road near DDA flats, Sector-14 Dwarka</i> , a truck bearing registration no. <i>DL-</i><br /> <i>1GC-1371</i> [ <b><i>offending vehicle</i></b> ] driven by respondent no.2 in a rash and <br /> negligent manner, came from behind and hit the claimant. On the basis of <br /> evidence on record, criminal proceedings were initiated by FIR No.230/2014 <br /> under Sections 279/338 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 [ <b><i>IPC</i></b> ], at <i>Police </i><br /> <i>Station Dwarka North</i> . MACT held that the injuries sustained by claimant <br /> were due to the rash and negligent driving of the offending vehicle. <br /> 4. As regards compensation, following issues have been agitated by <i>Mr. </i><br /> <i>Manish Maini</i> , counsel for claimant: <br /> (i) MACT estimated <i>functional disability</i> at <i>30%</i> , despite the <br /> permanent physical disability being certified at <i>57%</i> in relation to <br /> <i>left lower limb,</i> particularly considering that the vocation of <br /> claimant was to deliver goods by cycle. <br /> (ii) That non-pecuniary damages, which have been awarded are <br /> inadequate towards <i>pain and suffering</i> , <i>loss of amenities, </i> and <i> </i><br /> <i>mental and physical shock</i> . <br /> 5. <i>Mr. Siddhant Nath</i> , counsel appearing on behalf of MCD, has, <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 2 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> however, contended that age considered by MACT was <i>45 years</i> , which is <br /> incorrect, since the PAN card which was produced before MACT would <br /> show that, on the date of accident, his age was <i>54 years</i> , as also reflected in <br /> the Aadhaar card which formed part of the record. Therefore, the multiplier <br /> used should be ‘ <i>11</i> ’. <br /> <br /> <b><i>Analysis </i></b><br /> 6. The contentious issue of age must be addressed, particularly <br /> considering there has been a large variance in age claimed by claimant at <br /> various stages of the proceedings. In the MLC report issued in 2014, he was <br /> stated to be about <i>42 years </i> of age <i>.</i> When examined in Court in 2018, he <br /> stated that he was about <i>44 years</i> of age. When examined later regarding <br /> needs and liabilities, he stated that he was <i>42 years</i> of age. The PAN card, <br /> st<br /> produced before the MACT showed him to have been born on 1 January <br /> 1960, making him about <i>54 years</i> of age on the date of the accident. <br /> 7. Keeping this variance in mind, MACT disregarded the PAN card, <br /> stating that there were glaring discrepancies and that PAN card as proof of <br /> date of birth could not be relied upon, and there was no other personal <br /> document of claimant to verify the same. The MACT, therefore, assumed <br /> claimant’s age to be <i>45 years</i> on the date of the accident and applied a <br /> multiplier of ‘ <i>14</i> ’ and <i>future prospects</i> at <i>25%</i> . It has, however, come to light <br /> that the Aadhaar card, which was filed before MACT, also showed his date <br /> st<br /> of birth as 1 January 1960, which was the same as reflected in the PAN <br /> card. For ease of reference said assessment is extracted as under: <br /> “ <b><i>Age</i></b> <i>: There is some confusion regarding the age of the </i><br /> <i>petitioner. In his MLC issued in 2014, he is stated to be about </i><br /> <i>42 years old. When he was examined in Court in 2018, he </i><br /> <i>stated that he is about 44 years old. Later when he was </i><br /> <i>examined regarding his needs and labilities, he stated that he </i><br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 3 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <i>was 42 years old. He seems to be growing younger with time. </i><br /> <i>On the other hand, his PAN card shows that he was born on </i><br /> <i>01.01.1960, making him about 54 years old in 2014. This </i><br /> <i>tribunal has come across PAN cards of litigants in a number </i><br /> <i>st</i><br /> <i>of cases where the date of birth is mentioned as 1</i> <i> of January </i><br /> <i>and realized that relying upon the PAN card as a proof of </i><br /> <i>date of birth can be fraught with danger due to glaring </i><br /> <i>discrepancies and gross inaccuracies as compared to other </i><br /> <i>documents. Therefore, unless the petitioner has found the </i><br /> <i>elixir of life or the fountain of eternal youth, which is highly </i><br /> <i>unlikely, it can be safely concluded that the date of birth on </i><br /> <i>his PAN card as well as his own versions of his age seem </i><br /> <i>inaccurate. Unfortunately, there is no other personal </i><br /> <i>document of the petitioner on record. The MLC and other </i><br /> <i>medical documents are more reliable as these are verified by </i><br /> <i>the police. In his written submissions, the petitioner himself </i><br /> <i>claims his age at the relevant time to be 45 years and seeks a </i><br /> <i>multiplier of ‘14’ which is applicable in the range of 41 to 45 </i><br /> <i>years. This figure can be safely relied upon for deciding the </i><br /> <i>curious case of petitioner Mahender Yadav as it is proximate </i><br /> <i>to the age mentioned in the MLC but higher than that. Hence, </i><br /> <i>he will be entitiled to future prospects @ 25% as he was </i><br /> <i>about 45 years of age at the time of accident and was having </i><br /> <i>fixed salary. Further, in terms of the principles laid down in </i><br /> <i>the case Sarla Verma vs. DTC a multiplier of 14 would be </i><br /> <i>applicable to the present case. The same multiplier and future </i><br /> <i>prospects would be applicable even if he is considered to </i><br /> <i>have been 42 years old at the time of the accident, as </i><br /> <i>mentioned in his MLC. Therefore, the loss of future prospects </i><br /> <i>/income is calculated as….Hence, the petitioner shall be </i><br /> <i>entitled to compensation of Rs.5,57,802/- as compensation </i><br /> <i>under this head</i> .” <i> </i><br /> <br /> 8. It is not disputed by <i>Mr. Maini</i> , counsel for claimant, that the Aadhaar <br /> st<br /> card, which was filed before MACT showed his date of birth as 1 January <br /> 1960. However, he has now produced a copy of the revised Aadhaar card, <br /> which has been issued much after the proceedings before the MACT were <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 4 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> concluded, showing that his age was <i>42 years</i> on the date of the accident. <br /> 9. <i>Mr. Maini</i> , counsel for claimant, further relies upon medical <br /> documents such as MLC report, discharge summary and Permanent <br /> Disability Certificate to show that claimant was <i>42 years</i> of age at the time <br /> of the accident. <br /> 10. The Court, however, is not inclined to accept the plea of claimant in <br /> this regard and rather finds the contention of MCD to be tenable. The medical <br /> documents are all interconnected, considering that the MLC would have <br /> recorded the age as stated to the admitting doctors at that time, and this would <br /> have continued into the discharge summary and the Permanent Disability <br /> Certificate. It is a matter of record that there was no other age proof provided <br /> by the claimant except subsequently during the MACT proceedings in the <br /> form of Aadhaar card and PAN card. These medical entries, therefore, cannot <br /> override the contemporaneous identity documents placed on record during <br /> the proceedings. <br /> 11. The Supreme Court in <b><i>Saroj &amp; Ors. v. IFFCO-Tokio General </i></b><br /> <b><i>Insurance Co. Ltd</i></b> . 2024 INSC 816, taking note of <i>Circular No.08/2023 </i><br /> <i>nd</i><br /> <i>dated 22</i> <i> December 2023</i> issued by Unique Identification Authority of <br /> India [‘ <b><i>UIDAI</i></b> ’], has categorically observed that Aadhaar is primarily proof <br /> of identity and not per se proof of date of birth, and that determination of age <br /> must rest on documentary material having greater evidentiary value. The <br /> Court accordingly accorded primacy to the School Leaving Certificate and <br /> upheld the determination of age on that basis. Said principle underscores that <br /> where conflicting material regarding age is placed on record, the Court is <br /> required to assess the relative evidentiary value of the documents and rely <br /> upon the material which inspires greater confidence. For ease of reference, <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 5 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> relevant paragraphs are extracted as under: <br /> “ <b><i>9.4</i></b> <i> The second aspect is the age of the deceased. The High </i><br /> <i>Court, relied on the age as mentioned in the Aadhar Card of </i><br /> <i>st</i><br /> <i>the deceased, i.e., 1</i> <i> January, 1969. However, as submitted </i><br /> <i>by the claimant-appellants, the School Leaving Certificate </i><br /> <i>th</i><br /> <i>records the date of birth of the deceased to be 7</i> <i> </i><br /> <i>October,1970. This will affect the multiplier to be applied. </i><br /> <i>Let us now consider this question. It has to be noted at the </i><br /> <i>outset that a School Leaving Certificate has been accorded </i><br /> <i>statutory