Scientific Evidence Overrides Minor Testimonial Lapses and Defective Investigation in Sexual Assault Cases

On November 13, 2002, a 10-year-old girl was playing badminton with other children, including the 18-year-old Respondent.

When the shuttlecock fell on a nearby terrace, the children went to retrieve it. The Respondent allegedly prevented the victim from leaving, took her to a room on the terrace, and raped her.

The victim's grandmother discovered bloodstains on her salwar later that evening, leading to an FIR under Sections 376 and 506 of the IPC.

The Trial Court acquitted the Respondent on February 5, 2007, citing inconsistencies in the victim's testimony and a lack of medical struggle marks.

The State appealed this acquittal.

1. Whether minor improvements or inconsistencies in a child victim's testimony are sufficient to discard the entire prosecution case.

2. Whether the absence of physical injuries or an intact hymen conclusively disproves the commission of rape.

3. Whether the forensic evidence (FSL) and medical reports of the accused sufficiently link him to the crime.

The Court applied Section 376 (Rape) and 506 (Criminal Intimidation) of the IPC.

Regarding the impact of shoddy investigations, the Court relied on C. Muniappan v. State of T.N. and Ganga Singh v. State of M.P., which establish that perfunctory investigations should not result in acquittal if the remaining evidence is reliable.

On the appreciation of ocular evidence, the Court applied principles from Balu Sudam Khalde v. State of Maharashtra, holding that the "soul of the testimony" must remain intact despite minor variations.

The court noted that an intact hymen does not rule out the commission of rape.

The Court found that the Trial Court erred by ignoring vital forensic and medical evidence.

While the victim’s testimony contained minor "improvements" compared to the initial FIR, the Court held these were natural for a traumatized 10-year-old and did not rob the testimony of its "ring of truth".

Medically, the Respondent’s MLC showed a fresh tear of the Frenulum, an injury consistent with aggressive sexual activity.

Crucially, the FSL reports (Ex. PX and PY) detected human semen and AB-group blood on both the victim’s salwar and the Respondent’s underwear.

The presence of AB-group semen on the victim's vaginal swab provided a "conclusive scientific proof" that the Trial Court failed to correlate with the oral testimony.

The High Court set aside the Trial Court’s acquittal and the Respondent was convicted under Sections 376/506 IPC and sentenced to 7 years of Rigorous Imprisonment with a fine of ₹10,000.