Interest remitted by an Indian PE to its foreign head office requires TDS; non-compliance bars deduction.

The appellant, formerly ABN Amro Bank N.V., was a Netherlands-incorporated non-resident banking company carrying on business in India through a branch recognised as a permanent establishment (PE).

For the assessment years 1999–2000, 2000–01 and 2001–02, it claimed taxation at the rate applicable to domestic companies, a deduction for interest paid to its head office and overseas branches, and deduction of offshore remuneration paid to expatriate employees.

The Assessing Officer applied the higher rate applicable to foreign companies and disallowed the interest deduction of Rs. 99,77,325 under Section 40(a)(i) on the ground that tax had not been deducted at source.

The Commissioner (Appeals) and the Tribunal affirmed these findings, the Tribunal relying on its earlier decisions and a Special Bench ruling concerning the appellant.

The appellant also sought exclusion of Rs. 1,52,17,356 received as interest from its head office and overseas branches, contending that if interest paid to those entities was treated as a payment to self, the interest received should likewise be excluded; the Tribunal rejected this additional ground.

Section 2(22A) defines a “domestic company” as an Indian company or a company that has made prescribed arrangements for declaration and payment of dividends within India, while Section 2(23A) covers foreign companies.

The Explanation to Section 90, inserted retrospectively by the Finance Act, 2001 with effect from 1 April 1962, provides that charging a higher rate of tax on a foreign company does not constitute less favourable treatment.

Article 24(2) of the India–Netherlands DTAA prohibits less favourable taxation only where enterprises are in the same circumstances; Article 7 permits PE profits to be computed by treating the PE as a separate and distinct enterprise.

Section 40(a)(i) disallows interest payable outside India where applicable tax has not been deducted or paid at source, and Section 195 imposes the relevant withholding obligation.

The Court also relied on CBDT Circular No. 740 concerning the treatment of a foreign bank’s Indian branch and on Royal Bank of Scotland N.V. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, reported in (2026) 494 ITR 171, regarding the effect of the Explanation to Section 90.

The Court held that the appellant did not satisfy the statutory definition of a domestic company and was therefore a foreign company liable to the rate prescribed for foreign companies.

The retrospective Explanation to Section 90 was treated as clarificatory and determinative against the appellant’s reliance on Article 24(2).

The Court further reasoned that a foreign company taxed only on Indian-source income and a domestic company taxed on its global income are not in the same circumstances for purposes of the non-discrimination clause.

On the interest issue, the Court applied the separate-entity fiction under Article 7: although the PE and head office are parts of the same legal entity, they are treated as separate enterprises for computing PE profits.

Accordingly, interest remitted to the head office was subject to the domestic withholding provisions, and failure to deduct tax attracted Section 40(a)(i) disallowance.

The Court rejected the appellant’s attempt to rely on the “payment to self” doctrine selectively, holding that the disallowance resulted from non-compliance with TDS requirements rather than from treating the PE and head office as a single entity for all purposes.

Correspondingly, interest received by the PE from the head office and foreign branches constituted taxable business income and could not be excluded as a payment to self or on the basis of mutuality.

The judgment states that the appeal was “allowed” but simultaneously records that all questions were answered against the assessee and directs that the impugned Tribunal order be set aside and consequential orders be passed by the Assessing Officer.

Connected applications were disposed of and no order was made as to costs.