recognition. Sub-section (2) of Section 94 of the </i><br /> <i>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 </i><br /> <i>reads thus: </i><br /> <i>“(2) In case, the Committee or the Board has </i><br /> <i>reasonable grounds for doubt regarding whether </i><br /> <i>the person brought before it is a child or not, the </i><br /> <i>Committee or the Board, as the case may be, shall </i><br /> <i>undertake the process of age determination, by </i><br /> <i>seeking evidence by obtaining </i><br /> <i>— </i><br /> <i>(i) the date of birth certificate from the school, or </i><br /> <i>the matriculation or equivalent certificate from the </i><br /> <i>concerned examination Board, if available; and in </i><br /> <i>the absence thereof; </i><br /> <i>(ii) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a </i><br /> <i>municipal authority or a panchayat; </i><br /> <i>(iii) and only in the absence of (i) and (ii) above, </i><br /> <i>age shall be determined by an ossification test or </i><br /> <i>any other latest medical age determination test </i><br /> <i>conducted on the orders of the Committee or the </i><br /> <i>Board…” </i><br /> <i> (Emphasis Supplied) </i><br /> <i> </i><br /> <i>Whether the Aadhar Card is sufficient proof of a person’s </i><br /> <i>age, has come up for consideration before some High Courts, </i><br /> <i>albeit in the context of different statutes. We shall refer to a </i><br /> <i>few instances but, prior to doing so, it is also important to </i><br /> <i>take note of the purpose behind introduction of the Aadhar </i><br /> <i>Scheme. In the Constitution Bench judgment in </i> <b><i>K.S. </i></b><br /> <b><i>Puttaswamy v. Union of India</i></b> <i> (2019) 1 SCC 1(5-J.)4 Dr. </i><br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 6 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <i>A.K. Sikri, J. wrote as hereinbelow extracted, encapsulating </i><br /> <i>the object and purpose of Aadhar: </i><br /> <i>“ 24. Before adverting to the discussion on various </i><br /> <i>issues that have been raised in these petitions, it </i><br /> <i>would be apposite to first understand the structure of </i><br /> <i>the Aadhaar Act and how it operates, having regard </i><br /> <i>to various provisions contained therein. UIDAI was </i><br /> <i>established in the year 2009 by an administrative </i><br /> <i>order i.e. by resolution of the Govt. of India, Planning </i><br /> <i>Commission, vide notification dated January 28, </i><br /> <i>2009. The object of the establishment of the said </i><br /> <i>Authority was primarily to lay down policies to </i><br /> <i>implement the Unique Identification Scheme (for </i><br /> <i>short the ‘UIS’) of the Government, by which </i><br /> <i>residents of India were to be provided unique identity </i><br /> <i>number. The aim was to serve this as proof of identity, </i><br /> <i>which is unique in nature, as each individual will </i><br /> <i>have only one identity with no chance of duplication. </i><br /> <i>Another objective was that this number could be used </i><br /> <i>for identification of beneficiaries for transfer of </i><br /> <i>benefits, subsidies, services and other purposes. This </i><br /> <i>was the primary reason, viz. to ensure correct </i><br /> <i>identification of targeted beneficiaries for delivery of </i><br /> <i>various subsidies, benefits, services, grants, wages </i><br /> <i>and other social benefits schemes which are funded </i><br /> <i>from the Consolidated Fund of India ... </i><br /> <i> </i><br /> <i>Summing up the Scheme: </i><br /> <i> </i><br /> <i>62. The whole architecture of Aadhaar is devised to </i><br /> <i>give unique identity to the citizens of this country. No </i><br /> <i>doubt, a person can have various documents on the </i><br /> <i>basis of which that individual can establish her </i><br /> <i>identity. It may be in the form of a passport, </i><br /> <i>Permanent Account Number (PAN) card, ration card </i><br /> <i>and so on. For the purpose of enrolment itself number </i><br /> <i>of documents are prescribed which an individual can </i><br /> <i>produce on the basis of which Aadhaar card can be </i><br /> <i>issued. Thus, such documents, in a way, are also </i><br /> <i>proof of identity. However, there is a fundamental </i><br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 7 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <i>difference between the Aadhaar card as a means of </i><br /> <i>identity and other documents through which identity </i><br /> <i>can be established. Enrolment for Aadhaar card also </i><br /> <i>requires giving of demographic information as well </i><br /> <i>as biometric information which is in the form of iris </i><br /> <i>and fingerprints. This process eliminates any chance </i><br /> <i>of duplication. ….. It is for this reason the Aadhaar </i><br /> <i>card is known as Unique Identification (UID). Such </i><br /> <i>an identity is unparalleled.” </i><br /> <i> </i> <i> </i> <i> </i> <i> </i> <i> </i> <i> </i> <i> (Emphasis </i><br /> <i>supplied) </i><br /> <i> </i><br /> <b><i>9.5</i></b> <i> Turning back to the question of whether Aadhar Card can </i><br /> <i>serve as a proof of age, a perusal of some High Court </i><br /> <i>judgments reveals that this question has been considered on </i><br /> <i>quite a few occasions in the context of the JJ Act. </i><br /> <i>Illustratively, in Manoj Kumar Yadav v. State of M.P.5 a </i><br /> <i>learned Single Judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court held </i><br /> <i>that when it comes to establishing the age, on a plea of </i><br /> <i>juvenility the age mentioned in the Aadhar Card could not be </i><br /> <i>taken as a conclusive proof in view of Section 94 of the JJ </i><br /> <i>Act. Similar observations have been made </i> <b><i>in Shahrukh </i></b><br /> <b><i>Khan v. State of M.P</i></b> <i>. holding that if the genuineness of the </i><br /> <i>School Leaving Certificate is not under challenge, the said </i><br /> <i>document has to be given due primacy. </i><br /> <i>The Punjab &amp; Haryana High Court in the context of the </i><br /> <i>Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, in </i> <b><i>Navdeep Singh </i></b><br /> <b><i>&amp; Anr. v. State of Punjab &amp; Ors.</i></b> <i> held that Aadhar Cards </i><br /> <i>were not “firm proof of age”. Observations similar in nature </i><br /> <i>were also made in </i> <b><i>Noor Nadia &amp; Anr. v. State of Punjab &amp; </i></b><br /> <b><i>Ors.8, Muskan v. State of Punjab</i></b> <i> as well as several other </i><br /> <i>orders/judgments, in various contexts. </i><br /> <i>Views aligning with the one referred to above have been </i><br /> <i>taken by the High Court of Judicature of Allahabad in </i><br /> <b><i>Parvati Kumari v. State of U.P</i></b> <i>.; the Himachal Pradesh High </i><br /> <i>Court in </i> <b><i>Kumit Kumar v. State of H.P.</i></b> <i> and the High Court </i><br /> <i>of Kerala in </i> <b><i>Sofikul Islam v. State of Kerala</i></b> <i>. </i><br /> <b><i>9.6 </i></b> <i>We find that the Unique Identification Authority of </i><br /> <i>India13, by way of its Circular No.08 of 2023, has stated, in </i><br /> <i>reference to an Office Memorandum issued by the Ministry </i><br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 8 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <i>of Electronics and Information Technology dated 20th </i><br /> <i>December 2018, that an Aadhar Card, while can be used to </i><br /> <i>establish identity, it is not per se proof of date of birth. This </i><br /> <i>office memorandum dated 20th December, 2018 was taken </i><br /> <i>note of by a learned Division Bench of the Bombay High </i><br /> <i>Court in State of Maharashtra v. Unique Identification </i><br /> <i>th</i><br /> <i>Authority of India And Ors.14 in</i> <i>its order dated 28</i> <i> July, </i><br /> <i>2023. The Circular is extracted hereinbelow for ready </i><br /> <i>reference: ……… </i><br /> <i>……… </i><br /> <i>10. That being the position, as it stands with respect to the </i><br /> <i>determination of age, we have no hesitation in accepting the </i><br /> <i>contention of the claimant-appellants, based on the School </i><br /> <i>Leaving Certificate. Thus, we find no error in the learned </i><br /> <i>MACT’s determination of age based on the School Leaving </i><br /> <i>Certificate</i> .” <br /> <br /> 12. It is stated by <i>Mr. Maini</i> , counsel for claimant, that the claimant was <br /> illiterate and, therefore, there were no school documents available. The <br /> updation of the Aadhaar card subsequent to the MACT proceedings cannot <br /> be considered, as the same was effected after conclusion of proceedings and <br /> cannot displace contemporaneous material already forming part of the <br /> record. At the time of the proceedings before MACT, both the PAN card and <br /> st<br /> Aadhaar card reflected claimant’s date of birth as 1 January 1960. While <br /> Aadhaar by itself may not constitute conclusive proof of date of birth, as <br /> noticed above, consistency between contemporaneous identity documents <br /> placed on record lends assurance to the correctness of the date reflected in <br /> the PAN card. Accordingly, the said material provides a more reliable basis <br /> for determination of age than the approximate entries recorded in medical <br /> documents. <br /> 13. PAN card and Aadhaar card had been placed on record in response to <br /> th<br /> statement recorded on 19 of December 2018, when the query by the Court <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 9 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> was whether he had any bank account, the details of which were to be <br /> furnished. In response, he filed his bank passbook, PAN card and Aadhaar <br /> card. <br /> 14. Accordingly, it would be apposite that the age at the date of accident <br /> would be treated as <i>54 years</i> . <br /> 15. Considering claimant was <i>54 years</i> of age, a multiplier ‘ <i>11</i> ’ would be <br /> applicable as per the principles laid down in <b><i> Sarla Verma v. DTC </i></b> (2009) 6 <br /> SCC 121, and <i>future prospects</i> would also be taken as <i>10% </i> as per <b><i>National </i></b><br /> <b><i>Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pranay Sethi, </i></b> (2017) 16 SCC 680 <i>, </i> considering <br /> claimant was <i>self-employed</i> . <br /> 16. As regards <i>functional disability</i> , considering that claimant’s vocation <br /> was to deliver goods by bicycle, said livelihood would be completely <br /> impeded due to permanent disability affecting the <i>left lower limb</i> and <br /> restricting mobility essential for such work. The Permanent Disability <br /> Certificate shows that it is an operated case of <i>femur and tibia with stiff knee </i><br /> <i>and stiff ankle</i> which is permanent in nature. <br /> 17. Considering that the Permanent Disability Certificate records <i>57%</i> <br /> disability in relation to the <i>left lower limb</i> and claimant’s vocation required <br /> continuous physical mobility for delivery of goods by bicycle, the functional <br /> disability in the present case is assessed at <i>57%</i> itself in terms of the <br /> principles laid down in <b><i>Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar</i></b> (2011) 1 SCC 343. <br /> 18. The Supreme Court in <b><i>Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar</i></b> ( <i>supra</i> ), clarified <br /> that assessment of the consequences of permanent disability cannot be <br /> undertaken mechanically on the basis of the percentage of physical disability <br /> alone, and that the Tribunal is required to examine the nature of the <br /> claimant’s avocation, the functional limitations resulting from the disability, <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 10 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> and the extent to which such disability affects earning capacity. It was <br /> emphasized that the percentage of permanent disability with reference to the <br /> whole body does not ipso facto represent the percentage of loss of earning <br /> capacity, which must be determined on the basis of the evidence on record <br /> and the actual impact of the disability on the claimant’s ability to pursue his <br /> vocation. Relevant paragraphs are extracted as under: <br /> “ <b><i>13.</i></b> <i> Ascertainment of the effect of the permanent disability </i><br /> <i>on the actual earning capacity involves three steps. The </i><br /> <i>Tribunal has to first ascertain what activities the claimant </i><br /> <i>could carry on in spite of the permanent disability and </i><br /> <i>what he could not do as a result of the permanent disability </i><br /> <i>(this is also relevant for awarding compensation under the </i><br /> <i>head of loss of amenities of life). The second step is to </i><br /> <i>ascertain his avocation, profession and nature of work </i><br /> <i>before the accident, as also his age. The third step is to find </i><br /> <i>out whether (i) the claimant is totally disabled from </i><br /> <i>earning any kind of livelihood, or (ii) whether in spite of </i><br /> <i>the permanent disability, the claimant could still effectively </i><br /> <i>carry on the activities and functions, which he was earlier </i><br /> <i>carrying on, or (iii) whether he was prevented or restricted </i><br /> <i>from discharging his previous activities and functions, but </i><br /> <i>could carry on some other or lesser scale of activities and </i><br /> <i>functions so that he continues to earn or can continue to </i><br /> <i>earn his livelihood. </i><br /> <b><i>14.</i></b> <i> For example, if the left hand of a claimant is </i><br /> <i>amputated, the permanent physical or functional </i><br /> <i>disablement may be assessed around 60%. If the claimant </i><br /> <i>was a driver or a carpenter, the actual loss of earning </i><br /> <i>capacity may virtually be hundred per cent, if he is neither </i><br /> <i>able to drive or do carpentry. On the other hand, if the </i><br /> <i>claimant was a clerk in government service, the loss of his </i><br /> <i>left hand may not result in loss of employment and he may </i><br /> <i>still be continued as a clerk as he could perform his </i><br /> <i>clerical functions; and in that event the loss of earning </i><br /> <i>capacity will not be 100% as in the case of a driver or </i><br /> <i>carpenter, nor 60% which is the actual physical disability, </i><br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 11 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <i>but far less. In fact, there may not be any need to award </i><br /> <i>any compensation under the head of “loss of future </i><br /> <i>earnings”, if the claimant continues in government </i><br /> <i>service, though he may be awarded compensation under </i><br /> <i>the head of loss of amenities as a consequence of losing his </i><br /> <i>hand. Sometimes the injured claimant may be continued in </i><br /> <i>service, but may not be found suitable for discharging the </i><br /> <i>duties attached to the post or job which he was earlier </i><br /> <i>holding, on account of his disability, and may therefore be </i><br /> <i>shifted to some other suitable but lesser post with lesser </i><br /> <i>emoluments, in which case there should be a limited award </i><br /> <i>under the head of loss of future earning capacity, taking </i><br /> <i>note of the reduced earning capacity. </i><br /> <b><i>15.</i></b> <i> It may be noted that when compensation is awarded by </i><br /> <i>treating the loss of future earning capacity as 100% (or </i><br /> <i>even anything more than 50%), the need to award </i><br /> <i>compensation separately under the head of loss of </i><br /> <i>amenities or loss of expectation of life may disappear and </i><br /> <i>as a result, only a token or nominal amount may have to </i><br /> <i>be awarded under the head of loss of amenities or loss of </i><br /> <i>expectation of life, as otherwise there may be a duplication </i><br /> <i>in the award of compensation. Be that as it may.</i> ” <br /> <b><i> </i></b> <b><i> </i></b> <b><i> </i></b> <b><i> </i></b> <b><i> </i></b> <b><i> </i></b> (emphasis added) <br /> <br /> 19. As regards non-pecuniary damages, only <i>Rs.60,000/-</i> each has been <br /> awarded towards <i>pain and suffering and loss of amenities</i> , which ought to be <br /> enhanced. Compensation for <i>mental and physical shock</i> , which has been <br /> awarded at <i>Rs.20,000/-,</i> shall stand absorbed within the compensation <br /> awarded towards loss of <i>pain and suffering</i> so as to avoid duplication, as <br /> stated in <b><i>Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar &amp; Anr </i></b> ( <i>supra</i> ). Therefore, <i>pain and </i><br /> <i>suffering</i> is enhanced to <i>Rs.2,00,000/</i> - and <i>loss of amenities</i> is enhanced to <br /> <i>Rs.1,50,000/-</i> . <br /> 20. Since there is no other challenge to any other part of the compensation, <br /> the revised compensation is as under: <br /> <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 12 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /></div><table><thead><tr><th>SR.&lt;br&gt;NO.</th><th></th><th>HEADS</th><th>AWARDED BY THE&lt;br&gt;TRIBUNAL</th><th>AWARDED BY&lt;br&gt;THIS COURT</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>PECUNIARY LOSS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.</td><td></td><td>Expenditure on treatment (A)</td><td>Rs.30,712/-</td><td>Rs.30,712/-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td></td><td>Expenditure on conveyance (B)</td><td>Rs.15,000 /-</td><td>Rs.15,000 /-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td></td><td>Expenditure on special diet (C)</td><td>Rs.15,000 /-</td><td>Rs.15,000 /-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td></td><td>Cost of nursing / attendant (D)</td><td>Rs.15,000 /-</td><td>Rs.15,000 /-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td></td><td>Loss of earning capacity (E)</td><td>Rs. 5,57,802/-</td><td>Rs. 7,32,800/-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td></td><td>Loss of income (F)</td><td>Rs.25,662/-&lt;br&gt;[Rs.8854/- x 3 Months]</td><td>Rs.25,662/-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td></td><td>Any other loss which may require&lt;br&gt;any special treatment or aid to the&lt;br&gt;injured for the rest of his life (G)</td><td>Nil</td><td>Nil</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td></td><td>Future Medical Expenses</td><td>Nil</td><td>Nil</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NON PECUNIARY LOSS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td></td><td>Compensation for mental and&lt;br&gt;physical shock (H)</td><td>Rs.20,000 /-</td><td>Assessed with pain and&lt;br&gt;suffering</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.</td><td></td><td>Pain and suffering (I)</td><td>Rs. 60,000/-</td><td>Rs.2,00,000/-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11.</td><td></td><td>Loss of amenities of life (J)</td><td>Rs.60,000 /-</td><td>Rs.1,50,000/-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12.</td><td></td><td>Disfiguration (K)</td><td>Nil</td><td>Nil</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13.</td><td></td><td>Loss of marriage prospects (L)</td><td>Nil</td><td>Nil</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>14.</td><td></td><td>Loss of earning, inconvenience,&lt;br&gt;hardships, disappointment,&lt;br&gt;frustration, mental stress,&lt;br&gt;dejectment and unhappiness in&lt;br&gt;future life etc. (M)</td><td>Nil</td><td>Nil</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DISABILITY RESULTING IN LOSS OF EARNING CAPACITY</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15.</td><td></td><td>Percentage of disability assessed&lt;br&gt;and nature of disability as&lt;br&gt;permanent or temporary</td><td>57%</td><td>57%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16.</td><td></td><td>Loss of amenities or loss of&lt;br&gt;expectation of life span on account&lt;br&gt;of disability</td><td>Assessed above</td><td>Assessed above</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>17.</td><td></td><td>Percentage of loss of earning&lt;br&gt;capacity in relation to disability</td><td>30%</td><td>57%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18.</td><td></td><td>Loss of future income (Income X%&lt;br&gt;Earning capacity x Multiplier)</td><td>Rs.5,57,802/-&lt;br&gt;[Rs.8854/- +25%</td><td>Rs. 7,32,800/-&lt;br&gt;[Rs.8854/- +10%</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 13 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /></div><table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>x12x14x30%]</th><th>x12x11x57%]&lt;br&gt;[Round off&lt;br&gt;Rs.7,32,792.456/-]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>TOTAL COMPENSATION</td><td></td><td>Rs.8,00,000/-&lt;br&gt;[Round Off&lt;br&gt;Rs.7,99,176/-]</td><td>Rs.11,69,174/-</td></tr><tr><td>INTEREST AWARDED</td><td></td><td>9%</td><td>9%</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /> <br /> 21. For the aforesaid reasons, compensation has been enhanced by <br /> <i>Rs.3,69,174</i> /- [“ <b><i>enhanced amount</i></b> ”]. <br /> 22. It is therefore directed as under: <br /> i. Enhanced amount along with <i>9%</i> interest per annum from the date <br /> of filing the petition shall be deposited before MACT within a <br /> period of four weeks. It is directed that a lump sum amount of <i>Rs. </i><br /> <i>2,00,000/-</i> shall be released to the claimant from the deposit of <br /> enhanced amount within a period of two weeks thereafter. <br /> Remaining enhanced amount, along with accrued interest, shall be <br /> kept in Fixed Deposit Receipts ( <b><i>FDRs</i></b> ) of <i>Rs. 25,000/-</i> each for <br /> periods of 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and so on, in succession as <br /> maybe calculated. Interest accruing on said FDRs shall be credited <br /> to the designated Savings Bank Account of claimant. The amount <br /> of FDRs on maturity would be released to the Savings Bank <br /> Account of claimant upon due verification. <br /> ii. By order dated 24th March 2022, this Court had directed the <br /> Insurance Company to deposit the entire originally awarded amount <br /> before MACT, and 60% of the said amount had been released as per <br /> the scheme of disbursal, with the remaining amount to be kept in an <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 14 of 15 </i><br /> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> interest-bearing fixed deposit. Remaining amount from the original <br /> compensation shall be disbursed as per the directions of MACT. <br /> 23. Accordingly, the appeals stand disposed of with above directions. <br /> 24. Pending applications, if any, are rendered infructuous. <br /> 25. Copy of this judgement be sent to concerned MACT. <br /> 26. Copy of this judgement shall also be sent to concerned bank. <br /> 27. Statutory deposit, if any, shall be refunded to Insurance Company. <br /> 28. Judgment be uploaded on the website of this Court. <br /> <br /> <br /> <b>(ANISH DAYAL) </b><br /> <b> JUDGE </b><br /> <b>MARCH 23, 2026/mk/</b> tk <br /> Signature Not Verified<br /> Digitally Signed<br /> By:MANISH KUMAR<br /> Signing Date:09.04.2026<br /> 13:17:51<br /> <i>MAC.APP. 248/2021 &amp; MAC.APP. 84/2022 Page 15 of 15 </i><br /> </div>